Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sociologie politique – États-Unis'
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Boëne, Bernard. "Conditions d'émergence et de développement d'une sociologie spécialisée : le cas de la sociologie militaire aux États-Unis." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05H047.
Full textThis intellectual and social history of American military sociology, broadly defined, covers a whole century (1892-1992). The analysis offered, seeking to account for variations over time, is based on a corpus of 4228 entries, and proceeds in terms of substantive categories, genres (engineering, independent endeavors, radical protests, contributions to ongoing societal debates), and "generalist" or "subject-specific" approaches. It reveals a rare production prior to 1941, followed by three periods dominated respectively by government-sponsored social engineering, independent investigation s, and contributions to debates (with radical writings ushering in transitions). Non-specific approaches are marked by longterm continuities: recurrent rationalist and irrationalist, realist and idealist, structural and symbolic treatments appear to validate Max Scheler's cognitive sociology thesis. However, by 1960 Morris Janowits's seminal sociology of military institutions is the locus of a conceptual breakthough grounded in the weberian tradition, strategic realism and chicago pragmatism. Following his charismatic lead, a school is founded which forms the first of the field's two nuclei. Despite attempts at reformulation, the paradigm is consolidated in the late seventies. Running counter to official positions, its influence is real on military and defense policy as well as on societal debates, and promises to survive the cold war's demise. The field's other center, to be found among political scientists specializing in strategic studies, takes shape after Vietnam. It is destined to converge with the janowitzian paradigm in the eighties, when institutional-symbolic dimensions are added to its prevailing structural approach. Such intellectual convergence is remarkable in that social communication between the two specialized networks is minimal
Delage, Pauline. "Violence conjugale / domestic violence : sociologie comparée d'une cause féministe (France / États-Unis, 1970-2013)." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0116.
Full textThis dissertation compares how feminist movements from the 1970s onward were successful in establishing domestic violence as a social problem both in France and the United States. Understanding the problematization of domestic violence requires analyzing the practices and representations of women working within specialized associations as well as the institutional and professional opportunities they took advantage of in order to have their cause recognized. Ethnographic participant observation was therefore carried out primarily in the Paris region and in Los Angeles County, which allowed for an analysis of the care and support for women victims in specialized associations that emerged from the feminist movements of the 1970s. Located at the intersection of activist, institutional, and professional spaces, the actions of these associations, as well as the frameworks they develop to conceptualize domestic violence, are shaped by issues specific to each national context. By distinguishing and examining multiple analytical levels, the comparative methodology employed here sheds light on the roots of a cause’s legitimation and its changes over time, as well as on the tensions created when feminist analyses of social problems are put into practice. This analysis shows how a problem related to gender is elaborated and transformed by professional and institutional logics
Sanders, Hilary. "Migrants et politiques "accueillantes" aux Etats-Unis : une citoyenneté urbaine sous conditions ?" Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA070030.
Full textThe thesis considers the ideological position and the implementation of municipal accessibility policies geared towards non-citizen and/or LEP (Limited English Proficiency) migrants in two cities in the United States, New York and Philadelphie These local policies, described as "immigrant-friendly", which present a promise of confidentiality and inclusion to their recipients, seem to counteract the repressive federal management of immigration, the product of the growing criminalization of undocumented migrants during the past thirty years. However, the thesis advances the idea that these policies are not only the result of the civil rights movement, but also of the utilitarian tendency of American governments to ignore the status of migrants in order to facilitate their contribution to the economy and to society. In this context, and on the basis of fieldwork consisting of qualitative interviews and observation within municipal services to entrepreneurs, the thesis analyzes the representations of migrants that are discernible in the discourse of government and non-profit actors involved in the creation of these policies, as well as the practices of municipal agents who are responsible for their implementation, and shows that the reception offered is profoundly ambivalent. By exploring the expectations of behavior and of contributions by migrants, in particular through their entrepreneurial activity and the cultural diversity that they bring, this research shows that the "urban citizenship" granted to the recipients remains contingent and partial
El, Mossadak Ahmed. "Terrorisme et sociologie politique de l'International." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030097.
