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Spencer, Sarah. "Language and socioeconomic inequality in adolescence : Assessments and interviews." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527248.
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Dumas, Jennifer. "Gender Inequality and Terrorism: An Analysis of the Effects of Socioeconomic Gender Inequality on Terrorism." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2010. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1202.
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Studies of terrorism have explored a number of factors thought to drive the phenomenon. Authors often tie socioeconomic development to reducing terrorism. Among structural explanations of terrorism, however, authors generally neglect the effect of gender inequality, though studies show that gender inequality increases the risk of international and civil conflict. Therefore I explore the impact of gender inequality in important socioeconomic issues on terrorism for 143 countries from 1998-2009. I argue that socioeconomic gender inequality reflects poor state capacity, resulting in grievances that contribute to domestic non-suicide and suicide terrorism. I study gender inequality in the areas of education, labor participation, and life expectancy. Results indicate that education and life expectancy inequality increase the risk of terrorism, while labor inequality is unrelated. While the time frame and data used in this study limit generalizability, results indicate that states should provide socioeconomic gender parity to reduce the risk of domestic terrorism.
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Caro, Daniel H. [Verfasser]. "Family socioeconomic status and inequality of opportunity / Daniel H. Caro." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1023965313/34.
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Crosby, Danielle Annik. "Children's causal attributions for economic inequality : relation to age and socioeconomic environments /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Blanco-Perez, Cristina. "Socioeconomic Determinants of Health." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/113489.
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Aquesta tesi doctoral consisteix en tres articles que analitzen l’efecte de les variables socioeconòmiques en el nivell de salut dels individus.
El primer article estudia per primera vegada l’efecte de la polarització de la renda en el nivell de salut dels individus. Aquest treball proposa que la polarització de la renda capta millor alguns dels mecanismes que relacionen la salut i les diferències en renda, com ara la tensió i el conflicte social. Aquests han estat tradicionalment associats a la desigualtat de la renda. Aquesta hipòtesi s’ha testat utilitzant dades de panell per a Espanya. Els principals resultats mostren que la polarització de la renda té un efecte negatiu sobre la salut dels individus. En aquest estudi s’ha considerat no només la polarització entre regions, si no també entre grups de referència, és a dir, que els individus no només es comparen amb altres individus de la mateixa regió, sino també amb individus amb característiques similars. En aquest cas la polarització de la renda només és rellevant quan es considera el grup de referència. Aquests resultats q¨uestionen el què tradicionalment s’ha assumit en la literatura prèvia, on la regió és determinant per a establir grups de referència.
El segon article es centra en la relació existent entre la renda relativa i la salut. Tradicionalment les comparacions de la renda entre individus s’han considerat determinants per al nivell de salut individual. Tot i així, els estudis previs s’han basat principalment en les comparacions de la renda “cap amunt”, sense tenir en compte les comparacions amb els individus més pobres. En aquest treball s’utilitza una definició de renda relativa més àmplia per a testar simultàniament l’efecte de les comparacions de la renda “cap a munt” i “cap avall” en la salut dels individus. Aquestes comparacions s’han calculat a través d’un índex de privació i de satisfacció respectivament. L’estudi es basa en les dades del German Socio-Economic Panel data (SOEP) i s’han utilitzat models de dades de panell per a corregir la possible endogeneitat de la renda deguda a variables omeses. Els resultats mostren que la privació de la renda té un efecte positiu, mentre que l’índex de satisfacció té un efecte negatiu sobre el nivell de salut. Aquests resultats són robustos inclús corregint per l’heterogeneïtat no observada i utilitzant mesures de salut “quasi-objectives”.
Finalment, el tercer article estudia el poder explicatiu de l’“state depen-dence” en el nivell de salut auto-percebuda per a Espanya durant els anys 1994-2001. Amb aquest objectiu en ment s’han estimat una sèrie de models economètrics, incloent el model de selecció de Heckman on la condició inicial s’ha estimat per primera vegada utilitzant un ordered probit. Els resultats sug-gereixen que l’“state dependence” i la heterogeneïtat no observada expliquen la major part de la probabilitat de presentar un determinat nivell de salut. Al considerar els dos factors anteriors la significativitat de l’heterogeneïtat obser¬vada mesurada a través de les variables socioeconòmiques disminueix. Tot i així, l’“state dependence” perd importància una vegada es millora l’estructura de l’error de les estimacions.The core of this dissertation consists of three essays that contribute to the understanding of the eect of socioeconomic variables on individual’s health. The rst essay examines the eect of income polarisation on individual health. I argue that polarisation captures much better the social tension and conict that underlie some of the pathways linking income disparities and indi- vidual health, and which have been traditionally proxied by inequality. These premises are tested with panel data for Spain. The main ndings show that polarisation has a detrimental eect on health. Besides dening polarisation between regions, the paper introduces polarisation between reference groups. That is, the relevant comparison group may not be the region but individuals with similar characteristics. In this case polarisation is only relevant between reference groups and not between regions. Thus, these results challenge what has been traditionally assumed in the literature, i.e. that it is regions that matters. The second essay focus on the association between relative income and health. Income comparisons have been found to be important for individual health. However, the literature has so far looked solely at upward compari- sons, disregarding the eects of comparisons with worse-o individuals. In this paper, I use a broad denition of relative income to test simultaneously for the eect of \upward” and \downward” income comparisons on health. Relative deprivation and relative satisfaction indexes are used to summarise upward and downward comparisons. Panel data models are used to correct for income en- dogeneity bias due to omitted variables. Using German Socio-Economic Panel data (SOEP), results show that relative deprivation has a positive eect, while relative satisfaction has a deleterious impact on health. These ndings hold after correcting for unobserved heterogeneity and are robust to using quasi- objective health measures. Finally, the last essay studies the importance of the contribution of state dependence to the explanation of self-assessed health dynamics in Spain for 1994-2001. With this objective in mind, a series of econometric models are estimated including a new proposal for a Heckman selection model with an initial conditions equation run as an ordered probit. Evidence suggests that state dependence and unobserved heterogeneity account for much of the prob- ability of reporting a specic health status while the signicance of observed heterogeneity measured by socioeconomic variables vanishes when controlling for both. Only gender, education and labour status seem to be relevant in explaining health status. However, state dependence looses importance once the error structure of the estimations is improved.
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Pandey, A. "Socioeconomic inequality in healthcare utilization and expenditure in the older population of India." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2017. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4645412/.
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Background: Equity in access and financing healthcare is a key determinant of population health. This study examined the socioeconomic inequality in healthcare utilization and expenditure contrasting older (60 years or more) with younger (under 60 years) population in India over two decades. Methods: National Sample Survey data from all states of India on healthcare utilization (NSS-HUS 1995–96, NSS-HUS 2004 and NSS-HUS 2014) and consumer expenditure (NSS-CES 1993–94, NSS-CES 1999–2000, NSS-CES 2004–05 and NSS-CES 2011–12) were used. Logistic, generalized linear and fractional response models were used to analyze the determinants of healthcare utilization and burden of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments. Deviations in the degree to which healthcare was utilized according to need was measured by a horizontal inequity index with 95% confidence interval (HI, 95% CI). Findings: When compared with younger population, the older population had higher self-reported morbidity rate (4.1 times), outpatient care rate (4.3 times), hospitalization rate (3.6 times), and proportion of hospitalization for non-communicable diseases (80.5% vs 56.7%) in 2014. Amongst the older population, the hospitalization rates were comparatively lower for female, poor and rural residents. Untreated morbidity was disproportionately higher for the poor, more so for the older (HI: -0.320; 95% CI: -0.391, -0.249) than the younger (-0.176; -0.211, -0.141) population in 2014. Outpatient care in public facilities increased for the poor over time, more so for the older than the younger population. Households with older persons only had higher median per capita OOP payments (2.47-4.00 times across NSS-CES and 3.10-5.09 times across NSS-HUS) and catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) (1.01-2.99 times across NSS-CES and 1.10-1.89 times across NSS-HUS) than the other households. The odds of CHE were significantly higher in households with older persons, households headed by females and rural households. Both the vertical and horizontal inequities in OOP payments for hospitalization by the older population increased between 1995 and 2014. Conclusion: These findings can be used for developing an equitable health policy that can more effectively provide healthcare protection to the increasing older population in India.
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Mojapelo, Thato. "Women Empowerment and socioeconomic inequality in immunization coverage: a case study of Zambia." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33868.
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Basic immunisation coverage for children between 12-23 months in Zambia was 68% in 2013. Nevertheless, a substantial number of child deaths persist as a result of preventable disease. This study assesses the relationship between women empowerment and immunisation coverage in Zambia. It also investigates socio-economic inequality in full, partial, and immunisation intensity. Thus, the findings will support improved immunisation coverage, especially for those who are the poorest in Zambia. The study uses the 2013-14 Zambia Demographic and Health Surveys (ZDHS), which are nationally representative household surveys [12]. This dataset incorporates information regarding children from 0 to 59 months and for men and women aged 15- 49 years old. The two main study variables are women empowerment and immunisation. Immunisation was divided into three categories namely, full, partial and no immunisation. Concentration indices are used to assess inequality in full, partial and no immunisation coverage as well as in the intensity of immunisation coverage. Briefly, a positive concentration index means that immunisation coverage is pro-rich as richer children are more likely to be immunised. A negative index indicates the opposite. The main finding of this study was that socioeconomic status has a significant impact on the immunisation coverage of a child. For children who were fully immunised, immunisation was found to be pro-rich (concentration index = 0.046). The distribution of partially immunised children (concentration index = -0.114) and not immunised children (concentration index = -0.138) is pro-poor. This confirmed that poorer women were more likely to have a partially immunised/not immunised children compared to a child whose mother is richer. Immunisation intensity had a pro-rich outcome (concentration index = 0.153). In addition, the study confirmed the importance of household decision making as a determinant of a child's likelihood of being fully immunised (p-value< 0.01). This study has shown that close attention to factors such as women empowerment and a mother's education can support improved immunisation coverage, especially for those who are the poorest in Zambia. This paper further highlighted the importance of socio-economic status as it impacts on immunisation coverage.
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Lellock, John Slade. "Socioeconomic Status and Youth Participation in Extracurricular Arts Activities." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/24785.
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A growing amount of research finds that the accumulation of, investment in, and mobilization of certain cultural resources are significant predictors of children's advantageous social development in both institutional settings and interpersonal relationships. Several theories and empirical analyses illustrate the importance of children's leisure-time activities in the accumulation of valuable resources. These cultural resources confer advantages to children, especially in educational settings (e.g. teachers' perception of students, intellectual development, and academic outcomes) because these arenas are often key spaces for social mobility. However, few research studies attempt to empirically pinpoint the socioeconomic origins of children's cultural (dis)advantages. This notable gap in the research literature can be addressed by examining family-level predictors of the accumulation and transmission of these cultural resources. The purpose of this study is to investigate the link between family-level socioeconomic status and children's participation in structured, extracurricular, arts-based activities as well as cultural performance attendance. Drawing on Bourdieu's (1984) concept of 'cultural capital' and Lareau's (2002; 2003) concept of 'concerted cultivation', this study explores whether or not socioeconomic status is a significant predictor of children's participation in extracurricular arts activities as well as attendance of cultural performances using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the Child Development Supplement (CDS-II). I evaluate Lareau's class analysis and expand upon it by disaggregating the key dimensions of socioeconomic status and identifying which are the most salient for increased participation in arts-based activities among children in the United States context. I provide a detailed analysis and discussion of the nuanced relationships between socioeconomic status measures and youth participation in the arts.Master of Science
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Loughnan, Steve, Peter Kuppens, Jüri Allik, Katalin Balazs, Lemus Soledad De, Kitty Dumont, Rafael Gargurevich, et al. "Economic Inequality Is Linked to Biased Self-Perception." Association for Psychological Science, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/324770.
