Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sociology, Rural. Family Kinship'

The lack of educational achievement among children in foster care and kinship care is one of great concern. Children in foster care and kinship care are faced with the challenges that the child welfare system imposes on them as well as their mental health concerns. The purpose of this project was to develop a curriculum for foster parents and kinship caregivers aimed at helping them empower the children and youth in their care to achieve academic success. It is vital for social workers, foster parents and kinship caregivers to collaborate and advocate for these children, ultimately reducing barriers to learning and increasing their opportunities to achieve academic success. This curriculum includes three workshops that educate foster parents and kinship caregivers about the risk and protective factors that children in their care face when striving to complete their education, while providing strategies for successful outcomes. Submission of this curriculum was not required for this thesis project.

This study focuses on the identities of family farm operators and the challenges to maintaining viable farm operations in today’s agricultural economy. Employing a grounded qualitative approach, the author conducted 18 in-depth interviews with principal farm operators from Iowa and Tennessee. Using the insights of farmers from geographically different agricultural regions, this study notes how preserving family histories, socialization processes, and farming as a moral career inform operators’ understandings of themselves and the work they do. The analysis also focuses on how family farm operators contend with a globalized agricultural economy and the moral and ethical concerns of managing a farm. Farm operators implement various tactics and framing mechanisms for resolving and, in some cases, circumventing these challenging issues in order to maintain their farms, identities, and family farm legacies.

This ethnographic study is on a sacred patrilineage, on the Ulusoy family members who are widely accepted by the Alevi Bektasi communities as the descendants of the eponymous founder of the Bektasi Order, Haci Bektas Veli. In line with the Shi&rsquo
ite tradition, it is claimed that Haci Bektas Veli inherited the batin, the esoteric aspect of the knowledge and the type of spirituality of this knowledge - walaya, by genealogical chain traced back to Ahl-al Bayt, and therefore undertook an initiating and supervisory role over his adherents. As the progeny of Haci Bektas Veli, the Ç
elebis, namely the Ulusoy family, have also become the heirs of his sacred authority which was also inherited by their descendant through blood and transmigration. The Ulusoys have undertaken the role of spiritual guides and leaders of some other sacred dede (sacred guide) lineages called ocaks, as well as of the disciples of those ocaks, to regulate and supervise their life in accordance with the batin, divine knowledge. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is to explore the maintenance and reproduction of the hereditary sanctity of the Ulusoy family during the Republican period during which, due to the secularization and modernization attempts of the Republic, the sanctity and sacred authority of the family has not been recognized as a social distinct category. To this end, I firstly examine the historical background of the family by situating the family in the Ottoman period. Having found out the continuities and ruptures in exercising of the sacred authority of the family over the disciples after the establishment of the Republic, I focus on the transformation of the sanctity and new forms of it by employing the concepts of space/place
kinship and, gender.

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The rural population has experienced changes in terms of occupation of its workforce and, mainly, in their conditions of income earning. These changes affect differently the diverse sectors of this population. Among the family farmers have been occurring an important process of rural areas abandonment, especially by the young, who search in the urban environment the accomplishment for their life projects. The youth, who identified in the agricultural activity a fertile field for their professional achievement, began to realize other activities unrelated to agriculture. The reproductive strategies of rural families eventually are adapted to the socioeconomic context in which they live. One can also observe that the likely crises and changes in rural areas affect the construction of the projects of the rural youth, then they start to reformulate the familiar or individual strategies, in distinct social and economic contexts. This study is characterized as a sequence of a research work that originated a dissertation defended at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas in 2006, whose target audience were high school students from the School Nosso Senhor do Bonfim, in the urban perimeter of Morro Redondo, RS, Brazil. Facing this scenery we intended, through a case study, to return to these these young people in order to investigate which are the professional strategies that have been adopted by the rural youth for the permanence or desertion of the area in the municipality of Morro Redondo city, RS. To evaluate the current information and the information obtained in the earlier period, we used qualitative and quantitative methodology combined, in order to cross the produced speeches. The interviews allowed us to conclude that the uncertainty of a fixed payment is manifested as an element that contributes to the youth to the abandon the familiar activity and the continuity of the formal education has shown itself as strategy to achieve their life projects, thus threatening the possibility of succession in family production units.
A população do meio rural vem experimentando mudanças em termos de ocupação da sua força de trabalho e, principalmente, nas suas condições de obtenção de renda. Estas mudanças afetam os diversos setores desta população de modo distinto. Entre os agricultores familiares tem ocorrido um importante processo de abandono do meio rural, principalmente pelos jovens, que buscam no meio urbano a realização para os seus projetos de vida. Os jovens, que identificavam na atividade agrícola um campo fértil para a sua realização profissional, passaram a perceber outras atividades desvinculadas da agricultura. As estratégias de reprodução das famílias rurais acabam sofrendo adaptações ao contexto socioeconômico em que vivem. Pode-se também observar que as prováveis crises e mudanças no meio rural afetam a construção dos projetos dos jovens rurais, então estes passam a reformular as estratégias familiares ou individuais, em contextos sociais e econômicos distintos. Este estudo caracteriza-se como uma sequência de um trabalho de pesquisa que originou uma dissertação de mestrado defendida junto a UFPel no ano de 2006, cujo público-alvo foram jovens estudantes de ensino médio da Escola Nosso Senhor do Bonfim, no perímetro urbano de Morro Redondo-RS. Perante este cenário, pretendeu-se através de um estudo de caso, retornar a estes jovens para investigar quais as estratégias profissionais quem vem sendo adotadas pela juventude rural para a permanência ou abandono do meio, no município de Morro Redondo. Para avaliar as informações atuais e as informações obtidas no período anterior fez-se o uso combinado de metodologia qualitativa e quantitativa, a fim de cruzar os discursos produzidos. As entrevistas permitem empreender que a incerteza de uma remuneração fixa se manifesta como um elemento que contribui para que a juventude abandone a atividade familiar, e a continuidade da educação formal vem apresentando-se como estratégia para a realização dos seus projetos de vida e, ameaçando assim, a possibilidade de sucessão nas unidades de produção familiares.

