Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sociocultural ideals'

The prevalence of eating disorders (ED) in the United States has increased while the media consistently presents thinner representations of the body. Scholars have found media to negatively influence factors associated with the development of EDs. The purpose of this quantitative nonexperimental cross-sectional survey design study was to explore relationships between exposure levels to MLE and self-esteem, body esteem, and the internalization societal appearance ideals. Participants included undergraduate students or recent graduates majoring in either communications or an alternative major with comparatively less MLE curriculum. The Body Esteem Scale, Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire-3, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale Surveys were administered online to examine the variance of 3 dependent variables (self-esteem, body esteem, internalization of societal appearance norms) with 2 independent variables (exposure levels to media literacy curriculum and gender), and a multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Results displayed statistically significant differences between all 3 dependent variables with MLE levels. Research in MLE benefits both adults and children by way of providing the necessary tools, knowledge, and skills to be able to fully benefit from various media sources. MLE provides an opportunity to better understand media messages, as well as its influences therein, this way rather than being vulnerable and easily manipulated, one becomes a more knowledgeable and aware media consumer. The results to this study can promote, advocate, and bring awareness to media consumers and today's educators of the importance and need of MLE curriculum beginning at a young age.

The purpose of the current study was to examine putative mediators and moderators in the association between adiposity and anxiety in a sample of overweight and obese youth. In addition, anxiety was examined as a potential moderator between adiposity and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Participants were youth (N = 137) between 8 and 17 years old (M = 13.09, SD = 2.61) and their legal caregivers recruited from four medical clinics affiliated with the University of South Florida. Youth were primarily overweight (28.5%) or obese (64.2%) and ethnically diverse. Data were analyzed by path analysis. Weight-related teasing significantly mediated the association between adiposity and child reported anxiety, but competency-related teasing and peer victimization were not significant mediators. Internalization of appearance ideals significantly moderated the association between adiposity and anxiety by child report; however, no significant moderations were found for parent report. Additionally, sociocultural pressures to meet appearance ideals were not significant moderators by child or parent report. Notably, anxiety significantly moderated the association between adiposity and social functioning by child report, with those experiencing greater anxiety evidencing poorer social quality of life. However, anxiety did not moderate the association between adiposity and other domains of HRQOL by parent or child report. Given the significant increase in pediatric overweight and obesity in recent decades, it is particularly important to understand the psychosocial implications of excess adiposity in youth. Clinical and research implications are discussed focusing on the mechanisms between adiposity and anxiety and suggested clinical interventions to address said mechanisms.

The sociocultural model of eating disorders suggests that awareness of a thin physical ideal directly affects internalization of that ideal, which in turn, directly affects body dissatisfaction. The current study evaluated the general accuracy of the sociocultural model and examined the potential for ethnicity to protect against eating disorder symptomatology by moderating the relationships between awareness and internalization and between internalization and body dissatisfaction. Spanish (n = 100), Mexican American (n = 100), and Euro-American (n = 100) female participants completed various questionnaires measuring sociocultural attitudes towards appearance and body dissatisfaction. Analysis of covariance with tests of homogeneity of slope and path analysis using maximum likelihood with robust standard errors tested the two relationships by ethnic group. Results supported the sociocultural model: there was strong evidence for the mediational effect of internalization on the relationship between awareness and body dissatisfaction. Furthermore, ethnicity moderated the relationships such that both relationships were significantly stronger for Euro-American women than for Mexican American or Spanish women. Within the Mexican American group level of acculturation also moderated these relationships. Taken together, the results of this study highlight how ethnicity can protect against the development of eating disorder symptoms. Denouncing the thin ideal, minimizing appearance as an indicator of female value, and emphasizing personal traits other than appearance as determinants of worth are important in protecting against the development of body dissatisfaction and more severe eating pathology.

This paper presents part of a study of moral development conducted in a public early education school in Brasília, Brazil. A sociocultural constructivist perspective was employed to analyze the ideas of nine educators about the role of interpersonal conflict in moral development. Educators provided information about the pedagogical strategies they use to intervene in conflicts. Results show the dominance of a negative view of the conflict and the need for changes in this perspective due to the role that interpersonal conflicts play in building moral values and social skills that enable a harmonious and democratic coexistence.
Este artículo presenta parte de un estudio sobre desarrollo moral realizado en una institución pública de Educación Infantil de Brasilia desde la perspectiva sociocultural constructivista, en el que fueron analizadas las concepciones de nueve educadores sobre el papel de los conflictos interpersonales en el desarrollo moral, a través de su elaboración discursiva y de las estrategias pedagógicas usadas para intervenir en situaciones de conflicto. Los resultados mostraron el predominio de una visión negativa del conflicto por parte de los educadores, así como la necesidad de cambios en esa visión en función de la importancia de los conflictos interpersonales para la construcción de valores morales y de habilidades sociales que permitan la convivencia armónica y democrática.
O presente artigo apresenta parte de um estudo sobre desenvolvimento moral realizado numa instituição pública de Educação Infantil de Brasília-DF, Brasil. No estudo, realizado a partir da perspectiva sociocultural construtivista, foram analisadas as concepções de nove educadores sobre o papel dos conflitos interpessoais no desenvolvimento moral, através de sua elaboração discursiva e das estratégias pedagógicas usadas para intervir em situações de conflito. Os resultados mostram o predomínio de uma visão negativa do conflito por parte dos educadores, assim como a necessidade de mudanças nessa visão em função da importância dos conflitos interpessoais para a construção de valores morais e de habilidades sociaisque permitam uma convivência harmônica e democrática.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the sociocultural model of eating disorder development among male and female college student-athletes as moderated by students’ level of Reflective Judgment, a stage theory of adult epistemology marked by increasing cognitive complexity. A review of literature on the established relationships between pressures in sociocultural and sport environments to adhere to body ideals and resulting body dissatisfaction as mediated by body ideal internalization was presented. The Reflective Judgment model was hypothesized as a moderator to body ideal internalization due to its relationship with feminist identity development (a moderator among females) and applicability to both genders to inform current interventions. A sample of 131 NCAA college student-athletes (33 male; 98 female) completed the Perceived Sociocultural Pressures Scale (PSPS), the Weight Pressures in Sport Scale (WPS), the Body Parts Satisfaction Scale (BPSS), the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale-3 (SATAQ-3) and the Reasoning about Current Issues test (RCI). Multi-sample Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized to examine the hypothesized relationships between the variables and revealed significant differences between genders. In general, males’ higher Reflective Judgment was a full mediator between pressures and body dissatisfaction, resulting in lower body dissatisfaction. However, females’ higher Reflective Judgment was a moderator between pressures and body ideal internalization, resulting in higher body dissatisfaction. These major findings as well as additional findings as elaborated by curvilinear regression analysis, current literature, and theories of socialized gender differences in epistemology were presented. Limitations, areas for further research, and implications for practice were identified.

