Journal articles: 'Societal Threat'

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Elad-Strenger, Julia, and Golan Shahar. "Revisiting the Effects of Societal Threat Perceptions on Conflict-related Positions." Journal of Conflict Resolution 62, no. 8 (2017): 1753–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002717703684.

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Past research has produced convincing evidence for the association between perceived societal threat and political conservatism. Based on the view of political worldviews and threat perceptions as multifaceted constructs, the present study suggests that certain types of perceived threat are actually associated with the endorsement of more politically liberal positions. Employing a three-wave naturalistic design, we examined the unique longitudinal effects of perceived threats from real-life political events that challenge either liberal or conservative values, on conflict-related attitudes, using a nationally representative sample of Jewish-Israelis ( N = 437). Consistent with our hypotheses, perceived threat from events that challenge conservative values was associated with increased militaristic attitudes and decreased willingness to compromise for peace over time, whereas perceived threat from events that challenge liberal values was related to decreased militaristic attitudes and increased willingness to compromise for peace over time. Theoretical and practical implications of these longitudinal effects are discussed.

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Kashima, Yoshihisa, Simon Dennis, Andrew Perfors, and Simon M. Laham. "Culture and global societal threats: COVID-19 as a pathogen threat to humanity." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 24, no. 2 (2021): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430220982075.

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The COVID-19 global pandemic has brought into sharp focus the urgency of tackling the question of how globalized humanity responds to a global societal threat, which can adversely affect a large portion of the human population. Changing geospatial distribution of COVID-19 morbidity paints a gloomy picture of cross-national differences in human vulnerabilities across the globe. We describe the dynamic nexus among societal – particularly pathogen – threat, social institutions, and culture, and discuss collectivism (ingroup favouritism and outgroup avoidance) and tightness (narrow prescription of behaviours and severe punishment of norm violations) as potential cultural adaptations to prevalent pathogen threats. We then sketch out a theoretical framework for cultural dynamics of collective adaptation to pathogen threats, outline a large number of theory- and policy-relevant research questions and what answers we have at present, and end with a call for renewed efforts to investigate collective human responses to societal threats.

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Dallago, Francesca, and Michele Roccato. "Right‐wing authoritarianism, Big Five and perceived threat to safety." European Journal of Personality 24, no. 2 (2010): 106–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.745.

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Using structural equations modelling, we performed a secondary analysis of the data collected by the Italian Observatory of the North West (Italian national sample, N = 976) to investigate the direct, mediated and moderated relations connecting the Big Five personality factors and perceived personal and societal threat to safety with right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA). Openness, Conscientiousness and perceived societal threat to safety exerted additive effects on RWA; the relation between Openness and RWA was partially mediated by societal threat to safety and that between societal threat to safety and RWA was moderated by Openness. Limitations and possible developments of this research are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Ward, Geoff K. "RACIALIZED CRIME CONTROL AND SOCIETAL EXCLUSION." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 9, no. 1 (2012): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x12000112.

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In 1930, W. E. B. Du Bois warned of an approaching backlash of racialized crime control and the two-pronged threat this posed to Black civil society. These were not altogether new threats—American criminal law and crime control practices had always been mechanisms of racialized societal exclusion—but Du Bois anticipated unprecedented levels of Black criminalization and incarceration in the second half of the twentieth century, and some of the collateral damage that would ensue. Du Bois's (1930) warning focused on juvenile crime and justice, “a problem which one can easily see among the better colored people of New York and Philadelphia, of Indianapolis and Chicago, of Pittsburgh and Baltimore, and all of our major cities” (p. 352). Du Bois (1916) had long been concerned with issues of child development and youth justice, since the fate of the “immortal child” inevitably defined the prospects and conditions of the race (Diggs 1976).

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Quadros, Hadley, and Vatika Sibal. "Societal Panorama of Power: Emancipation of Women or Threat?" Scholedge International Journal of Multidisciplinary & Allied Studies ISSN 2394-336X 8, no. 01 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/sijmas080101.

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The pandemic has brought the world to a standstill. The dearth to survive in the wake of devastation has made humans adapt to the new normal which was never experienced but now has become a protocol. The phrase which was the tagline for global partnerships ‘united we stand, divided we fall’ has now transformed into ‘divided we stand, united we fall’, as a claim to survive this pandemic. In India where the virus has claimed the maximum toll of human lives, continues to fight various battles to survive. On one side, the health workers, doctors, police are risking their lives so that the common man may not be affected while on the other hand, people within the houses are falling victims to domestic and sexual abuse. In the light of the pandemic that has claimed lives as well as loss of employment; the struggle to survive has hit a different tone especially among the lower and the middle income families. The frustration of losing a job is vented on the family members as there remains no source of income to support the family. This article tries to unearth the existing social problems of abuse among men and women at large especially during the pandemic. The principle of resistance is understood in the sexual division of labour where individuals are now trying to be communicating with the outside world while remaining at home.

