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1
Swanson, Timothy, and Andreas Kontoleon. "Nuisance." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108671.
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Smith, Julie Rosemary. "Diabetes isn't an illness - it's a nuisance." Thesis, Open University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.534380.
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So, Tak-wing, and 蘇德榮. "Odour nuisance from restaurants and its control." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252734.
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So, Tak-wing. "Odour nuisance from restaurants and its control /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498563.
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Savin, Patricia. "Le droit répressif des pollutions et nuisance." Lyon 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO33020.
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De l'analyse du dispositif repressif de la legislation relative a la pollution de l'eau aux dechets et aux installations classees, il ressort que le droit penal des pollutions et nuisances est un droit accessoire du droit administratif, un droit original et un droit inefficace. La victime, isolee et faible, exerce peu les droits qui lui sont reconnue. Le delinquant ne reseent que rarement le caractere infractionnel de son acte. Peu d'infractions sont constatees. Le parquet classe le plus souvent sans suite. Quant au juge repressif, il apparait comme etant le bras seculier de l'administration. Le constat d'echec du droit penal des pollutions et nuisances en france, se trouve corrobore par l'etude de cette matiere a l'etanger et au sein des instances europeennes ainsi, tant l'allemagne, que les etats-unis ou le canada, connaissent les memes difficultes que la rance. Pour l'instant, la communaute europeenne n'envisage pas l'instauration d'un droit penal europeen. En revanche, le conseil de l'europe travaille a l'elaboration d'une convention sur le droit penal de l'environnement. Face au bilan dresse et au vu du droit compare, diverses propositions sont formulees et tendent d'une part, a ameliorer le dispositif repressif, et d'autre part, a accroitre le role des differents acteurs repressifsThe repressive law analysis of watter pollution, waste and industry, prove that the repressive law of pollution and nuisances depent on administrative law, and is an original and ineffective law. In fact, it's a particular criminality, with isolated victims. The police force notice not much infractions, and the public prosecutor's departement prosecute not much as well. The administration is omnipresence, even during the sentence. The repressive law analysis in deutchland, united-states and canada, prove that this countries have the same problemes as ours. The ruoepean community doesn't envisage to elaborate an european repressive law. On the other hand, the consil of europe develop an environnement repressive law convention. Considering the repressive law acknowledgement of failure, various propositions aim to improve the repressive law and to increase actor part
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Strasser, Helmut. "Perturbation invariant estimates and incidental nuisance parameters." Institut für Statistik und Mathematik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1996. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1138/1/document.pdf.
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It is shown (Proposition (3.9)) that the asymptotic information bound which is valid for the estimation of a parameter in the structure (mixture) model remains valid in the functional model (incidental nuisance parameters) if only perturbation symmetric estimators (Definition (3.6)) are admitted. Pertur- bation symmetry is a property which is closely related to permutation symmetry (Theorem (3.4)). In particular, equicontinuous functions of empirical processes are perturbation symmetric (Theorem (3.3)). Thus, the results of this paper continue a discussion initiated by Bickel and Klaassen (1986), Pfanzagl (1993) and Strasser (1996) on permutation symmetry of estimators and the exclusion of superefficiency in the functional model. (authors' abstract)Series: Forschungsberichte / Institut für Statistik
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Palmer, R. C. "Modern nuisance law from a historical perspective." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2015. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/26153/.
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This thesis discusses issues affecting contemporary nuisance law from an historical standpoint. It is recognised that there is a considerable volume of literature relating to the nineteenth century antecedents of the law today. Yet nuisance is a most ancient tort, dating back almost a thousand years, and likewise the environmental problems it addresses date back to antiquity. Thus there is scope for a deeper historical analysis of this area of the common law which looks beyond industrialisation and the revolutionary nuisances of that period to the developments in the law applicable to environmental nuisances of feudal and post-feudal agrarian times. That is the aim of this thesis. It examines the lessons scholars and practitioners can learn by revisiting the origins of the law, and by critically reflecting on key evolutionary milestones which have shaped the law up to the present day. Four specific areas of current debate regarding nuisance doctrine are the focus of attention. Standing is one, concerning who has the right to sue in private nuisance. What types of injury are remediable with private nuisance is another, with particular reference to the question of the actionability of personal injury. The relationship between private nuisance and negligence is another, with reference to the issue of ‘reasonableness’ within private nuisance. The remedy of an injunction is the fourth area. Throughout the discussion of each of these issues the discussion follows a common pattern, beginning with identification of a leading late twentieth or early twenty-first century case which is the subject of debate and exploring the law at issue from an historical perspective, including the ‘original position’ in medieval case law. Nuisance law is currently encountering difficulties which not only prevent it from having a stable doctrinal identity in relation to other torts (and in relation to ‘its own’ history), but which also cast doubt on its scope for it continuing to provide worthwhile environmental protection in a modern age characterised by the emergence and proliferation of environmental regulatory bodies. It is not argued that the solution to nuisance law’s problems lies in returning to an original position and re-applying it to changing political realities. Nonetheless, it is argued that there is a ‘simple form’ of the law to discover from within a millennia of case law, and it is in many – but not all – respects different from the law as it now stands (or is thought to stand). Many judges and scholars have misunderstood and even to some extent misused history and this has contributed to the difficulties the law is faced with today. This research advocates that when the tort is considered from a historical perspective – where we can find its simplest form - there is scope for its traditional ‘green credentials’ to again be realised.
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Miller, John Cunningham. "A lovely nuisance : ethics and eucalyptus in California /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Landriault, Lynn J. "Nuisance black bear, Ursus americanus, behaviour in central Ontario." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ31447.pdf.
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Beaman, A. L. "A new approach to the assessment of odour nuisance." Thesis, Open University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382967.
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Ciecieznski, Natalie J. "Defining a Community: Controlling Nuisance in Late-Medieval London." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003208.
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NOGUEIRA, FABIANA DA GLORIA PINHEIRO. "NUISANCE GUESTS: RESEARCH ABOUT HOMELESS AT AN EMERGENCY HOSPITAL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=13094@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROO hospital de emergência constitui-se para o morador de rua o principal meio de acesso ao sistema de saúde. Este estudo, propõe-se a conhecer os contornos que envolvem o atendimento nestas unidades de saúde. A problematização da questão foi delineada a partir da análise das relações desenvolvidas no âmbito institucional e da fragilização dos vínculos sociais. Retrata-se este encontro em trás momentos significativos: admissão, permanência e alta hospitalar. A fundamentação teórica deste trabalho buscou situar os moradores de rua em uma perspectiva histórica e não circunstancial, objetivando compreender a representação social que incorporam. As principais categorias de análise utilizadas para o estudo são a exclusão social e o estigma, por serem conceitos definidores e pertinentes à condição de morador de rua que se configura naquele outro que não queremos ver, sentir o cheiro ou tocar. A partir de entrevistas realizadas junto a moradores de rua hospitalizados e a profissionais da área da saúde, observamos que muitos são os conflitos que permeiam seu percurso em busca de atendimento.
The hospital emergency is for the residents of the street as the main means of access to the health system, therefore, this study proposes to know the contours involving this service. The problematization of this issue was outlined from the analysis of the relationship developed under institutional and weakening of social ties. This research describe this meeting in three significant moments: admission, hospital stay and medical release. The theoretical foundation of this study sought to locate the residents street in a historical perspective and not circumstantial, to understand the social representation incorporating. The main categories of analysis used for this study are social exclusion and stigma because they are defining concepts and relate to the condition of living on the streets. From interviews with residents of the street hospitalised and health care professionals, the conclusion is that many are the conflicts that permeate the journey made by residents of the street in search of care. The resident of the street set up in other that we do not want to see, smell or feel the touch.
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Harrou, Fouzi. "Détection d'anomalies en présence de paramètres de nuisance bornés." Troyes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TROY0002.