Darbo tikslas: nustatyti ryšį tarp studentų sociokultūrinio išvaizdos idealo priėmimo, pablogėjusios nuotaikos ir fizinio aktyvumo. Darbo objektas: ryšys tarp išvaizdos idealo prėmimo, pablogėjusios nuotaikos ir fizinio aktyvumo. Metodai: 1. Mokslinės literatūros analizė 2. Anketinė apklausa 3. Aprašomoji statistinė duomenų analizė Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti ir palyginti studentų vaikinų ir merginų fizinį aktyvumą 2. Nustatyti studentų kūno masės ir fizinio aktyvumo ryšį 3. Nustatyti studentų išvaizdos idealo priėmimo ir kūno masės ryšį 4. Nustatyti fizinio aktyvumo ir pablogėjusios nuotaikos ryšį. Hipotezė: Moterys labiau priima sociokultūrinį išvaizdos idealą nei vyrai ir dažniau patiria pablogėjusią nuotaiką. Išvados: 1. Išanalizavus ir ištyrus studentų laisvalaikio fizinio aktyvumo duomenis, paaiškėjo, kad įvairiomis fizinėmis veiklomis laisvalaikiu daugiau užsiima vyrai nei moterys. 2. Turinčių ir neturinčių antsvorio studentų fizinis aktyvumas nesiskiria. 3. Turinčių ir neturinčių antsvorio studentų sociokultūrinio išvaizdos idealo priėmimas nesiskiria. 4. Dažniau užsiimantys reguliaria fizine veikla studentai patiria mažiau pablogėjusios nuotaikos nei rečiau užsiimantys fizine veikla.
The aim: diagnose contact between students sociocultural acceptance of ideal look, deterioration in mood and physical activity. Work objects: contact between acceptance of ideal look, deterioration in mood and physical activity. Research objectives: 1. Diagnose and compare boys and girls, of students physical activity. 2. Diagnose weight of body and physical activity contact of students. 3. Diagnose acceptance of ideal look and weight of body contact. 4. Diagnose physical activity and deterioration in mood contact. Hypothesis: Womens accept sociocultural ideal look more than mans, so suffer deterioration in mood more often. Conclusions: 1. Diagnosed and analyzed data of physical activity of students on leisure, it turned that men pactise various physical activity on leisure more than womens. 2. Physical activity of students with and without overweight are equal. 3. Sociocultural acceptance of ideal look of students with and without overweight are equal. 4. Students practise more regular physical activity feel deterioratio in mood less than students practise rare physical activity.