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Odo, Anselm Ikenna. "Religious Manipulation: A Threat to Societal Development in Nigeria." PREDESTINASI 13, no. 2 (2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/predestinasi.v13i2.19357.

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This paper sought to posit that religious manipulation is a threat to societal development in Nigeria. The researcher adopts descriptive method. Nigeria today has been known with a lot of diversity of belief which in one way or the other has a negative impact to the societal development. It is noticed that the diversity of religious practices in Nigeria is the outcome of manipulation. For a society to develop, tolerance is at times its fulcrum. The author concludes that intolerance and insurgency is as a result of religious manipulation. Which was as a result of poor checkmating of religious belief in Nigeria and to curtail it before it reaches to the worst stage. However, this paper recommends that in order to control this perilous act, there is a need for Nigeria to emulate on how to treat people irrespective of religion. And enhance peace education in Africa.

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Carlà, Andrea. "Societal Security in South Tyrol: A Model to Deal with Ethnic Conflicts." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 12, no. 1 (2015): 56–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004306134_004.

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South Tyrol has been referred to as a model to deal with ethnic diversity and resolving ethnic conflicts. This article explains the South Tyrol model’s success by blending ethnic politics with concepts from security studies: societal security and securitization. Societal security refers to threats that emerge from the fact that humans belong to communal groups that do not correspond to defined state borders. Securitization is the process by which an issue is considered as an existential threat that requires emergency measures. The article develops a framework to identify which dynamics made South Tyrol successful, analyzing factors that sparked security concerns and processes of securitization and highlighting actions and measures that tackled these dynamics. Concurrently, South Tyrol is used as an empirical case to expand our understanding of societal security and elaborate (and test) a detailed toolkit to prevent or dissolve the violent mobilization of ethnic diversity and societal security threats.

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Roccato, Michele, and Silvia Russo. "Right-wing authoritarianism, societal threat to safety, and psychological distress." European Journal of Social Psychology 47, no. 5 (2017): 600–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2236.

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Mirisola, Alberto, Michele Roccato, Silvia Russo, Giulia Spagna, and Alessio Vieno. "Societal Threat to Safety, Compensatory Control, and Right-Wing Authoritarianism." Political Psychology 35, no. 6 (2013): 795–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pops.12048.

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Perry, Ryan, and Chris G. Sibley. "Seize and freeze: Openness to Experience shapes judgments of societal threat." Journal of Research in Personality 47, no. 6 (2013): 677–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2013.06.006.

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Comer, Jonathan S., Jami M. Furr, Rinad S. Beidas, Heather M. Babyar, and Philip C. Kendall. "Media Use and Children's Perceptions of Societal Threat and Personal Vulnerability." Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 37, no. 3 (2008): 622–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374410802148145.

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McCann, Stewart J. H. "Height, Societal Threat, and the Victory Margin in Presidential Elections (1824–1992)." Psychological Reports 88, no. 3 (2001): 741–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.88.3.741.

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Based on the idea that height serves as a heuristic for judgments about status, dominance, and leadership potential, two hypotheses were tested: (1) Heights of U.S. presidential election winners are positively correlated with estimates of social, economic, and political threat in election years. (2) Height and victory margin are positively correlated regardless of the magnitude of estimates of social, economic, and political threat in election years. Both hypotheses were supported for the 43 elections from 1824 to 1992.

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Kundzewicz, Z. W., and P. Matczak. "Extreme hydrological events and security." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 369 (June 11, 2015): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-369-181-2015.

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Abstract. Economic losses caused by hydrological extremes – floods and droughts – have been on the rise, worldwide. Hydrological extremes jeopardize human security and cause serious threats to human life and welfare and societal livelihood. Floods and droughts can undermine societies' security, understood as freedom from threat and the ability of societies to maintain their independent identity and their functional integrity against forces of change. Several dimensions of security are reviewed in the context of hydrological extremes. Floods and droughts pose a burden and serious challenges to the state, responsible to sustain economic development, societal and environmental security – the maintenance of ecosystem services, on which a society depends. It is shown that reduction of risk of hydrological disasters improves human security.

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McCann, Stewart J. H. "Societal threat, authoritarianism, conservatism, and U.S. state death penalty sentencing (1977-2004)." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94, no. 5 (2008): 913–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.913.

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Ashraf, Tahir, and Bushra Fatima. "Terrorism as a Major Threat to Societal Peace: The Case of Pakistan." Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 7, no. 2 (2021): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v7i2.1733.