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People’s self-perception biases often lead them to see themselves as better than the average person (a phenomenon known as self-enhancement). This bias varies across cultures, and variations are typically explained using cultural variables, such as individualism versus collectivism. We propose that socioeconomic differences among societies—specifically, relative levels of economic inequality—play an important but unrecognized role in how people evaluate themselves. Evidence for selfenhancement was found in 15 diverse nations, but the magnitude of the bias varied. Greater self-enhancement was found in societies with more income inequality, and income inequality predicted cross-cultural differences in self-enhancement better than did individualism/collectivism. These results indicate that macrosocial differences in the distribution of economic goods are linked to microsocial processes of perceiving the self.Steve Loughnan is a postdoctoral research associate funded by the Leverhulme Trust (F/00236/W). Peter Kuppens is a postdoctoral research fellow with the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders and is supported by Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Research Council Grants GOA/05/04 and OT/11/031. Anu Realo and Jüri Allik were supported by a grant from the Estonian Ministry of Education and Science (SF0180029s08). Junqi Shi was supported by a grant from the National Nature Foundation of China (NSFC:71021001).
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Davis, James Jordan. "Space, Labor Markets, and History: An Exploration of American Indian Employment Hardship and Socioeconomic Inequality." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429567181.
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Faust, Lena. "Socioeconomic Inequality and HIV in Nigeria: Conclusions from the 2013 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37765.
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Background: As high HIV transmission rates persist in Sub-Saharan Africa, the effect of wealth inequality rather than solely absolute wealth as a potential driver of the HIV epidemic has been given increased attention in recent research, but has not yet been investigated in the Nigerian setting. As, particularly in contexts of socioeconomic inequality, individuals may face barriers to both obtaining health-related knowledge and translating this knowledge into actual engagement in preventive measures, it is relevant to assess the level of HIV-related knowledge in the Nigerian population. Furthermore, it is of interest to investigate its socioeconomic predictors, and to identify risk-groups for low HIV-related knowledge, which consequentially are also potential risk groups for high HIV transmission. This will ultimately facilitate the targeting and implementation of more appropriate and effective preventive interventions among these groups. Due to the country’s high HIV prevalence and its ethnic and socioeconomic heterogeneity, it is both an interesting and highly relevant setting in which to analyse the socioeconomic determinants of HIV-related knowledge. Methods: Utilizing data from the Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey, Paper 1 of this thesis investigates wealth inequality as a predictor of low HIV-related knowledge in the Nigerian population through logistic regression modeling. The effects of other sociodemographic factors such as sex, literacy and rural or urban residence on HIV-related knowledge are also explored. In paper 2, a trend analysis is conducted of HIV-related knowledge in the country from 2003 to 2013, with changes in these trends represented graphically, stratified by various sociodemographic factors. ARIMA models were fit to the 2003-2013 trend data. Finally, Paper 3 presents a systematic review (using the Medline and Embase databases) and meta-analysis (conducted in R) of HIV-related knowledge interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa or among the African Diaspora, synthesising the available evidence for the efficacy of such interventions in 1) improving HIV-related knowledge, 2) resulting in increased engagement in preventive measures and safe sexual practices, and 3) reducing HIV incidence. Random-effects models were used for the meta- analyses. Results: The logistic regression model indicated that females were more than twice as likely as males to have low HIV-related knowledge in each wealth inequality category. In addition, females were more likely to have correct knowledge of mother-to-child transmission than males, but were over 1.5 times more likely to have poor knowledge of HIV risk reduction measures. Individuals with lower literacy levels were almost twice as likely as literate respondents to have low HIV-related knowledge. Ethnicity, religious affiliation, relationship status, and residing in rural areas were additional significant predictors of HIV-related knowledge. The trend analysis indicated an overall increase in HIV-related knowledge between 2003 and 2013, but a decrease in knowledge of mother-to-child-transmission. In addition, State-level disparities in knowledge regarding HIV risk reduction increased over time. The meta-analysis of HIV education interventions demonstrated significantly higher odds of correct knowledge of transmission routes as well as condom use, but insignificantly lower odds of HIV incidence. Conclusions: HIV-related knowledge in this sample is generally low among females, those with low literacy levels, the poor, the unemployed, those residing in rural areas, those with traditional religious beliefs, and those living in states with the highest wealth inequality ratios. The meta-analysis of HIV-related knowledge interventions in Paper 3 indicates that such interventions are generally effective at improving not only HIV-related knowledge but also increasing condom use, and should thus be targeted at the risk groups identified in Papers 1 and 2, in order to work towards the reduction of HIV transmission.
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Hillman-Burcham, Tabitha M. "Socioeconomic Disparities in Campaign Exposure and Effects: The Case of VERB." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338476468.
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Dias, Lopes Alice. "International mobility and education inequality among Brazilian undergraduate students." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31140.
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In the last fifteen years, the Brazilian government has implemented educational policies intended to expand access to higher education for students from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds. At the same time, research has observed the increase in the demand for international mobility of students from middle and upper classes. This PhD thesis aimed to understand the e↵ect of international mobility among Brazilian undergraduate students on educational inequality by examining the Science Without Borders (SWB) programme. This programme was established in July 2011 by the Brazilian Federal Government with the aim to promote the expansion and the internationalisation of science and technology, and increase Brazilian competitiveness through international exchange and mobility. The programme distributed 101,000 scholarships between 2011 and 2015 for undergraduate and graduate Brazilian students to study in a foreign university. The thesis draws on research on educational inequalities and international mobility. The research on education inequalities showed that in many developed countries, after the expansion of education, students from privileged socioeconomic backgrounds seek to maintain their education advantage through distinctive educational trajectories. The international mobility research also indicated that students from more advantageous socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to pursue international mobility as a strategy for maintaining their privilege. However, international mobility programmes that o↵er financial bursary attract students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds as well. Hence, this research examined whether international mobility programmes which o↵er scholarships may operate as a mechanism for opening up opportunities in the education system. The dataset used for the study was created thanks to the collaboration of three di↵erent intuitions: the two funding bodies of the SWB programme and the National Institute for Educational Studies and Research (INEP). The negotiations to access the data lasted around a year and a half, and was only agreed after the anonymity of the students were guaranteed. INEP merged data from the High School National Exam (ENEM) datasets with the information provided by the two funding bodies to identify students who attended the SWB programme between 2011 and 2014. Probit regression models were used to examine the association between students’ socioeconomic backgrounds and the likelihood of participating in the SWB programme. The models showed that students with parents with higher levels of education and higher income were more likely to receive a SWB scholarship. In other words, there was inequality in access to the programme. Therefore, the financial bursary o↵ered by the Brazilian government did not eliminate the e↵ect of students’ socioeconomic characteristics on access to this programme. Multilevel models were used to analyse the association between students’ socioeconomic background and prestige of the foreign university attended. The models demonstrated that there was also inequality within the SWB programme: students from more advantageous socioeconomic background tended to study in more prestigious universities. These results corroborate the results from the international mobility literature and suggest that students from privileged socioeconomic backgrounds might pursue international mobility to maintain educational advantages. These results have important implications for educational policies in Brazil. In addition to the e↵ort to expand access to higher education, the government should also assure that inequalities are not being transferred to other areas, such as in the case of international mobility.
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Ong, Corinne. "The Structural Determinants of Americans' Justice Perceptions Toward Inequality in the U.S." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc177237/.
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In accordance with structural theory and distributive justice theory, this study investigates if Americans' personal encounters with the opportunity structure and their existing reward conditions will influence their perceptions toward distribution outcomes in the U.S. I argue that higher-status individuals possessing various "attributes of structural privilege" will exhibit less support for regulating income inequality in society than lower-status individuals. Upward mobility should also be negatively related to support for restoring greater equality in allocation outcomes. However, the effect of mobility on justice perceptions should vary by class status, since class has been known to be a reliable predictor of these attitudes. The study employed a sample of 438 American adults from the GSS 2000 dataset, and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was applied in the analyses of the data. Two of the three above hypotheses received partial confirmation, that is, there were class, race, and gender differences in distributive justice perceptions. Class also interacted significantly with occupational mobility in altering distributive justice perceptions.
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Hoang, Chantal Bao-Chau. "The Rise and Fall of Public Higher Education in the United States: Implications for Socioeconomic Inequality." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/395.
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This paper aims to explore how shifting federal, state, and individual priorities have transformed public higher education from a bastion of quality higher education for the greatest number of people to a more privatized state that only provides access and choice to those who can afford them. Decreased public support and state appropriations for public higher education schools have led many institutions to privatize themselves through increasing tuition prices and enrolling more out-of-state and international students who can afford to pay the full sticker price. At the same time, federal financial aid programs have become more and more geared towards assisting middle- and upper-income families, rather than focusing their efforts on removing financial barriers for low-income students. Combined, these two trends have manifested greater socioeconomic inequality for students with low-incomes; public higher education institutions are slowly turning their backs on those for whom federally funded public colleges and universities were built.
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Lee, Dohoon Harris Kathleen Mullan. "Three essays on the micro basis of socioeconomic inequality the role of cognitive and noncognitive skills /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1881.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.Title from electronic title page (viewed Dec. 11, 2008). "... in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology." Discipline: Sociology; Department/School: Sociology.
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Plümper, Thomas, Eric Neumayer, and Denise Laroze. "The limits to equivalent living conditions: regional disparities in premature mortality in Germany." Springer, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10389-017-0865-5.
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Aim Despite the country's explicit political goal to establish
equivalent living conditions across Germany, significant
inequality continues to exist. We argue that premature
mortality is an excellent proxy variable for testing
the claim of equivalent living conditions since the
root causes of premature death are socioeconomic.
Subject and methods We analyse variation in premature
mortality across Germany's 402 districts and cities in
2014.
Results Premature mortality spatially clusters among
geographically contiguous and proximate districts/cities
and is higher in more urban places as well as in
districts/cities located further north and in former East
Germany. We demonstrate that, first, socioeconomic factors
account for 62% of the cross-sectional variation in
years of potential life lost and 70% of the variation in
the premature mortality rate. Second, we show that
these socioeconomic factors either entirely or almost
fully eliminate the systematic spatial patterns that exist
in premature mortality.