This study explores what oral history interviews with my mother reveal about the familial and community dynamics that influenced Finnish-American children growing up on Michigan’s Upper Peninsula between 1930 and 1950. Close to four hours of oral history interviews were conducted with Viola Nixon, who is second and third-generation Finnish-American on her father’s and mother’s sides, respectively. After conducting a narrative analysis of the interviews, five themes emerged as significant to community function: family, language, education, work and church. I grouped some of these themes together to create three stories informed by materials drawn from the interviews, a cookbook, and my personal experience. These stories were written for oral performance. The stories provide audiences the opportunity to learn about and feel empathy for America’s immigrants, as well as to explore their own immigrant roots. Opportunities for further studies exist to explore the immigrant experience on Michigan’s Upper Peninsula.

The subject is life in rural areas and the purpose of the essay is to explore and understand,why a group of women brought up in Storuman, after a while living elsewhere, choose to move back and settle down. The urbanization process where people leave the countryside and move to cities affects the rural everyday life as societies in the countryside are dismantled.The terms of living in the countryside are perceived unequal compared to living in cities. This is a qualitative study written and inspired by ethnography based on the following theories. Habitus and field by Bourdieu, push and pull by Ravenstein and the theory of socialcontext in rural areas. The conclusions are that social relations and positive connections to the place are essential to women's choice of choosing life i Storuman. Behaviour and lifestyle have been passed over to next generation. The nature in Storuman, being an area of leisure, togetherness and recreation, plays an important part in the lifestyle these women have chosen. The word safety connected to women's experience and feeling towards Storuman is strong and pulls them back. So does also their experience of living elsewhere.

This study explores the changing nature of filial piety in contemporary society in rural China. With the economic, social and political upheavals that followed the Revolution, can 'great peace under heaven' still be found for the rural Chinese family as in the traditional Confucian proverb,"make yourself useful, look after your family, look after your country, and all is peaceful under heaven"? This study explores this question, in terms not so much of financial prosperity, but of non-tangible cultural values of filial piety, changing familial and gender roles, and economic migration. In particular, it examines how macro level changes in economic, social and demographic policies have affected family life in rural China. The primary policies examined were collectivisation, the hukou registration system, marketization, and the One-Child policy. Ethnographic interviews reveal how migration has affected rural family structures beyond the usual quantifiable economic measures. Using the village of Meijia, Sichuan province, as a paradigmatic sample of family, where members have moved to work in the cities, leaving their children behind with the grandparents, the study demonstrates how migration and modernization are reshaping familial roles, changing filial expectations, reshuffling notions of care-taking, and transforming traditional views on the value of daughters and daughters-in-law. The study concludes that the choices families make around migration, child-rearing and elder-care cannot be fully explained by either an income diversification model or a survival model, but rather through notions of filial piety. Yet the concept of filial piety itself is changing, particularly in relation to gender and perceptions about the worth of daughters and the mother/ daughter-in-law relationship. Understanding these new family dynamics will be important for both policy planners and economic analysts.

Social institutions in rural communities tend to be highly interrelated and social ties tend to be dense and multiplex. Human ecological theoretical models posit that all institutions in which an individual is embedded interact in complex ways. As such, this dissertation examines the influences of school, faith, family, and risk contexts on the grade point averages of students who attended school in nonmetropolitan counties in Appalachian Kentucky. Using data disaggregated by gender from nearly 5,000 adolescents, I identified risk and protective factors on grade point averages by attraction type (exclusively opposite-sex attracted, same-sex attracted, and unsure of attraction), identified differences in grade point averages between attraction types, and identified mediators and moderators of the relationship between attraction type and grade point average. School belonging positively influenced the grade point averages of unsure males and religious belief negatively influenced the grade point averages of same-sex attracted males. In general, sexual minority students reported lower grade point averages than their exclusively opposite-sex attracted peers. Among same-sex attracted males and females, this disparity in grade point average was mediated by school belonging. Among unsure males the variation in grade point average was largely explained by engagement in risk behaviors. The relationship between sexual attraction and grade point average was moderated by religiosity, marijuana use, and labor market optimism.

