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Präg, Patrick. "Subjective socio-economic status predicts self-rated health irrespective of objective family socio-economic background." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 48, no. 7 (June 7, 2020): 707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494820926053.
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Aim: Subjective appraisals of socio-economic status (SES) are robustly associated with health outcomes, even when controlling for objective SES. Is this because objective SES is not accounted for in a sufficiently exhaustive way? Methods: I pool eight waves of nationally representative survey data from Germany (German General Social Survey, 2004–18, N=13,557) to assess the association between two separate subjective appraisals of SES (a 10-point scale and subjectively chosen social class membership) and poor self-rated health using logit and linear probability models. I account for an exhaustive range of objective SES variables, including respondents’ household incomes and social status, as well as occupational status, social class and education of respondents and of their partners, fathers and mothers. Results: The association between subjective SES and poor self-rated health remains stable, even when accounting for a wide range of objective SES markers. This is true for both subjective SES measured on a 10-point scale and as a subjective class identification. Conclusions: Even when controlling for a large number of objective SES markers, subjective SES and self-rated health are linked, suggesting that subjective assessments of SES are meaningful measures of SES which form a distinct pathway to health.
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Hobdell, M. H., E. R. Oliveira, R. Bautista, N. G. Myburgh, R. Lalloo, S. Narendran, and N. W. Johnson. "Oral diseases and socio-economic status (SES)." British Dental Journal 194, no. 2 (January 2003): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4809882.
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Singh, Tulika, Sanju Sharma, and Seetharamaiya Nagesh. "Socio-economic status scales updated for 2017." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 7 (June 24, 2017): 3264. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20173029.
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The health status of any country depends on the socio-economic status (SES) and the per capita income of its citizens. The SES also decides the affordability and utilization of the health facilities. Constant changes in the price of goods in the country due to inflation make it mandatory to constantly update the income-based socioeconomic scales. This paper attempts to provide updates in Kuppuswamy, B.G. Prasad and udai pareek socioeconomic scales for 2017.
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Tacke, Nicholas F., Lillian S. Bailey, and Melissa W. Clearfield. "Socio-economic Status (SES) Affects Infants' Selective Exploration." Infant and Child Development 24, no. 6 (January 28, 2015): 571–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/icd.1900.
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Pandey, Alok, and Ajay Bhardwaj. "Socio-Economic Status of Slum Dwellers: A Cross-Sectional Study of five slums in Varanasi City." Journal of Global Economy 17, no. 3 (November 9, 2021): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v17i3.632.
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The study focuses on the socio-economic status (SES) of slum dwellers in Varanasi city. From the five wards of Varanasi slums, 200 households were interviewed with a predesigned questionnaire. To show the status of the families in the slum, we used Kuppuswamy's socio-economic class. The average score of Kuppuswamy'ssocio-economic status of slum dwellers is 7.7. In Varanasi city, based on the Kuppuswamy SES score, families belong to Upper-lower SES, and their average SES is seven. The states should focus on poverty, unemployment, income, and essential services in city areas. The present study suggests improving the socio-economic condition, which led to improved social, educational, and income status in slums.
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Byrne, Declan, Seán Cournane, Richard Conway, Deirdre O’Riordan, and Bernard Silke. "Socio-Economic Status and MultiOriginal morbidity – Fact or Fiction?" Acute Medicine Journal 18, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52964/amja.0753.
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Background: Areas of low socio-economic status (SES) have a disproportionate number of emergency medical admissions; we quantitate the profile of multi-morbidity related to SES. Methods: We developed a logistic multiple variable regression model, based on over 15 years of hospital data, to examine the effect of socio-demography on hospital outcomes. Results: Admissions from low SES cohort were a decade younger, and had a shorter hospital stay, and lower 30-day episode mortality outcome. The number of morbidities was equivalent between groups, but the more disadvantaged were more likely to have a respiratory diagnosis or diabetes. Conclusion: Low SES emergency admissions present > 10 yr. earlier than the high SES population; their equivalent multimorbidity, despite a lower age, could reflect accelerated disease progression.
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Lopez Boo, Florencia. "Socio-economic status and early childhood cognitive skills." International Journal of Behavioral Development 40, no. 6 (July 9, 2016): 500–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025416644689.
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This article documents differences in cognitive development, as measured by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), between children from households with high and low socioeconomic status (SES) in two different phases of early childhood in four developing countries. A large number of potential mediators, such as urban residence, preschool attendance, early nutrition, caregiver’s education, and primary school attendance are discussed. Overall, the SES gradient is reduced but persists in most countries even when controlling for all the mediators. The mediational analysis shows that, while urban residence, caregiver’s education and early nutrition appear as significant mediators of the SES-PPVT relation for all countries and most ages, the size of the effect varies widely. For instance, after adding all mediators, the magnitude of the SES-PPVT relation drops by almost half in Peru (mainly due to urban residence), India (mainly due to caregiver’s education at age 5 and urban residence at age 8) and Vietnam at age 5 (mainly due to caregiver’s education). However, it only drops by one third in Ethiopia (mainly due to caregiver’s education at age 5 and urban residence at age 8). The relative importance of each mediator also changes depending on children’s age. Preschool attendance only appears as a minor mediator in Ethiopia and Vietnam at age 5, while primary school attendance does not appear as a significant mediator in any country.
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Abduh, Muhammad, Edi Purwanta, and Hermanto Hermanto. "In what ways students’ socio-economic status affecting academic performance?" International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v12i1.23260.
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<span lang="EN-US">Due to the rapid development and dynamics of education, parents are becoming increasingly focused and concerned about their children’s education. Parents have a significant influence on students’ academic performance (AP) based on various perspectives, one of which is socio-economic status (SES). A systematic literature review is required to provide an overview for educators and policy makers in Indonesia to address problems that arise in students’ AP due to SES factors. However, there are limited research studies that systematically review the literature on SES in regards to students’ AP. This study was guided by the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) review protocol employing two databases: Scopus and Google Scholar, regarding students’ SES and student AP. There were 316 articles were screened and 51 articles that met the predetermined criteria were obtained. This study performed content analysis to codify, organize categories, and develop themes. Based on the thematic analysis, this study grouped three main themes: SES based on student roles, SES based on teacher roles, and SES based on family roles. This review contributes to the existing literature by providing direction for further research and as a catalyst for developing new literacy related to SES in education.</span>
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SILVER, MICHELLE PANNOR. "Socio-economic status over the lifecourse and internet use in older adulthood." Ageing and Society 34, no. 6 (January 14, 2013): 1019–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x12001420.
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ABSTRACTThis study explored associations between socio-economic status (SES) at different phases in the lifecourse and regular internet use among older adults. A sample (N = 11,035) from the 2010 wave of the United States Health and Retirement Study was used. Odds ratios were estimated to explore the relationship between regular internet use in older adulthood and measures of SES in childhood and in adulthood, and cumulative SES. Findings provided support for the lifecourse perspective, suggesting that variations observed among older adults are reflective of cumulative experiences. Three main themes emerged: higher SES in childhood increased the odds of being an internet user in older adulthood; SES advantages tended to accumulate, so that having at least one period of high SES in the lifecourse increased the odds of being an internet user in older adulthood; age did not appear to modify the positive relationship between cumulative SES and internet use.
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MALTSEVA, KATERYNA. "STRESS PERCEPTION: A PATHWAY FROM SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS TO HEALTH." Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, Stmm. 2022 (2) (2022): 162–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/sociology2022.02.162.