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Purpose: The central objective of this research is to look at causes behind the phenomenon of terrorism faced by Pakistan. In the contemporary era, Pakistan is facing and suffering from the destructive and gravest issue of terrorism. It has become a major problem not only for the federation as well as for the citizens of Pakistan. Terrorism has made the Pakistani society, where people do not feel secure, a society that lacks a responsible system. The factors that caused terrorism are societal despotism, economic inconsistency, political uncertainty, religious dogmatism as well as foreign intervention or international stratagem. Design/Methodology/Approach: Qualitative method has been used in this study. Secondary sources including newspapers and research articles have been used to evaluate reasons as well as the dynamics of the phenomenon of terrorism which has severely damaged social fabric of the Pakistani society. Findings: The article has evaluated the major causes of multiple societal dimensions of terrorism and found that unsystematic government set-up, non-democratic system, absence of law and order and frustration and collapse of law enforcement organizations, incursion, and ingress of refugees, weaponization as well as talibanization. It has also revealed that role of religious institutions, madrassas and religious sermons delivered on the occasion of daily life religious rituals are major reasons of the extremism prevailing in the Pakistani society. Implications/Originality/Value: So, it is concluded that the major causes of multiple societal dimensions of terrorism are religious institutions, hate-speeches delivered at different ceremonies of religious and social rituals.

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BARTHWAL-DATTA, MONIKA. "Securitising Threats without the State: A case study of misgovernance as a security threat in Bangladesh." Review of International Studies 35, no. 2 (2009): 277–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210509008523.

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AbstractThis article provides a critique of the securitisation framework around its ability to provide a comprehensive security analysis when applied in a developing socio-political context. It argues that the framework's conditionalities around who can securitise and how, and its assumptions around the nature of the state restrict its ability to consider the role of non-state actors in raising existential threats to societal security. Through a case study of newspapers in Bangladesh raising ‘misgovernance’ as a security threat to its citizens, it explores how the securitisation framework can become more perceptive to security dynamics in contexts which differ from the one within which the framework has evolved.

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MacLeod, Matthew, Hans Peter H. Arp, Mine B. Tekman, and Annika Jahnke. "The global threat from plastic pollution." Science 373, no. 6550 (2021): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg5433.

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Plastic pollution accumulating in an area of the environment is considered “poorly reversible” if natural mineralization processes occurring there are slow and engineered remediation solutions are improbable. Should negative outcomes in these areas arise as a consequence of plastic pollution, they will be practically irreversible. Potential impacts from poorly reversible plastic pollution include changes to carbon and nutrient cycles; habitat changes within soils, sediments, and aquatic ecosystems; co-occurring biological impacts on endangered or keystone species; ecotoxicity; and related societal impacts. The rational response to the global threat posed by accumulating and poorly reversible plastic pollution is to rapidly reduce plastic emissions through reductions in consumption of virgin plastic materials, along with internationally coordinated strategies for waste management.

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Soliman, Hussein, Jennifer Koran, and Amal Abdelmordi Abdelmonem. "Testing a Model of the Threat of Street Sexual Harassment in Egypt: Implications for Social Work Education." International Journal of Social Work 8, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijsw.v8i1.18167.

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This study tested a model of Egyptian women’s well-being and perception of the threat of sexual harassment. The model was drawn from multiple theoretical frameworks, including the vulnerability perspective, objectification theory, and religious perspectives. Nine variables in the model reflect societal, interpersonal, and cultural variables that are believed to relate to women’s views about threats and social risks related to sexual harassment. A total of 1,977 Egyptian women aged 19-45 years voluntarily participated in the study. Path analysis showed that exposure to street sexual harassment was the strongest predictor of both perception of the threat of sexual harassment and a sense of vulnerability to sexual harassment. However, more nuanced results from the model had implications for social work education and research. This study fills an important gap in social work education related to sexual harassment by examining a complex web of interpersonal, environmental, and cultural factors relevant to women’s view of the threat of sexual harassment.

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Strauss, Danie. "The new Threat to Societal Freedoms: A return to the persecution of Christians?" Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 55, no. 3 (2015): 422–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2224-7912/2015/v55n3a7.

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Fritsche, Immo, Eva Jonas, and Thomas Kessler. "Collective Reactions to Threat: Implications for Intergroup Conflict and for Solving Societal Crises." Social Issues and Policy Review 5, no. 1 (2011): 101–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01027.x.

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Crosby, Andrew. "Policing Right-Wing Extremism in Canada: Threat Frames, Ideological Motivation, and Societal Implications." Surveillance & Society 19, no. 3 (2021): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v19i3.15007.

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Shukuralieva, Nartsiss, and Artur Lipiński. "ISLAMIC EXTREMISM AND TERRORISM IN CENTRAL ASIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS." Central Asia and The Caucasus 22, no. 1 (2021): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.21.1.10.