Conclusion On its own, fiscal redistribution, the centrepiece
of how Germany aspires to establish its political goal, cannot
generate equivalent living conditions in the absence of a comprehensive
set of economic and social policies at all levels of
political administration, tackling the disparities in socioeconomic
factors that collectively result in highly unequal living
conditions.
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Khan, Jahangir. "The impact of social security compensation inequality on earnings distribution due to sickness and disability /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-459-7/.
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Miles, Anne. "An Analysis of Personality in Light of Socioeconomic Mobility." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/489.
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The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the personality traits that are associated with socioeconomic mobility, specifically pertaining to individuals from working class backgrounds. Socioeconomic mobility is an important issue to examine due to the persistence of intergenerational poverty and the difficulty with which to resolve it. Extensive research explicitly shows the dilemma of intergenerational transmission of poverty exists and continues to persist regardless of revised policies. Many aspects each individual experiences have been proven to affect economic attainment, such as race, family background, parental efficacy, social discrimination, area of residency, welfare, education, and intelligence. Although these are recognized in this paper, they are, for the most part, ignored as determinants, as the focus is on the personality traits defining the upwardly mobile, and similar characteristics exist, even while disregarding the above ignored qualities. Mainly social identity theory and identity theory, but also motivational theory, personal efficacy theories, and other related theories, have determined social participation, perception of social class and poverty, control of emotions, impulse control, personal efficacy, social identity, motivation, victimization and dependence or the lack thereof, are all major determinants of mobility.
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Menigoz, Karen M. "Body mass index trends among immigrants to Australia: Associations with ethnicity, length of residence, age at arrival, neighbourhood disadvantage and geographic remoteness." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/125506/1/Karen_Menigoz_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis presents new data on the risk of obesity among immigrants to Australia. The findings show that obesity prevention efforts need to include vulnerable ethnic groups, immigrants in the early-mid settlement period, and immigrant families arriving with children and adolescents. In addition, healthier environments are needed to support healthy weight; particularly in poorer neighbourhoods and areas outside Australia's cities.
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Åberg, Yngwe Monica. "Resources and relative deprivation : analysing mechanisms behind income, inequality and ill-health /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-22-02109-4/.
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Hassan, Syed. "Three Essays in Health Economics." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37361.
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This thesis consists of three chapters. The first chapter explores the effects of prenatal nutritional deficiency on depression in adulthood. It is well established that maternal behaviour during pregnancy has a lasting effect on the child for years to come. Studies show that in utero nutritional shocks can have prolonged effects on health and labour market outcomes later in life of the offspring. In this paper I investigate whether such nutritional deficiencies during gestation can have an extended impact on mental health in adulthood. Using the fourth wave of Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), I find that Muslim individuals who were potentially exposed to Ramadan in the first and third trimester have significantly higher scores on the depression scale than those who were not exposed. This effect is particularly significant among Muslim males who were exposed in the first trimester and Muslim females who were exposed in the third trimester. Similar effects of exposure are also found on the probability of being depressed in the Muslim population. The absence of such impact of exposure in the non-Muslim population suggests that nutritional deficiencies during the gestation period can have lasting effects on mental health and may increase the possibility of developing depression later in life. Next, the literature on socioeconomic health inequality uses individuals' socioeconomic rank (p) to develop the concentration index. In the second chapter of the thesis, I construct an alternative framework by directly using individuals' income level (y) to rank them and develop stochastic dominance conditions to investigate whether this method leads to the same conclusion as using the socioeconomic ranks (p). Using World Health Survey data for five South Asian countries, I conclude that using the socioeconomic ranks (p) and income levels (y) to rank individuals lead to different results in dominance tests adjusted for different equivalence scales. Lastly, to address the arbitrariness problem of the health concentration index's value caused by assuming the existence of a ratio-scaled variable, Makdissi and Yazbeck (2014) adopted a counting approach to measure health inequality. In the third chapter of the thesis, I apply this counting approach in a two-fold way. Firstly, I estimate the values of population health status and health inequality in United States using the National Health Interview Survey (2010) data. Then, assuming increased government expenditure on health awareness, I simulate the effects such policy interventions and see what improvements in the public health can be achieved. Also, I propose the count-approach incremental cost effectiveness ratio (C-ICER) which is a simple measure to assess the cost effectiveness of public health awareness campaigns.
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Buchel, Ondrej. "Unequal but Fair? About the Perceived Legitimacy of the Standing Economic Order." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/254054.
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Acknowledged as the defining challenge of our time, economic inequality has far reaching individual and societal consequences. It negatively affects productivity, decision-making, and health outcomes on the one hand, and political stability and economic growth on the other. Increased competition for resources not allocated at the top skews available reference frames and leads to adoption of unachievable standards, generating stressful social comparisons and anxiety that may intensify inter-group conflicts. Yet, as this dissertation shows on data from surveys from across the world, many of the worse off tend to believe that the social world in general is fair and that large differences in incomes are justified and even necessary.
To understand why and how are the widespread and entrenched differences in incomes and wealth not being contested at a larger scale, this dissertations links perceptions and judgments of economic inequalities to their perceived, and often misjudged, normativity. It is argued that there is a need for a greater attention and understanding of people’s beliefs about what are the popular opinions and shared values regarding political issues. It is not only that people not know of inequalities, underestimate them, or attempt to rationalize their existence as fair and deserved. It is that people also need to know that their sentiments are shared by others.
Based on results of multiple experimental studies, this thesis explored and supported a possibility that people who believe that the unequal status quo is unsatisfactory and that the standing system should be challenged and changed also tend to believe that their views are not shared by the general population. Even more, such thinking tends to get reinforced when someone else is critical of the system in place. Thus, instead of rising in spirit and assuming that others will finally see at least some of the negative outcomes of the way things are, those hoping for change may get demoralized, feel isolated in their views, and may feel drawn to compromises they shouldn't need to consider.
In particular, the dissertation mainly utilizes the framework of conservatism being a motivated political cognition (Jost et al., 2003) which proposes that adoption of system-legitimizing attitudes may be motivated by psychological needs to see the social world as orderly, structured, and generally just and fair. In four chapters, the dissertations explores how the conditions theorized to motivate adoption of status-legitimizing attitudes affect not only these attitudes, but also the perceptions of their normativeness.
Chapter 2 presents a comprehensive test of the original reading of status-legitimacy hypothesis (Jost, Pelham, Sheldon, & Ni Sullivan, 2003) which implied that those with lower objective status are the most motivated to system-justify, and of the re-specified version (van der Toorn et al., 2015) that posits subjective powerlessness to be the driver of undue system legitimization. Presented are results of a mixed-effects analysis of ISSP data on social inequality, covering almost 50,000 respondents from 28 countries. The results from analysis testing contextual moderation lend more support for the original, rather than the revised reading of status-legitimacy hypothesis - that it is the objectively disadvantaged who may experience greater motivation to defend the system.
Chapter 3 adopts Lane's (1986) perspective explaining that political institutions create more dissonance than market institutions, and tests a proposition that while political institutions will be perceived as legitimate by the members of the lower classes, market institutions will be seen as less legitimate. Second, we hypothesize that those over and under-estimating their social class should report higher or lower perceived legitimacy of the system. Analysis of data from General Social Survey (2010-2016; total n = 4142) shows that those in lower classes report higher confidence in political, but not market institutions compared to those members of the upper classes. Similarly, relative to those under- or correctly estimating their class, those over-estimating their class positioning reported higher confidence in political compared to market institutions.
Chapter 4 presents two experimental studies testing, on a sample of 201 students (in Tilburg, the Netherlands), how indirect threat to the country's culture and a direct criticism of the country's economic performance influence people's perceptions of attitudinal similarity with their society in general depending on their prior ideological views. The results suggest that those with views critical of the standing socio-political system imagine their co-nationals as more attitudinally different compared to those who consider the standing system to be fair and desirable. In particular, exposure to economic threat, but not cultural threat, increased the perceived ideological distance from the presumed attitudes of the rest of the society among those critical of the system, but not among those who considered the system to be fair and desirable as it is.
Chapter 5 presents data from two studies conducted before and after the 2016 US Presidential election (mTurk, n = 478), and before and after the 2017 UK general election (Prolific Academic, n = 617). Data were gathered in two rounds, utilizing the same between-subjects experimental design to assess whether ideological differences moderate how threat (economic system threat) and uncertainty (outcome uncertainty about election) influence the perceived similarity between people's personal normative attitudes (how things should be) and their estimates of socially normative attitudes (what they believe others would say should be). Furthermore, the effect of the result of the election on beliefs about the legitimacy of the standing economic system among supporters of competing political parties was assessed in two studies using within-subjects design (US n = 80; UK n = 329). The findings support the hypothesis that ideology predicts differences in perception of the generalized other when faced with system threat and that people bolster their ideological commitments following threats to their worldview in form of electoral defeat. While liberals tend to overestimate the strength of conservative values within the society in general, conservatives view others as both more conservative and liberal compared to themselves.
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Abdullah, Sumayyah S. "Nativity and Health Inequality: Demographic, Socioeconomic, Behavioral and other Predictors of Self-Rated Health Status in U.S.-Born and Foreign-Born Populations." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1299614830.
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Thaning, Max. "Multidimensional Intergenerational Inequality: Resource and Gender Specificity : Intergenerational transmission of inequality in education, social class, and income attainment using a sibling correlations approach." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157885.
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This study focuses on intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic resources in multiple dimensions and decomposes the influence of parents’ education, social class, and income in relation to the same outcomes for children as well as the unique impact of mothers and fathers on sons and daughters. In order to minimize measurement error in parental characteristics and life course bias for children, high quality Swedish administrative register data (spanning over 40 years) is utilized. A sibling correlation approach is employed to establish the net influence of each parental resource, both in general and by parents’ and children’s gender. The results show that intergenerational inequality is subject to resource specificity. First, same resource transmission implies that the same parental resource as the child outcome matter most in transmission of advantage. In this sense, educational elites foster educational elites, while economic advantage favor children’s own economic status. Second, the intermediate and overlapping socioeconomic field resource, parental social class, explains most of children´s outcomes in education and income suggesting that there is a same field transmission. Parental resources explain little variation in its field opposite (i.e. parental education on child income and parental income on child education). Finally, whether or not intergenerational inequality is subject to gender specificity is ambiguous, it ranges from negligible to substantial contributions. Mothers’ and fathers’ resources do matter independently over all outcomes, where especially fathers’ income dominate and drives the total influence of parental income. However, the result for the same gender transmission is mixed. The conclusion is that gender and, especially, resource specificity cannot be neglected without biasing results, confusing time trends, and underestimating the true rate of intergenerational inequality. Intergenerational processes of inequality will be misrepresented in a unidimensional conceptualization of socioeconomic transmission, which will also affect both theoretical understanding and the prospects of policy intervention.
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Melekin, Amanuel Zimam. "Socioeconomic Determinants of Health Disparities by Race and Ethnicity: the Mediating Role of Social, Psychological and Behavioral Factors." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3765.
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Socioeconomic status (SES) is inversely related to health status. Disparities in health status among races and ethnic groups are partly attributable to differences in SES, but the indirect pathways by which SES may influence health status are not widely studied.