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Stress research is an important area in medical sociology. Psychosocial stress accounts for negative health outcomes across various physiological systems and can have far-reaching consequences for the organism’s health. Socio-economic status, in its turn, influences the likelihood of stress exposure and how its consequences will be addressed. All in all, there is ample systematic evidence in support of complex associations between socio-economic status, stress and health outcomes. Following a series of discoveries in the biomedical sphere, our understanding of stress became considerably more complex, and the causal mechanisms of this process have become more prominent in research literature over the last few decades. Integration of this new data from biology, genetics and medicine into sociological, anthropological and socio-epidemiological research of stress has changed not only how this research niche conceptualizes and measures stress but also how the role that the society and social structures play in patterned distribution of disease, aging and mortality is understood. Although the link between stress and health is well studied, the mechanisms linking socio-economic status, the stress process and health outcomes have received rather less attention. An online quantitative study (n = 902) carried out in Kyiv during 2020–2021 focused on the question of the SES–stress link in the context of health outcomes. Specifically, the study tested the following propositions: (a) stress affects self-rated health and wellness of individuals; (b) current SES affects individual self-rated health and wellness; (c) individuals from low SES categories face higher current perceived stress levels compared to individuals from higher SES categories; (d) individuals who report having low SES in childhood have higher perceived stress levels during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to their counterparts whose familial socio-economic status was higher when they were children; and (e) having chronic conditions exacerbates individual stress levels.
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CORNMAN, JENNIFER C., NOREEN GOLDMAN, AMY LOVE COLLINS, DANA A. GLEI, BAAI-SHYUN HURNG, and MAXINE WEINSTEIN. "Do adults adjust their socio-economic status identity in later life." Ageing and Society 32, no. 4 (June 2, 2011): 616–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x11000432.
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ABSTRACTPrevious research shows that socio-economic status (SES) identity, also referred to as perceived or subjective social status, is shaped by objective measures of status, socio-cultural influences and psychological attributes and predicts current and future wellbeing. Prior studies, however, have not examined whether older adults reassess their SES identity over time. In this study, we use two assessments of subjective social status measured six years apart in a sample of older Taiwanese adults to: (a) determine the degree to which respondents adjust their perceptions of social rank; and (b) identify the characteristics of individuals who are most likely to revise their assessments. We find that many older Taiwanese adults reassess their SES identity, but most respondents show small to moderate levels of change. Females, more highly educated respondents, and those who have a positive economic outlook tend to revise their subjective social status upward relative to their respective counterparts; those who become widowed during the period adjust their rankings downward compared with those who do not become widowed. These findings suggest that SES identity may be dynamic, highlighting the importance of collecting information on SES identity at multiple points in the lifecourse.
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Donkin, Angela, Jillian Roberts, Alison Tedstone, and Michael Marmot. "Family socio-economic status and young children's outcomes." Journal of Children's Services 9, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcs-01-2014-0004.
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Purpose – This paper was written as part of a suite to inform the Big Lottery Better Start programme and as such has focused on the outcomes that are of interest to that programme. The authors have also focused on outcomes for younger children and the zero to three years age group where data are available. There is a social gradient such that the lower a family's socio-economic status (SES) the greater the likelihood that they have children who are obese, have impaired social and emotional skills, or have impaired language acquisition. These statistics are clear and undisputed. The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the reasons for the social gradient in these outcomes. The paper provides some suggestions for actions that might be taken to redress the inequalities. It follows broader work presented in, for example, the Marmot (2010) review, Fair Society Healthy Lives. Design/methodology/approach – Rapid review of the literature building on the work of the Marmot (2010) review. Findings – Poor SES is linked with increased stress and a higher likelihood of being unable to afford to live a healthy life. These factors can have a negative impact on children's outcomes. The paper presents some examples of what can be done. Originality/value – This should be a useful paper for local authorities trying to reduce inequalities and improve outcomes.
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Debnath, Dhrubajyoti, and Rakesh Kakkar. "Modified BG Prasad Socio-economic Classification, Updated – 2020." Indian Journal of Community Health 32, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2020.v32i01.024.
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SES of a family is often an important parameter of measurement in various health studies. Socioeconomic status is an important tool which influences the accessibility, affordability, acceptability, availability and utilization of various resources. The concept of socio-economic status is widely used in medical sociology.
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Tang, Wen, Blair Grace, Stephen P. McDonald, Carmel M. Hawley, Sunil V. Badve, Neil C. Boudville, Fiona G. Brown, Philip A. Clayton, and David W. Johnson. "Socio-Economic Status and Peritonitis in Australian Non-Indigenous Peritoneal Dialysis Patients." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 35, no. 4 (July 2015): 450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2013.00004.
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♦BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis.♦MethodsAssociations between area SES and peritonitis risk and outcomes were examined in all non-indigenous patients who received PD in Australia between 1 October 2003 and 31 December 2010 (peritonitis outcomes). SES was assessed by deciles of postcode-based Australian Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), including Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD), Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD), Index of Economic Resources (IER) and Index of Education and Occupation (IEO).♦Results7,417 patients were included in the present study. Mixed-effects Poisson regression demonstrated that incident rate ratios for peritonitis were generally lower in the higher SEIFA-based deciles compared with the reference (decile 1), although the reductions were only statistically significant in some deciles (IRSAD deciles 2 and 4 – 9; IRSD deciles 4 – 6; IER deciles 4 and 6; IEO deciles 3 and 6). Mixed-effects logistic regression showed that lower probabilities of hospitalization were predicted by relatively higher SES, and lower probabilities of peritonitis-associated death were predicted by less SES disadvantage status and greater access to economic resources. No association was observed between SES and the risks of peritonitis cure, catheter removal and permanent hemodialysis (HD) transfer.♦ConclusionsIn Australia, where there is universal free healthcare, higher SES was associated with lower risks of peritonitis-associated hospitalization and death, and a lower risk of peritonitis in some categories.
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MANUCK, STEPHEN B., MARIA E. BLEIL, KAREN L. PETERSEN, JANINE D. FLORY, J. JOHN MANN, ROBERT E. FERRELL, and MATTHEW F. MULDOON. "The socio-economic status of communities predicts variation in brain serotonergic responsivity." Psychological Medicine 35, no. 4 (November 8, 2004): 519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704003757.
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Background. We reported previously that the socio-economic status (SES) of individuals predicts variation in brain serotonergic responsivity, as assessed by neuropharmacological challenge in an adult community sample, and that this association is qualified by allelic variation in the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR). Here we examine whether serotonergic responsivity covaries similarly with the SES of communities, as indexed by US Census data in the same study sample.Method. Community SES was defined by levels of income, economic disadvantage, housing costs, and educational attainment of census tracts in which 249 locally recruited study participants (54% male) resided. Serotonergic responsivity was assessed as the baseline-adjusted, peak plasma prolactin (Prl) concentration following acute administration of the serotonin-releasing agent, fenfluramine; tissue for DNA extraction and 5-HTTLPR genotyping was available on 131 participants.Results. Subjects residing in census tracts of lower SES showed a blunted Prl response to fenfluramine (diminished serotonergic responsivity) relative to individuals living in more affluent neighborhoods. When adjusted for personal income and education, SES at the community level continued to predict fenfluramine-stimulated Prl responses and did so independently of 5-HTTLPR genotype.Conclusions. Area-level indices of relative social and economic disadvantage covary with individual differences in brain serotonergic responsivity, and this association is, in part, independent of individually defined SES. These findings may be relevant to reported effects of low community SES on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders or behaviors associated with dysregulation of central serotonergic function, such as depression, impulsive aggression, and suicide.
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Turrell, Gavin, Rebecca Bentley, Lyndal R. Thomas, Damien Jolley, SV Subramanian, and Anne M. Kavanagh. "A multilevel study of area socio-economic status and food purchasing behaviour." Public Health Nutrition 12, no. 11 (February 26, 2009): 2074–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009004911.