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The paper examines the process of securitization of Islam in Central Asia within three sectors, namely, military, political and societal. It argues that securitization is not merely a speech act, it also is an associated political process that affects the adoption of laws related to traditions, freedom of conscience, religious associations, public organizations, political parties and security policy. The article presents the methods that were used to construe various notions of Islam as a threat. The prerequisites of this policy are deconstructed and analyzed, along with its consequences for the political system and the reproduction of authoritarianism in the states under scrutiny. The theory of securitization is presented in the beginning of the article. The second part examines the military sphere, where Islamic radicalism is portrayed as a threat to the security of the state, population, territorial integrity and military potential. The next part examines the political sphere, where Islamic radicalism is said to threaten the sovereignty of the state, its institutions, and the stability and sustainability of the social order. The final part of the paper focuses on the discourse and practice within the societal sector, which touches upon issues in which Islamic radicalism threatens collective identity, language, and culture.

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McEwan, Bree, and Michelle Flood. "Passwords for jobs: Compression of identity in reaction to perceived organizational control via social media surveillance." New Media & Society 20, no. 5 (2017): 1715–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444817706073.

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News stories regarding societal engagement with technology can carry implicit threats regarding technology use. Comments posted in response to such implicit threats can provide a window into concerns regarding the intersections of technology, privacy, surveillance, and workplaces. Using the framework provided by Tracy and Trethewey’s Crystallized Selves, an iterative qualitative analysis was undertaken to examine 4725 responses to a Yahoo! News article reporting an implicit threat of potential employers asking for interviewees’ Facebook passwords. A series of categories emerged identifying perceived collusion between corporations, the government, and Facebook supported by competition in the labor market. Perceptions and understandings of this practice were influenced by how commentators perceived the labor market, meritocracy, and social media users.

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Hutchison, Marc L. "Territorial Threat, Mobilization, and Political Participation in Africa." Conflict Management and Peace Science 28, no. 3 (2011): 183–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894211404790.

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The link between territorial issues and incidents of militarized conflict is one of the most consistent patterns found in the empirical study of international relations. Consequently, disputes over territory are generally perceived to be more salient to state decision-makers than other types of issues. Given this relative issue salience, state elites are thought to be more likely to engage in domestic mobilization efforts when territory is externally threatened. The political participation literature observes wide cross-national differences in participatory behavior and contends that the level and timing of participation is partially a function of elite-led strategic mobilization. I propose that these phenomena are connected and that territorial threats are associated with overall patterns in non-voting political participation across countries. I assess this relationship with cross-national, multilevel models using 27 Afrobarometer surveys collected in 16 different countries from 1999 to 2003. As expected, if salient external threats are triggering domestic mobilization efforts, I find that territorial threats are positively associated with most forms of non-voting political participation. However, I also observe lower levels of protest behavior in states that recently experienced a territorial threat—a finding that corresponds with previous research linking salient external threats to increased societal cohesion.

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Roos, Patrick, Michele Gelfand, Dana Nau, and Janetta Lun. "Societal threat and cultural variation in the strength of social norms: An evolutionary basis." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 129 (July 2015): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.01.003.

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Duckitt, John. "Introduction to the special section on authoritarianism in societal context: The role of threat." International Journal of Psychology 48, no. 1 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.738298.

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Gootjes, Frank, Toon Kuppens, Tom Postmes, and Ernestine Gordijn. "Disentangling Societal Discontent and Intergroup Threat: Explaining Actions Towards Refugees and Towards the State." International Review of Social Psychology 34, no. 1 (2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/irsp.509.

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van Prooijen, Jan-Willem. "An Existential Threat Model of Conspiracy Theories." European Psychologist 25, no. 1 (2020): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000381.

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Abstract. People endorse conspiracy theories particularly when they experience existential threat, that is, feelings of anxiety or uncertainty often because of distressing societal events. At the same time, such feelings also often lead people to support groups frequently implicated in conspiracy theories (e.g., the government). The present contribution aims to resolve this paradox by proposing an Existential Threat Model of Conspiracy Theories, which stipulates under what conditions existential threat does versus does not stimulate conspiracy theories. The model specifically illuminates that feelings of existential threat increase epistemic sense-making processes, which in turn stimulate conspiracy theories only when antagonistic outgroups are salient. Moreover, once formed conspiracy theories are not functional to reduce feelings of existential threat; instead, conspiracy theories can be a source of existential threat in itself, stimulating further conspiracy theorizing and contributing to a generalized conspiracist mindset. In the discussion, I discuss implications of the model, and illuminate how one may base interventions on the model to breaks this cyclical process and reduce conspiracy beliefs.

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Mega, Jessica, and Edward T. Carreras. "Antithrombotic therapy: triple therapy or triple threat?" Hematology 2012, no. 1 (2012): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation.v2012.1.547.3798919.

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Abstract Antithrombotic therapy plays an essential role in the management of some of the most common and morbid medical conditions. Triple oral antithrombotic therapy (TOAT) is defined as the administration of both therapeutic oral anticoagulation (OAC) and dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) to patients with indications for both treatments. The current societal guidelines regarding TOAT are derived from observational studies and some trials of the use of warfarin in addition to antiplatelet therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation and a recent acute coronary syndrome or percutaneous coronary intervention. The general apprehension to administer TOAT is due to the heightened concern for bleeding, rendering warfarin's pharmacokinetic properties concerning. Newer anticoagulant agents may serve as appealing alternatives, and further investigations are warranted. The results of the recent trials that have studied the use of these agents in atrial fibrillation and acute coronary syndrome offer some useful applications to TOAT. Ultimately, selecting the most favorable antithrombotic strategy is going to involve weighing the risks and benefits for each patient.