Using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) data, this dissertation examined the pathways by which SES, via social, psychological, and behavioral factors predicted physical impairment and overnight hospitalization, and asked whether these indirect relationships differed by race/ethnicity. The HRS is a nationally representative multistage area probability sample administered biennially to respondents over the age of 51 and their spouses. Data collected between 2002 and 2010, covering five waves of the original HRS cohort born between the years 1931 and 1941, were used. Two analysis approaches, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Reconstructability Analysis (RA), were used. Adjustments for the complex survey design were made in the SEM analysis, whereas, data were matched for the RA method using propensity scores.
Results of the SEM analyses supported most of the hypothesized indirect relationships between SES variables and physical impairment via social and psychological factors, but the indirect effect of SES on physical impairment via behavioral factors was weak. Multiple group analyses of path equality using nested chi-square tests indicated that the indirect effect of SES on physical impairment status did not vary by race/ethnicity. Social, psychological and behavioral factors were weakly related to overnight hospitalization, and SES was not indirectly related to overnight hospitalization.
While these results supported several hypothesized indirect relationships between SES variables and physical health status, the indirect effect sizes were small. However, because this study examined predictive paths across groups rather than compare mean differences, and because indirect effects are products of individual path coefficients, small effect sizes are not uncommon in mediation analysis. Moreover, over a lifetime, small effects may gradually add up increasing group differences in health status with greater benefits accruing to higher SES individuals via social and psychological factors, as observed in this study.
The RA results showed that indirect relationships between SES and physical impairment were similar across races/ethnicities for identical variables with a few exceptions. In several cases, however, selected SES variables related to social and psychological variables were different for different groups. Cross-sectional indirect relationships were stronger than longitudinal indirect relationships. As in the SEM study, SES was not related to physical impairment via behavioral factors; and, across groups, SES was also not related to overnight hospitalization either directly or via social, psychological or behavioral factors.
Variables predicting physical impairment exhibited differences across groups; these differences were detected because RA, unlike SEM, used disaggregated social, psychological and behavioral factors. Where predictive variables overlapped, the effects of identical independent variable (IV) states on physical impairment were similar across groups with a few exceptions.
In summary, both the SEM and RA results indicated that SES was indirectly related to physical impairment via social and psychological factors, and results from both methods also showed that SES was not indirectly related to overnight hospitalization via these factors. SEM did not find that these indirect effects varied by race/ethnicity; RA found a few differences.
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Lindquist, Anthea Clare. "The impact of socioeconomic position on outcomes of severe maternal morbidity amongst women in the UK and Australia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3ec55671-e8b8-42c6-a777-fb7667b33e6e.
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Aims: The aims of this thesis were to investigate the risk of severe maternal morbidity amongst women from different socioeconomic groups in the UK, explore why these differences exist and compare these findings to the setting in Australia. Methods: Three separate analyses were conducted. The first used UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS) data to assess the incidence and independent odds of severe maternal morbidity by socioeconomic group in the UK. The second analysis used quantitative and qualitative data from the 2010 UK National Maternity Survey (NMS) to explore the possible reasons for the difference in odds of morbidity between socioeconomic groups in the UK. The third analysis used data from the Victorian Perinatal Data Collection (VPDC) unit in Austra lia to assess the incidence and odds of severe maternal morbidity by socioeconomic group in Victoria. Results: The UKOSS analysis showed that compared with women from the highest socioeconomic group, women in the lowest 'unemployed' group had 1.22 (95%CI: 0.92 - 1.61) times greater odds associated with severe maternal morbidity. The NMS analysis demonstrated that independent of ethnicity, age and parity, women from the lowest socioeconomic quintiJe were 60% less likely to have had any antenatal care (aOR 0.40; 95%CI 0.18 - 0.87), 40% less likely to have been seen by a health professional prior to 12 weeks gestation (aOR 0.62; 95%CI 0.45 - 0.85) and 45% less likely to have had a postnatal check with their doctor (aOR 0.55; 95%CI 0.42 - 0.70) compared to women from the highest quintile. The Victorian analysis showed that women from the lowest socioeconomic group were 21% (aOR 1.21 ; 95% CI 1.00 - 1.47) more likely and that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women were twice (aOR 2.02; 95%CI 1.32 - 3.09) as likely to experience severe morbidity. Discussion: The resu lts suggest that women from the lowest socioeconomic group in the UK and in Victoria have increased odds of severe maternal morbidity. Further research is needed into why these differences exist and efforts must be made to ensure that these women are appropriately prioritised in the future planning of maternity services provisio n in the UK and Australia.
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Römling, Cornelia [Verfasser], Matin [Akademischer Betreuer] Qaim, Stephan [Akademischer Betreuer] Klasen, and Meike [Akademischer Betreuer] Wollni. "A Socioeconomic Analysis of Obesity and Intra-Household Nutritional Inequality in Indonesia / Cornelia Römling. Gutachter: Matin Qaim ; Stephan Klasen ; Meike Wollni. Betreuer: Matin Qaim." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1043765891/34.
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Ali, Shehzad Inayat. "Measuring the impact of Voluntary Health Insurance on out of pocket costs and socioeconomic-related inequality : methodological challenges and potential solutions with an application to Vietnam." Thesis, University of York, 2009. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/855/.
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Aims: This study has three aims: 1) to measure the impact of the Vietnamese Voluntary Health Insurance (VHI) programme on out-of-pocket (OOP) costs of health care after correcting for care-seeking and insurance-seeking self-selection biases; 2) to measure the effect of the VHI programme on socioeconomic-related inequality in out-of-pocket costs; and 3) to measure the role of VHI in preventing catastrophic health care costs. Data: This study is based on cross-sectional household survey data collected from three provinces of Vietnam: Hai Phong, Ninh Binh and Dong Thap. A total of 1,650 adults and 1,101 children were randomly selected and interviewed during the year 1999. Individual level data were available on the cost of health care in the last three months, the insurance status, personal and socioeconomic variables, health status and health care utilisation. In the sample, 1,192 individuals felt sick at least once in the last three months, and 985 of them sought care. Methods: The standard regression approach of measuring the average impact of VHI does not correct simultaneously for care-seeking and insurance-seeking biases. Also, the standard approach of measuring vertical equity in financing fails to account for the unmet need for care. This thesis proposes an improved approach, based on Heckman’s selection model, to estimate the impact of insurance on the cost of health care, after correcting for self-selection biases. To measure socioeconomic-related inequality in health care costs, a need standardised concentration index was proposed. This approach standardises for differences in the level of need between individuals, in turn controlling for the unmet need for care. Progressivity analysis was carried out using Kakwani’s index of progressivity. Finally, the incidence of catastrophic health care costs was modelled using probit equations that accounted for self-selection biases. Result: Analysis shows that insurance is negatively associated with expected cost of care, and this effect becomes more pronounced after correcting for selection biases. Need-standardised concentration indices demonstrate that insurance makes the distribution of health care costs more pro-poor. Kakwani indices suggest that insurance reduces the regressivity of financing. Finally, the study finds that VHI is associated with a lower probability of financial catastrophe. Conclusion: Membership in the Vietnamese VHI appears to have a protective effect on health care costs; this effect is augmented after controlling for selection biases due to unobserved characteristics. Insurance membership also appears to reduce the regressivity of health financing and the incidence and intensity of catastrophic health care costs.
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Malmsten, William, and Rasmus Rolfsson. "Valfrihet i skolan : En litteraturstudie om effekter av det fria skolvalet på skolsegregation." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-165845.
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The Swedish school system underwent a rapid liberalization process in the late 1900s. One of the major changes was the implementation of free school choice. The reform intended to ake pupils and parents able to actively choose which school to attend. However, since the introduction, free school choice has been a topic of much debate and criticism. In articular, there is a dispute whether the reform has caused an increase in school segregation or not. This study examines the veracity of these claims. This is done in the form of a literary overview where the results of previous research are analyzed. A selection of literature has been conducted according to specific criteria, which has resulted in one doctoral dissertation and six academic journal articles. The source-material has been reviewed and analyzed using an analysis chart. The results of the studies have then been compared to find similarities and dividing lines. The segregation variables examined are ethnicity and socio-economics. The latter has been broken down into the sub-variables of economic background and educational background. In addition, the study also examines whether or not residential segregation can be excluded as a source of error. The analysis concludes that ethnic school segregation has increased in Sweden as a result of the school choice reform. The same applies to the variable educational background. However, there are some differences in the results regarding economic background. Dividing lines can be found concerning if segregation of this variable has increased or remained static. Relative consensus that housing segregation can be excluded as a source of error seems to prevail among researchers. However, one of the articles presents a more critical approach regarding the exclusion. There is also some disagreement about the degree to which the residential segregation and free school choice affect school segregation.Den svenska skolan genomgick under det sena 1900-talet en skyndsam liberaliseringsprocess. En av de större förändringarna som skedde var införandet av det fria skolvalet. Reformen innebär att elever och vårdnadshavare kan göra aktiva val om på vilken skola undervisningen ska ske. Det fria skolvalet har dock sedan införandet varit mycket omdiskuterat och kritiserat. Särskilt råder en debatt om huruvida reformen har orsakat en ökad segregation i Sveriges skolor. I denna uppsats studeras påståendets sanningshalt. Detta sker i form av en litteraturöversikt där tidigare forskning på området behandlas. Ett urval av litteratur har skett efter särskilda kriterier, vilket har resulterat i en doktorsavhandling och sex akademiska tidskriftsartiklar. Dessa har sedan granskats och analyserats med hjälp av ett analysschema. Studiernas resultat har jämförts för att finna likheter och skiljelinjer. De segregationsvariabler som har studerats är etnicitet och socioekonomi. Den sistnämnda har brutits ner till ekonomisk bakgrund och utbildningsbakgrund. Utöver detta har det i studien även undersökts utifall boendesegregationen kan uteslutas som felkälla eller ej. Om inte detta görs kan denna förvränga datamaterialet för skolvalets effekter. Analysen visar att den etniska skolsegregationen har ökat i Sverige, till följd av skolvalsreformen. Detsamma gäller variabeln utbildningsbakgrund. I resultaten gällande ekonomisk bakgrund råder dock vissa olikheter. Skiljelinjer går att finna om segregationen efter denna variabel har ökat eller förhållit sig statisk. Relativ enhällighet tycks råda bland forskarna att boendesegregationen kan uteslutas som felkälla. I en av artiklarna presenteras dock ett mer kritiskt förhållningssätt till detta. Viss oenighet råder också kring vilken grad boendesituationen och skolvalet påverkar skolsegregationen.
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Lovett, Sara E. "The perceived plausibility of full service community schools." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1560783860425075.
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Haydock, Paul Michael. "Service use and socioeconomic status examination in heart failure (Sussex-HF) : a single centre, retrospective study to investigate patterns of health inequality in a contemporary cohort of patients hospitalised with heart failure." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/24646.