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AbstractObjectiveThe present study examined the association between area socio-economic status (SES) and food purchasing behaviour.DesignData were collected by mail survey (64·2 % response rate). Area SES was indicated by the proportion of households in each area earning less than $AUS 400 per week, and individual-level socio-economic position was measured using education, occupation and household income. Food purchasing was measured on the basis of compliance with dietary guideline recommendations (for grocery foods) and variety of fruit and vegetable purchase. Multilevel regression analysis examined the association between area SES and food purchase after adjustment for individual-level demographic (age, sex, household composition) and socio-economic factors.SettingMelbourne city, Australia, 2003.SubjectsResidents of 2564 households located in fifty small areas.ResultsResidents of low-SES areas were significantly less likely than their counterparts in advantaged areas to purchase grocery foods that were high in fibre and low in fat, salt and sugar; and they purchased a smaller variety of fruits. There was no evidence of an association between area SES and vegetable variety.ConclusionsIn Melbourne, area SES was associated with some food purchasing behaviours independent of individual-level factors, suggesting that areas in this city may be differentiated on the basis of food availability, accessibility and affordability, making the purchase of some types of foods more difficult in disadvantaged areas.
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Taheri, Majid, Mohammad Tavakol, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi, and Mahmoud Abbasi. "Socio-Economic Status Inequity in Self Rated Health in Patients with Breast Cancer." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 1 (January 13, 2019): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.028.
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AIM: We investigate the evaluation of socio-economic status (SES) inequality on self-rated health (SRH) at women with breast cancer.
STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study
METHODS: The current study conducted on all 270 breast cancer patients that were admitted to one of the hospitals of Arak University Medical Sciences (Arak, Iran from April to July 2018) by census (using non-random sampling (accessible sampling). SES was calculated by asset-based questionnaire and Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to estimate the families' SES. Concentration Index (C) and Curve (CC) was used to measure SES inequality in SRH. The data were analysed with Stata software.
RESULTS: The number of persons with good SRH by the level of SES was 165 (61.1%) and with poor SRH was 105 (38.9%). The number of persons with good SRH in comparison to same-aged people by level of SES was 135 (50%) and with poor SRH was 135 (50%). Concentration index of SRH in all level of SES was 0.061 (SE = 0.03). Also, Concentration index for SRH in comparison to same-aged people at different levels of SES was -0.044 (SE = 0.03).
CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that there is inequality in SRH in a patient with breast cancer of the richest level of SES.
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Binos, Paris, Theodora Papastefanou, and George Psillas. "Socio-Economic Status and Language Development in Hearing Loss: A Critical Appraisal." Audiology Research 13, no. 1 (February 14, 2023): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/audiolres13010015.
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The impact of language input on children’s speech, language, and brain development was borne out of Hart and Risley’s famous “30-million-word gap”. A perspective bolstered by many studies in the last decade relates higher socio-economic status (SES) to better qualitative and quantitative differences in children’s speech. The logic chains found in these studies suggest that literacy development depends on language and brain development. Thus, brain building develops based on environmental experience and language input depends on the brain’s perception of the auditory information. This essay uses the latest published peer-reviewed research to outline the current landscape of the role of SES in the development of speech and language skills among children with hearing loss (HL) who are enrolled in auditory-driven habilitation programs. This essay argues that low SES families may provide sufficient input for their children. The outcome of auditory-driven programs implemented by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) seems to be detached from SES. The role of SES on this developmental trajectory remains unclear, and clinical practice may be related to other validated and robust parameters related to hearing loss.
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Walker, Christine, and Chris Peterson. "Contextualising indicators of socio-economic status: Chronic illness as lived experience of SES." Australian Journal of Primary Health 9, no. 3 (2003): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py03038.
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The concept of socio-economic status (SES) has been recognised as playing an important role in the incidence and experience of chronic illness (Taylor, 1983; Najman 1988; Syme, 1998; Marmot, 2000). Yet just how SES interacts with the experience of chronic illness has not been well researched. For example, researchers are unable to categorically state if living conditions and life opportunities associated with low SES lead to a greater propensity for developing a chronic illness, or if the experience and consequences of having a chronic illness lead to developing low SES characteristics, or both. Neither has research provided good data on the mediating roles of factors such as ethnic background and location of residence on the relationship between SES and chronic illness. Self-management programs for chronic disease require different capacities from participants to produce good outcomes. These capacities are to some degree dependent on level of education, type of job, and general level of socio-economic status. Therefore, the level of SES of people with a chronic disease is important to understanding how they will respond to self-management approaches. For example, people with a chronic disease from lower SES backgrounds can be expected in some instances to have a different set of coping capacities with their disease (partly a function of income, education, and work experience) compared to those from higher SES backgrounds. The socio-economic status of people with a chronic disease is an important area for investigation that has implications for the efficacy of self-management programs. This paper will argue that while SES is a vital concept in understanding the impact of chronic illness on people?s lived experiences for many conditions, current approaches oversimplify it by quarantining it from its context. Researchers tend to treat SES as a stable composite concept whose application illuminates the social basis of the illness experience. More frequently, we arrive at an explanation of simplified relationships rather than an explanation of the relationships between chronic ill health and SES as lived by members of real communities (Frank, 1990; Zola, 1991).
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Li, Sixian, Jin Sun, and Jingxuan Dong. "Family Socio-Economic Status and Children’s Play Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Home Environment." Children 9, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9091385.
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Family socio-economic status (SES) is a significant predictor of children’s early learning performance, while little is known about the relationship between family SES and children’s play. This study aimed to examine how family SES was related to different aspects of children’s play behaviors and whether the home environment served as a mediator in this relationship. A total of 844 mothers of children aged three to six (Nboys = 431) from different SES backgrounds (Nlow-SES = 123, Nmedium-SES = 322, Nhigh-SES = 399) reported the situation of the home environment and their children’s play behaviors with self-developed questionnaires. Results of regression analyses showed that family SES significantly predicted the level of Imagination, Approaches to Learning, and Emotion Expression in children’s play and that the home environment partially mediated such relationships. The results indicate SES-related differences in children’s play behaviors and offer the possibility of narrowing such discrepancies by establishing a child-friendly home environment.
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Orchard, Anna V., Syd Hiskey, and Leanne Andrews. "High socio-economic status and conversion from mild cognitive impairment: A preliminary study." FPOP Bulletin: Psychology of Older People 1, no. 122 (January 2013): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsfpop.2013.1.122.50.
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Objectives:Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is thought to be a prodromal phase to dementia. The majority of individuals with MCI eventually develop dementia, however, almost one-third do not and some even revert back to normal functioning. Understanding factors associated with conversion is, therefore, important.The study explored whether high socio-economic status (SES) among individuals seen within an Essex-based memory clinic differentially affected whether they remained in the MCI range or converted to dementia, at one-year follow-up.Method:Forty individuals aged 65 years and over, given a diagnosis of MCI at initial assessment and subsequently reassessed one year later, were included. Individuals’ SES was retrospectively rated according to postcode.Results:Chi square analyses failed to find a significant difference between the conversion rates of those with low and high SES. However, just 15 per cent of the sample were classified within the lowest two SES categories.Conclusion:This preliminary study suggests that high SES does not reduce the rate of conversion from MCI to dementia. Moreover, individuals with low SES were poorly represented within the sample.
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Bharti, Kusum, Manoj Kumar, and Pramila Prasad. "Impact of socio-economic status (SES) and nutrition health education on nutritional status of adolescent girls." FOOD SCIENCE RESEARCH JOURNAL 11, no. 2 (October 15, 2020): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/fsrj/11.2/134-139.