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Colley, Thomas, Francesca Granelli, and Jente Althuis. "DISINFORMATION’S SOCIETAL IMPACT: BRITAIN, COVID, AND BEYOND." Defence Strategic Communications, no. 8 (July 3, 2020): 89–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.30966/2018.riga.8.3.

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Disinformation is widely perceived as a profound threat to democracies. The result is an explosion of research on disinformation’s spread and the countermeasures taken against it. Most research has focused on false content spread online. Yet little research has demonstrated the societal impact of disinformation on areas such as trust and social cohesion. Policy responses are mainly based on disinformation’s presumed impact rather than on its actual impact. This paper advances disinformation research by asking how we can assess its impact more productively, and how research could better inform policy responses to disinformation. It uses examples from Britain between the 2016 ‘Brexit’ referendum campaign and the 2019 General Election, including some preliminary commentary on disinformation during the initial months of the COVID-19 outbreak. First it considers the limitations of existing disinformation research, and how it could address impact more effectively. It then considers how policy responses have been self-limiting by framing the solution as simply reducing the general amount of disinformation online and/or ‘inoculating’ citizens. Instead we argue for an event or issue-specific focus. This culturally-specific, sociological approach considers different forms of disinformation, the hybrid media systems through which they spread, and the complex offline and online social networks through which impact may occur.

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Lizunova, Elena, Denisa Mindruta, Rahul Anand, et al. "Is Gender Diversity a Threat or an Opportunity? Unpacking Firm Responses to a Societal Imperative." Academy of Management Proceedings 2020, no. 1 (2020): 17336. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.17336symposium.

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Russo, Silvia, Claudia Manzi, and Michele Roccato. "Self-concept clarity buffers the impact of societal threat to safety on right-wing authoritarianism." Journal of Social Psychology 157, no. 4 (2016): 513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2016.1229255.

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Figoureux, Marie, and Baldwin Van Gorp. "The framing of radicalisation in the Belgian societal debate: a contagious threat or youthful naivety?" Critical Studies on Terrorism 13, no. 2 (2020): 237–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2020.1714415.

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Körtvélyesi, Zsolt, and Balázs Majtényi. "Game of Values: The Threat of Exclusive Constitutional Identity, the EU and Hungary." German Law Journal 18, no. 7 (2017): 1721–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200022513.

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There is an increasing, or increasingly visible, societal trend in the EU and beyond—often followed by constitutional changes—that challenges inclusive constitutional values. The discourses underlying these changes emphasize the inviolability of national identity and redefine it with a strong reliance on exclusive constitutional values. This Article asserts that exclusive constitutional values—that are defined as values that question the moral equality of some members of the community—necessarily shrink the room for inclusive values, and a critical mass of exclusive values can lead to a hallowing out of a democratic order, both on the national and on the supranational level. The Article presents Hungary as a case where the populist-exclusivist elements of political rhetoric—that are also present elsewhere—became part of constitutional law and have transformed the political system. The case study shows how the redefinition of Member States' constitutional identities, along recent societal trends and exclusive constitutional values, could clash with the inclusive values of the European Union and relegate European institutions to the position of “the Other,” thereby endangering constitutional democracy. In particular, the Article shows how the rule praising and recognizing diverse Member State constitutional identities can work to embolden the already strong trend to challenge inclusive constitutional values.

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Bohlin, Gustav, and Gunnar E. Höst. "Is it my responsibility or theirs? Risk communication about antibiotic resistance in the Swedish daily press." Journal of Science Communication 13, no. 03 (2014): A02. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.13030202.

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Antibiotic resistance is an increasing global threat involving many actors, including the general public. We present findings from a content analysis of the coverage of antibiotic resistance in the Swedish print media with respect to the risk communication factors cause, magnitude and countermeasures. The most commonly reported cause of development and spread of resistance was unnecessary prescription of antibiotics. Risk magnitudes were mostly reported qualitatively rather than using quantitative figures. Risk-reduction measures were analyzed using a framework that distinguishes between personal and societal efficacy. Measures at the societal level were more commonly reported compared to the individual level.

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Pruyt, Erik, and Tom Logtens. "Model-Based Exploration of Societal Aging in the Netherlands." International Journal of System Dynamics Applications 4, no. 1 (2015): 57–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsda.2015010103.