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Dans le cadre de la détection d’anomalies à base de modèles dans des systèmes complexes, les anomalies à détecter sont souvent associées à des paramètres de nuisances qui sont indésirables mais physiquement inévitables. En absence d'informations a priori fiables et précises sur la valeur de ces paramètres de nuisance, leur élimination devient nécessaire, ce qui peut considérablement diminuer les performances de la procédure de détection et même rendre indétectables certaines anomalies. Dans de nombreux cas, la nature physique des paramètres de nuisance est connue, ce qui permet de fixer des bornes sur les valeurs prises par ces paramètres. Dans cette thèse, on a étudié d'un point de vue statistique les problèmes de la détection d'anomalies dans un système linéaire en présence de paramètres de nuisance bornés. On a proposé une méthodologie statistique du rapport de vraisemblance généralisé avec contraintes permettant de prendre en compte des paramètres de nuisance bornés. Les propriétés statistiques de la méthode proposée ont été étudiées. On a montré que la prise en compte des informations de bornes dont on dispose sur les paramètres de nuisance permet d'améliorer la détection d'anomalies par rapport au test optimal UPPC invariant. Des applications au contrôle d’intégrité des systèmes de localisation GPS sont exposées dans le cas de la navigation ferroviaire. Enfin, les développements théoriques proposés dans cette thèse permettent la détection de mesures d'ozone anormales au moyen d'un réseau régionale de surveillanceAnomaly detection is addressed within a statistical framework. Often the statistical model is composed of two types of parameters: the informative parameters and the nuisance ones. The nuisance parameters are of no interest for detection but they are necessary to complete the model. In the case of unknown, non-random and non-bounded nuisance parameters, their elimination is unavoidable. Unfortunately, this can lead to a serious degradation of the detector capacity because some anomalies are masked by nuisance parameters. Nevertheless, in many cases, the physical nature of nuisance parameter is known, and this may allow set bounds to the values taken by this parameter. In this work, the problem of anomaly detection with bounded nuisance parameters has been addressed from the statistical point of view in the context of linear model. The con-strained generalized likelihood ratio test has been studied. It has been shown that the performances of anomaly detector can be drastically improved by taking into account the lower and upper bounds, naturally imposed on the nuisance parameters. Some applications to integrity control of GPS positioning systems are developed in fields of train navigation. Finally, the detection of abnormal ozone measurements by using a regional ozone surveillance network has been used to illustrate the theoretical findings and to show the relevance of the proposed method
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Hermansson, Helena. "Aid or Nuisance? Swedish Police Officers' Perceptions of Volunteer Activities." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-40485.
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Studies on volunteerism have traditionally focused on the perspective of volunteers in a health sector context. This study aims to contribute to the existing volunteerism literature by exploring paid staff’s perceptions of volunteers. As organizational context is thought to affect staff perceptions, it is deemed important to study a wide range of sectors. In this qualitative study, eight police officers were interviewed. Thematic analysis of interview data showed that perceptions of volunteers and their activities are not shaped in isolation from perceptions of occupational role, implementation process, and organizational culture. To improve police officers’ perceptions of volunteers requires a cultivation of a more change ready organizational culture.
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Fan, Qian. "NORMAL MIXTURE AND CONTAMINATED MODEL WITH NUISANCE PARAMETER AND APPLICATIONS." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/statistics_etds/9.
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This paper intend to find the proper hypothesis and test statistic for testing existence of bilaterally contamination when there exists nuisance parameter. The test statistic is based on method of moments estimators. Union-Intersection test is used for testing if the distribution of population can be implemented by a bilaterally contaminated normal model with unknown variance. This paper also developed a hierarchical normal mixture model (HNM) and applied it to birth weight data. EM algorithm is employed for parameter estimation and a singular Bayesian information criterion (sBIC) is applied to choose the number components. We also proposed a singular flexible information criterion which in addition involves a data-driven penalty.
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Strasser, Helmut. "Asymptotic Efficiency of Estimates for Models with Incidental Nuisance Parameters." Institut für Statistik und Mathematik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1995. http://epub.wu.ac.at/498/1/document.pdf.
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In this paper we show that the wellknown asymptotic efficiency bounds for full mixture models remain valid if individual sequences of nuisance parameters are considered. This is made precise both for some classes of random (i.i.d.) and nonrandom nuisance parameters. For the random case it is shown that superefficiency of the kind given by an example of Pfanzagl (1993) can happen only with low probability. The non-random case deals with permutation invariant estimators under onedimensional nuisance parameters. It is shown that the efficiency bounds remain valid for individual nonrandom arrays of nuisance parameters whose empirical process, if it is centered around its limit and standardized, satisfies a compactness condition. The compactness condition is satisfied in the random case with high probability. The results make use of basic LAN-theory. Regularity conditions are stated in terms of L^2 differentiability. (authors' abstract)Series: Forschungsberichte / Institut für Statistik
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Eger, Karl-Heinz, and Evgeni Borisovich Tsoy. "Robustness of Sequential Probability Ratio Tests in Case of Nuisance Parameters." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-201000949.
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This paper deals with the computation of OC- and ASN-function of sequential probability ratio tests in the multi-parameter case. In generalization of the method of conjugated parameter pairs Wald-like approximations are presented for the OC- and ASN-function. These characteristics can be used describing robustness properties of a sequential test in case of nuisance parameters.
As examples tests are considered for the mean and the variance of a normal distribution.
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Comly, Lisa M. "Survival, reproduction, and movements of translocated nuisance black bears in Virginia." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10312009-020349/.
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Lacresse, Hervé. "Détection de pannes en présence de paramètres de nuisance non-linéaires bornés." Troyes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TROY0001.
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Les schémas de détection applicables en présence de paramètres de nuisance visent souvent à l'élimination de ces paramètres au sein du processus de décision. Cependant, il est souvent possible de déterminer des limitations (bornes) pour l'évolution de ces paramètres, en se fondant sur des considérations physiques. Ne pas prendre en compte ces bornes peut constituer une perte d'informations pertinentes pour l'élaboration d'un schéma de détection. En s'appuyant sur la structure de tests statistiquement optimaux obtenus dans le cas de nuisances linéaires, une méthodologie de détection adaptée à des modèles comportant des paramètres de nuisance non linéaires et bornés est proposée. Elle s'appuie sur l'utilisation d'approximations linéaires dont l'originalité est de permettre l'évaluation de l'impact des approximations réalisées sur les performances des tests utilisés, par comparaison avec les performances optimales obtenues dans le cas linéaire. Cette comparaison est formulée en termes de modifications potentielles des probabilités de fausse alarme et de non détection des tests utilisés, du fait de la " non linéarité " du modèle. Des applications au contrôle d'intégrité des systèmes de localisation GPS/GNSS sont exposées dans le cas de la navigation aérienne et de la navigation ferroviaireFault detection schemes usually aim at eliminating nuisance parameters from the decision process upon wich they rely. However, it is often possible to determine some bounds to the variations ot these parameters, taking into account physical considerations. Neglecting these bounds is a potential loss of relevant information. A fault detection methodology for models with non-linear bounded nuisance parameters is suggested. This methodology is based upon the design of the optimal staistical tests obtained in the linear nuisance case. This detection scheme uses non conventional linear approximations, whose impact on the performances of the tests can be assessed through a comparison to the optimal results of the linear case. This comparison is expressed in terms of modifications in the false-alarm and non-detection probabilities of the tests, reflecting the "non linearity" of the model. Some applications to integrity control of GPS/GNSS positioning systems are developed in the fields of plane and train navigation
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Quarouch, Hassan. "Sociologie phénoménologique du silence : sociologie première." Montpellier 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON30087.
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I. La sociologie phénoménologique classique appréhende son objet sous les modalités de l’étendue. II. L’étendue ne permet pas de questionner les fondements de la sociologie. III. L’objet même de la sociologie est l’intersubjectivité. IV. La phénoménologie du Husserl de la cinquième méditation reformule la question de l’intersubjectivité et son statut. Sur cette base épistémologique Michel Henry interroge l’essence de la manifestation de l’intersubjectivité. L’intersubjectivité est « pathos-avec ». V. Le prima de la phénoménologie ne se réduit pas au solipsisme, ce qui est première c’est l’intersubjectivité. L’intersubjectivité est transcendantale. VI. Les lieux de la manifestation de l’être-social ne sont pas transcendants. Ce constat ruine les concepts d’intentionnalité, d’intuition, de perception qui sont une seule et même chose. Le concept d’intentionnalité questionne ce qui interroge l’être-étendu-là-devant. Ce qui est là-devant n’est pas l’être-social mais son étant. VII. L’objet de la sociologie n’est pas réceptivité, construction, fabrication, structure, il est éprouvé. VIII. Le silence a la capacité de révéler un concept cardinal de la sociologique si l’on considère le projet de sens des sciences humaines dans leur visée suprême : celle de nous donner accès à l’être-social, autrui et in fine soi-même en tant que siège de toutes déflagrations intersubjectives. IX. Le projet d’une sociologie phénoménologique qui se voudrait première réside dans l’élucidation de l’intersubjectivité en tant que « pulsion sociale ». Le silence est pathos-avec. X. Le silence dans son être transcendant est l’inconnaissable absolu. Il est une évidence apodictique. Dans sa connaissance, le silence est moins inconnaissable que ne l’est la « chose ». C’est au dehors, du côté de la chose, qu’est l’inconnaissable. L’être-social n’est pas de ce monde, il réfute radicalement toute forme d’idolâtrie. Le reste est silence infini…I. The object of classic phenomenological sociology is thougt under the modalities of expanse. II. The foundations of sociology cannot be questioned by the expanse. III. The very object of sociology is intersubjectivity. IV. In the Fifth Meditation, Edmund Husserl expresses the issue of intersubjectivity and its status through phenomenology. From its epistemological basis, Michel Henry questions the essence of intersubjectivity. Intersubjectivity is an auto-affection of others in oneself. V. Solipsysm do not prevail in phenomenology. Intersubjectivity prevails. Intersubjectivity is transcendental. VI. The palces of expression of the social-being are not transcendant. This observation shatters the concepts of intentionality, intuition and perception that in fact can be understood as the same concept. Intentionality questions particularly what is there-in-front-of-me. What is there-in-front-of-me is not the social-being but its very existence. VII. The object of sociology is different from receptivity, from building and making, from structure. The object of sociology must be questioned within the way it expresses itself. It is felt. VIII. Silence may reveal a prime concept of sociology if we considerer the supreme goal of the project of making sens of things of Human Sciences : allowing us to reach the social-being in others, and ultimately in ourselves as we are the centre of every intersubjective explosion. IX. The project of a leading phenomenological sociology lies in the elucidation of intersubjectivity as a “social impulse”. Silence is auto-affection of others in oneself. X. Because of its transcendant being, Silence is an unreachable absolute. Silence is an apodictiuc evidence. On the way to reach it, Silence is furthermore reachable than the “thing”. On the outside, on the “thing” side, lies the unreachable. The social-being does not belong to this world, radically refuting all kinds of idolatry. The rest is infinite Silence. .