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OBJECTIVES: To establish the extent to which health inequality operates in a cohort of patients admitted with heart failure to a single centre serving an elderly population. DESIGN: Historical cohort study of patients admitted with a first coded presentation of heart failure. SETTING: Single district general hospital on the South-East coast of England. PARTICIPANTS: 883 patients admitted with a coded diagnosis of heart failure in the first or second diagnostic position. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mortality, readmission rates, and proportion of patients receiving recommended care. RESULTS: This was an elderly cohort, with a median age of 82.4 years. Just over half were women (51.3%), who tended to be older than men (84 vs. 80 years). Crude mortality rates at 30 days and 1 year were 17% and 38% respectively. All cause readmission at 30 days occurred in 21.3% of cases and the rate of heart failure readmission within 1 year was 35%. The most deprived patients were younger at the time of admission than those from less deprived areas (77.9 vs. 82.3 years [p=0.036]). No association was found between deprivation and mortality but rates of readmission at 30 days were higher in more deprived quintiles(p=0.01). Rates of prescription of beneficial medications were not different between quintiles of deprivation, but significantly lower rates of B-blocker and aldosterone antagonist prescription were observed in the elderly. Comorbidity and left ventricular ejection fraction were also associated with differential rates of prescribing. Provision of echocardiography and documentation of ejection fraction was strongly associated with age as was provision of specialist follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization for heart failure appears to occur at an earlier age in individuals from more deprived areas, but subsequent specialist management is heavily dependent on age, not level of deprivation. This may contribute to poorer outcomes in older individuals admitted with heart failure.
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Júnior, Sócrates Brasileiro Sampaio de Souza Vieira Oliveira. "Redução das desigualdades sociais: estudo comparado da gestão de organizações do Terceiro Setor, de Empreendimentos de Economia Solidária e de Negócios Sociais - Modelo Yunus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96132/tde-06102017-160304/.
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Desde o estabelecimento do capitalismo e formação do estado moderno, discussões sobre as desigualdades resultantes da forma como a maioria das sociedades contemporâneas se organizam econômica e socialmente são frequentes. Sen (2008) afirma que é necessário que se repense os processos de geração e distribuição de renda. A desigualdade econômica crescente apresenta-se como um dos principais problemas sociais da atualidade, sendo uma das principais causas de outros problemas colaterais como violência, desigualdade de gênero, pobreza, entre outros. Assim, a maneira de pensar e o modo de gerir as organizações exerce um papel fundamental. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral investigar como práticas de gestão em organizações do Terceiro Setor, Empreendimentos de Economia Solidária e Negócios Sociais - Modelo Yunus, podem contribuir para minimizar o problema da desigualdade social no Brasil. Para atingir este objetivo, foi realizado um estudo exploratório, com entrevistas em profundidade, análise documental e registros em arquivos, incluindo uma incubadora de economia solidária e uma aceleradora de negócios sociais - modelo Yunus, além de seis empreendimentos sociais, sendo dois do terceiro setor, dois da economia solidária e dois negócios sociais - modelo Yunus. Os dados obtidos foram comparados, buscando encontrar padrões comuns e aspectos conflitantes em cada uma das experiências. Privilegiou-se metodologicamente a análise de conteúdo como técnica central do estudo. Como resultado, chegou-se a um comparativo entre as principais práticas de gestão adotadas nos três modelos, em relação à motivação para empreender, hierarquia e entrada de novos trabalhadores, remuneração e propriedade, transparência, aspectos formativos internos e difusão dos princípios praticados e viabilidade financeira. Por fim, concluiu-se que as três vertentes possuem potencialidades a serem exploradas no combate à desigualdade, sendo a economia solidária com maior potencial de transformações estruturais, os negócios sociais com maior potencial de crescimento e desenvolvimento, e o terceiro setor com maior potencial de resolução de problemas sociais pontuais, mostrando-se limitado em relação a transformações estruturais.Since the establishment of capitalism and the modern state formation, there are frequent discussions about the inequalities resulting of the way that most contemporary societies organize themselves economically and socially. Sen (2008) states that it is necessary to rethink the processes of income generation and distribution. The increase of economic inequality is one of the most important social problems nowadays, being the cause of collateral problems such as violence, gender inequality, poverty, and others. Thereby, the ways of thinking and managing organizations play a fundamental role. In this context, the objective of the present work is to investigate how management practices in organizations of the third sector, solidarity economy endeavors and social businesses (Yunus model), can contribute to minimize the problem of social inequality in Brazil. To achieve this goal, the authors conducted an exploratory research with in-depth interviews, document analysis and archival records, including a solidarity economy incubator and a social business accelerator (Yunus model), as well as six social enterprises - two from the third sector, two of the solidarity economy, and two social businesses (Yunus model). In order to find common patterns and conflicting aspects in each of the experiments, the authors compared data obtained. The main technique used was content analysis. As a result, the study presents a comparison between the main management practices adopted in the three models, regarding to the motivation to undertake, hierarchy and new employees entry, remuneration and ownership, transparency, internal formative aspects, diffusion of their principles and financial viability. Finally, the authors concluded that the three models have potential to be exploited in the fight against inequality. Solidarity economy presents greater potential for structural transformations, social businesses for growth and development, and the third sector for resolution of specific social problems, but limited in relation to structural transformations.
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Torssander, Jenny. "Equality in Death? : How the Social Positions of Individuals and Families are Linked to Mortality." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-94134.
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Socioeconomic positions of individuals are clearly associated with the chances of living a healthy long life. In four empirical studies based on Swedish population registers, two topics are examined in this thesis: The relationships between different indicators of social position and mortality, and the importance of family members’ socioeconomic resources for the survival of the individual. The overall conclusion from the separate studies is that no single individual socioeconomic factor gives a complete picture of mortality inequalities. Further, the socioeconomic resources of partners and adult children are important in addition to the individual ones. The specific results from each study include that: I education, social class, social status and income are, to various extent, independently associated with mortality risk. Education and social status are related to women’s mortality, and education, social class, and income to men’s mortality. II one partner’s social position is related to the other partner’s survival, also when individual socioeconomic factors are statistically controlled for. In particular, men’s mortality is linked to their wives’ education and women’s mortality to their husbands’ social class. III adult children’s education is related to their parents’ risk of dying, also when both parents’ socioeconomic resources are taken into consideration. Further, the association between the offspring’s level of education and parental mortality cannot be explained by characteristics that parents share with their siblings. IV children’s social class and income are related to parental mortality, but not as strongly as the education of the children. There is no relationship between a mother’s own education and breast cancer mortality, while mothers seem to have better chances of surviving breast cancer if they have well-educated children.At the time of doctoral defence the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript
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Engzell, Per. "Intergenerational Persistence and Ethnic Disparities in Education." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-135797.
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This thesis consists of four self-contained essays in the sociology of educational stratification. Study I draws on newly collected survey data to assess the biases that arise in estimating socioeconomic differences in achievement when relying on parent and student reported data on social background. The main finding is that student reports on parental occupation overcome both the problem of misreporting that plagues other data collected from children, and the equally damaging problem of selective nonresponse among parents. Conditional estimates of ethnic disparities are relatively unaffected by these issues. Study II deals with student survey reports on the number of books in the home. A prominent string of authors has favoured this variable as a social background proxy over parental occupation or education based on its strong associations with educational outcomes. The paper applies various methods to large-scale student assessment data to show that these associations rest not on higher reliability as commonly assumed, but rather on two types of endogeneity. Low achievers accumulate less books and are also prone to underestimate their number. Study III uses survey and register data to study immigrant parents' education and its associations with children's achievement in recent Swedish cohorts. Two aspects of parental education are distinguished: the absolute years of schooling and a relative place in the source country's educational distribution. Parents' absolute education turns out to predict children's test scores and grades, whereas relative education is a better predictor of their educational aspirations. The result is of some consequence for studies seeking to assess ethnic disparities net of observed parental characteristics. Study IV extends the positional approach of Study III to understand immigrants' self-perceived social status and income satisfaction in European countries. Those higher educated by origin country than host country standards make more dismal assessments of their current situation than do other immigrants in otherwise similar circumstances. This is attributed to a social contrast mechanism and argued to be of relevance in understanding longer-term patterns of social and economic integration, including educational decisions made by the second generation.Avhandlingen består av fyra fristående studier som alla berör utbildning och social stratifiering. Studie I undersöker med nyinsamlade enkätdata hur sociala skillnader i skolprestation riskerar att felskattas med bakgrundsuppgifter inhämtade från föräldrar respektive elever. Den viktigaste slutsatsen är att elevuppgifter om föräldrars yrke undviker mycket av den felrapportering som behäftar andra elevsvar, liksom det utbredda problemet med selektivt bortfall bland föräldrar. Villkorliga skattningar av etniska skillnader är relativt opåverkade av dessa metodproblem. Studie II granskar elevers uppgifter om antalet böcker i hemmet. En betydande litteratur har förespråkat denna variabel som ett mått på klasstillhörighet framför föräldrars yrke eller utbildning på grundval av starka samband med elevers studieresultat. Uppsatsen tillämpar en rad metoder på data från en internationell kunskapsutvärdering och finner att sambandens styrka inte vilar på högre tillförlitlighet som tidigare förmodats, utan på endogenitetsproblem av två slag. Lågpresterande elever ackumulerar färre böcker och är dessutom benägna att underskatta deras antal. Studie III använder enkät- och registerdata för att belysa utlandsfödda föräldrars utbildning och dess samband med prestationer bland svenska skolbarn. Två aspekter av utbildningsbakgrund särskiljs: föräldrars utbildningsår samt deras relativa placering i ursprungslandets fördelning. Absolut utbildning visar sig predicera elevers testresultat och betyg, medan relativ utbildning är en bättre prediktor för barns aspirationer. Resultatet är av betydelse för studier av etniska skillnader där statistisk kontroll görs för observerbara föräldraegenskaper. Studie IV tillämpar den positionella ansatsen från Studie III för att förstå utlandsföddas självupplevda status och inkomsttillfredsställelse i europeiska länder. Migranter som är mer högutbildade med ursprungslandets mått mätt än värdlandets tenderar att ha en mer negativ bild av sin nuvarande situation än andra i objektivt liknande omständigheter. Detta kan förstås i termer av sociala referensramar och framhålls som relevant i tolkningen av långsiktiga sociala och ekonomiska integrationsmönster, inklusive de utbildningsval som efterföljande generationer gör.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.
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Santos, Fernando Burgos Pimentel dos. "A atuação dos governos locais na redução das desigualdades socioeconômicas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/10670.