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Mismanagement of societal aging is an important threat to health care, social security, and the economy of many nations. A System Dynamics simulation model related to societal aging in the Netherlands and its implications for the Dutch welfare system is used here to generate exploratory scenarios and to test policy robustness across many scenarios. Key concerns derived from this research are (i) the existence of plausible scenarios with severe labor scarcity, especially in health care, (ii) unsustainable evolutions of health care costs, and (iii) insufficient labor productivity, especially in health care. The authors' analysis shows that labor productivity may be cause of, and cure for, many of undesirable evolutions. The authors conclude that there is a need for: (i) sufficient increases in labor productivity, especially in health care, without pinching the necessary workers in care, and (ii) sufficiently raising the retirement age as well as raising the willingness to work longer and to employ older people. These conclusions are derived from the systematic data analysis documented in the appendix.

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Salminen, Hanna Maria, Qian Wang, and Iiris Aaltio. "Aging as a topic in a business magazine: an opportunity or threat for management?" Baltic Journal of Management 14, no. 2 (2019): 198–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bjm-05-2018-0180.

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Purpose Recently, research on aging in the work-life context from the perspective of how to manage, support and retain an aging workforce has increased among management scholars, and therefore is contributing to the current societal need to extend work careers. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the articles discussing aging in the work-life context in the Finnish business magazine Talouselämä (Economic Life) during the years 2002–2017. Design/methodology/approach A total of 81 articles were included in the analysis. They were classified into seven themes as a result of a content analysis. Three levels of discussions on aging were identified: societal, organizational and individual. These levels were further analyzed in order to revel what kind of issues have been emphasized or overlooked. The results were discussed in the context of Finnish work life. Findings The findings showed that aging has been presented in a passive and deterministic (or at least neutral) tone. Most of the articles focused on the consequences and actions related to an aging workforce at the societal level. At the individual level, aging was mainly discussed in terms of changes related to work ability and functioning, with aging individuals as the actors responsible for managing and controlling the effects of their own aging process. The organizational-level discussion on aging was limited and narrow, mostly lacking any discussion of the role of organizations as responsible actors or from the perspective of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Practical implications Organizations could take a more active and broader role in terms of supporting the longer working careers of older employees. Professional magazines could deal more with “age-aware” research as it relates to organizations, especially the potential and opportunities of the aging workforce. Aging research could promote media level publishing and applications of knowledge. Originality/value Few critically oriented management studies have investigated how aging is presented and discussed in business magazines.

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Smiljanic, Drazen. "Development of the Croatian National Security Strategy in the Hybrid Threats Context." Croatian International Relations Review 23, no. 80 (2017): 97–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cirr-2017-0022.

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AbstractThe development of the new National Security Strategy (NSS) of the Republic of Croatia, begun in November 2016, takes place in a radically different security environment compared to the first (and current) Croatian NSS published in 2002. This paper aims to provide incentives for potential adaptations to the approach and methodology used in Croatia’s NSS development, particularly in relation to hybrid warfare. Assuming that the hybrid adversary tends heavily to exploit the vulnerabilities of the targeted state and society, the paper addresses some of Croatia’s widely recognized weaknesses that should be taken into consideration in a threat assessment. As a conclusion, the paper proposes some recommendations, including the concept of societal resilience, related to ways to counter hybrid threats.

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Doomen, Jasper. "A Veiled Threat: Belcacemi and Oussar v Belgium." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 20, no. 2 (2018): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x18000078.

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The freedom of the individual can easily come into conflict with his or her obligation to integrate in society. The case of Belcacemi and Oussar v Belgium provides a good example. It is evident that some restrictions of citizens’ freedoms must be accepted for a state to function and, more basically, persist; as a consequence, it is acceptable that certain demands, incorporated in criminal law, are made of citizens. The issue of the extent to which such restrictions are justified has increasingly become a topic of discussion. The present case raises a number of important questions with respect to the right to wear a full-face veil in public if the societal norm is that the face should be visible, the most salient of which are whether women should be ‘protected’ from unequal treatment against their will and to what extent society may impose values on the individual. I will argue that Belgian law places unwarranted restrictions on citizens and that the values behind it testify to an outlook that is difficult to reconcile with the freedom of conscience and religion.

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Becker, Julia C., Ulrich Wagner, and Oliver Christ. "Consequences of the 2008 financial crisis for intergroup relations." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 14, no. 6 (2011): 871–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430211407643.

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Why do societal crises often lead to intergroup conflict? We propose that the interplay of unspecific threat and causal attributions differentially predicts increases in ethnic prejudice and anti-Semitism. We tested this hypothesis in the context of the 2008 financial crisis. The results of Study 1 ( N = 890) demonstrated on the basis of representative survey data that threat elicited by the financial crisis was related with ethnic prejudice once the cause was attributed to immigrants, whereas it was related with anti-Semitism once the cause of the crisis was attributed to bankers and speculators. In Study 2 ( N = 157), we experimentally manipulated threat and type of causal attributions and replicated the results of Study 1. Moreover, we found that regardless of the threat manipulation, participants did not respond with increased prejudice against out-groups if a system-level explanation for the crisis, namely the economic system, was salient.