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Bardiès, Laure. "Deux siècles de sociologie militaire en France (1815-1991) : sociologie d'une sociologie." Toulouse 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU10066.
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Gebs, Christopher. "Protection of capacitor banks : Nuisance tripping of overcurrent relays; causes and possible remedies." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22635.
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The origin of this master thesis is Statnett having problems with nuisance tripping of capacitor banks. Their own measurements are said to indicate that harmonics are confusing the overcurrent relays. Disconnecting a large capacitor bank from the transmission system can have large consequences for the stability of the system. Consequently any nuisance tripping such as Statnett has experienced should not be allowed to happen again. Measures must be taken to increase the security of the protection system. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the overloading of capacitor banks and operation of numerical relays in harmonic rich environments. Investigate why Statnett have experienced nuisance tripping of overcurrent relays, and introduce possible mitigation measures. The definition of nuisance tripping has been broadened to also include correct tripping because of unwanted resonance. Initially a literature study was conducted to acquire information on the prevailing limits that dictate threshold in relays. Limits have been found in IEC60871-1, and IEEE Std 1036-2010, and IEEE Std. C37.99-2000. In addition a number of books, standards and other publications have been used to understand how capacitors, relays and the general protection systems are influenced by harmonics and possible remedies when overloading becomes an issue. Together with the limits found in standards and regulations measurements from PQSCADA was used as an overview of what can be considered normal operation.A model was created in ATPDraw based on the datasheet and a relay plan of a 420kV capacitor bank. The system is constructed for this simulation and does not represent one particular real life system. Further on it was used to test the difference between an unfiltered, single-tuned, and a c-type filtered capacitor bank. Simulations with both injection of harmonic current from the inductive load and simulations with a voltage source at the grid side dimensioned according to the regulation limits were conducted. It was shown that a system with multiple capacitive and inductive components will have multiple resonance frequencies. As the short-circuit power varies these will fluctuate and might occur at a characteristic harmonic. The consequent amplification of the current will in many instances be large enough to overload the capacitor bank. A single-tuned filter solution will lower the resonance frequency but it is dependent on the short-circuit impedance and will thus vary. Using a c-type filter is more complex than a single-tuned but it results in a filter that is independent of the short-circuit impedance. The amplification of currents at the resonance frequency is also smaller with the c-type filter.Aliasing of high harmonics can possibly cause nuisance tripping of the over current protection if they are not filtered out. It is therefore important to know what harmonics will be present and specify a relay that can handle such harmonics. Although applying a filter is normally intended to avoid actual overloading it can also be applied to lower the loading and making it easier for the relay to separate the particular situations where faults have occurred.
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au, jchen1232005@yahoo com, and Juan Chen. "Sediment remediation as a technique for restoring eutrophic wetlands and controlling nuisance Chironomidae." Murdoch University, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20050817.102759.
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Eutrophication is a global problem affecting many inland and estuarine waters. Many wetlands on the Swan Coast Plain, in Western Australia, have undergone increasing nutrient enrichment since European settlement of the region in the 1850s. Problems such as algal blooms and nuisance swarms of non-biting midges (Diptera; Chironomidae) are the consequence of nutrient enrichment in many of these wetlands. The restoration of these degraded wetlands, especially with respect to reducing nutrient enrichment, requires a range of comprehensive and effective techniques including catchment management, diversion or treatment of surface inputs and treatment of enriched sediments. Nitrogen and phosphorus, especially phosphorus, are not the only factors controlling algal biomass in water bodies, but they are the only elements that can be removed efficiently and economically.
Internal P cycling from wetland sediments can initiate and sustain eutrophication and related algal blooms and nuisance midge problems even after external sources are diverted or reduced. The aim of this study was to identify an effective material to reduce sediment phosphorus release and thereby the phosphorus concentration of the water column. It was also important to determine the impact of the selected amendment material on phytoplankton and larval midge (chironomid) communities.
A range of experiments at increasing scales, from bench-top, to microcosm to outdoor mesocosm experiments were designed to test three hypotheses:
1) Materials which have a high P sorption capacity, over a wide range of P solution concentrations, and low P release rate, are potentially suitable agents to reduce P in wetlands with enriched sediments by inactivating sediment P;
2) A reduction in the abundance of cyanobacteria caused by increasing the N:P ratio of an aquatic ecosystem results in a reduction in the density of nuisance species of Chironomidae.
3) Successful amendment of enriched sediments reduces P in the water column thereby reducing the total phytoplankton biomass and the related density of nuisance species of Chironomidae.
The adsorption and desorption experiments were carried out under a range of pH values and P concentrations, with a number of materials including fly ash, red mud, precipitated calcium carbonate, crushed limestone and lime to determine the maximum adsorption capacity and affinity of these materials. A rang of P concentrations (0-1000 µg/L) simulated the P concentration of the water column in a range of wetlands of differing trophic status. Poor fits to the Langmuir equation occurred with both red mud and fly ash due to their high P content. A good fit occurred with lime, with a high P removal rate (90%-96%) over the same range. Fly ash and red mud were eliminated from further investigation due to the possibility that they might release phosphorus rather than absorb when P concentrations in surrounding environment were less than 300 µg/L or 200 µg/L respectively (concentrations which can occur in eutrophic systems).
Among the three lime-based, redox-insensitive materials tested in the second mesocosm experiments, precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) possessed the highest maximum adsorption capacity and lowest desorption rate under a range of pH values (6.2, 7.2 and 10) and P concentrations (0-12 000 µg/L), followed by crushed limestone and lime. The different maximum absorption capacities of the three materials appears to be mainly attributed to their particle size (surface area).
Lime was chosen as the amendment material for further investigation because it was the only one of the three available in sufficient quantities within the timeframe of this study.
Microcosm experiments showed that lime was effective in reducing sediment P release from intact sediment cores, and the ratio of TN:TP in the treatment cores increased over time compared to the control cores (in which TN: TP decreased slightly).
In the first mesocosm experiment a significantly higher density of larval midges was found in the treatments than in the controls. The treatments were aimed to increase N:P ratio in the systems to reduce cyanobacteria and, subsequently, larval midge densities. However even though cyanobacteria were eliminated from the treatments, the nitrogen addition appeared to result in higher phytoplankton biomass overall, which fuelled an increase in larval midge densities.
In the second mesocosm experiment, the addition of lime to enriched sediments resulted in a reduction in P in the water column. This reduction was accompanied by a reduction in total phytoplankton biomass, the absence of cyanobacteria, and a less abundant and more species - diverse chironomid fauna in the treatment mesocosms.
Sediment P fractionation undertaken for both the microcosm and mesocosm experiments showed that most of the phosphorus adsorbed by lime was in the labile fraction (NH3Cl extractable P and NaOH extractable P). Phosphorus in the HCl extractable fraction was also found to be higher in the treatments due to the presence of inert mineral P in the lime than the formation of new hydroxyapatite from adsorbed P.
The two mesocosm experiments suggested that larval midges were non-selective feeders, responding to total phytoplankton biomass, rather than the presence of cyanobacteria. Dissolved oxygen and predation also influenced larval midge densities.
In summary, although lime appeared to be a useful material for reducing P release from enriched sediments under controlled laboratory conditions, the effect under field conditions was not as definitive. Further work is required to more fully determine the conditions under which sediment remediation may be used as a means of controlling sediment P release and associated high densities of larval chironomids.
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Chen, Juan. "Sediment remediation as a technique for restoring eutrophic wetlands and controlling nuisance Chironomidae." Chen, Juan (2003) Sediment remediation as a technique for restoring eutrophic wetlands and controlling nuisance Chironomidae. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2003. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/651/.