A sensibilidade das crianças aos sinais emitidos por outra em situação de necessidade e mesmo a propensão ao cuidado atestam de forma cada vez mais convincente a natureza intrinsecamente motivada do cuidado espontâneo entre crianças. Este trabalho analisa o comportamento de cuidado entre crianças à luz do contexto sociocultural, das idéias infantis sobre cuidado, das metas de socialização das mães e de comparações interculturais. O estudo foi realizado na creche do povoado rural Bom Jardim, localizado no agreste de Sergipe. Participaram da pesquisa 17 crianças entre 4 e 6 anos, de ambos os sexos, e 27 mães residentes no povoado. Foi utilizado o método de observação focal do comportamento com filmagem em videotape para o registro dos comportamentos de cuidado entre as crianças. As idéias sobre cuidado infantil foram investigadas através da realização de foto-entrevistas e as Foi aplicada uma escala de comparação de metas de socialização nas mães. Os resultados revelaram que o tipo de cuidado entre crianças que teve maior média de ocorrência foi o contato afetuoso, seguido de supervisionar e ajudar. Nas categorias ajudar e contato afetuoso, o cuidado se concentrou entre crianças do mesmo sexo. Os resultados das foto-entrevistas mostraram que a foto escolhida com maior frequência como primeira opção foi a que exibia o contato corporal. As comparações interculturais com dados das crianças da vila rural Nso, em Camarões, e crianças de Osnabrück, na Alemanha, revelaram que as médias de codificação das palavras extraídas das falas das crianças do Bom Jardim durante a entrevista que se referiam ao cuidado primário, contato corporal e estimulação por objeto não apresentaram diferenças significativas. O oposto foi encontrado em relação à estimulação corporal e à interação face a face. A média da pontuação das mães na escala de comparação de metas de socialização indicou que as mães do Bom Jardim valorizam mais as metas de socialização relacionais. A análise comparativa intercultural entre as metas de socialização das mães do Bom Jardim com as de mães de outros contextos culturais - mães da vila rural Nso, Camarões; mães de Berlim, Alemanha; mães de Delhi e Gujarati, Índia revelou que a posição do Bom Jardim para a interdependência apresentou semelhanças em relação aos resultados das mães de Nova Delhi. Houve uma correlação positiva entre o número de pessoas que cuidam da criança e a pontuação para a dimensão de interdependência das metas de socialização das mães. O número de pessoas que cuidam das crianças correlacionou-se positivamente com o total de comportamentos de cuidado observados entre elas na categoria contato afetuoso e supervisionar. A pontuação das metas de socialização das mães correlacionou-se significativamente com a codificação das palavras relacionadas ao contato corporal presentes no discurso das crianças sobre cuidado. Estes resultados indicam que as práticas e valores em relação ao cuidado são passadas de mãe para filho, e reforçadas pelo ambiente cultural em que vivem. O cuidado espontâneo, observado entre as crianças do Bom Jardim, revela aspectos essenciais ligados ao modo vida da comunidade em vivem, confirmando o modo como o desenvolvimento está atrelado ao contexto e refletindo as diferentes estratégias de desenvolvimento contextodependentes
Children´s sensitiveness to another´s signals of need and the propensity for care confirm the inherent motivation for the spontaneous caregiving among them. This work analyses the caregiving behaviour among children under consideration of the children´s ideas about infant care, maternal socialization goals and cross-cultural comparisons. This study was conducted in the day care center of a rural village in the countryside of Sergipe, a state located in the northeast of Brazil. The participants of the study were 17 children, from 4 to 6 years old, and 27 mothers. Children´s behaviours during free activities were videotaped. Picture cards interviews were used to investigate their ideas about infant care. The mothers answered a socialization goals comparison scale. Results indicated that the highest occurrences of care were related to caressing, followed by supervision and help. For the categories help and caressing the care behaviours was directed towards same sex children. The picture-card chosen more frequently by the children was the one that exhibited the body contact system of care. Cross-cultural comparisons with German and Nso children, from Cameroon, revealed that the amount of words spoken by the children during the interview related to primary care, body contact and object stimulation were not significantly different among the three cultural contexts. The opposite was found for the amount of words related to body stimulation and face to face interaction. Mother´s socialization goals score indicated their preference for the relational goals. A cross-cultural analyse indicated that the Brazilian mothers socialization goals are closer to the ones of the mothers from New Delhi in comparison to the goals of mother from Berlin, Germany, rural Nso, Cameroon, and Gujarati, India. The number of people who take care of the child correlated positively with the mothers score for the relational socialization goals and the amount of caregiving behaviour among children in the category of caressing and supervision. Mothers´ socialization goals score correlated positively with the number of coded words related caressing spoken by the children during the interviews about care. These results indicate that the practices and values about care are inter-generation transmitted, reinforced by the cultural environment. The spontaneous among children from the village reveals aspects related to the way of life in the community, confirming that the development is context-dependent

This study investigates the impact of sociocultural mediators in relation to eating disorders among male undergraduates. Literature on eating disorders has demonstrated that a thin body shape ideal depicted in the media directly contributes to eating pathology among females, but little research has investigated the direct effects of ideal body shape images among men. The focus of the present investigation was to assess the direct effects of exposure to the ideal male body shape on men’s affect, self esteem, body satisfaction, and endorsement of U. S. societal ideals of attractiveness. In addition, the relation of these variables to bulimic symptomatology was examined. Modeling a study conducted on women (Stice & Shaw, 1994), male undergraduates between the ages of 18 to 25 participated in premeasure (N = 169) and post measure (N = 95) conditions. Participants in the post measure were randomly exposed to pictures from magazines containing either male models depicting the ideal body shape, an average body or pictures of clothing without models. Results from repeated mulitvariate analysis indicated that exposure to the ideal body shape condition did not demonstrate significant negative changes in men’s affect, self esteem, body satisfaction or endorsement of U. S. societal ideals of attractiveness. Indirect support for the sociocultural theory of eating disorders was provided by multiple regression analyses which demonstrated that increased body mass, self esteem, stress and anxiety predicted bulimic symptomatology in men. Future research should direct itself toward investigating possible sociocultural influences of eating disorders on certain male subenvironments, such as athletes or homosexual males that place a greater emphasis on maintaining lower body mass and an ideal body shape.