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Kauff, Mathias, Sebastian Stegmann, Rolf van Dick, Constanze Beierlein, and Oliver Christ. "Measuring beliefs in the instrumentality of ethnic diversity: Development and validation of the Pro-Diversity Beliefs Scale (PDBS)." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 22, no. 4 (2018): 494–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430218767025.

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In general, diversity beliefs are beliefs about the instrumentality of diversity for the functioning of groups. Focusing on a societal level, recent social-psychological research addressed pro-diversity beliefs as individuals’ beliefs that diversity is beneficial for the progress of society. Despite the growing interest in societal pro-diversity beliefs, no systematically validated scale measuring pro-diversity beliefs is available to date. We addressed this shortcoming and studied the reliability and validity of the newly developed Pro-Diversity Beliefs Scale (PDBS) across four samples. Results indicate that the PDBS is reliable, adequately distinct from related and established scales, and valid in predicting external criteria such as outgroup attitudes or intergroup threat.

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Tishelman, Carol, Jonas Hultin-Rosenberg, Anna Hadders, and Lars E. Eriksson. "Fearing fear itself: Crowdsourced longitudinal data on Covid-19-related fear in Sweden." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (2021): e0253371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253371.

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Background The Covid-19 pandemic has had unprecedented effects on individual lives and livelihoods as well as on social, health, economic and political systems and structures across the world. This article derives from a unique collaboration between researchers and museums using rapid response crowdsourcing to document contemporary life among the general public during the pandemic crisis in Sweden. Methods and findings We use qualitative analysis to explore the narrative crowdsourced submissions of the same 88 individuals at two timepoints, during the 1st and 2nd pandemic waves, about what they most fear in relation to the Covid-19 pandemic, and how their descriptions changed over time. In this self-selected group, we found that aspects they most feared generally concerned responses to the pandemic on a societal level, rather than to the Covid-19 disease itself or other health-related issues. The most salient fears included a broad array of societal issues, including general societal collapse and fears about effects on social and political interactions among people with resulting impact on political order. Notably strong support for the Swedish pandemic response was expressed, despite both national and international criticism. Conclusions This analysis fills a notable gap in research literature that lacks subjective and detailed investigation of experiences of the general public, despite recognition of the widespread effects of Covid-19 and its’ management strategies. Findings address controversy about the role of experts in formulating and communicating strategy, as well as implications of human responses to existential threats. Based on this analysis, we call for broader focus on societal issues related to this existential threat and the responses to it.

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Roessler, Philip, and David Ohls. "Self-Enforcing Power Sharing in Weak States." International Organization 72, no. 2 (2018): 423–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818318000073.

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AbstractPower sharing, in which elites from rival societal groups agree to share control of the central government, is a key source of domestic peace, enabling states to escape devastating cycles of exclusion and civil war. Yet the conditions giving rise to inclusive governance are not well understood. In contrast to existing scholarship that emphasizes the importance of external third-party mediation or strong formal institutions, we point to the structural roots of power sharing in which political inclusion stems from the distribution of societal power and the balance of threat capabilities it produces. Only when both the ruling group and a given rival group possess strong mobilizational capabilities, such that each could credibly threaten to recapture state power if excluded from the central government, does self-enforcing power sharing emerge. A strong rival induces the ruler to commit to power sharing and to reluctantly accept coup risk over civil war risk. The ruling group's own threat capabilities, in turn, constrain rivals from trying to convert their share of power into absolute power. Supported by extensive quantitative and qualitative evidence with particular reference to weak states in sub-Saharan Africa, we shed light on the conditions under which the distribution of violence within a state underwrites a peaceful and productive equilibrium. In doing so, we rethink how scholars approach the study of civil war. Rather than conceiving of it in terms of effective resistance, we model civil war as a contest for state power shaped by groups’ capabilities to project force in the capital.

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Fox, Jonathan, Roger Finke, and Dane R. Mataic. "The Causes of Societal Discrimination against Religious Minorities in Christian-Majority Countries." Religions 12, no. 8 (2021): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12080611.

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Using the Religion and State-Minorities and WVS datasets, this study examined the impact of religiosity in Christian-majority countries on societal religious discrimination (i.e., discrimination by non-state actors) against religious minorities. We found that increased levels of religious activity and commitment in a country lead to less discrimination against Muslim and Jewish religious minorities but more discrimination against Christian minorities. We offered two explanations for this complex relationship. First, when Christian-majority nations hold high levels of religiosity, other Abrahamic religions are potential allies in the fight against secularism. Second, in religiously active Christian-majority nations, the majority religion views Christian minorities (rather than Jews and Muslims) as an unwanted competitive threat because denomination switching is more common within the same religious tradition.

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Flesken, Anaïd. "Identity change in a context of intergroup threat: Regional identity mobilization in Bolivia." Politics 38, no. 1 (2017): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263395717697343.