Full textTerrorism has become an illness of the modern World-System. How to rethink the act of terrorism has become an urgent question because it seems that the non understanding is dominant if not triumphant. Thus the necessity to see the terrorist act "included and overcame rather than felt with fantasy". The American policy has remobilized the world around the security objectives to intervene in the international policy. American security policies, based on the reinforcement of exceptional juridical legislation on global techniques of surveillance and on the military mobilization, have led to public liberties, with unprecedented tutoring (USA Patriot Act, Project Patriot Act, Homeland of security, National Strategy of Security) and the establishment of a real international exception state. Refractory to the American antiterrorist logic "war against terrorism", the European Union members have claimed before to be their allies: "we will fight terrorism by the law and in the frame of law". This logic has quickly made the allies adopt the American model. In reality, it is the Arab World that has suffered the consequences of terrorism. The events of the September 11, 2001 have thrown projectors on Islam as a source of terrorism although the Arabs and Muslims were the first targets of Islamic terrorism, and the first to suffer the consequences. One of the effects of this situation is the mitigated and ambiguous reaction of the Arab and Muslim opinions about the September attack. It is in this context that most of the ArabWorld has been inscribed in "War against terrorism" without almost any motivation but with a lot of hesitation because of the pressure made by the international coalition and especially the American one. Indeed to side this position presupposes a recurrent reality in the Arabs political and strategic choices. The choice of "immobilism" of the "statuquo" and "the absence of the initiative" answers to constraints to be at the same time a target and at the center of the "war against terrorism"
Da, Silva David. "Avatars du héros populiste hollywoodien, de D. W. Griffith à C. Eastwood." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN1006.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to present the populist thought in the American culture. If we estimat his appearance from the war for independence of the British colonists of North America against Great Britain from 1775 till 1783, the American populism especially had its hour of glory with People's The Party in 1892. Actually, this popular party crystallized the anger of the American farmers (among which of the Afro-Americans) heavily indebted of the end of the XIXth century. This agrarian movement was very attached to the ideal pioneers and was wary of the economic development and the wage-earner (that he considered incompatible with the freedom and the democracy). The Populists defended the equality of opportunity, a free enterprise moderated by Common Sense and a power detained by virtuous people. Furthermore, they also supported any shape of opposition to the high finance, to the centralized political machines, to the omnipresent federalism, to the city intellectualism. The heroes of the Populists are called Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson and Abraham Lincoln. The latter embodies, besides the humanism, the possibility for the common person to become President of the United States. The populist ideology appears in the first American movies. At first at D. W. Griffith or King Vidor before having his hour of glory with the movies of John Ford, Frank Capra or Leo McCarey in the thirties. After its decline during the fifties, the Hollywood populism is going to be reborn in the seventies with personalities as Clint Eastwood, Sam Peckinpah or Michael Winner. Years eighty are going to extend this return with the Ronald Reagan's double mandate. Oliver Stone, Sylvester Stallone or John Carpenter continued to propagate a message very close to the American populist tradition, with in particular the development of the man in the street in the face of the corruption and the treason of elites. We shall thus see if, of D. W. Griffith to Clint Eastwood, the function of the populist hero is to divide or to unite the American people?
Lepont, Ulrike. "Façonner les politiques aux marges de l'Etat : le rôle des experts dans les réformes de la protection maladie aux Etats-Unis (1970-2010)." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON10066.
Full textThe number of think tanks, policy institutes, and other centers of public expertise attached to universities or foundations in the United States has continuously grown since the 1970s. Focusing on the field of health insurance policy, this dissertation shows the development of an institutional web of experts specialized in a policy sector who, over the decades, accumulated competencies, knowledge, and influence that played a key role in the elaboration of programs and instruments of reform in this sector. By joining a micro-sociological analysis of these actors and their environment with a macro-sociological consideration of their position in the American political system, we show that an area of expertise has been established outside of the state, which nevertheless controls the production and diffusion of available knowledge used in the elaboration of policy. The examination of this expert space, its influence, and its configuration help us to understand the evolution of the reform programs that led to “Obamacare”, whose contents were ultimately very distant from the universal public insurance system long envisaged by Democrats. The rise of a public policy infrastructure outside of normal administrative parameters – what we term “para-administration” – also explains the federal government’s ability to act in 2010 and the adoption of the Affordable Care Act. This dissertation thus encourages a rethinking of the American state, which takes into account actors situated on the periphery of the bureaucratic system. It demonstrates that being outside the state does not guarantee that non-governmental expert structures can remain independent of the political constraints imposed by policymakers and state institutions
Duso-Bauduin, Stephen. "L'aigle et le qilin : sociologie des représentations stratégiques américaines de la Chine à partir de la guerre du Golfe et sous les mandats de Clinton." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0028.
Full textThis PhD dissertation studies the american strategic representations of China, starting with the first missionaries and tradesmen in China in the 19th century, then reaching its climax with the Nixon-Kissinger years. It focuses on the dynamic of strategic representations of China during the two Clinton terms, analysing the shift from the concepts of China as "strategic partner" and "friend" to the concepts of "peer competitor" and "strategic competitor". The nucleus of this research is the in-depth study of the institutions and pressure groups shaping the dominant strategic representations of China in the United States. The actors shaping American policies towards China range from political actors to various economic interest groups and conflicting social forces. This dissertation unveils the prevailing economic interests but also dwells on secondary actors like the human right NGOs, the paranoid strategists spreading the "yellow peril" image, and the chinese-americans who build a schizophrenic representation of China. Finally, the PhD develops the "soft power" theory, studying the role of American fiction in making or spreading strategic images of China
Julliard, Emilien. "Réformer les syndicats. Une sociologie politique du syndicalisme états-unien des mouvements sociaux des années 1960 aux années 2010." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH143.