Eating disorders are debilitating psychiatric conditions which often result in severe impairment in many life domains. The sociocultural model specifies mechanisms through which sociocultural pressure leads to eating pathology among young women (Stice, 1994) and posits that exposure to the Western cultural thin ideal, internalization of the ideal and experience of a difference between self and ideal leads to body dissatisfaction, which is a well validated precursor to eating pathology. The current research examined whether the relationships between awareness of Western appearance ideals, internalization of such ideals, and body dissatisfaction were moderated by family food-related experiences and self-compassion. The current paper also investigated whether the strength of relationships between awareness of Western appearance ideals, internalization of such ideals, and body dissatisfaction are affected by certain types of family food-related experiences. Female university students (N = 106) completed self-report questionnaires. Results indicated that mindfulness, a constituent of self-compassion, moderated the relationship between internalization of cultural thinness standards and body dissatisfaction. In addition, self-compassion, each component of self-compassion and women’s perception of negative maternal family food-related experiences predicted internalization of Western societal norms of thinness, as well as body dissatisfaction. Moreover, women’s perception of negative paternal family food-related experiences predicted body dissatisfaction. Women’s perception of negative maternal commentary predicted internalization of Western beauty standards and body dissatisfaction. Finally, women’s perception of negative paternal commentary and paternal modelling of eating difficulties and body image concerns predicted internalization of those values. Future research should attempt to clarify causal relationships among self-compassion and family food-related experiences within the sociocultural model of eating disorders.

Bakgrund: Det finns åtskilliga studier gjorda på kroppsbyggare och fitnessatleter där kroppens fysiologiska funktioner och nutritionens betydelse studerats. Kroppen står i fokus och blir det objekt som undersöks. En stor kunskapslucka inom forskningen är dock fitnessatleters upplevelser kring olika fenomen och företeelser som är en stor del av deras liv. Motivet till att genomföra denna studie, väcktes utifrån denna iakttagelse. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att skapa kunskap om unga fitnessatleters upplevelser kring kroppsideal, självobjektifiering och psykosocial hälsa inom fitnesskulturen. Teoretisk referensram: Studien har sin utgångspunkt i den sociokulturella teorin, praktikgemenskaper, samt objektifierings- och självobjektifieringsteorin. De två förstnämnda teorierna innebär att individen lär sig och formas utifrån den sociokultur denne befinner sig i, med hjälp av artefakter och redskap. Den sistnämnda teorin bygger på att individens kropp betraktas likt ett objekt, vilket reduceras till något som är till för andra att uppskatta eller recensera. Metod: Den kvalitativa empiriinsamlingen bestod av intervjuer. Då data skulle analyseras, användes diskursanalys som verktyg för att filtrera transkriberad data från intervjuerna. Utifrån detta kunde diskurser identifieras, som sedan delades upp i olika kategorier/teman. Resultat: Av studien framkom det olika diskurser kring kroppsideal, självobjektifiering och psykosocial påverkan. Samtliga diskurser innefattade sociala medier som påverkan. ”Förväntningar som press”, ”det vältränade kroppsidealet” och ”kroppen som identitet” var diskurser som alla kopplades till sociala medier. Tydligt framkom att det finns en växelverkan i skapandet av kroppsideal, självobjektifiering och psykosocial påverkan, mellan fitnessatleters exponerade kroppar i sociala medier och omgivningens syn av dessa. Konklusion: Den diskurs som framkom tydligast var förväntningar som press kopplat till sociala medier. Exponering av den egna kroppen i sociala medier bidrar till förväntningar och en negativ press på den unga fitnessatleten. Framtida forskning skulle möjligen fokusera på att studera praktiska instanser baserade på mentala verktyg som tilldelas fitnessatleterna, för att på så vis få dessa att utveckla eller bibehålla en sund inställning till sporten och kulturen.

The primary aim of the research attempted to investigate whether ethnic differences in self-image existed amongst White and African females. It further investigated whether specific factors such as family, peer relations and psychosocial factors (specifically perceptions regarding the media) have had a positive or negative influence on weight. Additionally it explored whether black females may still perceive a fuller figure as being more acceptable or whether changes have occurred within past and/or present ideologies. The study used both qualitative and quantitative analysis. In order to establish whether ethnicity was significantly different from BMI, BSQ, SATAQ-3, t-tests (non-parametric one-way ANOVA comparisons) were performed. Ethnicity was not significantly different in relation to the dependent variables BSQ; overall SATAQ-3 scores and its dimensions; and affirmation, belonging and commitment of the MEIM. However significant differences were found between BMI, the overall MEIM and its subscale ethnic identity. Low and high scores of the MEIM revealed no differences across all measurement instruments used within the study, demonstrating no effect upon BSQ or the SATAQ-3 and its subscales. However there was a significant difference found between ethnic groups with regard to BMI. Fisher’s –z was used to conduct comparisons between the correlations established using Pearson’s Rank Coefficient Correlations. The results indicated that significant relationships did exist between the BSQ, specific subscales of the SATAQ-3, and BMI. Results obtained from Fisher’s-z revealed significant differences on the BSQ and SATAQ-3 (including its subscales) correlations. Multiple Regression was conducted to establish whether BMI, MEIM and SATAQ-3 have had an impact upon the outcome of BSQ. The comparisons revealed that BMI and sociocultural factors may have an impact upon the perceptions of body shape and size. Major themes identified within the qualitative analysis were culture, inherited concepts, media, family, friends and parental (mother) influences amongst others. The results revealed that White females may experience greater body dissatisfaction. African females had stated that their body concept is influenced by ethnicity, while White females communicated media and stereotyped images of white females as being the source of pressure to loose weight.