This thesis gives an experiential account of notions of the home in contemporary rural China. Based on a year of fieldwork in a mountain village in rural Shanxi Province, the thesis explores everyday and ritual practices to investigate how people make themselves at home under conditions of political economic transformation. Villagers accommodate and resist conflicts of interest by negotiating boundaries of insiders and outsiders through the home. Differences of gender and generation come to the fore as people compromise between aspiration and pragmatism within the home under conditions of resurgent market competition. The theoretical concern of the thesis lies in connecting wider social processes to personal life projects through the intimate sphere of the home. The rhythm of the seasons patterns the thesis into spring, summer, autumn and winter chapters, as the seasons were pivotal in ordering people’s everyday practices and ritual activities within a shared social and ecological environment. The opening chapter on the autumn harvest coincided with my arrival in the village. The chapter explores how labour, and particularly women’s labour, transforms the earth into affective belonging, and how women negotiate conflicts over food consumption between the agricultural and market economy. The winter chapter parallels tales of personal life history with wider kinship networks across various generations, while simultaneously tracing bodily pathways from the domain of the hot stove in the home to the cold grave in the fields. The next chapter begins with the celebratory periods of springtime during the New Year Festival, a time of ritual renewal in the home when women partook in a local domestic ritual of propitiating the little spirits of the house. At Qingming Festival villagers’ practices of worshipping the ancestors in the fields were juxtaposed with a tour company’s staging of an elaborate ritual revival of star worship in the village. Conflicting aspirations over the future of the past thereby tore fissures into the emerging ritual terrain between outside spectacle and inside convergence. The last ethnographic chapter looks at the summer as a time for regenerating life, particularly through marriage and children. Reciprocal caring cycles between different generations of women are central to balancing domestic and occupational aspirations in negotiation with the local implementation of the family planning policy. House-based rituals at children’s birthday parties and bridal farewell ceremonies formally celebrate the roles of matrilateral relatives.

Orientador: Fernando Antonio Lourenço
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Esta dissertação aborda o cultivo agroflorestal em cinco municípios da Zona da Mata pernambucana. Discussões teóricas são feitas no primeiro e segundo capitulo, sendo o terceiro de ordem empírica. No primeiro capítulo, uma analogia é feita entre Sistemas Agroflorestais e roças de coivara, de modo a apontar para as semelhanças e diferenças entre os dois sistemas e fazer considerações acerca do método agroecológico de construção de tecnologias. O segundo capítulo trata da Zona da Mata pernambucana e traça um histórico da agricultura na região, mostrando como o monocultivo canavieiro se implantou, homogenizou a paisagem local e determinou a estrutura fundiária da mesorregião, sendo uma de suas consequências a organização de movimentos sociais pela reforma agrária. O terceiro capitulo é composto pelos estudos de casos. Cinco agricultores foram visitados e suas experiências foram analisadas, no sentido de compreender suas vivências agroflorestais e de entendê-Ias dentro de seus contextos rurais específicos. Alguns aspectos importantes do modo de vida desses agricultores foram brevemente analisados, sendo eles a postura de resistência política, a ideologia preservacionista, a viabilidade econômica e a reprodução social. Tal análise permite a compreensão dos sistemas agroflorestais na Zona da Mata pernambucana enquanto ferramentas de resistência e de afirmação da agricultura familiar e ecológica. Os agricultores que adotam a agrofloresta como sistema produtivo não estão apenas sobrevivendo como podem, estão reproduzindo um modo de vida crítico e autônomo, bem como a idéia de um novo paradigma de desenvolvimento rural
Abstract: This research addresses the agroforestral cultivation in five municipalities of the Zona da Mata in Pernambuco. The first two chapters discuss theoretical issues. In the third chapter several empirical studies are presented. The first chapter draws an analogy between agroforestry and slash-and-bum systems in order to point out the similarities and differences amid these two systems and to further analyze the development of agroecological technologies. The second chapter elucidates the history of agriculture in the Zona da Mata of Pernambuco. It displays the implementation of the sugar cane monoculture, resulting in a homogenized local landscape and determining the land structure of this mesoregion. This transformation eventually led to the organization of social movements which advocate land reforms. The third chapter consists of case studies. Five agriculturists were visited and their way of life was analyzed in order to understand their agroforestral experiences within their specific rural contexts. Several important aspects concerning the way of life of these agriculturalists were briefly discussed; among them the attitude towards political resistance, the preservationist ideology, economic viability and social reproduction. Within this analysis, agroforestral systems in the Zona da Mata of Pernambuco can be understood as instruments of resistance and as an affirmation of ecological and family agriculture. Agriculturalists adopting agroforestry as their system of production are not merely surviving, but they are rather reproducing their critical and autonomous way of life as well as the idea of a new paradigm of rural development
Mestrado
Sociologia
Mestre em Sociologia