Full textBased on a study of two large labor unions and labor centers, this dissertation deals with the transformations of unionism in the United States from the social movements of the 1960s to the 2010s. Usually associated with the idea of “union revitalization”, these changes are analyzed here as reform processes conducted by various actors (unionists, academics, labor educators, consultants, activists) who—for different motives—advocated for reducing the gap between the labor union and social movement fields as well as the non-profit sector. Actions for organizing new members were promoted in addition to organizational recipes utilized elsewhere (mainly in corporations and in non-profit organizations). Those actors wanted to make labor unions more “militant” and “effective” by mobilizing tools and views from mobilizations of the 1960s as well as managerial techniques. Contrary to other settings, partly due to union shop—a form of union security clause which requires that any new employees of a unionized worksite become members within a certain amount of time—the answer to the “crisis of labor unionism” has not been to make current and potential members clients of organizations who provide them services, but instead to encourage them to be activists. The dissertation shows that these reforming enterprises led to partially delegitimize labor union practices, forms of organization and the actors who embody them. They also contributed to shaping labor union mobilizations in the form of campaigns managed by specialized staff, in which members tend to have little initiative and only play a symbolic, short-lived part
Le, Texier Emmanuelle. "Immigration, exclusion et participation des Mexicains aux Etats-Unis : le barrio mexicain de San Diego (barrio Logan), Californie." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004IEPP0038.
Full textBeaussier, Anne-Laure. "La santé à l'épreuve de la démocratie américaine : le rôle du Congrès dans les politiques d'assurance maladie." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON10060.
Full textUntil the vote of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, a law that structurally reformed the American health care system, important obstacles to change characterized health care policies in the United States. Among the explanations of the gridlock inherent to this policy sector, institutional features of the American political system - a federal regime of separation of power - appeared increasing these gridlocks. This dissertation tackles this question in focusing on the impact of the Congress on the development of the American health car system. Using an historical institutionalist and a qualitative approach, it offers an analysis of the legislative branch's involvement in this issue. For that purpose, this research links internal evolutions of the Congress and the development of health care policies. This research binds two subfields of political science : Congressional studies on one hand, health care analysis on the other hand. More generally, this dissertation approaches the question of the relationships between legislative politics ans health care policy. Noticing icreased reforms from the 1990s on, it supports the idea that recent inflexions are explained by an evolution of the internal organization of the Congress and by e recent strenghening of its parties
Simonneau, Damien. "Il nous faut une barrière ! : sociologie politique des mobilisations pro-barrière en Israël et en Arizona (Etats-Unis)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0451/document.
Full textBeyond controlling mobility of undesirables, the function of the building up of “fences” on territorialboundaries is also to reassure fenced-in citizens. By analyzing the cases of Israel and the USA, thepresent dissertation investigates how the fenced territory becomes the place of a public performanceaimed to reassure Israeli and US citizens. The starting point of the demonstration is that such defensepolicies nourish social mobilizations (in Israel from 2001 in favor of a “security fence” in the WestBank; in Arizona from 2010 in favor of a “border fence” with Mexico). I rely on analyses ofrepresentations, actions and security practices of such mobilizations to investigate national andgeopolitical specificities. Beyond these specificities, I compare three analogous political operations bypro-fence movements in their political systems. First, they construct situations of mobility andpresence of undesirables as problematic. Second, they securitize these situations as a security issuescalling for a military response. Finally, they diffuse pro-fence framing by collective and dissentingactions against governments. Thus, they contribute to maintain a consensus over the role of themilitary in the construction and the management of a “public problem” of mobility in these twosocieties
Ruget, Vanessa. "La science politique américaine et son association : étude d'une communauté scientifique." Bordeaux 4, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR40020.
Full textFacal, Joseph. "Etude de deux réformes dans le champ de la santé au Québec et aux Etats-Unis à l'aide du modèle de H. Jamous : contribution à une sociologie des décisions politiques." Paris 4, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA040202.
Full textThis thesis is a study of two reforms in the health care field in Québec (Castonguay reform, 1970-1973) and the U. S. (Medicare, 1965) based on the decision-making model of H. Jamous (1969). We try to identify the social forces, their interactions and the other main factors that account for the outcome in each case, while also appraising the relevancy of the model. On a theoretical level, we conclude to the impossibility of a general theory of political decision-making and plead for less ambitious theoretical models and a heavier emphasis on empirical research
Angeli, Aguiton Sara. "La démocratie des chimères : gouvernement des risques et des critiques de la biologie synthétique, en France et aux États-Unis." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0055.
Full textSynthetic biology is an emerging biotechnology which aims to produce micro-organisms as they do not exist in nature for industrial ends. As it is not yet industrially developed, this technoscience is mostly known for its economical promises but also for being precociously contested by social and environmental movements. Synthetic biology has also attracted public authorities’ attention in France and in the United States, which aim to govern and regulate it in an “upstream” manner (before its applications are developed). This political temporality is the object of study of our thesis, and we have analyzed it in the perspective of sociology of science and sociology of risk. We follow the social construction of the risks and problems of synthetic biology, the apparatus which are dedicated to govern such risks and the numerous actors they rally: bioengineers, social scientists, FBI agents, amateur biologists, activists... We argue that in France, synthetic biology’s main problem is its ability to be socially contested as genetically modified organisms were before it. Its political and scientific supporters thus aim to develop synthetic biology and to satisfy civil society with participatory devices, which have yet no way to intervene in the technological development. In the United States, critics are marginalized, and synthetic biology’s main problem is its ability to be used by terrorists. Public authorities try to prevent such terrorism, while preserving technoscience and its commodities outside the scope of regulation. Thus, beyond the variety of regulation apparatus, the thesis aims to present two ways of governing synthetic biology “upstream”, which have in common the specificity to never focus on synthetic biology, but to govern the problems which might slow its development. We propose to understand these two ways as a sciences-society regime of government in France, and a security-market regime of government in the United States
Jouet, Mugambi. "Les droits de l'homme en France et aux États-Unis : la dialectique des convergences et des divergences." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D024.