abstract: The relations among internalization of the U.S. sociocultural standard of the ideal male body image, male body dissatisfaction, and behavioral and psychological outcomes of male body dissatisfaction were examined in a sample of 215 ethnically diverse male college students. Concerns regarding accurate assessment of male body dissatisfaction were addressed. Structural equation modeling was utilized to identify the relations among the internalization of the sociocultural ideal male body image, male body dissatisfaction (as measured by the Male Body Attitudes Scale, MBAS; Tylka, Bergeron, & Schwartz, 2005), and behavioral and psychological outcomes. Results demonstrated that internalization of specific aspects of the ideal male body (lean and muscular) predicted corresponding components of male body dissatisfaction (lean and muscular). Further, each component of male body dissatisfaction was related to distinct behavioral and psychological outcomes. Implications for clinical practice and research were discussed.
Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Counseling Psychology 2013

This research investigated psychosocial factors influencing people's intention to modify their physical appearance via the acquisition of a tattoo. The specific aim of this research was to examine the influence of social role expectations on the intentions of tattooed and non-tattooed males and females to obtain a/another tattoo. The scope of this research entailed (1) an examination of contemporary attitudes toward tattoos and the development of a measurement inventory to assess peoples attitudes toward tattoos, and (2) the investigation of the strength and direction of path coefficients linking the exogenous and endogenous variables in a structural path model in order to determine which variables (if any) play a significant role in the intention to engage in the body modification practice of acquiring a tattoo. Specifically, this research investigated the direct and indirect influences of gender roles, neuroticism, appearance self-concept, internalisation of sociocultural appearance ideals, self-objectification, and body modification attitudes, on the behavioural intentions of individuals with and without tattoos. While some psychological research focusing on tattooing has been conducted, most has come from a clinical rather than social perspective and does not provide insight into the psychosocial aspects of this ever increasing practice. As such, a psychosocial structural path model was developed, based on Eagly's (1987) social role theory and Fredrickson and Roberts's (1997) objectification theory, to represent the decision-making process of the intention to engage in modifying the body's appearance via the acquisition of a/another tattoo. This was achieved in a two-study process.

Study 1 involved the development of the Body Modification Inventory-Tattoos (BMI-T) designed to measure male and female tattooed and non-tattooed individuals' attitudes toward tattoos. Initially, 45 representatives of the general community were invited to participate in one of two focus groups (i.e., one group of tattooees and one group of non-tattooees). Participants in each focus group were asked to consider their thoughts, feelings, and behaviours in relation to tattoos. Following content analysis of the original responses, 18 statements were written to emulate the meaning-content of the themes detected. A total of 195 respondents (29 tattooed males; 55 tattooed females; 54 non-tattooed males; 56 non-tattooed females) completed a self-report questionnaire assessing attitudes toward tattoos, body image attitudes, sociocultural appearance ideals, and body esteem. An exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor solution demonstrating good convergent and discriminant validity. A confirmatory factor analysis (N = 212; 44 tattooed males, 52 non-tattooed males, 56 tattooed females, 60 non-tattooed females) indicated the model demonstrated a good degree of fit, thus confirming the factor structure of the BMI-T.

Study 2 examined the posited structural path model, via structural equation modeling, in order to determine the direct and/or indirect influence (if any) of social role expectations (masculine or feminine) on the intention to modify one's appearance. Six hundred and forty-eight respondents (153 tattooed males, 150 non-tattooed males, 158 tattooed females, 187 non-tattooed females) from the general population completed a self-report questionnaire assessing attitudes toward tattoos, behavioural intentions, self-objectification, gender-typing, sociocultural attitudes toward appearance, and neuroticism. Results of this study indicated that social role expectations, as measured by adherence to gender roles, had an indirect influence on the intentions of tattooed and non-tattooed males and females to obtain a/another tattoo. The findings, however, indicated that the path of the decision-making process differed across the four groups. Further, self-objectification was found to have a significant influence on the intentions of non-tattooed males only. The implications for the study's findings with regard to male and female tattooees and non-tattooees are discussed.

碩士
國立東華大學
諮商與臨床心理學系
102
Abstract The present study examined the thin-ideal internalization as a possible mediator in the relationship between sociocultural influences and body dissatisfaction in a Taiwanese female university students sample. Three hundred and ninety six participants completed a self-report measure assessing sociocultural influences, thin-ideal internalization, and body dissatisfaction. Mediation analysis by use of Sobel test and bootstrap method indicated that thin-ideal internalization did not acts as a mediator variable in the relationship between sociocultural influences as a whole and body dissatisfaction. Among the three sociocultural influences; family, peers, and the media; thin-ideal internalization only showed to partially mediate the relationship between family influences and body dissatisfaction. Keywords: sociocultural influences, thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, Taiwanese female university students