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The present status of nutrition disparities in Asia is considered to vary by economic level of the country. For developing countries in Asia, India and Vietnam, SES associates with BMI positively in women. For relatively developed countries in Asia, Korea and Japan, SES associates with BMI negatively in women. Low SES groups consume more carbohydrate, and less protein and fat, so not only micronutrient but also macronutrient intake is affected by SES both in developing and in developed Asian countries. There are some studies on the pathway from SES to diet/nutrition. Objective: To assess the impact of socio-economic status (SES) and nutrition health education (NHED) on their Nutritional status of non-school going and school going AGLs. Method: A pre test post test experimental design questionnaire was employed and the study was a cross sectional study. From 4ICDS Project areas of Banka district, total 600 Adolescents girl selected for this research study in which 300 school going and 300 non-school going girls were randomly selected. Result: AGLs clearly shows the declining trend of malnutrition with the increasing education of mothers, i.e. Highest per cent of undernourished AGLs were the daughters of Illiterates mothers (98%) and lowest per cent of undernourished AGLs were the daughters of intermediate mothers and graduate mothers.The per cent of normal AGLs was highest with the highly educated fathers lower with poorly educated and lowest with illiterate fathers. The prevalence of normal AGLs was higher with better income though their number is less. But even the little increase of income has shown the better performance. However, the data confirms, the effect of income on nutritional status of AGls.
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NAIR, VISHNU KK, BRITTA BIEDERMANN, and LYNDSEY NICKELS. "Effect of socio-economic status on cognitive control in non-literate bilingual speakers." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20, no. 5 (September 8, 2016): 999–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916000778.
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Previous research has suggested that the advantages for cognitive control abilities in bilinguals are attenuated when socio-economic status (SES) is controlled (e.g., Morton & Harper, 2007). This study examined the effect of SES on cognitive control in illiterate monolingual and bilingual individuals who lived in adverse social conditions. We tested monolinguals and bilinguals using Simon and Attentional Network task while controlling for two potential confounding factors: SES and literacy. Bilinguals were faster for both trials with and without conflict demonstrating overall faster response times (global advantage) compared to monolinguals on both tasks. However, no bilingual advantage was found for conflict resolution on the Simon task and attentional networks on the Attentional Network task. The overall bilingual effects provide evidence for a bilingual advantage even among individuals without literacy skills and of very low SES. This indicates a strong link between bilingualism and cognitive control over and above effects of SES.
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Topham, Glade L., Melanie C. Page, Laura Hubbs-Tait, Julie M. Rutledge, Tay S. Kennedy, Lenka Shriver, and Amanda W. Harrist. "Maternal depression and socio-economic status moderate the parenting style/child obesity association." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 8 (December 8, 2009): 1237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009992163.
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AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the study was to test the moderating influence of two risk factors, maternal depression and socio-economic status (SES), on the association between authoritarian and permissive parenting styles and child obesity.DesignCorrelational, cross-sectional study. Parenting style was measured with the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). Maternal depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). BMI-for-age percentile was used to categorize children by weight status (children with BMI-for-age ≥95th percentile were classified as obese). SES was computed from parent education and occupational status using the four-factor Hollingshead index.SettingRural public schools in a mid-western state in the USA.SubjectsOne hundred and seventy-six mothers of first-grade children (ninety-one boys, eighty-five girls) enrolled in rural public schools.ResultsBoth maternal depression and SES were found to moderate the permissive parenting style/child obesity association, but not the authoritarian/child obesity association. For depressed mothers, but not for non-depressed mothers, more permissive parenting was predictive of child obesity. Similarly more permissive parenting was predictive of child obesity among higher SES mothers, but not for lower SES mothers.ConclusionsMaternal depression and SES interact with permissive parenting style to predict child obesity. Future research should examine the relationship among these variables using a longitudinal design.
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Dlamini, Khanyile, and Jeanne Grace. "Associations between body mass index, physical activity and socio-economic status in Zimbabwean adolescents." South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation 44, no. 1 (September 20, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36386/sajrsper.v44i1.162.
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Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) continue to be a global public health challenge for both developed and low and middle-income countries, with inactivity, overweight and obesity contributing to mortality. The study aimed to determine the body mass index (BMI), objectively measured physical activity (PA) levels, and socio-economic status (SES) of Zimbabwean adolescents and to establish the associations between their BMI and their PA and SES, and between their PA and their SES. Participants (N=126) aged 12−19 years were included in the study. BMI was classified according to the WHO BMI z-scores. Participants’ PA levels were measured with a pedometer. SES was determined with the Family Affluence Scale III. The groups’ mean BMI was 20.45 kg/m2, with 18.9% of the females and 11.5% of the males being overweight. The groups’ mean average number of steps taken per day for seven days was 9 459, and their SES was classified as low. The association between the males, females and groups’ BMI with their PA levels was insignificant, negative and weak. There was a significant positive, weak association between BMI and SES for the males (r = 0.289; p < 0.05) and the group (r = 0.227; p < 0.05). The association between the females' PA and their SES was significant, negative and weak (r = -0.338; p < 0.05) with a significant, negative and moderate association between the males’ PA and their SES (r = -0.448; p < 0.05). The higher the participants' BMI, the higher their SES, and the higher their PA levels, the lower their SES.
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Salam, Saveela, and Dr Muzamil Jan. "Socio Economic Status of Tribal Women in Kashmir." Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology 06, no. 01 (2022): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.38177/ajast.2022.6120.
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Socio-Economic Status (SES) is an obscure perception of two diverse phases, the sociological phase and the economic phase. The sociological phase includes class or place surrounded by a communal stratification and the financial phase includes assets such as, livelihood, earnings as well as possessions. Tribal women contain multidimensional roles and household tasks in their families but she is still lagging behind. The present study was carried out in Kashmir valley to analyze the Socio Economic Status of tribal women in respective to their categories, educational status and marital status. Out of 2, 19,774 tribal women in Kashmir valley, 1031 tribal women were taken by applying proportionate stratified random sampling technique. To collect information, a standardized scale “Socio Economic Scale” constructed by Kalia and Sahu was administered during the data collection. The results of the present study reveal that tribal women in Kashmir have low socio cultural, economic, health and educational status.
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Lien, Nanna, David R. Jacobs, and Knut-Inge Klepp. "Exploring predictors of eating behaviour among adolescents by gender and socio-economic status." Public Health Nutrition 5, no. 5 (December 2002): 671–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2002334.
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AbstractObjective:Guided by theory, this study explored cross-sectional differences in factors influencing adolescent eating behaviour including gender and socio-economic status (SES), and subsequently tested the longitudinal predictive power of the models.Design/setting/subjects: Data were collected by questionnaires in a longitudinal study of adolescents (age 13 years at baseline) and their parents from Hordaland County, Norway. Association of personal and environmental variables (family, friends, school/society) with the consumption of fruit and vegetables (FV) and selected sources of fat and of sugar were assessed at age 15 (n = 613). The final cross-sectional models were subsequently employed in groups stratified by gender/SES and to predict consumption at age 21 (n = 380).Results:The model explained more of the variation in the sugar score (21%) and the FV score (13.5%) than in the fat score (5%). SES was associated with both the sugar and FV scores. The strongest associations with the sugar score and FV were for antisocial behaviour and evaluation of own diet, respectively. The former association was significant in all gender/SES groups, whereas the latter association was only significant in the low SES groups. For all three types of food, the strongest significant predictors in the longitudinal models were frequency of consumption at age 15.Conclusion:The model's ability to explain variation in eating behaviours differed by food type, and possibly by gender/SES, but previous eating behaviour was an important predictor for all three foods. Prospective studies should carefully operationalise theoretical constructs when further investigating the influences of and interrelationships between these factors and gender/SES on the development of eating behaviours.