Full textAbstract:
Eutrophication is a global problem affecting many inland and estuarine waters. Many wetlands on the Swan Coast Plain, in Western Australia, have undergone increasing nutrient enrichment since European settlement of the region in the 1850's. Problems such as algal blooms and nuisance swarms of non-biting midges (Diptera; Chironomidae) are the consequence of nutrient enrichment in many of these wetlands. The restoration of these degraded wetlands, especially with respect to reducing nutrient enrichment, requires a range of comprehensive and effective techniques including catchment management, diversion or treatment of surface inputs and treatment of enriched sediments. Nitrogen and phosphorus, especially phosphorus, are not the only factors controlling algal biomass in water bodies, but they are the only elements that can be removed efficiently and economically.
Internal P cycling from wetland sediments can initiate and sustain eutrophication and related algal blooms and nuisance midge problems even after external sources are diverted or reduced. The aim of this study was to identify an effective material to reduce sediment phosphorus release and thereby the phosphorus concentration of the water column. It was also important to determine the impact of the selected amendment material on phytoplankton and larval midge (chironomid) communities.
A range of experiments at increasing scales, from bench-top, to microcosm to outdoor mesocosm experiments were designed to test three hypotheses:
1) Materials which have a high P sorption capacity, over a wide range of P solution concentrations, and low P release rate, are potentially suitable agents to reduce P in wetlands with enriched sediments by inactivating sediment P;
2) A reduction in the abundance of cyanobacteria caused by increasing the N:P ratio of an aquatic ecosystem results in a reduction in the density of nuisance species of Chironomidae.
3) Successful amendment of enriched sediments reduces P in the water column thereby reducing the total phytoplankton biomass and the related density of nuisance species of Chironomidae.
The adsorption and desorption experiments were carried out under a range of pH values and P concentrations, with a number of materials including fly ash, red mud, precipitated calcium carbonate, crushed limestone and lime to determine the maximum adsorption capacity and affinity of these materials. A rang of P concentrations (0-1000 mcg/L) simulated the P concentration of the water column in a range of wetlands of differing trophic status. Poor fits to the Langmuir equation occurred with both red mud and fly ash due to their high P content. A good fit occurred with lime, with a high P removal rate (90%-96%) over the same range. Fly ash and red mud were eliminated from further investigation due to the possibility that they might release phosphorus rather than absorb when P concentrations in surrounding environment were less than 300 mcg/L or 200 mcg/L respectively (concentrations which can occur in eutrophic systems).
Among the three lime-based, redox-insensitive materials tested in the second mesocosm experiments, precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) possessed the highest maximum adsorption capacity and lowest desorption rate under a range of pH values (6.2, 7.2 and 10) and P concentrations (0-12 000 mcg/L), followed by crushed limestone and lime. The different maximum absorption capacities of the three materials appears to be mainly attributed to their particle size (surface area).
Lime was chosen as the amendment material for further investigation because it was the only one of the three available in sufficient quantities within the timeframe of this study.
Microcosm experiments showed that lime was effective in reducing sediment P release from intact sediment cores, and the ratio of TN:TP in the treatment cores increased over time compared to the control cores (in which TN: TP decreased slightly).
In the first mesocosm experiment a significantly higher density of larval midges was found in the treatments than in the controls. The treatments were aimed to increase N:P ratio in the systems to reduce cyanobacteria and, subsequently, larval midge densities. However even though cyanobacteria were eliminated from the treatments, the nitrogen addition appeared to result in higher phytoplankton biomass overall, which fuelled an increase in larval midge densities.
In the second mesocosm experiment, the addition of lime to enriched sediments resulted in a reduction in P in the water column. This reduction was accompanied by a reduction in total phytoplankton biomass, the absence of cyanobacteria, and a less abundant and more species - diverse chironomid fauna in the treatment mesocosms.
Sediment P fractionation undertaken for both the microcosm and mesocosm experiments showed that most of the phosphorus adsorbed by lime was in the labile fraction (NH3Cl extractable P and NaOH extractable P). Phosphorus in the HCl extractable fraction was also found to be higher in the treatments due to the presence of inert mineral P in the lime than the formation of new hydroxyapatite from adsorbed P.
The two mesocosm experiments suggested that larval midges were non-selective feeders, responding to total phytoplankton biomass, rather than the presence of cyanobacteria. Dissolved oxygen and predation also influenced larval midge densities.
In summary, although lime appeared to be a useful material for reducing P release from enriched sediments under controlled laboratory conditions, the effect under field conditions was not as definitive. Further work is required to more fully determine the conditions under which sediment remediation may be used as a means of controlling sediment P release and associated high densities of larval chironomids.
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Chen, Juan. "Sediment remediation as a technique for restoring eutrophic wetlands and controlling nuisance Chironomidae /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20050817.102759.
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Samuels, Alton Ulrich. "The history, development and future of public nuisance in light of the Constitution." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5191.
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Thesis (LLM (Public Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT:The objective of this thesis is to establish whether the notion of public nuisance has a legitimate purpose in post-apartheid South African. Public nuisance originated in English law in the 12th century as a tort-based crime called tort against land and was used to protect the Crown against infringements. This special remedy of the Crown was used in cases of unlawful obstruction of public highways and rivers, damage or injury causing an inconvenience to a class or all of her majesty‟s subjects and a selection of other crimes. The notion of public nuisance was adopted in South African law during the late 19th century. Between its inception and 1943, the notion of public nuisance was applied in line with its original aims, namely to protect and preserve the health, safety and morals of the public at large. Public nuisance regulated unreasonable interferences such as smoke, noise, violence, litter and blockage of roads which originated in a public space or land, as opposed to a private space or land. However, the public nuisance remedy was indirectly used, in a number of cases during the 1990s, by private individuals to apply for an interdict to evict occupiers of informal settlements. In so doing, these private individuals bypassed legislation regulating evictions and in the process disrupted or frustrated new housing developments, especially those provided for in land reform programmes. In fact, it was established that this indirect application of public nuisance is unconstitutional in terms of section 25(1) of the Constitution. Most of the public disturbances originally associated with the public nuisance doctrine are currently provided for in legislation. Since the remedy is now mainly provided for in legislation, the question is whether the doctrine of public nuisance as a Common Law remedy is still relevant in modern South African law. It was concluded, especially after an analysis of two cases during 2009 and 2010, that the notion of public nuisance only has a future in South African law if it is applied iv in the absence of statutory nuisance or any other legislation covering public nuisance offences and where it is not used as an alternative mechanism to evict occupiers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die tesis is om vas te stel of publieke oorlas as gemeenregtelike remedie „n geldige doel in post-apartheid Suid-Afrika het. Die remedie bekend as publieke oorlas het ontstaan in 12de eeuse Engelse reg. Hierdie remedie het ontwikkel as „n delikteregtelike en kriminele remedie, met die doel om land wat aan die Kroon behoort te beskerm. Publieke oorlas het, onder andere, toepassing gevind waar daar onwettige obstruksie van publieke hoofweë en riviere was sowel as skade of nadeel wat vir die breë publiek ongerief sou veroorsaak. Ander misdade was ook gekenmerk as „n publieke oorlas. Publieke oorlas is teen die laat 19de eeu in die Suid-Afrikaanse regoorgeneem . Tussen die oorname van die remedie in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg en 1943 is die remedie van publieke oorlas toegepas in lyn met sy oorspronlike doelwitte, naamlik om optrede wat die gesondheid, veiligheid en moraliteit van die breë publiek in gedrang kon bring, te verhoed. Volgens sy oorspronklike doel reguleer publieke oorlas onredelike inmenging soos rook, geraas, geweld en obstruksie van paaie wat op publieke grond of „n publieke spasie ontstaan het. Die remedie van publieke oorlas is, in ‟n reeks sake gedurende die 1990‟s, deur privaat individue indirek gebruik om okkupeerders van informele nedersettings uit te sit. Sodoende het privaat individue die wetgewing wat spesiaal ontwerp is om uitsettings te reguleer vermy en in die proses nuwe behuisingsontwikkelinge ontwrig en gefrustreer, veral in gevalle waarvoor in grondhervormingsprogramme voorsiening gemaak word. Hierdie indirekte toepasing van publieke oorlas is ongrondwetlik omdat dit nie met artikel 25(1) van die Grondwet versoenbaar is nie. Die meerderheid van steurnisse wat gewoonlik met publieke oorlas geassosieer word, word tans deur wetgewing gereguleer. Aangesien die remedie nou hoofsaaklik in wetgewing vervat is, ontstaan die vraag of die leerstuk van publieke oorlas as „n gemeenregtelike remedie nog van enige nut is in die moderne Suid-Afrikaanse reg. vi Die slotsom, veral na die analise van twee sake in 2009 en 2010, was dat die publieke oorlas remedie slegs „n toekoms in Suid-Afrikaanse reg het, indien dit toegepas word in die afwesigheid van statutêre oorlas of enige ander wetgewing wat publieke oorlas oortredinge dek en waar dit nie as „n alternatiewe meganisme gebruik word om okkupeerders uit te sit nie.