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The social situation in Brazil has improved greatly in recent years. The governmental programs and actions achieved a significant reduction in the number of people living in poverty and extreme poverty. In terms of inequality also there was decrease, but the results are not as satisfactory. Although, as will be shown in this thesis, the action of the federal government has achieved good results in recent years, the pace is still very slow against the needs for greater social justice. Thus, there remains a high degree of inequality between regions, between Brazilian states, and also between municipalities within the counties, which means that Brazilian society still coexists daily with a social gap between the richest and poorest. Despite federal policies have been essential in the process of reducing socioeconomic inequality there is no doubt that local governments (states and municipalities) must also contribute with actions and programs to reduce it. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to show how local governments, in different contexts, can formulate and implement public policies that reduce socioeconomic inequalities. Thus, municipalities will become important partners of state and federal stressing to reduce inequities in the country, contributing in the search for a more equal society. As a way to address these inequalities, this thesis proposes a new analytical model of local development policies that occur in the routine of municipalities. This is ‘local development as de-concentration’ that seeks avoid the income generated by a locality become concentrated in the hands of those who have historically been under more favorable conditions. That is not enough to increase the income of a particular locality, it is vital that this income be directed to the poorest. We divided the actions typically known as a local development in Brazil in five types, with special look on inequality: doubly concentrated, concentrated, neutral, lightly de-concentrated, strongly de-concentrated. To better understand the different possibilities of generating this ‘local development as deconcentration’, the thesis analyzes four cases of local policies implemented in three Brazilian states with different population sizes and governed by different parties, who are contributing to reducing inequalities: Cariacica (Espírito Santos), Cubatão (São Paulo), Dracena (São Paulo) e São João do Arraial (Piauí). In terms of methodology, there was documental analysis of the legal instruments that have created programs, analysis of quantitative indicators of the localities and interviews with governmental technicians, representatives of the legislative power, members of opposition parties, small entrepreneurs, traders, farmers and population general. The effects of the four cases on inequality are heterogeneous, but the results show that, at different levels, these policies have succeeded in stimulating local economic development and reduce inequalities in cities. They can therefore serve as interesting examples for reflection on the role of local governments in building a fairer society.
A situação social no Brasil melhorou bastante nos últimos anos. Os programas e ações governamentais conseguiram uma importante redução do número de pessoas que vivem em situação de pobreza e extrema pobreza. Em termos de desigualdade também houve queda, mas os resultados não são tão satisfatórios. Embora, conforme será mostrado nesta tese, a ação do governo federal tenha conseguido bons resultados nos últimos anos, o ritmo ainda é muito lento frente às necessidades de maior justiça social. Assim, continua havendo um alto grau de inequidade entre as regiões do país, entre os estados brasileiros, entre os municípios e também, dentro dos municípios, o que significa que a sociedade brasileira continua convivendo cotidianamente com um abismo social entre os mais ricos e os mais pobres. Apesar de as políticas federais terem sido fundamentais nesse processo de redução da desigualdade socioeconômica, sem dúvida os governos locais (estados e municípios) também precisam contribuir com ações e programas voltados à redução da mesma. Por isso, o objetivo desta tese é mostrar como os governos locais, em diferentes contextos, podem formular e implementar políticas públicas capazes de reduzir as desigualdades socioeconômicas. Assim, os municípios tornam-se importantes parceiros das esferas estadual e federal no esforço de diminuir as injustiças do país, contribuindo na busca por uma sociedade mais igual. Como forma de enfrentar essas desigualdades, esta tese propõe um novo modelo de análise das políticas de desenvolvimento local que ocorrem no cotidiano dos municípios brasileiros. Trata-se do desenvolvimento local desconcentrador que busca evitar que a renda gerada por uma localidade fique concentrada nas mãos daqueles que historicamente sempre estiveram em condições mais favoráveis. Ou seja, não basta incrementar a renda de uma determinada localidade; é fundamental que esta renda seja direcionada aos mais pobres. Foram divididas as ações tipicamente conhecidas como desenvolvimento local no Brasil, em cinco tipos, com olhar especial sobre a desigualdade: duplamente concentrador, concentrador, neutro, levemente desconcentrador, fortemente desconcentrador. Para compreender melhor as diferentes possibilidades de gerar esse desenvolvimento local desconcentrador, foram analisados quatro casos de políticas locais implementadas em três estados brasileiros, com distintos portes populacionais e governadas por partidos diferentes, que estão contribuindo para reduzir as desigualdades: Cariacica (Espírito Santos), Cubatão (São Paulo), Dracena (São Paulo) e São João do Arraial (Piauí). Em termos metodológicos, realizou-se análise documental dos instrumentos legais que criaram os programas, análise de indicadores quantitativos das localidades e conversas com técnicos governamentais, representantes do poder legislativo, membros dos partidos de oposição, pequenos empresários, comerciantes, agricultores familiares e população em geral. Os efeitos dos quatro casos sobre a desigualdade são heterogêneos, mas os resultados mostram que, em diferentes níveis, estas políticas têm conseguido estimular o desenvolvimento econômico local e reduzir as desigualdades nos municípios. Podem, portanto, servir de exemplos interessantes para a reflexão sobre o papel dos governos locais na construção de uma sociedade mais justa.
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Raftopoulou, Athina. "Essays on the Economics of Obesity." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665521.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis comprises five chapters in total, starting with a general introduction that raises the issue of obesity as well as a brief description of the basic research questions of the dissertation, three main chapters involving the analysis of the Body Mass Index (BMI) with a view to investigate the social, economic, cultural and environmental factors driving and sustaining health disparities in obesity in Spain and a chapter of concluding remarks stemming from the analysis made. In particular, the second chapter examines the evolution of obesity as well as the incomerelated inequality in obesity over the past two decades in Spain, splitting by gender.
It also evaluates income inequality in obesity (measured by distribution sensitive measures) by breaking it down to its main contributors. The results indicate that obesity prevalence rates have been increasing over the last twenty years among the Spanish population, as in most developed countries, however income-related inequality in obesity status, depth and severity has a declining trend mainly among women. These findings may imply a switch in the basic determinants of obesity across the income distribution; that is, BMI status might not be linked only to individual attributes, but changes in environmental influences across income groups
may be important as well. This is inextricably linked to the third chapter, where we seek to understand the basic determinants of individual body weight and obesity risk, by concurrently examining individual and regional characteristics within a multilevel approach, to conclude that not only personal attributes but also environmental characteristics (i.e., criminality and lack of green spaces) affect positively individual and women s BMI and obesity. Driven by the spatial pattern of BMI that is observed in this third chapter, according to which southern regions of Spain tend to exhibit higher BMI levels than the northern ones, we proceed with chapter four. In this fourth chapter we aim to contribute to the North to South health divide in Spain, using decomposition techniques to analyse the main contributors of the BMI gap between the North and the South of Spain. Our findings indicate that North to South differences are significant only for women and that the largest share of this gap is attributed to differences in endowments (mainly education) to the detriment of women living in the South.
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Castro, Cicero Luciano Ferreira de. "A (re)produção do espaço pautada nas dinâmicas socioeconômicas do circuito espacial produtivo da banana em Missão Velha - Ceará." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-22032019-133541/.
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A opção epistemológica escolhida como categoria de análise para compreender as dinâmicas do circuito espacial produtivo da banana em Missão Velha - Ceará, abrange a elaboração teórica do geografo Milton Santos sobre os sistemas de objetos e sistemas de ações. Para tanto, fora necessário um esforço de reflexão na tentativa de superar as complexidades desta categoria de análise do espaço. A pesquisa fora estruturada em três partes. Na primeira procurou-se abordar a estrutura organizacional do estado do Ceará em sua política de desenvolvimento econômico materializada em incentivos fiscais e reestruturação do Estado. Neste percurso a Agência de Desenvolvimento Econômico do Estado do Ceará ADECE participa da administração pública de forma indireta por se tratar de uma Sociedade Anônima SA de economia mista. Na reestruturação do estado, a construção de novas estradas, o asfaltamento de estradas antigas, e a construção do Cinturão das Águas do Ceará CAC, constituem-se objetos técnicos a serviço dos interesses econômicos da diminuta classe de empresários que investe não somente no agronegócio, mas também no setor industrial e de serviços. O Estado através da ADECE vem divulgando que a construção do Cinturão das Águas do Ceará CAC, irrompe como a obra que propiciará ao estado a seguridade hídrica para atrair o empresário, sobretudo na agricultura irrigada e/ou no agronegócio. O segundo capítulo busca compreender o circuito espacial produtivo da fruticultura irrigada da banana no município de Missão Velha CE, sob essa perspectiva tomam destaque duas empresas: Sítio Barreiras Fruticultura LTDA e Sítio Paraíso Verde Fruticultura LTDA-ME. Como método optou-se por averiguar no Banco de Dados Agregados do IBGE a quantidade produzida de bananas nos municípios do Brasil, exatamente os dados referentes à área destinada ao plantio, área colhida e valor médio da produção. Desta forma, fora feita análise tornando-se possível comparar os dados no período de 2006 e 2015, com o objetivo de averiguar a variação na produção de banana no país. Diante dos dados o município de Missão Velha toma destaque no circuito espacial produtivo da banana entre os dez municípios do Brasil que mais produz banana. Com a preocupação de constatar se houve redução na produção dos gêneros alimentícios (feijão, milho, amendoim e mandioca), o último capítulo surge na tentativa de entender a substituição da policultura desses gêneros alimentícios pela monocultura da banana, para tanto fora feito recorte temporal de duas décadas com o intuito de identificar em que momento ocorre esse processo de transição e as consequências que a inserção desse novo modo de produção, pautadas na maximização do lucro, que o agronegócio impõe, pode causar à condição de vida do agricultor. Para isso verificar o perfil do trabalhador do campo e os possíveis impactos socioeconômicos que esse venha a sofrer é de fundamental importância na elaboração de políticas públicas que priorizem as necessidades sociais ao invés dos interesses capitalistas na contramão do que o mercado impõe ao Estado e consequentemente à sociedade.The epistemological option chosen as a category of analysis to understand the dynamics of the productive space circuit of the banana in Missão Velha - Ceará, covers the theoretical elaboration of the geographer Milton Santos on the systems of objects and systems of actions. For that, an effort of reflection was necessary in order to overcome the complexities of this category of space analysis. The research had been structured in three parts. In the first one, it was tried to approach the organizational structure of the State of Ceará in its policy of economic development materialized in fiscal incentives and restructuring of the State. In this course the Economic Development Agency of the State of Ceará - ADECE participates in the public administration indirectly because it is a Joint-stock Company SA of mixed economy. In the restructuring of the state, the construction of new roads, the asphalting of old roads, and the construction of the Ceará Water Belt - CAC constitute technical objects in the service of the economic interests of the small class of entrepreneurs who invest not only in agribusiness , but also in the industrial and services sector. The State through ADECE has been announcing that the construction of the Ceará Watercourse Belt - CAC, erupts as the work that will provide the state with water security to attract the entrepreneur, especially in irrigated agriculture and / or agribusiness. The second chapter tries to understand the productive space circuit of the irrigated fruit tree of the banana in the municipality of Missão Velha - CE, under this perspective two companies stand out: Sítio Barreiras Fruticultura LTDA and Sítio Paraíso Verde Fruticultura LTDA-ME. As a method, it was decided to check the IBGE Aggregated Data Bank for the quantity of bananas produced in the municipalities of Brazil, exactly the data referring to the area for planting, area harvested and average value of production. Thus, an analysis was made making it possible to compare the data in the period of 2006 and 2015, with the objective of ascertaining the variation in banana production in the country. Given the data, the municipality of Missão Velha takes prominence in the productive space circuit of the banana among the ten municipalities in Brazil that produces the most banana. With the aim of verifying whether there was a reduction in the production of foodstuffs (beans, corn, peanuts and cassava), the last chapter arises in an attempt to understand the substitution of the polyculture of these foodstuffs by banana monoculture, to both had been made a temporal cut of two decades in order to identify when this transition process occurs and the consequences that the insertion of this new mode of production, based on the profit maximization, that agribusiness imposes can cause to the condition of life of the farmer. In order to verify the profile of the rural worker and the possible socioeconomic impacts that this will suffer is of fundamental importance in the elaboration of public policies that prioritize the social needs instead of the capitalist interests against what the market imposes to the State and consequently to the society.