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Eroğlu, Susran Erkan, Hasan Bozgeyikli, and Vahit Çalişir. "Life Satisfaction Depending on Socio-Economic Status and Gender among Turkish Students." Policy Futures in Education 7, no. 4 (January 1, 2009): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2009.7.4.379.
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This research was carried out using the survey method in an attempt to find out the relationship between the life satisfaction and socio-economic status (SES) of adolescents. The research was conducted among 275 young Turkish people chosen by the random sampling method. The research findings determined that there was a significant difference between the life satisfaction and SES of the respondent students. On the other hand, contrary to expectations, there was no significant difference according to the gender variable.
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Paradewari, Dirtya Sunyi, and Concilianus Laos Mbato. "LANGUAGE ATTITUDES OF INDONESIANS AS EFL LEARNERS, GENDER, AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS." LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching 21, no. 1 (April 19, 2018): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.v21i1.1051.
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This study explored the language attitude in terms of gender and socio-economic status (SES) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The aim of this study was to find out the relationships among five components of languages attitudes in terms of gender and socio-economic status (SES). There were 256 participants from four universities in Yogyakarta. The participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire about the language used and general language attitudes through the Google Form. The results showed that there are five components of language attitudes; 1) Indonesian learners showed positive language attitudes toward English (3.58); 2) positive language attitudes toward Indonesian (3.66); 3) positive language attitudes toward English and negative language attitudes toward Indonesian (3.52); 4) positive language attitudes toward Indonesian and negative language attitudes toward English (3.58); 5) positive language attitudes toward English and Indonesian (3.91). These five components of language attitudes were then correlated with gender; 1) gender was positively related to English language attitude where female learners had higher positive language attitudes than males did toward English (.097); 2) there was no relation between gender and Indonesian language attitude (-.071). In addition, SES was also related to five (5) components of language attitudes in which the learners who came from upper class had higher positive language attitudes towards English (.155) than learners who came from lower class. On the other hand, the correlation between SES and Indonesian language showed the learners from middle class had higher positive language attitudes (.031) than the learners from upper class and lower class.DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2018.210112
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Leversen, Ingrid, Torbjorn Torsheim, and Oddrun Samdal. "GENDERED LEISURE ACTIVITY BEHAVIOR AMONG NORWEGIAN ADOLESCENTS ACROSS DIFFERENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS GROUPS." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 3, no. 4 (September 21, 2012): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs34201211482.
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The present paper explores gendered behavior based on participation patterns of leisure activities among adolescents across socio-economic status (SES) groups, aiming to increase knowledge and understanding of how gender socialization processes are expressed through boys’ and girls’ participation in leisure activities. Furthermore, the aim is to investigate whether such gendered behavior is associated with general levels of participation, and if there may be differences between low, middle, and high SES groups. The study used Norwegian nationally representative data of 15- and 16-year-olds from the World Health Organization's cross-sectional survey, <em>Health Behaviour in School-aged Children 2005/06</em> (<em>n</em> = 3,273). Logistic regression analysis and propensity scores showed that adolescent boys and girls had clear gendered behavior patterns based on leisure activity participation in 27 different activities, and that boys and girls had about equal distributions on what was classified as typical (“boyish” or “girlish”), atypical, and neutral gender behavior. Furthermore, gendered behavior was correlated with higher levels of participation for both sexes, and it was more or less similar for boys and girls and for different socio-economic status groups. However, when investigating differences in distributions between SES groups, high SES girls were found to have a significantly higher prevalence of both “boyish” and “girlish” activity behavior, but less “gender-neutral” compared with girls in medium and low SES groups. There were no such differences for boys.
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Kell, K. P., S. E. Judd, K. E. Pearson, J. M. Shikany, and J. R. Fernández. "Associations between socio-economic status and dietary patterns in US black and white adults." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 11 (April 14, 2015): 1792–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515000938.
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Socio-economic status (SES) has been associated with measures of diet quality; however, such measures have not directly captured overall eating practices in individuals. Based on the factor analysis of fifty-six food groups from FFQ, associations between patterns of food consumption and SES were examined in a nationwide sample of 17 062 black (34·6 %) and white participants (age >45 years) from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. Logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, racial group and geographic region were used to examine adherence to five emergent dietary patterns (convenience, plant-based, sweets/fats, southern and alcohol/salads) according to four levels each of individual education, household income and community-level SES. Further models assessed adherence to these dietary patterns by racial group, and an overall model including both racial groups examined whether the relationships between SES and adherence to these dietary patterns differed among black and white participants. For all the three measures of SES, higher SES had been associated with greater adherence to plant-based and alcohol/salads patterns, but lower adherence to sweets/fats and southern patterns. Statistically significant differences between black and white participants were observed in the associations between household income and adherence to alcohol/salads, individual education and adherence to plant-based and sweets/fats, and community SES and adherence to convenience patterns. As adherence to dietary patterns has been shown to be associated with health outcomes in this population (e.g. stroke), the present study offers valuable insight into behavioural and environmental factors that may contribute to health disparities in the diverse US population.
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Sughra, Ghulam, Dr Samina Rafique, and Sufi Amin. "Relationship of School Performance and Socio-Economic Status (SES) of School Heads." International Research Journal of Education and Innovation 3, no. 2 (June 12, 2022): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/irjei.v3.02(22)4.43-47.
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This study focused on the relationship of school performance and socio-economic status (SES) of school heads. The main objective of the study was to examine the relationship between financial status of the Heads on the performance of their schools. Research questions in this context were whether domestic matters and other socio-economic factors related to Heads have any relation to their school’s academic progress. In a survey research setting, a researcher made questionnaire containing 15 questions about Heads’ socio-economic background and 30 statements on a five-point Likert’s scale was administered to 60 randomly selected Heads of Secondary schools from District Vehari. Using the descriptive statistical techniques, data analysis showed that those schools having heads better socio-economic conditions could perform better. In the light of the findings, it is suggested that Heads of schools may be granted better financial assistance from the Govt. to enhance the performance of schools. Moreover, other logistic and training support to the Heads can also contribute to better academic performance of schools.
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Poulain, Tanja, Mandy Vogel, Carolin Sobek, Anja Hilbert, Antje Körner, and Wieland Kiess. "Associations Between Socio-Economic Status and Child Health: Findings of a Large German Cohort Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (February 26, 2019): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050677.
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The familial social background of a child can significantly impact their behavior and health. We investigated associations between socio-economic status (SES) and health parameters and behaviors in German children and adolescents. Data were collected between 2011 and 2018 in the framework of the LIFE Child study. Participants included 2998 children aged 3–18 years. SES was represented by an index combining information on parental education, occupation, and income. Associations between SES and health outcomes were estimated using linear and logistic regression analyses. In a moderator analysis, all associations were checked for interactions between SES and age or sex. A higher SES composite score was associated with better health (lower body mass index (β = −0.26), fewer behavioral difficulties (β = −0.18), higher quality of life (β = 0.21), fewer critical life events (odds ratio (OR) = 0.93); all p < 0.05) and a healthier lifestyle (healthier nutrition (β = 0.16), less excessive television use (OR = 0.87), less nicotine consumption (OR = 0.93), and more physical activity (OR = 1.18); all p < 0.05). However, SES was not associated with alcohol consumption (OR = 1.02) or sleep problems (β = −0.04). The strengths of the associations between SES and child health did not differ depending on SES indicator (education, occupation, income). The associations between SES and parent-reported behavioral difficulties and physical activity were stronger in older vs. younger children. In contrast, none of the observed associations were moderated by sex. This study highlights the strong association between socio-economic status and child health, even in modern Western societies.
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Ratshivhanda, Thendo M., and Sevias Guvuriro. "An Inter-Generational Effect of Socio-Economic Status on Education Attainment in South Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 4(J) (September 14, 2018): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i4(j).2425.