National Research Fund
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Lafontaine, Vincent. "Soutien et nuisance dans la poursuite des projets de retraite et satisfaction conjugale." Thèse, Trois-Rivières : Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2002. http://www.uqtr.ca/biblio/notice/resume/03-2244933R.html.
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King, F. "A Foucauldian exploration of the statutory authority defence to an action in nuisance." Thesis, University of Salford, 2014. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/46105/.
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The thesis explores the use and limitations of the legal doctrine of statutory authority, as a defence to an action in nuisance. This historic defence has been reawakened, under section 158 of the Planning Act 2008, and its application has now been expanded to a wider variety of large-scale developments. This modern position, of a doctrine which was initially proposed to solve conflicts in land usage generated by the Industrial Revolution, has led to an opportunity to analyse its ongoing use and any problems or limitations inherent in such use. This research seeks to explore the use the doctrine by utilising methodology propounded by Michel Foucault; principally problematization, genealogy, archaeology of discourse and power analytics. The thesis will therefore determine what problems are created, or heightened, by the use of the defence (problematization), how the doctrine came into being, and what factors were necessary to make it so (genealogy), what statements and disputes enabled or restricted the existence or use of the defence (archaeology of discourse analysis) and what power relations were, or are, important considerations in such matters (power analytics). The research will draw upon case law, legislation and academic commentary pertaining to the use and application of the defence. Other material, such as letters and briefings from campaign groups, protest websites and media commentary, will also be advanced to represent the public perception of the use, and potential abuse, of such a doctrine. This research therefore, does not seek to merely review the historical conditions for the inception of the defence, and its doctrinal application, but shall instead contextualise this within the current legal and political landscape. Such an inquiry will deliver findings that are relevant to contemporary debates on infrastructure planning, environmental protection, public participation and the current political attitude towards private property rights.
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Sarkar, Ujjaini. "Odour nuisance from solid wastes : development of a model describing emission, dispersion and reception." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/1204.
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Odours emitted from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfills create nuisance in the
surrounding environment. The odour comes from the mixture of volatile organic
compounds present in the landfill gas, leachate and leachate treatment systems, sewage
sludges and waste materials. The research objective is to develop an Odour Impact
Model (OIM) to quantify the impact of odour from a landfill on the surrounding
communities. The model provides a basis for site planning and odour regulations.
A suitable OIM has been developed with special emphasis on quantifying emissions
from the source. A micrometeorological model has been developed based on the
estimation of footprints of scalar odour concentration measurements in the atmospheric
surface layer. A simple experiment has been designed based on this model. The results
of this model have been compared with those from the direct emission measurement
approach using a portable Lindvall Hood. Major advantages of the indirect
micrometeorological approach are the simplicity of the experiment design, and its
ability to cover various spatial resolutions.
The commercial software MPTER/COMPLEX-I and UK-ADMS have been used to
predict the dispersion of odour around two solid waste sites. UK-ADMS uses a better
representation of short-range dispersion (considering plume meandering and in-plume
fluctuations) and is thus likely to be more accurate close to the source. The two models
compare well at distances greater than 500 metres downwind from the source. The
perception recorded in the surrounding community has been analysed with four
psychophysical models to validate the impacts predicted by the suitable dispersion
model. The model based on Weber-Fechner law describes the relationship between
odour intensity and odour concentration (ou/m3) very well for the less intense odour
samples, while Laffort’s equation expresses a better relationship with more intense
odour samples.
The main strength of the integrated OIM is its ability to handle the problem of odour
nuisance from solid wastes quantitatively. Amongst the major weakness was poor
validation due to lack of sufficient data. Successful use of the OIM will require
measurements which account for the extreme variations in surface conditions, cover
type, waste composition, wasteage and subsidence.
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Gebhard, Julia [Verfasser]. "Necessity or Nuisance? : Recourse to Human Rights in Substantive International Criminal Law / Julia Gebhard." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1160311854/34.
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Siegel, Julianne (Julianne Susan). "How does the public process impact the selection of a nuisance wildlife management plan?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44336.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-56).
Since the 1950s the human relationship with wildlife in the United States shifted dramatically; from primarily consumptive to primarily recreational. Over the same time period a trend of humans moving into suburban communities further from the urban core developed. These people inadvertently enhanced their new suburban environment to be more appealing to certain generalist species known as nuisance wildlife. Policy decisions for nuisance wildlife species are made at a national or state level; however, municipalities manage most nuisance wildlife-human conflicts. An individual town or city is responsible for controlling populations of nuisance species both financially and tactically. Given that a municipality must select a wildlife management tactic when conflict occurs, do different decision-making processes yield different outcomes? This study identifies the link between public process and management outcomes; a connection that informs municipalities of the decision-making methods that lead to the most effective wildlife management.Through an examination of resident Canada goose management in four small Massachusetts cities and towns this study demonstrates the processes used to select nuisance wildlife management plans and the success or failure of those plans. Through the trials of the municipalities examined, it is clear that management plans selected in the most straightforward and transparent manner, and those that engage the public experienced the greatest success. I contend that open decision-making significantly reduced the risk of public conflict or controversy, and ensured the longevity of the selected management plan.
by Julianne Siegel.
M.C.P.
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Bameul, Franck. "Etude préliminaire de Culicoi͏̈des (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) récoltés à Pauillac (Gironde) : un exemple de nuisance." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2M102.
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Fouladirad, Mitra. "Détection de défaillance dans un système stochastique linéaire en présence de paramètres de nuisance." Troyes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TROY0005.
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Dans le chapitre 1, on rappelle quelques éléments de la théorie des tests d’hypothèses et d’autres outils statistiques nécessaires pour aborder les problèmes de détection de défaillance. Dans le chapitre 2, on considère tout d’abord un modèle linéaire en présence de paramètres de nuisance. En utilisant le principe d’invariance et en s’inspirant du test UPPC de Wald, on élimine les paramètres de nuisance et on propose un test de détection de défaillance optimal au sens UPPC. On y expose, d’une part, le caractère d’optimalité de ce test et, d’autre part, on étudie l’impact des différentes méthodes d’élimination de nuisance sur les propriétés statistiques du test proposé. On utilise les résultats obtenus pour construire un test optimal dans le cadre des systèmes avec un modèle dynamique de nuisances. La prise en compte d’une équation d’état adéquate améliore les qualités statistiques du test élaboré. Le chapitre 3 est consacré à la détection de rupture additive dans le cadre des systèmes dynamiques en présence de paramètres de nuisance. On étudie les propriétés de la matrice de projection qui permet l’élimination des nuisances. Après une brève présentation des travaux existants dans le cadre des changements dynamiques, on propose un algorithme approprié. On y expose ensuite les propriétés statistiques de ce dernier qui dépendent essentiellement de la matrice projection et la taille de la fenêtre de travail. Le chapitre 4 est consacré au problème de contrôle d’intégrité du GPS pour valider les résultats du chapitre 2 par des simulations numériquesIn chapter 1, we recall some basic results of the theory of statistical hypotheses testing and we present some statistical tools that will be used in the following chapters. In chapter 2, the problem of fault detection in linear stochastical systems is solved by using the theory invariant tests and UBCP tests of Wald. We propose a UBCP test for fault detection in linear models with nuisance parameters. We analyse the impact of the different nuisance elimination methods on the statistical properties of the UBCP test. These results are applied to a dynamical system where the nuisance parameters are presented by a state equation. We conclude that the use of the state equation improves the statistical properties of the UBCP test. Chapter 3 is devoted to the on line change detection in a linear model with nuisance parameters. We analyse the properties of the nuisance rejection matrix and we propose a change detection algorithm of type GLR. The statistical properties of this algorithm are exposed. These properties depend essentially on the size of the sliding window. In chapter 4 some examples of the GPS integrity monitoring illustrate the theoretical results of chapter 2 by using numerical simulation
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Sarr, Joachim Honoré. "Analyse de la nuisance des élevages à forte charge d'odeur dans la MRC de L'Érable cas des élevages porcins." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2007. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2535.