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Gruneau, Lina, and Mathilda Sjödin. "Sambandet mellan individers självskattade hälsa, socioekonomiska status och sociala kontext : En studie över individer med definierad ryggsjukdom." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148832.
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I denna studie har vi med ett kvantitativt tillvägagångsätt analyserat hur den självskattade hälsan hos en sjukdomspopulation förhåller sig till socioekonomiska faktorer, social kontext och de tre inkomsthypoteserna. De tre inkomsthypoteserna avser absolutinkomsthypotesen, relativinkomsthypotesen och inkomstskillnadshypotesen. Datamaterialet som ligger till grund för denna studie baseras på registerdata över cirka 7700 patienter över 18 år från Stockholms län som genomgått ryggkirurgi under åren 2006–2016. Den självskattade hälsan analyserades både vid inskrivningstillfället i samband med ryggkirurgi samt som förändringen i den självskattade hälsan från inskrivningstillfället till ett år efter operationen. Till vår vetskap har tidigare forskning inte i någon större utsträckning analyserat sambandet mellan socioekonomiska faktorer och förändringen i självskattad hälsa i samband med vårdinsats, vilket är en del av vårt forskningsbidrag. Resultaten indikerar att social kontext inte har ett statistiskt signifikant samband med förändringen i självskattad hälsa. Vid analys av den initiala hälsonivån finner vi dock tvetydiga resultat för inkomstskillnadshypotesen och relativinkomsthypotesen. Vi finner att absolutinkomsten har en positiv korrelation med den självskattade hälsan både vid inskrivningstillfället och vid förändringen. Vi finner även att universitetsutbildning har ett statiskt signifikant och positivt samband med förändringen i självskattad hälsa dock gäller inte detta för den självskattade hälsan vid inskrivningstillfället. Våra resultat indikerar även att vara född utanför Europa har en statistiskt signifikant negativ korrelation med den självskattade hälsan vid inskrivningstillfället samt vid förändringen i självskattad hälsa. Våra resultat ger en djupare förståelse för vilka faktorer som kan ligga till grund för skillnader i självskattad hälsa hos en sjukdomspopulation. Vidare ger studien underlag för utformning av policyrekommendationer som riktar sig mot en jämnare fördelning av hälsa i samhället genom implementering av tolk och individuellt anpassad informationIn this study, we analyzed the correlation between differences in self-reported health, socioeconomic status, social context and the three income hypotheses. The three income hypotheses refer to the absolute income hypothesis, the relative income hypothesis and the income inequality hypothesis. The sample of our study consists of about 7700 individuals age 18 and above from Stockholm county who have gone through surgery due to back pain in the years 2006-2016. With a quantitative approach, we analyzed the correlations between socioeconomic status, social context and health at two times in conjunction to a health care input. To our knowledge has previous research not to a greater extent analyzed the connection between socioeconomic status and the change in health in connection to a health care input, which is part of the contribution of this study. The results indicate that social context does not have a statistically significant correlation with the change in health after a health care input, although we find ambiguous results for the income inequality hypothesis and the relative income hypothesis when analyzing the initial health status. We find that absolute income has a statistically significant and positive correlation with both the initial self-rated health and the change in self rated health over time. An education at university has a statistically significant and positive correlation with the change in self-rated health between the two-time periods, however we do not find this result for the initial health status. Our results indicate that to be born outside of Europe correlates negatively and statistically significant with the change in selfreported health and the initial health status. Our results give a deeper understanding and knowledge to which factors that could explain differences in health for a population with a defined disease. Furthermore, based on our results we give policy recommendations targeted at a more even distribution of health in Sweden through implementing the use of translators and individually customized information.
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Celeste, Roger Keller. "Desigualdades socioeconômicas e saúde bucal." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7153.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoEsta tese tem como foco os efeitos da desigualdade de renda na saúde bucal e as tendências em desigualdades socioeconômicas em saúde bucal. Qualquer injustiça social, pelo caráter moral é digna de estudo, porém nem toda desigualdade de renda é socialmente injusta. Ela se torna injusta quando as pessoas com menos recursos são aquelas que permitem que as desigualdades econômicas afetem direitos humanos, como o direito a um nível de vida que assegure ao indivíduo e a sua família uma vida saudável. As desigualdades de renda foram estudadas em duas vertentes:a) efeitos contextuais da desigualdade de renda na saúde bucal ; b) tendências na diferença de saúde bucal entre pessoas com maior e menor renda. A primeira parte contém quatro artigos originais que estudaram a associação e os mecanismos contextuais p elos quais a desigualdade de renda afeta a saúde bucal. Para isso, foram utilizados dados do inquérito em saúde bucal SBBrasil de 2002. Os resultados mostraram que: a) a associação entre desigualdade de renda e saúde bucal é mais forte em relação à cárie dental do que outras doenças bucais (e.g. doenças periodontais e maloclusões); b)seus efeitos estão mais fortemente associados à doenças bucais de menor latência; c) os efeitos associados à cárie dental afetam pobres e ricos igualmente; e d) a ausência de políticas públicas parece ser a melhor explicação para os efeitos da excessiva desigualdade de renda no Brasil. Ainda em relação às políticas públicas, foi encontrados que os ricos beneficiam-se mais de políticas públicas municipais do que os pobres. A segunda parte desta tese contém dois artigos originais que descrevem as tendências em saúde bucal e o uso dos serviços odontológicos em grupos de maior e menor renda, no Brasil e na Suécia. Para essas análises, foram usados dados dos inquéritos em saúde bucal no Brasil dos anos de 1986 e 2002, e para Suécia foram obtidos dados do "Swedish Level of Living Survey" para 1968, 1974, 1981, 1991 e 2000. As tendências relacionadas à prevalência de edentulismo mostraram que houve uma redução das desigualdade em percentuais absolutos nos dois países, porém, no Brasil houve um aumento das diferenças quando o desfecho foi a prevalência de nenhum dente perdido. As reduções das disparidades em edentulimo estiveram associadas à presença de uma diferença inicial significativa ,já o aumento das desigualdade na prevalência de nenhum dente perdido esteve relacionado a uma pequena desigualdade no início da coleta de dados. Em relação às desigualdades de uso dos serviços, ressalta-se que o grupo mais pobre permanece utilizando menos os serviços odontológicos em ambos os países e as diferenças continuam significantes através dos tempos. Entretanto, tanto no Brasil como na Suécia, essas diferenças reduziram levemente nas coortes jovens em função do declínio no percentual de pessoas mais ricas que visitam o dentista. Nossos dados permitem concluir que as desigualdades, em saúde bucal, mesmo em países altamente igualitários, como a Suécia.
This thesis focuses on the effect of income distribution on oral health and trends on socioeconomic disparities in oral health. Any social injustice, because of moral issues, is worth studying, though not all inequality of is unfair. Income inequality is unfair when people with less economic resources are penalized with poor health because of their condition of poverty. Unjust societies are those that allow economic inequalities to affect human rights as the right to a standard of living that ensures the individuals and their family a healthy life. Income inequalities were studied in two aspects: a) the contextual effects of income inequality in oral health, and; b) trends in the difference in oral health among people with higher and lower income. The first part contains 4 original articles that studied the association and the contextual mechanism by which income inequality affects oral health. For this we used data of the oral health survey SSBrasil in 2002. The results showed that: a) the association between income inequality and oral health is stronger in relation to dental caries than other oral diseases (e.g. periodontal diseases and malocclusions); b) the effects of inequality of income are more strongly associated with oral diseases of a shorter latency: c) that the effects associated with dental caries affect equally the rich and the poor. The second part of this thesis contains two original articles that described the trends in oral health and in the use of dental services into groups of higher and lower income, in Brazil and Sweden. For this analysis data were obtained from the Brazilian oral health surveys for the year 2002, while for Sweden were used data from the "Swedish Level of Living Survey" for the years 1968, 1974, 1981, 1991 and 2000. Trends in the prevalence of edentulismo showed a reduction in absolute disparities in both countries, but in Brazil trends in the prevalence of "no missing tooth" increased. Reductions in disparities in edentulismo were associated with the presence of a significant initiak difference, while the increase in inequality for outcome "no missing tooth" was related to small inequalities in the begining of data collection. Trends in the use of dental services highlighted that the poorer have been using less the dental services in both countries and the difference remain saignificant over time. however, in Brazil and Sweden, these differences decrease slightly in the cohort of young people because there was a decline in the percentage of rich people who visit the dentist. Our data show that income inequalities in oral health and use of dental serviceshave historically favored the more affluent population even in highly egalitarian countires as Sweden.
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Alves, Ronaldo Fernandes Santos. "Desigualdade socioeconômica e obesidade abdominal: uma apreciação crítica e pragmática em epidemiologia." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8505.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
Esta dissertação buscou uma apreciação crítica e pragmática da relação entre desigualdade socioeconômica e obesidade abdominal, em resposta a proposição internacional de monitoramento das desigualdades em saúde e a escassez de estudos desta natureza relativos à obesidade abdominal. Dois artigos foram elaborados a fim de estimar o grau de desigualdade educacional na ocorrência de obesidade abdominal e revisar os estudos de associação entre posição socioeconômica e obesidade abdominal. O primeiro artigo utilizou o índice angular de desigualdade e o índice relativo de desigualdade em dados seccionais de 3.117 participantes da linha de base do Estudo Pró-Saúde, 1999-2001, e o segundo artigo abarcou os resultados de estudos conduzidos em população adulta no Brasil. Os índices de desigualdade resumiram a tendência monotônica e inversa observada entre escolaridade e obesidade abdominal na população feminina, proporcionando estimativas quantitativas desta desigualdade (artigo 1). Em concordância, observou-se que a associação entre indicadores de posição socioeconômica e obesidade abdominal foi majoritariamente inversa entre as mulheres, principalmente com relação à escolaridade, e estatisticamente não significativa entre os homens (artigo 2). Tal cenário epidemiológico evidencia que a obesidade abdominal tem afetado desproporcionalmente as mulheres de posição socioeconômica mais baixa e que a desigualdade de gênero na prevalência de obesidade abdominal tende a aumentar com menor posição socioeconômica. Em suma, a presente dissertação visou à produção de conhecimento epidemiológico relevante ao enfrentamento das desigualdades em saúde, com o objetivo premente de subsidiar políticas públicas de fato realizáveis e individualmente aceitáveis.