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Higher socio-economic status (SES) empowers an individual to have more access to a variety of materials relevant to achievements in life than would otherwise be possible. In theory, a child’s educational attainment can be influenced by hereditary and ecological variables; parents’ achievements are prompting children to achieve, or a deliberate investment that parents undertake in their children’s welfare, all suggestive of inter-generational effect in the process. A parent’s SES may therefore play a significant role in the child’s achievements. This paper attempts to determine the relationship between a parent’s SES and a child’s educational attainment and uses South African data collected at the national level. Employing descriptive statistics and OLS regressions, an inter-generational effect of parental SES positively influencing a child’s educational attainment is established. The finding supports policies promoting education as a fundamental poverty and inequality fighting mechanism in South Africa.
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Balasankar, V. "Intelligent socio-economic status prediction system using machine learning models on Rajahmundry A.P., SES dataset." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 37 (October 10, 2020): 3820–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v13i37.1435.
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Background: Developing economic and social systems and assuring the efficiency of economic and social processes is the major task for the government of any country. Predictable machine learning (ML) models are used for analyzing data sets that allow more efficient enterprise management. Now a day, the research on Socio-Economic Status (SES) and Machine Learning (ML) is very crucial to find socio-economic inequalities, and take further actions that are preventions, protections, and suppressions. Objectives: The mainobjective of this research is to understand the Socio Economic System issues and predicting SES levels on particular area like Rajahmundry, AP, India using statistical analysis and machine learning methodologies. Methods: In this, we analyze the data that is collected from Rajahmundry (Rajamahandravaram),Andhra Pradesh, India with 48 feature attributes (dimensions), and one target four class attribute (poor, rich, middle, upper-middle ). The SES levels like poor, rich, middle, and upper-middle classes are predicted by 5 ML algorithms. Findings: In this paper, we conduct the statistical analysis of each attribute, and analyze and compare the performance accuracies using confusion matrix, performance parameter (classification accuracy, Precision,Recall, and F1) values and receive operating characteristic (ROC) under AUC values of five efficient ML algorithms like Naïve Bayes, Decision Trees (DTs), k-NN, SVM (kernel RBF) and Random Forest (RF). We observed that the RF algorithm showed better results when compared with other algorithms for the Rajahmundry AP SES dataset. The RF algorithm performs 97.82% of classification accuracy (CA) and time is taken for model construction 0.41 seconds. The next superior performed ML model is DTs with 96.67% of CA and 0.16 seconds for model construction. Novelty: Comprehensive analysis indicates that the novel AP SES Dataset with empirical statistical analysis gives the good results and predicts the SES levels with RF model is very effective. Keywords: Machine Learning; socio-economic status; Rajahmundry;household; poverty
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Bano, Tasneem, and Mohd Muzahir Ali. "A STUDY OF MORAL JUDGMENT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN BELONGING TO DIFFERENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AND SCHOOL BACKGROUNDS." SCHOLARLY RESEARCH JOURNAL FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES 8, no. 65 (March 25, 2021): 15029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21922/srjis.v8i65.1346.
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Socio Economic Status (SES) is one among important indicators to evaluate the health and nutritional status of family. It is a position attained by an individual within a system of hierarchical social structure. The present study examines the moral judgment of school children belonging to different socio economic status and school background.The sample of 100 students from convent school background and 100 from nagar palika background was selected by adopting stratified simple random sampling technique.In case of convent schools, students of low SES group have shown better moral judgment than the students of high SES group. There exists no significant difference in the moral judgment of high and low S.E.S. group students of Nagar Palika background schools.
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Dookeran, K. A., Y. Wang, X. Gao, K. Ferrer, M. Sekosan, R. DeLaTorre, E. Radeke, W. McCaskill-Stevens, and H. Zaren. "Absence of racial predilection for aggressive tumor phenotype among low socio-economic status women with breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 10554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.10554.
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10554 Background: Survival disparity for African-American (AA) women with breast cancer has been associated with more frequent aggressive tumor phenotype, manifested as higher stage, high grade and negative estrogen/progesterone receptor (ER/PR) status. However, AAs more often have low socioeconomic status (SES), and other studies suggest that low SES, not simply race, is associated with these prognostic features. We hypothesized that low SES AAs and non-AAs with breast cancer would demonstrate similar aggressive tumor phenotype and prognosis. Methods: Variables were analyzed for 538 consecutive low SES women treated between 1/00–12/05. Comparison between racial groups was done with independent t-test & Chi-square test. Associations were examined with logistic-regression, and compared as odds ratios (OR) & 95% confidence intervals (CI). Survival was computed using Log-rank test & Kaplan-Meier method. Results: At median follow-up of 32 months, there were 335 AAs & 203 non-AAs. No significant differences occurred between racial groups for tumor size & grade, node status, stage, ER/PR status, and frequency of survival events. HER2+ status was more frequent in non-AAs (25.1% vs. 17.9% AAs; p=0.048). No significant differences occurred between races for treatment with surgery, chemo & endocrine therapy, however radiation was more common in non-AAs (73.4% vs. 62.2% AAs; p=0.012) but AAs were significantly older (p=0.0001) and had more comorbid disease (p=0.0001). See Table for prevalence of aggressive tumor features. Age-adjusted logistic-regression showed no racial predilection for negative ER/PR, high grade and higher stage, but AAs were less likely to be HER2+ (OR=0.644; 95% CI=0.415–1.00; p=0.05). Log-rank tests showed no differences between racial groups for age & stage-specific disease-free & overall survival. Conclusions: These results confirm that among similar low SES women with breast cancer, there is no racial predilection for aggressive tumor phenotype and poor prognosis. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Veisani, Yousef, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Shahrzad Nematollahi, Ali Delpisheh, and Salman Khazaei. "The role of socio-economic inequality in the prevalence of hypertension in adults." Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jcvtr.2019.20.
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Introduction: The large portion of burden of diseases, especially in the developing countries is attributed to hypertension. Identification of the potential risk factors of hypertension is essential for disease management. In this study we investigated the role of socio-economic inequality in the prevalence of hypertension in Ilam Province. Methods: Totally, 690 individuals aged over 15 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, through systematic random sampling from March 1 to October 30, 2017. Socio-economic status (SES) score was calculated by 7 variables including; age, sex, job, marital status, educational level, and economic status, residency, then, it was divided to five levels. Concentration index was used to estimate the inequality in hypertension. To estimate the percentage contribution in final step elasticity divided to concentration index for each contributor and contributions to inequality is estimated. Results: The concentration index for hypertension was -0.154 95% CI (-0.02, -0.23), therefore hypertension was more prevalent in lower socioeconomic groups. The important socioeconomic contributors in inequality were job (P = 0.008), educational level (P = 0.005), and SES (P = 0.003). According to concentration index decomposition, the main sources of inequality in hypertension were job (15%), educational level (18%), and SES (21%), respectively. Conclusion: Hypertension is more prevalent in lower SES groups and the job, education, and SES are important contributory factors of inequality. One substantial key point to achieve an effectiveness approach to deal with chronic diseases might be building partnership with disadvantaged populations.
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Buekers, Jurgen, Ann Colles, Christa Cornelis, Bert Morrens, Eva Govarts, and Greet Schoeters. "Socio-Economic Status and Health: Evaluation of Human Biomonitored Chemical Exposure to Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances across Status." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 2818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122818.