Tese de mestrado, Psicologia (Secção de Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde - Núcleo de Psicologia Clínica Sistémica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2011
Com este trabalho pretendeu-se verificar a influência do conhecimento e internalização dos ideais socioculturais, em relação à aparência física, e da insatisfação com a imagem corporal, no comportamento alimentar de adolescentes de ambos os sexos, que frequentam Estabelecimentos Militares de Ensino e Estabelecimentos Não Militares de Ensino. Procurou-se também perceber se as variáveis idade, IMC, insatisfação com a imagem corporal, conhecimento e internalização dos ideais socioculturais em relação à aparência física, assumem um valor preditivo quanto aos comportamentos alimentares perturbados, nos adolescentes de ambos os tipos de estabelecimentos de ensino. Para tal, foi aplicado um Questionário de Dados Pessoais e Sócio-demográficos, o Eating Attitudes Test-26 (Garner, Olmsted, Bohr, & Garfinkel, 1982), a Contour Drawing Rating Scale (Thompson & Gray, 1995) e o Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire-Revised (Heinberg, Thompson, & Stormer, 1995) a 875 alunos de oito estabelecimentos portugueses de ensino (três estabelecimentos militares de ensino e cinco estabelecimentos não militares de ensino). Os resultados apontam para uma maior incidência de comportamentos alimentares perturbados nos estabelecimentos militares de ensino. Contudo, a influência do conhecimento e internalização dos ideais socioculturais em relação à aparência física nos comportamentos alimentares perturbados, apenas se verificou para os alunos dos estabelecimentos não militares de ensino. Neste trabalho a insatisfação com a imagem corporal e o sexo são as únicas variáveis preditoras de comportamentos alimentares perturbados na amostra dos estabelecimentos militares de ensino. Discutem-se algumas limitações, possíveis implicações para a intervenção e pistas de investigação.
The purpose of this work was to assert the influence of the knowledge and internalization of social and cultural ideals regarding an ideal physical appearance, and the body image dissatisfaction , in eating behavior of adolescents of both sexes, attending both military and nonmilitary educational facilities. It was also relevant to understand if such variables as age, body mass index, body image dissatisfaction , knowledge and internalization of sociocultural ideals concerning the ideal physical appearance, retain a predictable value, when dealing with disturbed eating behaviors in adolescents attending both types of educational facilities. To achieve such goal, it has been applied a Personal, Social and Demographical Data Questionnaire, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (Garner, Olmsted, Bohr, & Garfinkel, 1982), the Contour Drawing Rating Scale (Thompson & Gray, 1995) and the Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire-Revised (Heinberg, Thompson, & Stormer, 1995) to 875 students of eight Portuguese educational facilities (three military and five non-military). The results point towards a greater incidence of disturbed eating behaviors in military educational facilities. However, the influence of the knowledge and internalization of socioculturalideals regarding an ideal physical appearance, in disturbed eating behaviors has only been verified for students attending nonmilitary educational facilities. In this work the body image dissatisfaction and the gender of subjects are the only predicting variables of disturbed eating behaviors in the sample of military educational facilities. Some limitations are discussed, along with their potential implications in interventions and investigation leads.

Pediatric overweight is defined as a body mass index (BMI) for age of 85th-95th percentile, and occurs in approximately 33.6% of adolescents 12-19 years of age. Hispanic adolescents are disproportionately at risk for overweight. Excess weight can predispose adolescents to develop diabetes mellitus type 2, coronary artery disease, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, sleep apnea, osteoporosis, asthma, and certain types of cancer, whereas physical activity can help prevent and treat these diseases. Little is known about the factors that contribute to physical activity in Hispanic adolescent girls. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the influence of personal characteristics, perceptual influences, interpersonal influences and sociocultural influences on physical activity in White and Hispanic adolescent girls. The theoretical framework for this study was self-designed--the Physical Activity Lifestyle Model. Data for this cross-sectional study was collected from girls age 11-14 who presented to the Children's Wellness Center in Del Valle, TX (N = 121) in the summers of 2011 and 2012. Most participants self-identified as Hispanic (n = 106). Participants completed a survey consisting of a 1-day physical activity recall, a demographic questionnaire, and several validated (primarily Likert-type) questionnaires. Height and weight were measured in the clinic. Data analysis began with descriptive analysis (mean, standard deviation and percentage) of demographic