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Para a reprodução de qualquer atividade, a participação de novas gerações é essencial. Esta condição humana é especialmente verdadeira na pequena agricultura familiar, onde a produção depende da mão-de-obra familiar. A agricultura periurbana do município de São Paulo apresenta desafios especiais para garantir a participação dos jovens, considerando a diversidade de alternativas oferecidas ou percebidas nestes locais bem como as dificuldades apresentadas pela competição para o uso da terra. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é identificar as funções e perspectivas da juventude na agricultura familiar desenvolvida na zona sul do município de São Paulo. Para isso, metodologicamente, a coleta dessas informações se deu com a aplicação de um questionário aplicado em campo com os jovens cooperados e/ou filhos, netos de agricultores que fazem parte da Cooperapas. A agricultura resulta em um importante fluxo econômico, pois possibilita a geração de trabalho e renda na região que é considerada uma das mais pobres do município de São Paulo. Porém, ultimamente tem se observado uma abstinência dos jovens ao trabalho na agricultura. Dentre os principais motivos destacam-se: (1) falta de identidade com a produção agrícola; (2) proximidade da região com os grandes centros urbanos, o que resulta em um êxodo rural diário em virtude da ocupação de subempregos; (3) repulsa dos patriarcas da família em seus descendentes seguirem aquele trabalho, motivados pelo anseio de seus filhos estudarem e se destacarem em outras áreas de conhecimento (devido a diversas dificuldades encontradas na lavoura); (4) frustração dos jovens a colocar seus pontos de vistas em relação a estrutura produtiva e administrativa da propriedade agrícola; (5) dificuldade de acesso às políticas públicas de fomento a agricultura familiar, entre outros. Apesar de toda dificuldade relatada por esse jovem, percebeu-se através da pesquisa que há uma intenção desse jovem em permanecer no campo.
In order to reproduce a system, the participation of new generation is crucial. This human condition is especially real in small family farming, where the production depends on the family workforce. The agriculture outlines challenges to ensure the youth participation, taking in consideration the diversity of alternatives offered or taken in these places, as well as the struggles presented by the competition to use the land. The agriculture results in an important economic flow because it enables creation of job and income in the district, which is considered one of the poorest in Sao Paulo County. However, lately it has been noticed an abstinence of the youth related to work in agriculture. Among all the main reasons states: (1) the lack of identity with farming production; (2) proximity to big cities, which results in a daily rural exodus due to the occupation in sub-works; (3) The chief family repulsion for their descending follow this farming path motivated by the urge of their children study and be leading in other areas of knowledge. (5) Complexity to access the public politics related to family farming and others. That’s why the goal of this paperwork is identify the role of the youth inside the family agriculture developed on the south side of Sao Paulo County.

Orientador: Clifford Andrew Welch
Resumo: Para a reprodução de qualquer atividade, a participação de novas gerações é essencial. Esta condição humana é especialmente verdadeira na pequena agricultura familiar, onde a produção depende da mão-de-obra familiar. A agricultura periurbana do município de São Paulo apresenta desafios especiais para garantir a participação dos jovens, considerando a diversidade de alternativas oferecidas ou percebidas nestes locais bem como as dificuldades apresentadas pela competição para o uso da terra. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é identificar as funções e perspectivas da juventude na agricultura familiar desenvolvida na zona sul do município de São Paulo. Para isso, metodologicamente, a coleta dessas informações se deu com a aplicação de um questionário aplicado em campo com os jovens cooperados e/ou filhos, netos de agricultores que fazem parte da Cooperapas. A agricultura resulta em um importante fluxo econômico, pois possibilita a geração de trabalho e renda na região que é considerada uma das mais pobres do município de São Paulo. Porém, ultimamente tem se observado uma abstinência dos jovens ao trabalho na agricultura. Dentre os principais motivos destacam-se: (1) falta de identidade com a produção agrícola; (2) proximidade da região com os grandes centros urbanos, o que resulta em um êxodo rural diário em virtude da ocupação de subempregos; (3) repulsa dos patriarcas da família em seus descendentes seguirem aquele trabalho, motivados pelo anseio de seus filhos estudarem ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Mestre

Parents and teachers have differing perspectives of parental involvement which presents a barrier to the development of effective parental involvement. This mixed-method, sequential, exploratory study of parents and teachers in rural school districts sought to identify, compare, and analyze these divergent parental involvement perspectives. A sample of 122 parents and 21 certified teachers from 3 rural elementary schools were first surveyed using parallel questions from Epstein's School and family partnerships parent (or teacher) questionnaire (SFP). Independent-sample t-tests of SFP scales confirmed parental involvement perspectives of parents and teachers differed significantly. Survey data was analyzed descriptively and identified 5 specific topics of differences: parents' ability to help with reading and math, their need for teacher ideas, checking homework, volunteering, teacher and parent communication, and sharing learning expectations. Next, 5 focus groups of parents, teachers, and parents and teachers together probed these topics. Digital recordings of focus group data were transcribed, segmented, and coded for repeated words and phrases. Themes were then inductively developed. Results specified parents want clear, timely communication, while teachers want parents' support and to assist with children's homework. Results further indicated improved communication would assist in building stronger parent teacher relationships. Focus groups provided a venue for communication and building relationships inspiring transformation. The implications of social change are that parental involvement programs that address the perspectives of both parents and teachers improve understanding and promote a sense of social justice where both parents and teachers share positions of power in the education of children.