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Research on the environment, health, and well-being nexus (EHWB) is shifting from a silo toward a systemic approach that includes the socio-economic context. To disentangle further the complex interplay between the socio-exposome and internal chemical exposure, we performed a meta-analysis of human biomonitoring (HBM) studies with internal exposure data on per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and detailed information on risk factors, including descriptors of socio-economic status (SES) of the study population. PFASs are persistent in nature, and some have endocrine-disrupting properties. Individual studies have shown that HBM biomarker concentrations of PFASs generally increase with SES indicators, e.g., for income. Based on a meta-analysis (five studies) of the associations between PFASs and SES indicators, the magnitude of the association could be estimated. For the SES indicator income, changes in income were expressed by a factor change, which was corrected by the Gini coefficient to take into account the differences in income categories between studies, and the income range between countries. For the SES indicator education, we had to conclude that descriptors (<college, x years of study, etc.) differed too widely between studies to perform a meta-analysis. Therefore, the use of the uniform ISCED (International Standard Classification of Education) is recommended in future studies. The meta-analysis showed that a higher income is associated with a higher internal exposure to PFASs (PFOS or perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, PFOA or perfluorooctanoic acid, PFNA or perfluorononanoic acid, PFHxS or perfluorohexane sulfonate). This is opposite to the environmental justice hypothesis, referring to an inequitable distribution of detrimental environmental effects toward poor and minority communities by a practice or policy. With a doubling of the income, internal exposure increased on average by 10%–14%. Possible explanations for this difference are given, e.g., underlying differences in diet. However, other sources can also contribute, and the exact causes of SES-related differences in PFAS concentrations remain unclear. Studies are needed that include social descriptors together with lifestyle and dietary information as explanatory variables for internal chemical exposure levels. This will help clarify the underlying factors that link SES with inequity to environmental exposures, and will raise awareness and knowledge to strengthen the capacities of people and communities to advocate chemical exposure reduction in order to reduce this health inequity.
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Ergin, Derya, and Cemre Tatli. "Acquisition of sibling and family concepts: A Piagetian study." Global Journal of Psychology Research: New Trends and Issues 7, no. 3 (December 27, 2017): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjpr.v7i3.2858.
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the acquisition of sibling and family concepts of children aged 9 and 11 in regard togender, age and socio-economic status (SES) variables. ‘Siblings Test’ developed by Piaget is used as an assessment tool. Atotal of 200 students in the 3rd and 5th grades form the participating group of the study. The findings obtained from thequantitative and qualitative data were e valuated according to age, gender and SES variables. The relative concepts areacquired in Piaget’s suggested time and systematic in children aged 9–11 in medium and high SES. However, it is below theexpected acquisition in low SES in both the age groups.Keywords: Piaget, relative concepts, socio-economic status, sibling, family.
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Balasankar, V., Suresh Suresh Varma Penumatsa, and T. Pandu Ranga Vital. "Empirical Statistical Analysis and Cluster Studies on Socio-Economic Status (SES) Dataset." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1085, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1085/1/012030.
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Amaddeo, Francesco, and Julia Jones. "What is the impact of socio-economic inequalities on the use of mental health services?" Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 16, no. 1 (March 2007): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00004565.
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AbstractAmartya Sen, who received the Nobel Prize for Economics, has demonstrated that the incidence of deprivation, in terms ofcapability, can be surprisingly high even in the most developed countries of the world. The study of socio-economic inequalities, in relation to the utilisation of health services, is a priority for epidemiological research. Socio-economic status (SES) has no universal definition. Within the international research literature, SES has been related to social class, social position, occupational status, educational attainment, income, wealth and standard of living. Existing research studies have shown that people from a more deprived social background, with a lower SES, are more likely to have a higher psychiatric morbidity. Many studies show that SES influences psychiatric services utilization, however the real factors linking SES and mental health services utilisation remain unclear. In this editorial we discuss what is currently known about the relationship between SES and the use of mental health services. We also make an argument for why we believe there is still much to uncover in this field, to understand fully how individuals are influenced by their personal socio-economic status, or the neighbourhood in which they live, in terms of their use of mental health services. Further research in this area will help clarify what interventions are required to provide greater equality in access to mental health services.
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VAN GROENOU, MARJOLEIN I. BROESE, and THEO VAN TILBURG. "Network size and support in old age: differentials by socio-economic status in childhood and adulthood." Ageing and Society 23, no. 5 (September 2003): 625–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x0300134x.
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This paper examines the impact of childhood and adulthood socio-economic status (SES) on personal network characteristics in later life. Data are derived from 2,285 married older adults (born between 1903 and 1937) who participated in face-to-face interviews for the Dutch survey on ‘Living arrangements and social networks of older adults’ conducted in 1992. Childhood and adulthood SES were indicated by the father's and own level of education and occupation. Multivariate analyses showed that SES in adulthood has more impact on network features in old age than father's SES. People with low lifetime SES or with downward SES mobility had small networks, low instrumental and emotional support from non-kin, but high instrumental support from kin, when compared with the upwardly mobile or those with high lifetime SES. The level of education was a better indicator of network differences than occupational prestige. It is concluded that obtaining a high SES during life pays off in terms of having more supportive non-kin relationships in old age. The small networks and less supportive non-kin relationships of low-status older adults make them more vulnerable to situations in which kin are unavailable or less willing to provide support. This study underscores the distinction between types of support and types of relationships in the SES–network association. Further research on the social pathways of socio-economic inequality in health and wellbeing should take these distinctions into account.
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CHIU, HERNG-CHIA, YING-HUI HSIEH, LIH-WEN MAU, and MEI-LIN LEE. "Associations between socio-economic status measures and functional change among older people in Taiwan." Ageing and Society 25, no. 3 (April 22, 2005): 377–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x05003478.
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The major purpose of this study was to examine the effects of socio-economic status (SES) on changes in functional abilities, as measured by Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scales, among older people in Taiwan. A prospective longitudinal study design was used. A panel of 874 community-dwelling older people were followed over four years (1994 to 1998). Three SES indicators, education, having ‘extra’ money (more than required for basic necessities), and principal lifetime occupation were included in separate multiple logistic regression models of functional change in physical ADL (PADL) and in instrumental ADL (IADL). Over the four years, the study cohort experienced greater decreases in IADL functioning than in PADL functioning. Having ‘extra’ money was significantly and negatively associated with PADL decline, while level of education had a strong positive relationship with IADL functioning. In addition to SES, age was significantly associated with PADL and IADL functioning change. The paper also reports a comparison of similar findings from several eastern and western countries. This has established that among the available SES indicators, the level of education has most consistently been shown in both eastern and western population studies to be related to health and health change, and that self-perceived economic resource is also related to older people's health in Asian populations.
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Diou, Christos, Pantelis Lelekas, and Anastasios Delopoulos. "Image-Based Surrogates of Socio-Economic Status in Urban Neighborhoods Using Deep Multiple Instance Learning." Journal of Imaging 4, no. 11 (October 23, 2018): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging4110125.
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(1) Background: Evidence-based policymaking requires data about the local population’s socioeconomic status (SES) at detailed geographical level, however, such information is often not available, or is too expensive to acquire. Researchers have proposed solutions to estimate SES indicators by analyzing Google Street View images, however, these methods are also resource-intensive, since they require large volumes of manually labeled training data. (2) Methods: We propose a methodology for automatically computing surrogate variables of SES indicators using street images of parked cars and deep multiple instance learning. Our approach does not require any manually created labels, apart from data already available by statistical authorities, while the entire pipeline for image acquisition, parked car detection, car classification, and surrogate variable computation is fully automated. The proposed surrogate variables are then used in linear regression models to estimate the target SES indicators. (3) Results: We implement and evaluate a model based on the proposed surrogate variable at 30 municipalities of varying SES in Greece. Our model has R 2 = 0 . 76 and a correlation coefficient of 0 . 874 with the true unemployment rate, while it achieves a mean absolute percentage error of 0 . 089 and mean absolute error of 1 . 87 on a held-out test set. Similar results are also obtained for other socioeconomic indicators, related to education level and occupational prestige. (4) Conclusions: The proposed methodology can be used to estimate SES indicators at the local level automatically, using images of parked cars detected via Google Street View, without the need for any manual labeling effort.