Full textThe dissertation examines the evolution of human rights and human dignity in France and the United States since the Enlightenment. Its multidisciplinary dialectic offers news perspectives on the processes shaping the conception of these norms through the experience of two nations with a major historic role.The American and French revolutions converged in invoking universal rights. Yet each country diverges considerably today. While the Declaration of the Rights of Man of 1789 is now a French constitutional text, the concept of "human rights" is hardly used in U.S. law. Moreover, America commonly exempts itself from international human rights norms, as illustrated by its retention of the death penalty. However, this profound divergence did not always exist. Calling into question the notion of a quasi-direct link between the French Declaration of 1789 and human rights nowadays, the dissertation addresses the relationship between the French Revolution and modernity. It also examines France's reticence to ratify the European Convention on Human Rights and how it was among the last Western European nations to abolish capital punishment. The dissertation's first half offers a macro-societal analysis of the evolution of human rights in each nation since the revolutions of the 18th century. The second half focuses on criminal justice, including the death penalty, incarceration, and prisoners’ rights, to assess the impact of human rights and human dignity on positive law during this period. The dissertation ultimately reveals how human rights have been conceived, protected, and denied for generations
Le, Coustumer Patience. "Les déterminants socioéconomiques de la demande : le cas des marchés du pet care aux États-Unis, au Royaume-Uni et en France." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0213.
Full textStudying the expectations of pet owners for pet care products and services encourages us to focus as much on the study of individual consumer preferences as on the determinants related to their supply. In other words, the aim is to question the meeting between supply and demand in a market where the final consumer, the animal, cannot express itself. We postulate that the identification of the determinants of the demand requires paying more attention to the market of which it is part, and this by questioning in particular the actors who participate in its supply (manufacturers, marketers, salesmen, veterinarians). Placed at the center of this thesis, re-examining the dialectics of supply and demand makes it possible to put into perspective the determinants specific to consumers, relating to their way of life and to their relationship built with their animal(s), in relation to the determinants stemming from supply
Zarikfar, Fard Mohsen. "L'armée en Iran sous le régime de la dynastie Pahlavi." Montpellier 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON10061.
Full textObservers, political analysts, and historians, wether foreigners or iranians have great difficulty to understand the attitudes of the events which leaded in 1979 to the fall of the system of mohammad reza pahlavi. Indeed, this later, has been, to some extent, trapped by his dreams of greatness, which did not only leaded him to squande the national wealths in a programe of armement - (30 to 40% of the national bu - dget) and exceeding by for the needs and the technical means of the country -but also deprived him from the power to determine by him- self his own strategy. Resulted from that ,from one side,the integra- tion of the iranian army with that of the united states,and from other side, the massive presence of the americans instructers and military counels in iran. Add to that the important number of conscripts (75% of the to- tal force) have their multiple attachments e. G religions, ethnics and regionals, which have had its impact over the attitude of the army during the crisis. (. . . )
Mourad, Marie. "La lutte contre le gaspillage alimentaire en France et aux Etats-Unis : mise en cause, mise en politique et mise en marché des excédents alimentaires." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0014/document.
Full textThrough the case of the “fight against food waste” in France and the United States, this thesis aims to reveal how, concretely, capitalist organizations evolve as they incorporate social and ecological critiques, following what Boltanski and Chiapello theorized in The New Spirit of Capitalism (2007). Based on the qualitative analysis of 213 interviews and more than 125 observations within environmental and charity organizations, public administrations, and private firms in the two countries, carried out from 2013 to 2017, this research shows how food waste was constructed as a public issue, became the object of public policies, and how it impacted the functioning of food production and markets. I argue that activists, policy makers, and corporate social responsibility managers have ensured not only the politicization but also the (re)marketization of food that used to be thrown away, through mechanisms of revaluation, reallocation, and recategorization. These food waste entrepreneurs adopted a consensual and reformist approach, which rarely tackled the underlying power relationships generating excess food. Thus, they contributed to reshaping food systems in a way that favored powerful firms—as well as non-profit or start-up founders who benefited from new opportunities. Offering this reflexive insight, this thesis encourages actors in the fight against food waste in both France and the United States to question their own role in promoting the adaptation of capitalist organizations
Philippe, Yann. "Mais que fait la police ? : réformes policières et lutte contre la criminalité à New York au début du XXe siècle (1906-1918)." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0032.