The goal of this dissertation was to explore aging lesbian and gay individuals living in rural communities, in terms of their social networks and the relationships between these networks, identity, health, and quality of life. Guiding the study were three overarching questions. Using a multi-method design, the research was grounded within a socio-ecological context and focused on how structural systems create pathways for health and are affected by social position (intersectionality). Participants (n=25) were recruited from Kentucky (n=20), West Virginia (n=3), and Tennessee (n=2). Thirteen participants self-identified as gay and twelve as lesbian. Findings highlight the complexity of the aging experience and the difficulty in parsing out the influence of a rural location, the aging process, and being a lesbian or gay male, on social network development, identity, health, and quality of life. Findings indicate that rural gay and lesbian individuals develop networks based on need with limited consideration for network members’ acceptance of their identity. The findings also indicate that networks are primarily composed of heterosexual members. Social isolation and loneliness remain a pervasive issue in the rural gay and lesbian aging community. Finally, network size does not affect the overall health and quality of life for rural aging lesbian and gay individuals, but identity congruence does. Conclusions point to the greater need for research to understand the factors affecting aging lesbian and gay individuals in rural environments. Opportunities abound for developing further research addressing social isolation among this population and exploring the positive relationship between identity congruence and quality of life. The findings highlight the collective need to continue research into sexual minority aging and rural sexual minority aging.

Losing a spouse is as devastating an experience anyone will ever deal with in his or her life. Research, however, shows that men have a harder and longer time coping with the loss of a spouse than women. When the widower’s profession is farming, there are no resources to specifically help that individual with their loss. The purpose of this research was to gain insight into the lives of widowed farmers with particular focus on transitions in their farming operation and their family life. Through their stories, we learn what is happening before the loss of the female spouse on the farm, during the bereavement period, and how the farmer handles the situation after the bereavement period has ended. Findings indicate that the Cooperative Extension Service can play a major role in supporting our widowed farmers as they seek a new normal for their farm operation and family life. Also, farming widowers have more stress following the loss of a spouse due to the added aspect of managing the farm and the home simultaneously after the passing of their spouse. Recommendations include further expanding spousal bereavement materials to include a section for males and in particular farming widowers.