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Araujo, Marina Campos, Valéria Troncoso Baltar, Edna Massae Yokoo, and Rosely Sichieri. "The association between obesity and race among Brazilian adults is dependent on sex and socio-economic status." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 11 (March 4, 2018): 2096–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018000307.
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AbstractObjectiveTo verify the association of race, independent of socio-economic status (SES), with obesity among Brazilian adults.DesignWe investigated data from the 2008–2009 Brazilian Household Budget Survey. Obesity was defined using the WHO classification. Self-declared race was classified as White, Black and ‘Pardo’ (Brown). Factor analysis with principal component extraction was used to derive the SES index. The association between race and obesity independent of SES, adjusted for demographic variables, was estimated using multiple logistic regression, accounting for the survey design. Interaction term between race and SES was tested.SettingBrazilian households (n 55 970).SubjectsAdults aged 20–65 years (n 80 702).ResultsThe prevalence of obesity was 14·9 %. The first factor explained 51 % of the variance and was used as a SES indicator. Odds of obesity increased with increasing SES level for men and for Black women, whereas Brown and White women showed a decrease of obesity. The association between race and obesity was modified by SES level in both sexes. At lower level of SES (−2 sd), Black and Brown in comparison to White men had 35 and 27 % decreased odds of obesity, respectively. For women, at lower SES level, only Black compared with White women had 30 % decreased odds of obesity. At the higher SES level (+2 sd), Black women compared with White presented a threefold increase of obesity.ConclusionsRacial disparities in obesity are SES level- and sex-dependent in Brazil. Strategies exclusively targeting reductions in SES disparities are likely ineffective for decreasing racial disparities in obesity among women.
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Proper, Karin I., Ester Cerin, and Neville Owen. "Neighborhood and Individual Socio-Economic Variations in the Contribution of Occupational Physical Activity to Total Physical Activity." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 3, no. 2 (April 2006): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.3.2.179.
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Background:There is an inverse relationship between individual socio-economic status (SES) and amount of occupational physical activity. The role of the socio-economic environment is, however, less clear. This study examined the independent influences of neighborhood and individual SES on absolute and relative amount of occupational physical activity. It also examined the moderating effects of neighborhood SES on the relationship between individual SES and occupational physical activity.Methods:Employees (n = 1236) resident in high or low SES neighborhoods were assessed on socio-demographic factors, including educational attainment and household income, and physical activity.Results:Neighborhood SES and individual SES were independently inversely related to absolute and relative amount of occupational physical activity. Significant interactions between neighborhood SES and level of educational attainment in the contribution of total and vigorous occupational physical activity to total physical activity were found.Conclusions:Neighborhood SES can function as a moderator in the relationship between individual SES and occupational physical activity.
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Harris, Lauren, Tamsin Durston, Jake Flatman, Denise Kelly, Michelle Moat, Rahana Mohammed, Tracey Smith, Maria Wickes, Melissa Upjohn, and Rachel Casey. "Impact of Socio-Economic Status on Accessibility of Dog Training Classes." Animals 9, no. 10 (October 22, 2019): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100849.
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Behaviour problems are amongst the most common reasons given for relinquishing dogs to rehoming centres. Some behaviour problems may be amenable to being tackled pre-emptively with classes educating owners on basic dog training and understanding behaviour; however, it is recognised that people with low socio-economic status (SES) may face barriers to attending classes such as affordability, variable working hours, and limited access to transport and childcare. The current study piloted free-to-use dog training and owner education classes in areas with high levels of economic deprivation, both in the traditional face-to-face format and online. It was hypothesised that providing an online dog training course may help people overcome practical barriers by allowing them to complete training modules in their own time. High dropout rates were observed in both formats (online: 100%, face-to-face: 43% dropout). A course of paid dog training classes running in the same area saw a comparatively low dropout rate (24%). Participants who completed the face-to-face classes had significantly higher household incomes and were less likely to receive means-tested benefits than participants who dropped out (household income p = 0.049; benefits status p = 0.017). This evidence suggests that people with low SES may face non-course fee-related barriers to attending dog training classes. Future research should include a qualitative investigation of people’s reasons for not continuing with dog training courses. Study findings can support the development of training and behaviour advice delivery that is accessible to people with varied socio-economic backgrounds.
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Maruapula, Segametsi D., Jose C. Jackson, Joanna Holsten, Sheila Shaibu, Leapetswe Malete, Brian Wrotniak, Sarah J. Ratcliffe, George G. Mokone, Nicolas Stettler, and Charlene Compher. "Socio-economic status and urbanization are linked to snacks and obesity in adolescents in Botswana." Public Health Nutrition 14, no. 12 (August 2, 2011): 2260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011001339.
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AbstractObjectiveTo describe patterns of food consumption associated with overweight/ obesity (OW/OB) and their links to socio-economic status (SES) and urbanization.DesignA nationwide cross-sectional survey.SettingSecondary schools in cities, towns and villages in Botswana, Africa.SubjectsA total of 746 adolescent schoolchildren.ResultsOW/OB is associated with greater SES, city residence and a snack-food diet pattern. Students belonging to higher SES compared with those from a lower SES background reported significantly (P< 0·01) more daily servings of snack foods (1·55v. 0·76) and fewer servings of traditional diet foods (0·99v. 1·68) and also reported that they ate meals outside the home more often (90 %v. 72 %). Students in cities ate significantly (P< 0·01) more servings of snacks (1·69v. 1·05v. 0·51) and fewer servings of traditional foods (0·67v. 1·52v. 1·61) compared with those in urban and rural villages. The odds of OW/OB were increased 1·16-fold with a snack-food diet, a result that was diminished when controlled for SES.ConclusionsThese data suggest that nutritional transition occurs at different rates across urbanization and SES levels in Botswana. In cities, increasing the availability of fruit while reducing access to or portion sizes of snack items is important. Emphasis on continued intake of traditional foods may also be helpful as rural areas undergo economic and infrastructural development.
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Löffler, Antje, Tobias Luck, Francisca S. Then, Claudia Luck-Sikorski, Alexander Pabst, Peter Kovacs, Yvonne Böttcher, et al. "Effects of psychological eating behaviour domains on the association between socio-economic status and BMI." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 15 (July 24, 2017): 2706–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017001653.
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AbstractObjectiveThe current study investigates potential pathways from socio-economic status (SES) to BMI in the adult population, considering psychological domains of eating behaviour (restrained eating, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating) as potential mediators stratified for sex.DesignData were derived from the population-based cross-sectional LIFE-Adult-Study. Parallel-mediation models were conducted to obtain the total, direct and indirect effects of psychological eating behaviour domains on the association between SES and BMI for men and for women.SettingLeipzig, Germany.SubjectsWe studied 5935 participants aged 18 to 79 years.ResultsUncontrolled eating mediated the association between SES and BMI in men only and restrained eating in both men and women. Emotional eating did not act as mediator in this relationship. The total effect of eating behaviour domains on the association between SES and BMI was estimated as β=−0·03 (se 0·02; 95 % CI −0·062, −0·003) in men and β=−0·18 (se 0·02; 95 % CI −0·217, −0·138) in women.ConclusionsOur findings do not indicate a strong overall mediation effect of the eating behaviour domains restrained eating, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating on the association between SES and BMI. Further research on other pathways of this association is strongly recommended. Importantly, our findings indicate that, independent from one’s social position, focusing on psychological aspects in weight reduction might be a promising approach.