Full textMy thesis originates in the discrepancies, noted by sociologists, between the ways the police are represented in contemporary American culture and the daily realities of police work. As the economic, cultural and police capital, New York provides an ideal standpoint to trace the construction of the figure of the policeman as a fighter against criminality. The NYPD underwent a process of reform at the beginning of the 20th century supported by the papers, the civic organizations, the new police experts and many New Yorkers, as evidenced by the numerous complaints they filed, wich have been saved at the municipal archives. Often followed by a police report, these complaints enabled me to measure the reforms' implementation and the actual activities of the police. While it didn't constitute its main activity, the fight against criminality was defined as the primary objective of the NYPD, and contributed to a new form of identification between the people and the police institution
Renaud, Sophie. "Réponse à Bruno Latour : Interprétation critique du débat politique ayant opposé Walter Lippmann à John Dewey." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29631/29631.pdf.
Full textFortin, Maxim. "La philanthropie d'investissement au cœur de la gouvernance du social : une comparaison Québec/New York." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36755.
Full textThe rise of an elite private philanthropy is one of the main highlights of the past two decades. Evolving more and more in a partnership logic with governments and community groups, philanthropy, and most specifically "investment philanthropy", is a major player in the emergence of "social governance". From the cases of the Harlem Children's Zone, a non-profit organization in New York and the Fondation Lucie et André Chagnon in Quebec, this comparative study analyzes how investment philanthropy replicates the donor’s influence within social governance, how funded groups manage to demonstrate some forms of agency allowing them to discuss and negotiate with the donors, and how the triangular relationship between philanthropic, community and public actors affects the development of social policies. Keywords: elite philanthropy; investment philanthropy; social governance; social policies.
Delawarde, Cécile. "Les pratiques parentales comme outil de prévention : l'adaptation française de programmes de parentalité américains scientifiquement fondés." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05H006.
Full textIn France, various recommendations have been made these last few years to support the implantation of preventive evidence-based programs in the field of parenting and early childhood. If their diffusion is perceived by governmental authorities as an opportunity to reduce a number of health and social risk factors and to promote the health and well-being of populations, their appropriation is not established and is at the core of numerous debates. The present PhD research consists in a descriptive sociological study providing perspectives on the French translation of these American evidence-based programs. Carrying out ethnographical field inquiries (observations and interviews) in France and in the United-States, this research aims to highlight the way these evidence-based programs are developed in their country of origin and readapted in France, from their institutional elaboration to their practical application in the field. The manuscript, written in a narrative format, consists in two parts. The first part takes interests in the production process of parenting and early childhood evidence-based policies in an American economic research centre and their adaptation in a scientific department of a French public health institute. The second part approaches the practical setting of two evidence-based interventions, and highlights the way in which they are impacting professional practices and family educative strategies, shaping and forming a different conception of parenting in both countries. The results of this exploratory study emphasize national specificities in regard to the appropriation of parenting programs by these two countries, and allow to learn a number of lessons regarding public health expertise in the field of parenting
Tiberj, Vincent. "Le choix d'un président : les modes d'évaluation des électeurs français (1995) et américains (1996)." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002IEPP0032.
Full textBéreau, Laurie. ""Crisis in Education" : le débat sur l'éducation aux Etats-Unis après 1945." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAC016/document.
Full textThe “crisis in education” has been a recurrent theme in discussions about the American school system. In the United States, it was after WWII that the notion gained momentum and a new meaning. Until then, the term “crisis” had been merely used to evoke the dire material and financial state of education. The expression took another turn with the emergence of a debate between proponents of modern education (a model derived from the principles of progressive education) and partisans of liberal education who denounced an intellectual degradation in the school system. This dissertation analyzes this debate and its consequences on the dynamics of education in the United States. This strife between two conceptions of education is set apart by its significant influence and pervasion of society. Indeed, not only did it involve the circle of professional educators but it also touched lay men, so much so that it was integrated by popular culture. Confronted with a confidence crisis in the aftermath of the successful launch of satellite Sputnik, the U.S. government pinpointed the school system as the weak link of the American nation, taking advantage of the wave of criticisms against modern education that had dominated the 1950s. The combination of the debate on education with the logics of the Cold War paved the way for an unprecedented federal intervention in the field of education with the 1958 National Defense Education Act
Durin, Guillaume. "L’énonciation du discours intellectuel de guerre juste aux Etats-Unis de 1971 à 2005 : exploration socio-discursive des trajectoires et des propositions de Jean Bethke Elshtain, James Turner Johnson, Michael Walzer et George Weigel." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30093.