This dissertation sought to a critical and pragmatic assessment of the relationship between socioeconomic inequality and abdominal obesity in response to international proposition of health inequalities monitoring and to lack of studies of this nature relating to abdominal obesity. Two articles were prepared to -estimate the level of educational inequality in the occurrence of abdominal obesity, and review the association studies between socioeconomic position and abdominal obesity. The first article used the slope index of inequality and the relative index of inequality in the sectional data of 3.117 participants in the baseline of the Pró-Saúde Study, 1999-2001; and the second article encompassed the results of the studies conducted in the adult population in Brazil. The inequality indexes summarized strictly monotonic and inverse trend between educational achievement and abdominal obesity in the female population, providing quantitative estimates of this inequality (Article 1). Accordingly, we found that the association between socioeconomic position indicators and abdominal obesity was mostly reversed among women, especially regarding education, and statistically not significant among men (Article 2). This epidemiological scenario shows that abdominal obesity has disproportionately affected women of the lower socioeconomic position, and gender inequality in the prevalence of abdominal obesity tends to increase with lower socioeconomic position. In short, this dissertation aimed at the production of relevant epidemiological knowledge to addressing health inequalities, with the targeted of subsidize public policies feasible and individually acceptable.
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McKay, Caroline Mae. "The role of social structural and social contextual factors in shaping chronic disease and chronic disease risk behavior : a multilevel study of hypertension, general health status, and mental distress." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001434.
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Kroll, Mary Eileen. "Time trends in childhood cancer : Britain 1966-2005." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8be887be-36e7-4b77-a7af-5887f3a1df8c.
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Increasing time trends in the recorded incidence of childhood cancer have been reported in many different settings. The extent to which these trends reflect real changes in incidence, rather than improvements in methods for diagnosis and registration, is controversial. Using data from the National Registry of Childhood Tumours (NRCT), this thesis investigates time trends in cancer diagnosed under age 15 in residents of Britain during 1966-2005 (54650 cases), and considers potential sources of artefact in detail. Several different methods are used to estimate completeness of NRCT registration. The history of methods for diagnosis and registration of childhood cancers in Britain is described, and predictions are made for effects on recorded incidence. For each of the 12 main diagnostic groups, Poisson regression is used to fit continuous time trends and ‘step’ models to the annual age-sex-standardised rates by year of birth and year of diagnosis. Age-specific rates by period, and quinquennial standardised rates for diagnostic subgroups, are shown graphically. For three broad groups (leukaemia, CNS tumours and other cancer), geographical variation is compared by period of diagnosis. The results of these analyses are discussed in relation to the predicted artefacts. The evidence for a positive association between affluence and recorded incidence of childhood leukaemia is briefly reviewed. A special form of diagnostic artefact, the ‘fatal infection’ hypothesis, is proposed as an explanation of both this association and the leukaemia time trend. This hypothesis is examined in a novel test based on clinical data. The recorded incidence of childhood cancer in Britain increased in each of 12 diagnostic groups during 1966-2005 (from 0.5% per year for bone cancer to 2.5% for hepatic cancer, with 0.7% for leukaemia). Evidence presented here suggests that these increases are probably artefacts of diagnosis and registration. The potential implications for epidemiological studies of childhood cancer should be considered.
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"Beyond Divergence: Socioeconomic Status and Perceived Income Inequality in China." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2012-09-664.
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Past research has been divergent about perceived income inequality among diversely positioned members of the Chinese population. Several scholars have suggested that persistent earnings disparity results in societal unrest while others claim that most Chinese citizens view existing disparities as relatively reasonable. In this dissertation I argue that individuals with different socioeconomic status possess different perceptions of income inequality which reflect differences in legitimating income inequality and wealth rearrangement preferences.
Implementing the survey data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS), I developed a new measurement of perceived earnings disparity and a Structural Equation Model (SEM) to analyze perceived earnings disparity among the Chinese population. This analysis is integrated with psychological and cultural approaches in order to understand why it is that Chinese people seem relatively unresponsive to persistent income inequality.
Results show that: (1) People with high socioeconomic status believe that income inequality is the normal result of competition in the market economy and those with low socioeconomic status tolerate income inequality for government’s good economic performance; (2) socioeconomic status differentials in perceived income inequality diverge as higher earnings disparity becomes evident in contemporary China; and (3) the people within the lowest economic strata are sensitive to the intensified income inequality, and have stronger demands for redistributive policies while those in the highest strata express attitudes that suggest indifference to this issue.
The divergence in perceptions of income inequality and redistributive preferences between people from the elite and the bottom can be seen as a sign of social as well as economic polarization in Chinese society. The research partly supports the existing statement that the members in privileged group turn into oligarch while those in disadvantaged group are amenable to populist expressions. The policy implication is that the government should implement an institutional approach to solve the persistent income inequality.
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Pai, Shan-Chi, and 白姍綺. "Area Income Inequality, Individual Socioeconomic Status, and Self-rated Health." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29343721070720093455.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
衛生政策與管理研究所
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Area Income Inequality, Individual Socioeconomic Status, and Self-rated Health Shan-Chi Pai Abstract Objective：To examine the association of area income inequality and individual socioeconomic status with self-rated health among adults in Taiwan. Design：Cross sectional study. Individual level data on self-rated health and individual socioeconomic status came from “The Survey of Social Development Trends (Health and Safety), Taiwan Area, Republic of China, 2001”, and area level data on income inequality from “The Report on the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure in Taiwan Area of Republic of China, 2001”. Setting：21 countries and cities in Taiwan. Participants：Representative sample of 35,881 people aged 20 and over. Main outcome measures：Self-rated health status. Results：12.2% of adults reported poor health. Area income inequality was association with self-rated health status, but this association disappeared after the adjustment for individual socioeconomic status. Conclusion：Individual socioeconomic status of adults was more powerful than area income inequality in determining self-rated health status.
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"Income inequality and its socioeconomic impact: micro-level evidence from China." 2004. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5892056.
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Zhu Yi.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-56).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2 --- Income Inequality and Its Determinants in China --- p.6
Chapter 2.1 --- Data --- p.6
Chapter 2.2 --- Source and Distribution of Income --- p.7
Chapter 2.3 --- Decomposition of Income Inequality by Geography --- p.8
Chapter 2.4 --- The Determinants of Income Inequality --- p.10
Chapter 3 --- "Income, Income Inequality and Health in China" --- p.12
Chapter 3.1 --- Hypotheses and Previous Literature --- p.12
Chapter 3.2 --- Data and Measurement Issues --- p.18
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Health Indicators --- p.18
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Income Inequality and Relative Income Measures --- p.20
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Other Explanatory Variables --- p.21
Chapter 3.3 --- Estimation Results --- p.22
Chapter 3.3.1 --- "Income, Income Inequality and Individual Health" --- p.22
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Relative Income and Individual Health --- p.26
Chapter 4 --- Conclusion --- p.28
Tables --- p.31
References --- p.52
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Roemling, Cornelia. "A Socioeconomic Analysis of Obesity and Intra-Household Nutritional Inequality in Indonesia." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-EF3A-0.
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Benjamin, Tanisha, and 譚黛安. "Socioeconomic Inequality with a View to Under 5 Child Malnutrition in Belize." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7f573k.
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碩士國立陽明大學
國際衛生碩士學位學程
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Background: Developing countries, while still struggling and although making progress at decreasing child undernutrition is being confronted with an increasing prevalence of child overnutrition. National prevalence however may mask inequalities within groupings. This study assesses inequality in stunting and obesity in children <5 years in Belize overtime. Methods: This study uses nationally representative cross-sectional data from the Belize Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011 and 2015-2016. Child malnutrition inequality was first assessed by constructing Concentration Curves to visualize the patterns of the inequality. The magnitude of the inequalities was then quantified by calculating Concentration Indices. Lastly, Decomposition Analyses were performed to determine the pathways that give rise to these inequalities. Results: The overall prevalence of child stunting and overweight decreased from 2011 to 2015-2016 from 19.4%-15.1% and 7.9%-7.4%, respectively. Stunting was concentrated among the poor but the inequality in stunting had been reduced over the study period. Overweight was concentrated among the rich and inequality in overweight increased during the same study period. Wealth and ethnicity of the household head were the largest contributors to inequality in child stunting while wealth and education of the mother were the largest contributors to inequality in child overweight. Conclusion: Belize experienced a decrease in overall prevalence of child malnutrition along with a decrease in socioeconomic inequality in child undernutrition. Like other developing countries, child obesity is concentrated among the rich. Safety net poverty alleviation programmes might have been effective in decreasing both the prevalence and socioeconomic inequality in stunting. Continued national efforts to address poverty; providing equal or greater schooling incentives for females; having nutritional professionals to work with mothers and having medical professionals who are sensitive to cultural differences are important policy implications that can aid in closing the gap between the rich and the poor in Belize.
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Nunes, Miguel Estevinho. "Regional disparities on socioeconomic-based achievement gaps." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/121945.
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We use administrative data on education and the labour market to characterise the distribution of socioeconomic based achievement gaps in mainland Portugal. First, we evaluate the students’ probability of achieving a passing score, a good score or a very good score conditional on where they live and on their socioeconomic background, measured by a socioeconomic index. Second, we describe several spatial patterns in SE based achievement gaps. Third, we explore factors associated with the regional disparities in SE based achievement gaps. Municipalities with higher income inequality, more school segregation and better labour market indicators have, on average, higher SE based achievement gaps.
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Etches, Jacob. "Economic Inequality in Adult Mortality in Canada: Analyses of the Longitudinal Administrative Databank." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/19185.
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This dissertation contains two empirical papers on income and premature mortality, and one methodological paper that concerns the summary measurement of the extent of social inequalities in health.
Income dynamics and adult mortality: Canada and the USA
Chapter 4 examines the effects of income level and income drops on all-cause mortality in Canada and the United States. The Canadian data are from the Longitudinal Administrative Databank (LAD), and the US data are from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). The LAD consists of personal income tax records for 20% of Canadian filers from 1982 through 2005. The PSID is a survey sampled in 1968 and followed annually through 1997. Analyses of the PSID confirmed previously published findings that used alternative statistical methods. The effect of income level on hazard of death is twice as large in the United States. The effects of income drops differed in Canada and the United States.
Income dynamics and adult mortality in Canada: Chapter 5 re-analyses the LAD data to refine causal inference regarding the effects of income level and income drops on all-cause mortality. Exposure at ages 40-55 is analyzed for induction times ranging from 1-18 years. Income level was defined as the mean of the previous five year period, and income drops was measured both as annual change, and as the difference between projected and observed income. The effect of income level attenuated very little over induction time, and was not confounded by work disability. The effect of income drops also attenuated very little over induction time. Men in couple families showed a monotonic dose-reponse effect of income drops, and exclusion of families with potentially confounding characteristics did not affect the estimated risks. The hypothesized dependency of the effect of income drops on income level was not observed. No differences were observed between the two measures of income drops. Overall, there is strong evidence that the effect of income level on risk of death is primarily causal, while evidence for the effect of income drops is mixed.