characteristics, dependent and independent variables, then Pearson correlations, and finally multiple linear regression to determine the influence of the independent variables on physical activity. No significant differences were found between ethnic groups on age, grade or school (p > .05). Physical activity was significantly related to body image (r = .189, p < .05), friend social support (r = .279, p < .01), and family social support (r = .401, p < .01). In addition, physical activity significantly predicted BMI percentile (B = -.043, SE = .019, t = -2.249, p = .027), appearance-related media messages (B = .259, SE = .127, t = 2.038, p = .044), pressures to be thin (B = .311, SE = .149, t = 2.082, p = .040), family social support for physical activity (B = .089, SE = .042, t = 2.139, p = .035), body image (B = .367, SE = .123, t = 2.987, p = .004), and physical activity enjoyment (B = .083, SE = .040, t = 2.089, p = .040). When designing an intervention to promote physical activity, health care providers and educators should consider that multiple external factors influence physical activity participation in Hispanic adolescent girls. Healthcare providers should involve parents and siblings in physical activity interventions for overweight adolescent girls. Interventions should be tailored to work with the adolescent girls' physical and social environment. Public health nurses should work with schools and communities to increase physical activity opportunities for adolescent girls in physical education classes, girls' sports, and after-school programs.
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Tese de mestrado, Psicologia (Secção de Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde - Núcleo de Psicologia Clínica Sistémica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2012
O presente estudo pretende avaliar o impacto de um programa de prevenção de perturbações alimentares na adolescência – “ Alimentacíon, modelo estético feminino y medios de comunicación. Cómo formar alunos críticos en educación secundaria.” – relativamente a variáveis individuais, tais como atividade física, IMC e insatisfação com a imagem corporal e socioculturais consideradas de risco para o desenvolvimento de comportamentos alimentares perturbados. A amostra é constituída por quarenta adolescentes de ambos os sexos a frequentar o 8º ano escolaridade, distribuídos por duas condições experimentais distintas: Modelo Estético Feminino + Media Literacy (MEF+ML) e Alimentação e Nutrição (NUT). Os participantes responderam a um protocolo em três momentos distintos (pré-teste, pós-teste e follow-up a um mês) para avaliar o impacto do programa. Este protocolo era constituído por um questionário de dados pessoais e sociodemográficos, o Eating Attitudes Test-26 (Garner, Olmsted, Bohr & Garfinkel, 1982), a Contour Drawing Rating Scale (Thompson & Gray, 1995) e o Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Apperance Questionnaire-Revised (Heinberg, Thompson, & Stormer, 1995). Quanto aos resultados, as correlações encontradas são mais significativas no grupo dos rapazes. No que se refere ao impacto do programa, os resultados revelam um impacto positivo tanto nas variáveis individuais como socioculturais, sendo mais significativos na condição experimental MEF+ML. Nesta condição experimental, o resultado mais importante diz respeito à diminuição dos comportamentos alimentares perturbados nas raparigas, indo de encontro ao principal objetivo do programa. Por último discutem-se algumas limitações e sugestões futuras para outras investigações.
This study aims to evaluate the impact of a prevention program for eating disorders in adolescence - “ Alimentacíon, modelo estético feminino y medios de comunicación. Cómo formar alunos críticos en educación secundaria”. For individual variables such as physical activity, BMI and dissatisfaction with body image and sociocultural considered at risk for the development of disturbed eating behavior. The sample consists of forty adolescents of both sexes attending 8th grade education, distributed by two different experimental conditions: Model Female Aesthetic + Media Literacy (MEF + ML) and Food and Nutrition (NUT). Participants answered a protocol at three different times (pretest, posttest, and follow-up to one month) to assess the program's impact. This protocol consisted of a questionnaire on sociodemographic and personal data, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (Garner, Olmsted, Bohr & Garfinkel, 1982), the Contour Drawing Rating Scale (Thompson & Gray, 1995) and the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Apperance Questionnaire-Revised (Heinberg, Thompson, & Stormer, 1995). As for the results, the correlations are more significant in the group of boys. As regards the impact of the program, the results show a positive impact both on individual variables such as sociocultural, being the most significant experimental condition MEF + ML. In this experimental condition, the most important result concerns the reduction of disturbed eating behavior in girls, going against the main objective of the program. Finally we discuss some limitations and suggestions for future further investigations.