Full textFor more than sixty years, the debate about the US foreign policy has referred to the “just war” theory. It has been based on conceptions and paradigms connected to that traditional notion of “just war” and invigorated by philosophers, political scientists or theologians including Michael Walzer, Jean B. Elshtain, James T. Johnson and George Weigel. The latter have different backgrounds and made dissimilar intellectual choices but they have common points, in particular a common aim to confront theorists that are not prone to link war and ethics. The “just war” thinkers interacts with several referred authors, with followers and detractors, including Reinhold Niebuhr, Paul Ramsey, William O’Brien, John Courtney Murray but also Hans Morgenthau and more recently, Richard Rorty, Noam Chomsky, Howard Zinn, Edward Saïd, Martin L. Cook, Drew Christiansen, John Langan, or Bryan Hehir. The durability of the socio-discursive community shows the persistence of an intellectual involvement characterized by the will to promote justice and ethical principles and to make the dichotomy between warmongering and irenicism, between cynicism and messianism, to defend the “moral reality of mar” belonging to an advanced form of “moral realism”. The dynamics at work turn out to be oriented by the seaking of a “just” combination between politics and ethics but also by positioning and occupancy logics within highly controversial deliberative areas. Therefore, the interpretation of the contemporary “just war” intellectual discourse requests the use of a socio-discursive and conflictualist perspective, issued from Dominique Maingueneau’s pragmatic theory and from Randall Collins’ sociology of intellectual conflicts. Lastly, the debates about a “just war” theory highlights interpretative interest of inter- and counter- discourse notions but also of socio-discursive coalitions and communities
Older, Malka. "Organizing after disaster : the (re)emergence of organization within government after Katrina (2005) and the Touhoku Tsunami (2011)." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0017.
Full textDisasters overwhelm plans and collapse government organizations, which sometimes manage to rebuild into something new. Using the cases of Hurricane Katrina and the tsunami in northeastern Japan, this dissertation looks at how local and meso-government structures reorganize themselves, and at what that tells us about the State’s role in disaster response. Crisis management centers (CMCs) may lose control entirely for part of the response, but in most cases they reorganize and rebuild their way into relevance. Through doing so they express, and to some extent create, the State’s idealized image of itself responding to crisis. Many operational teams start with makeshift organizations, and gradually build more elaborate structures. As the disaster continues and their processes become more routine, operational teams often find themselves faced with decisions for which they have no formal basis, and their choices reflect ad hoc, personal conceptions of the State’s role. While evaluations project professionalism, completeness, and stability, a review of the processes shows that in these cases they were divergent and improvised. There was no standardization across any of the jurisdictions studied. Moreover, most of the reports elided the emergence that had occurred. What we see at all of these levels was a struggle to rebuild a normalcy. There were striking similarities, but also significant variation in the areas that were left undefined by the permanent organization. Disasters both reaffirm government – by demonstrating why stability is to be prized – and threaten it on an existential level. As a result, disaster response is not being treated as a public policy area
Bourliaguet, Bruno. "Le conseil scientifique à la Maison-Blanche : acteurs, fonctions, pouvoirs." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27363.
Full textLa question du développement et de l'institutionnalisation du conseil scientifique de la présidence américaine constitue le coeur de cette thèse. Elle se situe au croisement de la sociologie de la science et de la sociologie politique, tout en débordant sur celles des élites, des organisations, de l'innovation et du développement durable. Elle commence par écrire l'histoire de cette institution depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale en suivant à la fois les réorganisations administratives dont elle a été l'objet et les enjeux politiques qu'elle a cristallisés. Elle le fait en l'intégrant à l'histoire plus générale des transformations marquantes de la société américaine. Cette mise en perspective permet de justifier une périodisation qui se synchronise en grande partie aux mutations qui affectent la première économie mondiale et qui divisent l'histoire du conseil scientifique à la Maison-Blanche en trois grandes époques : de 1933 à 1974, de 1974 à 1989 et de 1989 à 2016. Dans un second temps, la thèse propose une sociographie des conseillers qui travaillent au sein du bureau exécutif du président. En privilégiant l'analyse comparative entre les première et dernière périodes, cette étude révèle une modification sensible du recrutement en matière d'âge, de reconnaissance académique, de réalisation professionnelle et de représentation disciplinaire. Elle permet surtout de repérer l'apparition d'un nouveau type de conseiller, à savoir le scientifique qui a réussi une carrière d'entrepreneur en valorisant une innovation technologique. L'analyse suggère que cette évolution, comme celle des conditions formelles et informelles de l'exercice du conseil, traduit l'apparition d'un nouveau type d'intégration de la science, de la technologie et de l'économie guidée par la priorisation de la croissance et du développement. Pour mieux comprendre cette intégration, la thèse étudie ensuite les fonctions formelles du conseil scientifique et celles que l'analyse peut reconstruire. Dégagées de leur contingence, on verra que ces dernières changent peu sur l'ensemble de la période. Le conseil de la présidence sert de façon régulière à légitimer, crédibiliser et faire performer les politiques suivies par l'exécutif américain, mais surtout à officialiser des politiques pour les élever au titre de référence. Ce faisant, en même temps qu'il traduit la nouvelle fonction de la technoscience dans les domaines militaire et économique, le conseil