Le thème de la socialisation des jeunes est un sujet de préoccupation pour toutes les sociétés du monde entier. Ceci est dû principalement au fait que l'avenir des communautés repose, en partie, sur l'efficacité avec laquelle elles accomplissent les tâches de préparation de cette composante importante de leur population, à devenir des adultes productifs qui contribueront au bien-être de leurs communautés. Dans les pays en voie de développement, caractérisé par un changement social rapide, une adaptation à des modes de vie non conventionnelles de la part des générations futures, dont les trajectoires croisent des contextes entièrement différents, l'explication minutieuse des déterminants de la socialisation des jeunes est incontournable. Au Kenya, les changements sociétaux et les comportements, exacerbés par les vulnérabilités associées au développement, créent souvent une confluence de facteurs qui placent les jeunes devant de grands risques. Par conséquent, la nécessité de transformer les institutions sociales ordinaires de la société, en tant que cadres de socialisation, pour les rendre pertinentes dans la préparation des jeunes aux défis de l'avenir, est inévitable. Portant sur une société du Kisii rural, Masaba Sud – Ouest, l'étude a cherché à établir comment le changement de la famille et celui d'autres institutions sociales clés, telles que l'éducation, la religion et les médias, ont un impact sur la socialisation de la communauté des jeunes. Le modèle écologique pour le développement humain (Urie Bronfenbrenner, 1994) et l’examen des parcours de vie ont été adoptés comme modèle conceptuel et méthodologique de l'étude. Les résultats de l'étude offrent une vue particulièrement nuancée des défis de socialisation pour une période de changement sans précédent dans un cadre rural du Kenya. Il est démontré que les socio-valeurs culturelles et les normes communautaires qui influencent le processus de socialisation ne sont pas constantes, mais qu’elles changent toujours et d’une façon parfois contradictoire et qu’elles sont perçues différemment par les jeunes et les membres plus âgés de la société, affectant ainsi négativement la capacité des parents et des autres anciens de réguler les jeunes. En outre, il est démontré que l'adoption de nouvelles structures sociales, conduisant à l'interruption de la transmission de comportements spécifiques, ne donne pas lieu à l'échec de la socialisation, mais offre de plus grandes voies pour favoriser un comportement positif. Au niveau national, la politique en charge du développement de la jeunesse est pleine de lacunes, en termes de politiques suivies, d’autant que les interventions n'ont pas été fondées sur une évaluation éclairée des problèmes. De même, les programmes pour les jeunes ont constamment été guidés par la philosophie du déficit et par des approches orientées. Ainsi, l'idéologie qui sous-tend le développement des jeunes, a souvent mis l'accent sur les projets centrés sur la transmission des compétences professionnelles et l'accès aux services financiers des jeunes, alors que fait défaut une politique familiale explicite. L'étude apporte une contribution à une recherche qui vise à comprendre les entraves structurelles, les nouvelles voies et transitions des jeunes à l'âge adulte et les chemins de développement personnel basé sur de nouvelles façons et attitudes, marquées par l'interaction humaine
The subject of youth socialization is a concern for all societies worldwide. The future of communities rests, in part on how effectively they accomplish the tasks of preparing this important component of their population to become productive adults. In developing countries, characterized by rapid social change, the adaptation and unconventional life patterns of future generations, whose growth trajectories will occur in an entirely different context, calls for careful explication of the determinants of the socialization young people. In Kenya, the societal shifts and behavioral patterns, exacerbated by the unique developmental vulnerabilities often create a confluence of factors that put youth at great risk. Hence, the need to transform the ordinary institutions of society, as socializing contexts to make them relevant in preparing young people for the challenges of the future role taking is inevitable. Set in a society in rural Kisii, Masaba South – Western Kenya, the study sought to establish how the changes in the family and that of other key social institutions such as education, religion and the media impact the socialization of the youth in the community. The ecological model for human development by Urie Bronfenbrenner (1994) and the life course framework have been adopted as the conceptual model for the study. The results of the study offer an unusually nuanced view of socialization challenges in a time of unprecedented change in Kenya’s rural setting. It is shown that socio- cultural values and community norms that influence the socialization process are not constant, but always changing and sometimes contradictory and are perceived differently by young people and older members of society, thereby adversely affecting the capacity of parents and other elders to regulate the youth. In addition, it is shown that the adoption of new social structures though leading to the disruption of the transmission of specific behaviors, do not result to failure in effective socialization, but offers greater pathways for imparting positive behavior. At national level, the policy with regard to youth development is full of gaps, in terms of policy and reality, especially since the interventions are not predicated on informed assessment. Similarly, youth programs have consistently been guided by the philosophy of deficit and problem oriented approaches. Thus, the ideology that underpins the development of young people often focuses on projects focusing on imparting vocational skills and access to financial services for young people that have already “fallen off the cracks”. More critical, the country lacks an explicit family policy on whose lenses issues affecting the family and its various population segments, especially the youth could be examined. The study makes an important contribution to the understanding of the emergent area of research aimed at understanding the structural obstacles to young people’s transition to adulthood by creating new channels and orientation for seeking pathways to personal development based on new ways and attitudes of human interaction

The formalization of Rural Family Farming (RFF) is understood here as a complex process‟, because it is suit industry standards an activity that once served as household value and whose features handmade become valued by consumers as differentiated products for industrial products. The literature suggests that the viability of this possibility marketing involves the organization of farmers, with the action of different actors, to promote cooperation among stakeholders. It is characterized, therefore, an economic phenomenon that is inserted‟ in a context of internal social relations family, but also relationships that constitute the external actors with expertise, for specific socio-spatial to the issue. These are variables that make up the institutional environment in which RFF are immersed and shape the study of the problem that arises in order to understand how Rural Family Farming are formalized, featuring actors and the relationships that are established to overcome the adversities that the institutional environment exerts on those experiences. Thus, this study aims to analyze the dynamics inherent in the formalization of Rural Family Farming, trying to understand the contribution of the actors to overcome adversity related to the institutional environment. The theoretical orientation of the research is located predominantly in the tradition of the New Economic Sociology. We used the method of comparative study of cases‟, the analytical units are located in the municipalities of Jaguari-RS and Chapecó-SC. Data collection was conducted from secondary sources (bibliographies and databases), but mostly from primary sources (interviews, documents and free observation) with farmers and the actors with whom they relate on the basis of projects of RFF, using specific instruments (scripts semi-structured) for each category. We used a qualitative approach, supported occasionally by quantitative methods (frequency distribution), where the organization of the information collected was to enable the analysis of content, supporting the interpretations based on the theoretical framework presented. The results call into question the effectiveness of the ways in which family farming is organized and is represented, as well as their own support services to overcome barriers to the institutional environment (especially with regard to the requirements of the existing legal framework) imposes on projects of family farming. The study suggests that advances in potential do not occur by the individual action of farmers, either by deterministic State action, but as a construction carried out by farmers' organizations, supported decisively by their forms of representation, by organizations of social movements and the government.
A formalização das Agroindústrias Familiares Rurais (AFRs) é compreendida aqui como um processo complexo‟, pois se trata de adequar a padrões de mercado uma atividade que outrora servira como valor de uso doméstico e cujas características artesanais passam a ser valorizadas pelos consumidores como produtos diferenciados dos produtos industriais. A literatura aponta que a viabilização dessa possibilidade mercadológica envolve a organização dos agricultores, com a ação de diferentes atores, no sentido de promover a cooperação entre os envolvidos. Fica caracterizado, com isso, um fenômeno econômico que ocorre inserido‟ em um contexto de relações sociais internas a família, mas também de relações que se constituem com atores externos às experiências, conferindo especificidade socioespacial à problemática. Essas são variáveis que compõem o ambiente institucional em que as AFRs estão imersas e configuram o problema do estudo que se coloca de modo a compreender como as Agroindústrias Familiares Rurais são formalizadas, caracterizando os atores e as relações que se estabelecem para superar as adversidades que o ambiente institucional exerce sobre essas experiências. Diante disso, este estudo se propõe a analisar a dinâmica inerente à formalização das Agroindústrias Familiares Rurais, buscando compreender a contribuição dos atores para superar adversidades relacionadas ao ambiente institucional. A orientação teórica da pesquisa está situada, predominantemente, na tradição da Nova Sociologia Econômica. Foi utilizado o método de estudo comparativo de casos‟, cujas unidades de análise localizam-se nos municípios de Jaguari-RS e Chapecó-SC. A coleta de dados foi conduzida a partir de fontes secundárias (bibliografias e bases de dados), mas principalmente de fontes primárias (entrevistas, documentos e observação livre) com agricultores(as) e os atores com os quais estes se relacionam em função dos projetos de AFRs, empregando instrumentos específicos (roteiros semi-estruturados) para cada categoria. Utilizou-se de abordagem qualitativa, apoiada pontualmente por métodos quantitativos (distribuição de frequências), onde a organização das informações coletadas ocorreu de modo a permitir a análise de conteúdo, subsidiando as interpretações à luz do marco teórico proposto. Os resultados colocam em xeque a eficácia das formas pelas quais a agricultura familiar se organiza e é representada, assim como dos próprios serviços de apoio, na superação de barreiras que o ambiente institucional (sobretudo no que diz respeito às exigências do quadro legal vigente) impõe aos empreendimentos da agricultura familiar. O estudo sugere que avanços em potenciais não ocorram pela ação individual dos agricultores, tampouco pela ação determinista do Estado, mas como uma construção protagonizada pelas organizações de agricultores, apoiadas de maneira decisiva por suas formas de representação, pelas organizações dos movimentos sociais e pelo poder público.