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Avec des recettes de plus d'un milliard de dollars pour l'exercice 2004, l'industrie porcine est le deuxième pilier de la filière bioalimentaire au Québec. Cependant, le développement des entreprises porcines se traduit souvent par des conflits opposant les producteurs agricoles et les riverains à cause de la dispersion des fortes odeurs autour des élevages porcins. En effet, l'élevage porcin pratiqué au Québec est de type intensif, avec des bâtiments pouvant abriter jusqu'à 2995 têtes de porcs. Les déchets solides et/ou liquides générés par ces animaux contiennent des polluants dont les plus nocifs pour la santé humaine sont le sulfure d'hydrogène H[indice inférieur 2]S et l'ammoniac NH[indice inférieur 3], Sous l'effet des paramètres météorologiques et topographiques, ces polluants peuvent se propager et causer des nuisances sur un rayon d'action jusqu'à environ 1 km autour d'un élevage. Cette situation avait amené le gouvernement provincial à adopter un moratoire de deux ans et demi sur les mégaporcheries pour contenir le mécontentement des populations qui n'hésitent plus à organiser des marches de protestation contre des projets d'agrandissement et/ou de construction de nouvelles porcheries. Notre zone d'étude est la MRC de L'Érable. Elle est située dans la région centre du Québec.Avec soixante-huit fermes porcines, le secteur du porc est un de ceux qui ont affiché la plus forte progression depuis deux décennies dans l'économie de la MRC. Notre étude a pour objectif final de trouver les emplacements potentiels dans la MRC de L'Érable pour implanter des élevages porcins qui ne nuisent pas aux populations riveraines. En premier lieu, nous avons établi une zone tampon de 1 km autour de chaque élevage pour vérifier la vulnérabilité des bâtiments et des routes. Cette opération a montré que bon nombre de bâtiments et de portions de routes sont potentiellement soumis à la pollution issue des élevages voisins. Pour confirmer cette assertion, nous avons ensuite utilisé le modèle de dispersion AERMOD. Les concentrations maximales trouvées lors de la simulation du modèle sont confrontées aux normes de qualité de l'air du MDDEP pour trouver les distances sécuritaires autour des routes et des résidences. Ces distances sont utilisées conjointement avec les normes de protection de l'hydrographie, des zones humides, des prises d'eau potable dans un modèle spatial pour identifier les meilleurs emplacements. Comme résultats, les concentrations maximales issues du modèle de dispersion sont pour un élevage individuel de 283,2 [micro]g/m[indice supérieur 3] en NH[indice inférieur 3], et 32,4 [micro]g/m[indice supérieur 3] en H[indice inférieur 2]S. Ces valeurs maximales dépassent respectivement le descripteur de toxicité chronique qui est de 100 [micro]g/m[indice supérieur 3] en NH[indice inférieur 3], ainsi que la norme horaire de 14 [micro]g/m[indice supérieur 3] de H[indice inférieur 2]S définie par le MDDEP. Pour mettre les résidences et les routes à l'abri des nuisances des élevages, il faudra les placer au-delà de 800 m de l'élevage porcin. Les emplacements potentiels résultant du modèle spatial montrent que les problèmes de nuisance d'odeurs que vivent actuellement les populations de la MRC de L'Érable viennent du fait que les élevages actuels ne respectent pas les distances séparatrices du MDDEP et ne sont pas localisés dans les lieux adéquats. L'aspect innovateur de notre étude réside dans l'utilisation de six outils d'analyse spatiale supporté par un modèle de dispersion des odeurs et les résultats satisfaisants obtenus à l'échelle locale. De la sorte, nous pensons que notre étude va contribuer à réduire les tensions sociales reliées à la problématique de la nuisance d'odeur par les élevages porcins. En outre, notre méthodologie pourra être utilisée ailleurs en l'adaptant au milieu d'étude vu que les problèmes de pollution de l'air dépassent les frontières des pays.
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Nassar, Carl R. "A novel receiver structure for data detection in the presence of rapidly changing nuisance parameters /." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=42107.
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This thesis introduces a novel receiver structure for the detection of data in the presence of rapidly changing nuisance parameters. Underlying equations characterizing the novel receiver are presented first. This is followed by a presentation and explanation of the receiver implementation; the implementation uses a parallel structure to facilitate a real time processing.A theoretical analysis of this receiver is provided. Here, we introduce an existence condition; this condition suggests the broad applicability of our receiver. Next, we present two algorithms, one based on rate distortion theory, and the other on the Generalized Lloyd Algorithm (GLA). These two algorithms facilitate the creation of the novel receiver's variables for many practical applications.
We apply our receiver to four communication environments of practical interest. These environments can be described briefly as follows: (1) an MPSK signal is sent across a channel introducing noise and a phase offset; here, the phase offset is constant over only N symbols, where N is small but greater than two (e.g., N = 3); (2) as in (1), an MPSK signal is sent across a channel introducing noise and a phase offset; this time, the phase offset is constant over only N = 2 symbols; (3) a coded MPSK signal is sent across a channel adding noise and rapidly changing phase; and, finally, (4) independent data symbols are sent across a channel introducing timing offset and noise; here, the timing offset changes in every received burst of data. We show that, in these environments, our receiver is able to offer gains when compared to the receivers in the current literature; our receiver gains in terms of performance, complexity, or both.
There exists a great potential for future research. The novel receiver introduced in this thesis can be applied to many other communication environments of practical interest.
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Vilalta, Baliellas Elisabet. "Structure and Function in Fluvials Biofilms. Implications in River DOC Dynamics and Nuisance Metabolite Production." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1430.
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The role of natural biofilms affecting the water quality in rivers has been the main theme in this study. Firstly, the study developed the capacity of biofilms in retention and/or production of DOC. Secondly, the study also approached the production of the geosmin metabolite by benthic cyanobacterial mats. In the two developed aspects, the structure and function of the biofilms showed their relevance in evaluating the capacity of biofilms on the amelioration of the water quality. The importance of the biofilms on ecological research in running waters has been focus in their capacity of adsorption and transformation of nutrient, and therefore, in the self-purification capacity of streams and rivers. Biofilms are also major sites of carbon cycling in streams and rivers, affecting the water DOC dynamics. Eutrophication of streams and rivers have been also linked with an increase of algal biomass. As a consequence, the massive growth of cyanobacterial mats can cause the production of toxic and nuisance metabolites, like geosmin, a secondary metabolite which causes earthy and musty taste and odor in the water.The first conclusion of this study was that biofilms may play an important role in the retention of water DOC. We elucidated whether biofilms act as sinks or sources of fluvial DOC, depending on their structure and biomass accumulation. Metabolism (extracellular enzymatic activity) and structure (algae, bacteria, C/N content) of light-growth and dark-growth systems were analyzed over a year. Biofilms from the light-growth regime presented monthly variation in DOC uptake/release rates, but the annual average presented higher DOC uptake than dark-growth biofilms. However, the latter had a constant DOC consumption along the year, permitting a maintenance of low water DOC levels. The biofilm structure and the relative contribution of autotrophs and heterotrophs had a relevant implication in the carbon recycling, since metabolic activities were affected by variations in this structure.
Geosmin production was related with the massive growth of benthic cyanobacteria (formed mainly by Oscillatoria limosa) in littoral zones, where water velocity was low, warmer temperatures and high nutrient concentration and low N/P ratio. The masses were further detached and drift downstream, being the responsible for the dispersion of geosmin along the river. The high biomass accumulation per surface unit, may cause a nutrient depletion inside the mat, e.g. nitrogen limitation. Structural and functional differences were found in the different fractions of the cyanobacterial mat (attached vs. free-floating). Free-floating mats presented higher biomass and exoenzymatic activities. Otherwise, the low phosphatase/aminopeptidase ratio found in both compartments indicated a nitrogen limitation inside the mats. Microstructural analyses with oxygen and redox microsensors have been useful to understand the function of the different cyanobacterial patches inside the mat. During the dark, Oscillatoria micro-patches aggregated and accumulated in thick masses where some anoxia conditions were found, giving a very low redox potential. This low diffusion could be associated with resource depletion, limiting the nutrient availability and defining the appropriate conditions for the geosmin production.
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Nassar, Carl R. "A novel receiver structure for data detection in the presence of rapidly changing nuisance parameters." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ30349.pdf.
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Cleworth, Mark Andrew. "The efficacy of two novel insecticides to control nuisance Diptera breeding in sewage biological filters." Thesis, University of Salford, 2006. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/43036/.
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This thesis investigates the potential of two novel insecticides for the control of nuisance Diptera emanating from sewage biological filters. The efficacy of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen and a biological nematode Steinernema feltiae for the control of sewage flies were assessed. Both insecticides targeted primarily Sylvicola fenestralis, but also the chironomids Metriocnemus hygropetricus and Limnophyes minimus. Initial laboratory studies determined that concentrations of pyriproxyfen greater than 0.2 mg l-1 inhibited insect egg development or hatching and survival to the first larval instar. Four trials, assessing the efficacy of pyriproxyfen as the formulation Sumilarvoo were undertaken. Significant (P < 0.05) reductions in the emergence of S. fenestralis adults were achieved for doses of 0.5mg L-1, 0.22mg L-1 and 0.2mg L-1 but not for 0.4mg L-1. Reductions ranged from 38% to 100%. There is evidence to suggest that pyriproxyfen may affect adult control over two generations but it may have a limited window of use when targeting adult control. The Chironomid L. minimus was also effectively controlled (P < 0.05) with up to 70% suppression of adult emergence detected. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was ascertained to be an effective analyses tool in determining that pyriproxyfen has a high affinity for sewage sludge's and concentrations > 100 mg L-1 inhibited aerobic and anaerobic purification processes. Laboratory based pathogenicity tests determined that the nematode Steinernema feltiae is a viable biocide capable of infecting the larvae of sewage flies. Field trials at three sites using a dose of one million nematodes per m2 produced significant reductions (P<0.05) in the emergence of S. fenestralis and M hygropetricus. Reductions ranged from 25-67% and 25-91% respectively. No adverse effects on the non-dipteran filter fauna, the purification efficiency, or the invertebrates in the river receiving the work's effluent, were detected after use of both insecticides.