scientifique qui s'exerce au sein de l'exécutif de la première puissance mondiale participe d'un élargissement décisif de la réflexion sur l'exercice du pouvoir, d'un élargissement de cet exercice, de la circulation de cet exercice qui accompagne sa rationalisation dans les temps modernes et qui depuis le XVIIIe siècle se cantonnait pour l'essentiel à un détour par la science de l'économie politique. Se pose alors avec acuité la question de l'étendue des pouvoirs de ces conseillers au sein du gouvernement, une question qui est traitée ici au croisement de différentes théories proposées par les politistes, les philosophes et les sociologues, de Mintzberg à Foucault en passant par Bourdieu. Même si elle conclut à la relative inaptitude du pouvoir technocratique à se cristalliser en se personnalisant, la thèse n'entend nullement minimiser sa réalité ni le pouvoir plus spécifique qu'exercent les conseillers. Elle tend en effet à reconnaître une forme particulière de pouvoir technocratique, délégué et institué par le pouvoir politique, celui des conseillers, qu'elle qualifie de « pouvoir d'influence ». Elle précise les conditions d'affirmation de cette influence, circonscrit son périmètre d'expression et discute de sa nature. De manière concrète, elle offre d'éclairer sous un jour différent les politiques actuelles de la présidence Obama conduites par des technocrates que cette administration a abondamment recrutés, comme celle d'une transition énergétique jugée vitale pour freiner le réchauffement climatique. En fait, elle dévoile les ambiguïtés de la fonction de la science dans le développement économique dit « durable ». Elle tend encore à montrer que loin de constituer un exercice moral de la démocratie, mais loin aussi de représenter une atteinte irrémédiable à ses valeurs, les biais de gouvernance découverts par l'analyse relèvent surtout de la pratique « normale » du gouvernement. Finalement, la thèse suggère de considérer les transformations qui affectent le recrutement, les fonctions et les pouvoirs des conseillers scientifiques de la Maison-Blanche comme révélatrices des mutations de la production technoscientifique et des adaptations de la stratification de la communauté scientifique américaine, phénomènes à la source de conflits en gestation.
Leboime, Sarah. ""Storm coming" : résistance et résilience dans le Black Arts Movement à Chicago." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UNIP7019.
Full textThis dissertation focuses on the Black Arts Movement (BAM) in 1960s and 1970s Chicago. The “aesthetic and spiritual sister” of the Black Power Movement has been largely understudied in the historiography of the Black Freedom Struggle, yet it is thoroughly woven into the long history of African American activism in the United States. As one of the most segregated cities of the American North, Chicago held a unique place in the movement and in its fashioning of cultural nationalism. Not only was it the city where the BAM took the greatest variety of artistic forms (visual arts, literature, theatre, music, dance) but the movement in the “Windy City” also produced some its most perennial organisations, several of them still being active today. This study partly aims at shedding the light on the reasons behind this resilience by emphasizing the specific twofold spatial politics of the BAM in Chicago as well as the many intergenerational exchanges having occurred both within and around the movement. Besides, this work’s originality lies in its articulation of the complex gender issues at stake in the Black Arts Movement, which have repeatedly been played down in spite of being crucial to any thorough understanding of the movement. While it has often been described as sexist and heterosexist, the BAM was actually much more complex than some might think. For instance, Chicago’s Black women artists had key organizational roles and they largely contributed to resisting the misogyny of many of their male counterparts. They articulated their own implementations of the BAM’s emphasis on self-definition and fought the demeaning stereotypes that were often imposed on them. As they asserted their right to complexity and called on a lineage of foremothers, BAM women writers and artists helped forge the “black feminist thought.” This study eventually endeavours to complicate any linear and narrow understanding of the Black Arts Movement and the individuals in its midst, for the movement was multifaceted and continues to escape any monolithic definition
Mignault, Simon-Pierre. "L'amplification sociale des risques : l'exemple du traitement de la menace terroriste par le gouvernement américain." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25777/25777.pdf.
Full textMakaya, mandembe engouang Yves. "La dynamique de la participation électorale : effets conjoncturels et dispositifs de mobilisation aux élections présidentielles françaises (2007), américaines (2008) et aux élections fédérales canadiennes (2008)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAH029/document.
Full textWhat does the increase of the voter turnout in the 2007 French and the 2008 American presidential election mean? With the French, American and Canadian surveys, we highlight the changes in the political attitude of the citizens occurred in recent years. The voters are now practicing an intermittent and selective voting. This changing political behavior reflects a growing individualization values in politics. They are making their mind up from an assessment of the electoral issues positions, an evolution of the meaning of the vote and, a priorization of elections. Voters are not leaving the polling stations, they are only choosing to participate in different way. More educated, autonomous and critical, the citizens require deep changes in the political evaluations. So, by winning number of votes, candidates have to adapt their strategical plan of actions by including the individualized behavior of the citizens : structuring the political party, modernizing the electoral campaigns, promoting a membership “à la carte”, developing new forms of political engagement, and using the Internet. Everything is done to increase the individualized citizens vote
Truc, Gérôme. "Le 11-septembre européen : la sensibilité morale des Européens à l’épreuve des attentats du 11 septembre 2001, du 11 mars 2004 et du 7 juillet 2005." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0157.