A presente pesquisa teve como tema as complexas situações envolvidas no que se poderia designar como uma problemática socioambiental em torno da agricultura familiar na Amazônia Oriental, mais especificamente na região Sudeste do Pará, que envolve questões como a expansão do desmatamento, visto principalmente como consequência da adoção do sistema técnico de corte-e-queima associado a um processo crescente de pecuarização dos sistemas produtivos familiares. Tendo em vista que esse contexto é amplo e complexo, optou-se por analisar as situações constituídas a partir das redes de relações sociais de abrangência local e regional envolvendo o tema específico da agroecologia. Tendo por base esses pressupostos, se propôs nesse trabalho analisar as formas como as cadeias de mediação que problematizam temáticas agroecológicas incidem sobre as práticas produtivas de agricultores familiares que estão se integrando aos mercados em áreas de ocupação mais antiga (entre cerca de 20 a 30 anos) na fronteira agrária do Sudeste Paraense. Visando dar elementos de resposta a esse questionamento, como grade de leitura analítica das situações concretas se escolheu utilizar a corrente da sociologia da tradução, que busca identificar as questões ambientais em um contexto maior que as situam no âmbito de um continuum sociedade-natureza. Para isso, esse conjunto teórico se utiliza da análise de redes sócio-técnicas, que envolvem em suas tramas as relações entre humanos e objetos, e que se expandem por meio de complexos procedimentos sociais de tradução. A principal estratégia metodológica utilizada foi a da observação participante, visando “seguir os atores” que fazem parte da rede sócio-técnica que discute a agroecologia no Sudeste do Pará, descrevendo-a desde as arenas de embates e discussões, passando por espaços acadêmicos e institucionais, até chegar aos agricultores familiares em seus estabelecimentos, por meio da descrição do caso de um assentamento da região. Os principais resultados alcançados permitem afirmar que entre os agricultores expostos à cadeia de mediação estendida pelos atores sociais que discutem a agroecologia, podem ser adotadas atividades produtivas que permitam sair da dependência socioeconômica da pecuária extensiva, principalmente por meio de diferentes políticas públicas que podem estimular alternativas de diversificação produtiva (como a expansão da fruticultura), mas essas atividades muitas vezes são adotadas sem uma recusa a elementos que podem ser identificados como fazendo parte de um processo de modernização tecnológica da agricultura. Isso pode demonstrar que essa última rede apresenta-se mais longa e ampliada em suas conexões e interfaces e com maior facilidade de expansão entre os agricultores da região, que podem estar indo em direção a um uso mais intensivo de insumos externos às propriedades rurais. A cadeia de mediação da agroecologia incide em alguns desses espaços, mas ainda se apresenta de modo incipiente na constituição de um processo de interessamento e engajamento dos agricultores em torno de práticas produtivas pensadas a partir de princípios agroecológicos. Essas conclusões podem apontar algumas tendências que servem de leitura reflexiva para analisar as prováveis transformações nas áreas de fronteira agrária de ocupação mais antiga pela agricultura familiar na região do Sudeste Paraense.
This study had as its theme the complex situations involved in what might be called a socio-environmental issue around the family-run farms in eastern Amazonia, specifically in the Southeast of Pará, which involves issues such as the expansion of deforestation, mainly seen as consequence of the adoption of the technical system of cut-and-burn associated with a growing process of raising cattle production of family productive systems. Since this context is broad and complex, we chose to analyze situations generated from networks of social relations of local and regional coverage involving the specific topic of agroecology. Based on these assumptions, we propose in this study to analyze the ways in which of mediation chains that problematize agroecological thematic that relate to the production practices of family agricultural workers that are integrating to the markets in older occupied areas (around 20 to 30 years) in the agrarian frontier in the Southeast of Pará. In order to give elements of answer to this question, such as analytical reading grid of concrete situations we chose to use the sociology of translation, which seeks to identify environmental issues in a larger context that puts it within a continuum between society and nature. In order to do this, this theoretical set uses the analysis of socio-technical networks, which involve the relationship between humans and objects, and they expand themselves through complex social processes of translation. The main methodological strategy used was the participant observation, in order to "follow the actors" that are part of a socio-technical network that discusses the agroecology in the southeast of Pará, describing it from the arenas of talks and discussions, passing through academic and institutional spaces, until it reaches the family agricultural workers in their establishments, by describing the case of a settlement in the region. The main results have revealed that among farmers exposed to the extended chain of mediation by social actors who discuss the agro-ecology, productive activities can be adopted that allow farmers to leave the socio-economic dependence on extensive livestock rearing, mainly through various public policies that may encourage alternatives of diversification of production (such as the expansion of fruit growing), but these activities are often adopted without a refusal of elements that can be identified as being part of a process of technological modernization of agriculture. This might show that this last network show itself longer and extended on its connections and interfaces with bigger facility of expansion among the region's farmers, who may be moving towards a more intensive use of external inputs in relation to rural properties. The agroecology chain of mediation focuses upon some of these spaces, but it still shows itself timid in the constitution of a process of interest and engagement of agriculture workers around production practices, thinking from agroecological principles. These findings may point to some trends that serve as a reflective reading to analyze the probable changes in older agrarian border areas occupied by family farms in the Southeast of Pará.