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Byrne, Katharine. "Gene flow and insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244074.
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GAUTHIER, ANNE. "Etude des effets sur la sante de l'exposition simultanee a plusieurs nuisances professionnelles : bruit, travail poste et cadences." Besançon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BESA3082.
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Rincon, Mejia Carlos Andrés. "Caractérisation des émissions gazeuses et des odeurs en compostage : étude de la corrélation entre la concentration d'odeur et la composition chimique des émissions." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1S019/document.
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La valorisation des déchets par le compostage et la méthanisation est encouragée par les politiques de l'UE. Cependant, ces technologies de recyclage des déchets sont confrontées à un défi crucial en matière de libération et de contrôle des émissions de gaz odorants. En effet, la pollution par les odeurs est la principale cause d'opposition du public au traitement des déchets, ce qui a entraîné la fermeture et des poursuites en justice pour les unités de traitement des déchets. À l'heure actuelle, les inventaires des émissions d'odeurs et de produits chimiques pour appuyer les plans de gestion des odeurs et de la pollution atmosphérique font défaut, en raison de la complexité des évaluations des odeurs, impliquant généralement des analyses sensorielles et chimiques. L'objectif de cette thèse était donc de caractériser de manière détaillée les émissions de gaz et les odeurs lors du processus de compostage. À cette fin, les émissions d’odeurs et de polluants ont tout d’abord été étudiées au cours des différentes étapes opérationnelles du processus de compostage, à savoir le stockage, la phase active, le retournement et la maturation. Les résultats ont montré que la phase active et le retournement jouent un rôle essentiel dans les générations de nuisances olfactives causées principalement par les composés soufrés volatils (CSV). Des efforts supplémentaires ont ensuite été consacrés à la caractérisation des émissions de gaz au cours de la phase active de compostage de quinze déchets solides et du digestat, permettant ainsi de corroborer l’importance des CSV sur la production d’odeurs lors du compostage et de différencier l’impact des émissions de gaz sur les odeurs en fonction des matières premières des déchets. La dernière partie de ce travail de recherche a été consacrée à la corrélation des mesures sensorielles et chimiques, par le biais de méthodes de régression simple et multiple visant à faciliter et à renforcer le contrôle des odeurs dans les unités de traitement des déchets. Notamment, un modèle des moindres carrés partiels améliore la prévision de la concentration d'odeurs grâce à la composition chimique des gaz émisWaste valorization through composting and methanization are actively promoted by the EU policies. However, these waste recycling technologies face a crucial challenge regarding the release and control of odorous and hazardous gas emissions. Indeed, odor pollution is the principal cause for public opposition to waste processing, leading to the closure and lawsuits for waste treatment units. Currently, there is a lack of odor and chemical emissions inventories to support odor and air pollution management plans due to the complexity of odor assessments, generally involving sensory and chemical analysis. Hence, the aim of this PhD thesis was to characterize extensively the gas emissions and odors released during the composting process. To this end, the patterns of odor and pollutant emissions were first traced throughout different operational stage of composting process, namely, storage, active phase, turning and curing. The results showed that the active phase and turning played a pivotal role in odor nuisance generations which were mainly caused by volatile sulfur compounds (VSC). Then, further efforts were focused on characterizing the gas emissions released along the composting active phase of fifteen solid wastes and digestate. The results corroborated the relevance of VSC on odors production during composting and enabled to differentiate the odor impact of gas emissions as a function of the wastes’ feedstock. The last part of this research work was devoted to correlate both, sensory and chemical measurements, through univariate and multivariate regression analysis to ease and strength odor monitoring in waste treatment units. Notably, a partial least squares model improved odor concentration prediction based on the chemical composition of emitted gases
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Wieviorka, Michel. "Sociologie du terrorisme." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376192338.
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Jacques, Béatrice. "Sociologie de l'accouchement." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21245.
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Ce travail propose une analyse de l'expérience contemporaine de la grossesse et de l'accouchement en France. Deux grands axes de réflexion guident cette recherche. Premièrement nous voulons comprendre comment la médicalisation produit de nouvelles expériences de la maternité. Les résultats montrent que si les femmes sont demandeuses d'interventions et de technologies, elles refusent d'avoir à subir leur iatrogénicité. Mais l'expérience de la patiente repose sur un élément central : la relation de confiance construite avec le médecin. Plusieurs modèles de confiance ont été mis en évidence et sont déterminants pour comprendre l'expérience des femmes. Deuxièmement nous cherchons à appréhender les types de représentations sociales de la naissance proposés par les différents professionnels. La spécificité de la définition médicale française de l'enfantement comme moment à risque cristallise le conflit obstétricien/sage-femme. La profession sage-femme est aujourd'hui prise entre les exigences de cette idéologie médico-hospitalière et la spécificité de son métier qui est l'accompagnement. La proximité des sages-femmes avec les femmes amène certaines à proposer de nouvelles voies pour la naissanceThis thesis gives an analysis of contemporary experience of pregnancy and delivery in France. Two main lines of thought have guided this research. First we wish to understand how medicalisation produces new experiences of maternity. The results show that if women demand technology and medical intervention, they refuse the side effects. The experience of the patient rests on a central element: the relationship and confidence constructed and established with the physician. Several models of confidence have been revealed and they are determinating to understand the women's experience. Second, we try to apprehend the types of social representations of birth proposed by various professionals. The specificity of the French medical definition of giving birth as a moment of risk crystallizes the conflict between midwife and obstetrician. The profession of midwife is today caught between the requirements of this medical-hospital ideology and the specificity of their profession and their work, which is to accompany. The proximity of the midwifes with the women bring some of them to suggest new ways of giving birth
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Wieviorka, Michel. "Sociologie du terrorisme." Paris, EHESS, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988EHES0027.
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Cette these propose une analyse en profondeur du terrorisme contemporain. Dans une premiere partie, elle propose un ensemble d'outils conceptuals permettant de comprendre l'apparition, puis le developpement et le declin de mouvements terroristes. Puis elle envisage, de facon tres documentee et avec pour la plupart une connaissance precise du "terrain" plusieurs grandes experiences. La premiere est celle du sentier lumineux, au perou, nee de la rencontre d'etudiants maoistes et de communautes paysannes des andes. Cette etude est suivie d'une analyse du populisme russe puis du terrorisme anarchiste, ce qui permet d'introduire la notion d'inversion-amont. Vient ensuite l'etude du terrorisme italien d'extremegauche, qui fut massif et dont la violence de plus en plus aveugle doit beaucoup a la decomposition du mouvement ouvrier, puis a l'echec des remises en causes culturelles portees par l'"autonomie" de 1977-1978. Une autre experience analysee est celle d'eta, au pays basque, mouvement qui s'efforce de parler simultanement au nom de la nation basque et au nom du proletariat et des acteurs sociaux domines. Enfin, la these envisage le mouvement palestinien, qui est terroriste dans ses franges bien plus qu'en son coeur, et s'acheve par l'etude de la violence chiite au libanThis thesis suggests an analysis in depth of the contemporary terrorism. The first part presents conceptual tools allowing to understand the emergence and the decline of terrorists movements. Then it shows, with a lot of information, many great experiences on fieldwork. The first one is the experience of the "sendero luminoso" in peru, born from the junction between maoists students and andean countrymen. This study is followed by an analysis of russian populism then by anarchist terrorism, which introduces the idea of "upstream-inversion". Then comes the study of the italian terrorism, which was a massive one and which growing blind violence is endebted to the decay of labourmovement and to the check of cultural summoning back carried by the "autonomist movement" between 1977 and 1978. An other study is the experience of eta, in basque country, this movement representing alternatively proletarians and social actors of dominated classes. Finally, this thesis considers the palestinian movement which presents terrorist tendencies on its fringes rather than on its center and comes to an end with the study of libanese "chiite" violence
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KAHLOULA, MOHAMED. "La protection juridique des personnes contre le bruit. Du trouble de voisinage a la nuisance sociale." Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT3005.