Tematem pracy jest historia pojęcia „cywilizacja” od ok. 1750 r. (oświecenie francuskie, angielskie, szkockie, niemieckie) do ok. 1880 r. (początki antropologii kulturowej oraz teorii wielości cywilizacji). Tytułowe pojęcie jest badane w tekstach napisanych w pięciu językach (francuskim, angielskim, niemieckim, polskim, rosyjskim) i różnych specjalności: filozofów, historyków, językoznawców, antropologów, polityków, podróżników, pisarzy, poetów. Metoda pracy – rozpoczynanie od filologicznej analizy występowania pojęcia w tekście po jego filozoficzną interpretację – jest inspirowana badaniami nad pojęciem „cywilizacji”, prowadzonymi przez historyków ze szkoły Annales (L. Febvre, La civilisation – le mot et l’idée); nawiązuje też do metod pracy historyków idei z kręgu warszawskiej szkoły historii idei. Tytułowe pojęcie jest badane w historycznej zmienności, z uwzględnieniem historyczno-kulturowego tła przemian jego znaczenia itd. Praca zawiera też kontynuacje wątków z pracy N. Eliasa O procesie cywilizacji. Pierwsze trzy rozdziały poświęcone są pojawieniu się pojęcia „cywilizacja” w oświeceniowej myśli francuskiej (Rousseau, Diderot, Volney, Condorcet), angielskiej i szkockiej (Swift, Ferguson, Dunbar, Gibbon) oraz niemieckiej (Kant, Humboldt) – w kontekście narodzin nowożytnej filozofii dziejów, problematyzowania kontaktów z ludami pozaeuropejskimi oraz krytyki aktualnego stanu społeczeństw europejskich. W przypadku filozofii niemieckiej wskazuje się, dlaczego pojęcie „cywilizacja” nie uzyskało znaczącej pozycji w tym języku, przegrywając rywalizację z pojęciami Kultur i Bildung. Następnie tytułowe pojęcie pojawia się w piśmiennictwie polskim (Staszic) i rosyjskim (Czaadajew, słowianofile, Hercen) dla wyrażenia nowej problematyki – odmiennego rozwoju krajów Europy Zachodniej i Wschodniej (Rosji lub szerzej Słowiańszczyzny). Zarysowuje się koncepcja trzech odmiennych cywilizacji: europejskiej, rosyjskiej i amerykańskiej. Pojęcie „cywilizacja” towarzyszy XIX-wiecznej refleksji na temat sensu dziejów. Najsłynniejszymi tego przykładami były wykłady Guizota o dziejach cywilizacji europejskiej oraz pozytywistyczna wizja dziejów, przedstawiona przez Buckle’a w Historii cywilizacji w Anglii. U obu tych autorów „cywilizacja” jest synonimem procesu dziejowego w jego najogólniejszym ujęciu. Wraz z pojawieniem się katastrofizmu, pesymizmu dziejowego i przekonania o kryzysie kultury europejskiej około połowy XIX wieku (klęska Wiosny Ludów), „cywilizacja” nabiera negatywnych znaczeń. Staje się synonimem całokształtu współczesnych zjawisk społeczno-ustrojowo-kulturowych, zasługujących na totalne potępienie lub zniszczenie (Fourier, Marks) lub samoistnie zmierzających ku zagładzie w wyniku wewnętrznej dynamiki (Norwid). Pojawiają się biologistyczne interpetacje tego pojęcia i tej grupy problemów, prowadzące do powstania ideologii rasistowskiej (Gobineau). „Cywilizacja” odgrywa ważną rolę w powstaniu nowej gałęzi nauk społecznych – antropologii kulturowej, łączącej nowy paradygmat naukowy (scalenie elementów etnografii, archeologii itd., nawiązanie do darwinowskiego ewolucjonizmu) ze starymi schematami historiozoficznymi (Lubbock, Morgan, Tylor). Ostatni rozdział rozprawy poświęcony jest koncepcji cywilizacji jako samoistnego typu historyczno-kulturowego, sformułowanej przez Nikołaja Danilewskiego. Koncepcja ta zamyka XIX-wieczny etap rozwoju znaczeń tego pojęcia, zawierając wypracowane wcześniej elementy: krytyka idei historii powszechnej i sensu dziejów, biologizm w naukach społeczno-historycznych, przekonanie o nadchodzącej zapaści cywilizacji europejskiej, wreszcie listę wielkich cywilizacji w dziejach ludzkości. Ze względu na ten ostatni element koncepcja Danilewskiego jest uznawana za prekursorską wobec XX-wiecznych teorii pluralizmu kulturowo-cywilizacyjnego (Spengler, Toynbee, Koneczny, Huntington). Rozdział ten zawiera też krytykę tego typu teorii (Danilewskiego i jego następców), sformułowaną przez Pitirima Sorokina.
Main topic of this PhD thesis is the history of the idea ‘civilization’ from ca. 1750 (French, English, Scottish and German Enlightenment) to ca. 1880 (beginnings of the cultural anthropology and of the theories of the plurality of civilizations). Under examination are texts written in five languages (French, English, German, Polish, Russian), by various authors: philosophers, historians, linguists, anthropologists, politicians, travelers, writers and poets. The method applied in this thesis – from philological analysis of the word towards the philosophical analysis of its meaning as the idea – is inspired by the researches on this idea led by the historians from the Annales School (L. Febvre, Civilisation – Le mot et l’idée); it refers also to the methods of the historians of the ideas from the Warsaw School of the History of Ideas. The idea is examined in its historical changeability and diversity of meanings, with taking into consideration historical and cultural context etc. Some trains of thought from Norbert Elias’ The Civilizing Process are also continued in this thesis. Chapters I–III are dedicated to appearing of the idea ‘civilization’ in texts of Enlightenment thinkers in France (Rousseau, Diderot, Volney, Condorcet), United Kingdom (Swift, Ferguson, Dunbar, Gibbon) and Germany (Kant, Humboldt) – in context of the beginnings of the modern philosophy of history, of the public debate on the contacts with non-European peoples and of the criticism of present European societies. In case of the German philosophy it is pointed out, why the idea ‘civilization’ hasn’t gained an important position in this language – losing the competition with the ideas of Kultur and Bildung. Next, the idea appears in Polish (Staszic) and Russian (Chaadayev, slavophils, Herzen) literature to express some new problems – different development of the countries of Western and Eastern Europe (Russia or generally Slavic countries). There are some remarks on three different civilizations: European, Russian and American. Later, the idea ‘civilization’ develops parallel to the 19th century philosophy of history. The most notable examples of applying this idea are Francois Guizot’s lectures on the history of the European civilization and the positivistic philosophy of history, presented by Henry Thomas Buckle in The History of Civilization in England. After the rise of historical pessimism and the belief of the deep crisis of the European culture in middle of the 19th century (after the failure of the Spring of Nations movements), the idea ‘civilization’ gained some negative meanings. It became the synonym of the whole of present social, political and cultural phenomena, which deserves total condemnation and destruction (Fourier, Marx) or which intrinsically heads towards the self- destruction (Norwid). There appear also some biological interpretations of this idea and of this group of problems, which leads to the rise of the racist ideology (Gobineau). The idea ‘civilization’ plays an important role in establishing new social science – the cultural anthropology, which merges new ways of scientific approach (elements of ethnography, archaeology etc., referring to the Darwin’s evolutionism) with the old schemes of the philosophy of history (Lubbock, Morgan, Tylor). The last chapter of this PhD thesis is dedicated to Nikolay Danilevsky and his idea of the civilization as the historical-cultural type. This concept ends the 19th century development of the idea ‘civilization’ and includes most of its earlier discussed motifs: the criticism of the ideas of general history and meaning of history; biological approach in social and historical sciences; belief of a near collapse of European civilization; the list of large civilizations in the history of mankind. Because of the last mentioned element, the Danilevsky’s theory is regarded as a pioneering to the 20th century theories of the plurality of civilizations and cultures (Spengler, Toynbee, Koneczny, Huntington). The last chapter includes also the criticism of such theories (Danilevsky’s and his followers), formulated by Pitirim Sorokin.