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The consequences of marginalized ethnic group emancipation for historically privileged groups are rarely examined, despite assertions that the disruption of traditional power balances leads to backlash. This article addresses identity change in a ‘most probable case’ of intergroup threat, examining reactions to indigenous empowerment in Bolivia. After translating theory on identity change into testable implications, it explores meso-level rhetoric of the Santa Cruz Autonomy movement through diverse sources and micro-level identification through time-series survey data. It finds evidence for the constructionist power of discourse: its ability to create societal consensus on collective identity in a relatively short time span.

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Nusbaum, N. J. "Factors governing speed of societal responses to threats: precision of definition of the threat may be more important than its anticipated likely severity." Medical Hypotheses 59, no. 5 (2002): 535–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-9877(02)00242-6.

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Jääskeläinen, Jaakko, Sakari Höysniemi, Sanna Syri, and Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen. "Finland’s Dependence on Russian Energy—Mutually Beneficial Trade Relations or an Energy Security Threat?" Sustainability 10, no. 10 (2018): 3445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103445.

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Studies on energy security in the context of relations between European Union (EU) and Russia tend to focus on cases, with an open conflict related to supply, such as “hard” energy weapons, or on only one fuel, often natural gas. However, there is a need to understand the long-term impacts that energy relations have politically, economically and physically, and their linkages between resilience, sustainability and security. We analyse the Finnish-Russian energy relations as a case study, as they are characterised by a non-conflictual relationship. To assess this complex relationship, we apply the interdependence framework to analyse both the energy systems and energy strategies of Finland and Russia, and the energy security issues related to the notable import dependence on one supplier. Moreover, we analyse the plausible development of the energy trade between the countries in three different energy policy scenarios until 2040. The findings of the article shed light on how the trends in energy markets, climate change mitigation and broader societal and political trends could influence Russia’s energy trade relations with countries, such as Finland. Our analysis shows that Finland’s dependence on primary energy imports does not pose an acute energy security threat in terms of sheer supply, and the dependence is unlikely to worsen in the future. However, due to the difficulty in anticipating societal, political, and economic trends, there are possible developments that could affect Finland.

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Katapally, Tarun R. "A Global Digital Citizen Science Policy to Tackle Pandemics Like COVID-19." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 5 (2020): e19357. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19357.

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The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is an extremely complex existential threat that requires cohesive societal effort to address health system inefficiencies. When our society has faced existential crises in the past, we have banded together by using the technology at hand to overcome them. The COVID-19 pandemic is one such threat that requires not only a cohesive effort, but also enormous trust to follow public health guidelines, maintain social distance, and share necessities. However, are democratic societies with civil liberties capable of doing this? Mobile technology has immense potential for addressing pandemics like COVID-19, as it gives us access to big data in terms of volume, velocity, veracity, and variety. These data are particularly relevant to understand and mitigate the spread of pandemics such as COVID-19. In order for such intensive and potentially intrusive data collection measures to succeed, we need a cohesive societal effort with full buy-in from citizens and their representatives. This article outlines an evidence-based global digital citizen science policy that provides the theoretical and methodological foundation for ethically sourcing big data from citizens to tackle pandemics such as COVID-19.

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van der Toorn, Jojanneke, John T. Jost, and Benjamin Loffredo. "Conservative Ideological Shift Among Adolescents in Response to System Threat." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 225, no. 4 (2017): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000299.

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Abstract. We examined conservative ideological shift among adolescents by assessing the effect of different types of threat on the self-reported political orientation of 183 New York City high school students and investigated the mediating role of system justification. Participants read one of three newspaper passages: (1) a system-related passage that described flaws in the American social, economic, and political system; (2) a self-related passage that described the deleterious health effects of cell phone use; or (3) a control passage that described house plant cultivation. Participants then completed measures of system justification and political orientation. As hypothesized, a threat to the system (but not the self) increased self-reported conservatism indirectly through its effect on system justification. This suggests that when the overarching social system is threatened, adolescents may be drawn to conservative ideology and that this is attributable, at least in part, to a heightened desire to defend and bolster the societal status quo.

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Elzein, Nadine. "Deterrence and Self-Defence." Monist 104, no. 4 (2021): 526–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/monist/onab017.

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Abstract Measures aimed at general deterrence are often thought to be problematic on the basis that they violate the Kantian prohibition against sacrificing the interests of some as a means of securing a greater good. But even if this looks like a weak objection because deterrence can be justified as a form of societal self-defence, such measures may be regarded as problematic for another reason: Harming in self-defence is only justified when it’s necessary, i.e., when there are no relatively harmless alternatives. While there are few harmless ways to remove the threat posed by dangerous individuals, there are many relatively harmless methods for preventing crime. We can bracket off our preventative failings when we think of present threats, but we cannot do so when contemplating alternative preventative measures.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Societal Threat'

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