Full textRawing its inspiration from the classical theses of Simmel, Durkheim and Elias, this PhD dissertation analyses the moral sensibility of Europeans at the beginning of the 21st century through their reactions to the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, March 11th, 2004 and July 7th, 2005. Based on extensive fieldwork in France, the United States, Madrid and London, and on the exploitation of a wide variety of empirical materials – particularly a previously unpublished collection of several dozens of thousands of messages of condolence and solidarity – it establishes in what ways ordinary individuals felt concerned by these events and sympathized with their victims. The first section examines how each terrorist attack has been framed by European media and public institutions. It underlines how “Europeans” became a collective subject who had a specific experience of these events, yet without a sense of European belonging being solidified through shared grief. The second section shows that the community of feelings that appeared in reaction to Islamist terrorist attacks cannot be simply reduced to an unambiguous feeling of community. It highlights the formation of different publics of individuals who have felt concerned as much through a “we” whose nature and scale vary, as on a more personal mode, where the sense of “I” prevails. The third section, finally, explores the contrast between the American memory of 9/11 and the near oblivion in Europe of the Madrid and London terrorist attacks, given the fact that the principal vectors from which the publics of European 9/11 arose did not constitute the frames of an European memory
Saraç-Lesavre, Başak. "Formuler les valeurs du nucléaire : Communautés, équations, budgets et débats autour des déchets nucléaires." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0023.
Full textThis thesis approaches valuation as an on-going, constructive and contested process. She addresses this theoretical issue through the study of a very complex object of valuation: nuclear waste in the context of the United States. As an ontologically ambivalent object, nuclear waste can be valued or devalued from many angles, which provides an intriguing and exciting test bed to unfold a sociology of valuation. The thesis examines a multitude of sites where the question of the formulation of nuclear values is being raised. These sites are, for example, the design and vicissitudes of the budgetary process conceived to finance the North American nuclear waste program, the trials set up in order to distribute the financial responsibility of a material expected to remain hazardous during the next million years, the efforts of a group of actors to attach the future of their community to the future of nuclear waste, or the uses of an economic convention to estimate the economic value of spent nuclear fuel. This thesis shows that processes of valuation are never limited to the object that is subjected to valuation and proposes the notion of revaluation, first, to articulate the intertwined relationship between the processes of evaluation and valuation, and second, to signify the particularity of the period during which the research has been undertaken, namely a moment when the revival of nuclear energy was publicly debated, and a moment when the U.S. government was seeking to reformulate its nuclear waste policy
Guez, Sabine. "Une anthropologie de l'ordinaire du trafic de drogue à Ciudad Juarez (Mexique) et El Paso (Etats-Unis)." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0715.
Full textThis thesis, about the ordinariness of drug trafficking in Ciudad Juárez–El Paso, aims to understand the phenomenon of the interpenetration of drug trafficking with a border region in all its historical depth, and to describe this interpenetration at ground level, in daily life. This research proposes to study drug trafficking as a field of complex social relationships by means of which this trade endures and evolves. It seeks to embrace this complexity by espousing the points of view of characters. The analysis, which focuses mainly on three key moments – the 1930s, the 1980s, the 2000s –, endeavours to weave together into one narrative three threads, three stories that enlighten one another. The first thread pertains to the regional history of drug trafficking. The thesis throws into relief the role of the Mexican state as spearheading the social movement of legitimization of drug trafficking. The state laid the groundwork and planted the seeds of the idea that to instrumentalize this windfall of resources (for public use and/or personal gain) was possible; to profit from crime was rational. The second thread sewn into the narrative is the individual history of a multitude of protagonists. From one portrait to another, the points of view of my interlocutors produce a kind of oral history with multiple voices, and begin to shed light on a given historical moment, through personal actions. The thesis also revisits the armed conflict in which over 10,000 people died in Ciudad Juárez between 2008 and 2011. The story of this ethnographic investigation – a process of knowing that is existential, relational and intersubjective – is the third thread braided into the narrative
Demange, Elise. "La controverse "Abstain, be faithful, use a condom" Transnationalisation de la politique de prévention du VIH/sida en Ouganda." Phd thesis, Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00553348.
Full textAngers, Kathleen. "Struggles over Legitimate Diplomathood : the United States Foreign Service, the State Department and Other Government Agencies in Contemporary American Diplomacy." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20595.
Full textVézina, Julie. "Les politiques de stérilisation sexuelle au Canada et aux États-Unis : une pratique à l'intersection de rapports de genre, de race et de classe." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5271.
Full textIn this research, the objective pursued will be to throw light on the dynamics of gender, race, class, age, nation, and handicap by examining how women’s reproductive freedom has been historically constrained. First, I will examine how the colonial pasts of Canada and United States have shaped their relationships to reproduction. Then, I will analyze how the eugenic ideology relied on science to legitimate their enterprise of liberating society of its « unwanted » through the instauration of sexual sterilization acts. I will put forward the hypothesis that Indian women in Canada and African american women in the United States have been disproportionately targeted by these acts. The public identities of the welfare queen and the squaw will be mobilized to demonstrate how those images were used to legitimize the instauration of public policies designed to discriminate against these populations.