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L'etude de la protection juridique des personnes contre le bruit, laisse apparaitre que la reparation des dommages constitue, a l'heure actuelle, l'une des principales reponses au probleme du bruit. L'analyse des quelques hypotheses dans lesquelles le juge s'est prononce revele comme les plus frequentes celles ou le bruit est qualifie d'anormal : les inconvenients anormaux de voisinage et les dommages de travaux publics forment l'essentiel du contentieux actuel en matiere de bruit. Pour utiles qu'elles demeurent dans leurs applications pratiques, ces constructions jurisprudentielles ne peuvent suffire a juguler les multiples bruits que secrete la societe industrielle et il ne semble plus possible d'assimiler les dommages causes par le bruit a des dommages classiques simplement transposes sur une autre echelle. La realite des phenomenes lies au bruit etant trop complexe pour etre reduite a un simple trouble de voisinage, il n'est pas etonnant que le bruit soit, aujourd'hui considere comme une veritable nuisance sociale necessitant l'intervention des pouvoirs publics. Malgre l'absence d'une loi-cadre sur le bruit, c'est par le biais des textes reglementaires que ces derniers ont commence a lutter contre le bruit. Il est toutefois evident que des actions normatives ne sauraient prendre en compte tous les aspects de cette nuisanceThis study shows that compensation for prejudice caused is the major consideration when confronting the problem of protecting private individuals against the adverse effects of noise. The factor that shows up most in the cases that judges have had to pronounce on is that of noise considered to be of an exceptional character. Inconvenience arising from the immediate environment and prejudice resulting from public works are the essence of noise-related disputes at the present time. However useful such legal constructs may be in their practical applications, they are not sufficient to offset the noise levels generated by and industrial society, and it no longer seems possible to consider prejudice having noise as its source merelys as a classical notion of prejudice on another scale such is the complexity of noise-related phenomena that they cannot be simply equated with neighbourhood annoyance, and as such it is not surprising that noise be considered a social problem requiring the intervention of public bodies. Despite the absence of an overall legal framework, public bodies have begun unsing existing legislation to regulate noise. Nevertheless, it is obvious that isolated attempts at noise-abatement cannot hope to take on board all aspects of this type of nuisance
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Ramond, Denis. "Puissance et nuisance de l’expression : les conceptions de la liberté d'expression à l'épreuve de la pornographie." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0042.
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Partant du postulat selon lequel la principale justification de la répression de formes d’expressions réside dans leur nocivité supposée, nous tentons de répondre à la question suivante : comment définir des limites claires et cohérentes à la liberté d’expression ? L’analyse des controverses relatives à la pornographie, et en particulier de la manière dont les notions de liberté d’expression et de nuisance ont été articulées, contribue à répondre à cette question générale. À travers l’analyse des débats portant sur la restriction des représentations sexuelles, nous tentons de montrer que les parties en présence ne sont pas parvenues à définir la notion de « nuisance » de manière claire et satisfaisante, et ne permettent pas, dès lors, de définir avec précision les limites légitimes de la liberté d’expression. Les deux voies théoriques alternatives que nous avons identifiées, les conceptions instrumentales et déontologiques de la liberté d’expression, ne se révèlent pas plus convaincantes. Nous montrons néanmoins qu’il est possible de préciser le principe de non-nuisance en y intégrant deux éléments auparavant négligés : la subjectivité du récepteur, et les rapports d’autorité qui existent entre le locuteur et le récepteur. Nous défendons ainsi l’idée que le principe de non-nuisance reste l’instrument le plus clair et le plus cohérent pour fonder les limites de la liberté d’expression, à condition de l’amender et de le compléterAcknowledging the fact that the main justification to restrict some forms of expression lies in the harm they may cause to others, this thesis aims at answering the following question: how do we define clear and coherent limits of the freedom of expression? The study of the controversies regarding pornography, and particularly the way in which the concepts of freedom of expression and harm are closely linked together, is an important contribution in order to answer this vast subject. Through the analysis of debates with regard to sexual representations, this thesis aims at gaining a deeper understanding on how the authors were unsuccessful in defining the notion of « harm » in a clear and convincing way, and fail at allowing to set precisely the legitimate limits of freedom of expression. The two alternative theoretical approaches that were identified and established - the instrumental and deontological conceptions of freedom of expression – were not proven to be more satisfactory either. However, this research confirms that the harm principle can be clarified if two previously neglected aspects are included in the analysis: the receiver’s subjectivity, and the authority relationship established between the speaker and the viewer. Thus, it is argued that the harm principle, given that it is modified and completed, remains the most effective and adequate tool in order to ground the limits of freedom of expression
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Macé, Éric. "Sociologie de la télévision, sociologie de l'expérience : individus et télévision de masse." Paris, EHESS, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994EHES0022.
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L'objet de cette recherche est de sairir la nature de la relation entre les individus et la televisin de masse. Il est montre que le succes populaire de la television se fonde sur la "connivence" entre une television qui integre dans ses programmes les incertitudes et les tensions de l'experience sociale de son public populaire, et des individus socialement domines qui trouvent de ce fait a la television un espace culturel de subjectivation. La premiere partie presente la construction d'une problematique depassant le clivage, interne a la sociologie des medias, entre les theories de l'alienation par les industries culturelles et les theories de la satisfaction par le marche des programmes. La seconde partie est consacree a l'observation empirique de la fabrication d'emissions a succes, ainsi qu'une etude de reception aupres de sept groupes socialement differencies. On montre ainsi que les individus ne separent jamais leur rapport a la television du cadre plus large de eur experience sociale. La troisieme partie s'attache a determiner la dimension politique de la relation a la television, en montrant, a travers une etude de cas, la maniere dont la television prend en charge et revele uneThe purpose of this study is to understand the nature of the relation between individuals and mass television. We show that television's success with widespread audience is based on the "connivance" between television programs that integrate the uncertainties and tensions of the social experience felt by its wide audeince, and socially dominated individuals who find in this programs a cultural field of subjectivity. The first part of the study presents an analysis that goes beyond the gap, recurrent in media sociology, between theories of alienation througt cultural industries and theories of audience gratification. The second part is devoted to an empirical observation of the making of successful programs, and to a reception analysis with seven socially differentiated groups. We show that individuals never dissociated their relation to television from the larger framework of their social experience. The third part aims at determining the political dimension of individual relation to television. We show, through a case study
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Canu, Jean-Marie. "Sociologie des représentations contemporaines de l'argent : Pour une sociologie des partiques monétaires." Rouen, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ROUEL226.
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La réflexion relative à l'argent a été jusqu'ici négligée par la sociologie, comme le démontre amplement la quasi absence de publications sur ce sujet. La confusion entre le concept de monnaie des économistes et le mot de sens commun argent explique probablement qu'un tel sujet d'étude ait été annexé par la science économique. Or l'argent est au cœur du lien social et peut être analysé comme un fait social total au sens de Mauss. C'est par ailleurs un domaine où les innovations récentes, produits de l'interaction des acteurs sociaux que sont les banques et leurs clients, conduisent à une remise en cause des représentations traditionnelles de l'argent. De l'étude statistique des comportements des individus clients des banques ainsi que de la production littéraire, professionnelle ou non, il ressort qu'on assiste à un phénomène de déréalisation de l'argent (le signe monétaire perd toute réalité, le paiement est dilué dans le temps) qui s'accompagne d'une tendance à l'intellectualisation du maniement des instruments de paiement source de privilèges pour les uns et d'exclusion pour les autres. En ce sens on peut parler d'une tendance à la privatisation des rapports d'argent qui va bien au-delà de la simple personnalisation voulue par les banques en réponse à la surbancarisation de la clientèle. Les innovations récentes, qui sont loin d'être achevées, conduisent de facto à reléguer au second plan l'usage des "billets de banque", symbole de l'unité de la société, au profit de moyens de paiement plus ou moins valorisés et inégalement accessibles, faisant des rapports d'argent une affaire privée entre le client et sa banque, véritable émetteur de la monnaie moderneReflection on money has, so far, been neglected by sociology, which is more than demonstrated by the almost total lack of publications on the subject. The confusion between the economic concept of currency and the common meaning of the word "money" probably explains why such a topic has been put aside by economic science. Now money is at the heart of society's links and can be analysed, according to mauss, as a total social factor. Furthermore, this is a field in which recent innovations, themselves products of the interaction between two of society's players, namely the banks and their customers, have led us to reexamine the traditional representations of money. Statistical studies of banking's customers' behaviour, together with various publications, be they professional or not, show that we are experiencing a phenomenon in which money is becoming less and less real (the monetary symbol is losing all reality, payment is being spread over a length of time) which is coupled with a tendency towards intellectualisation in the handling of the instruments of payment, these being a source of privilege for some and exclusion for others. Likewise one can speak of a tendency towards privatisation in monetary relationships which goes much further than the simple personalisation desired by the banks in response to the "over-banking" of their customers. The recent innovations, which are far from being finished, are leading to relegate de facto the use of bank notes, themselves symbols of social unity, to a position of secondary importance. All this to the benefit of those means of payment which now, more or less, possess increased standing and which have unequal accessibility, thus making monetary relations a private affair between the customer and his bank, itself the true issuer of modern currency
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Hawes, Richard Anthony. "The paradise of every nuisance : the development of municipal public health services in St. Helens, 1868-1914." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316149.
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Panek, Sarah E. "The ecology of the nuisance cyanobacterium, Lyngbya wollei, in the Western Basin of Lake Erie." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1333655271.
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