En milieu rural malgache, la terre constitue le principal moyen d'existence des paysans. Toute la vie des ménages est centrée sur l'exploitation agricole, qui mobilise hommes et femmes, membres de la famille et de la communauté comme main-d'œuvre. Mais depuis quelques décennies, particulièrement dans les régions des Hauts-Plateaux, les parcelles cultivables, héritées et partagées depuis plusieurs générations, deviennent de plus en plus exiguës. Les revenus agricoles ne permettent donc plus aux familles de subvenir à leurs besoins fondamentaux. Ainsi, face à la menace d'insécurité alimentaire, aux besoins croissants de ressources monétaires (éducation, santé, etc.), aux risques liés aux parcours de la vie et à l'exploitation agricole, les ménages sont contraints de diversifier leurs sources de revenu. Pour avoir davantage de revenus monétaires, ils vendent leur force de travail hors de l'exploitation familiale. Les modes d'organisation économique se trouvent alors modifiés et les ménages doivent opter pour de nouvelles stratégies à court, moyen ou long terme dans leurs activités productives. Ce travail de thèse analyse, pour deux communes rurales des Hauts-Plateaux, la mise en œuvre des différentes stratégies à travers les structures des ménages et les réseaux de solidarités intergénérationnelle et communautaire. La recherche montre que l'organisation actuelle des activités permet d'assurer à la fois la continuité de l'exploitation agricole, la survie de la famille et la cohésion sociale.

The following study examines gendered learning experiences of a population of Appalachian migrants surveyed from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. The respondents who participated in the survey used for this study began their lives in Appalachia. These respondents then left Appalachia for various other areas in the country and even around the world only to ultimately return to the mountainous region later in their lives. To begin, theory will be introduced concerning the stratification of gender in the Appalachian economic landscape, as well as a theoretical framework placing Appalachian women in an interlocking web of oppression with other subjugated cultural groups. This outsider kinship found among Appalachian women and other socially ostracized groups, I argue with the support of theory, will foster an atmosphere of tolerance and positive interaction among Appalachian females and the people they meet in their new homes. Literature will also be presented regarding the heavily skewed nature of the role of women versus men in Appalachian society and economy. Using logistic regression, various aspects of migrant experiences away from Appalachia will be examined and analyzed, including the acquisition of job skills, tolerance-based knowledge, and positive interactions with neighbors in their new environment.

Customary land ownership, recording and registration are complex issues in the Solomon Islands. At present, 87% of the land is held under customary laws. Almost all (some 99%) of the land held under customary law is not surveyed, recorded or registered to the tribes. Customary land disputes have been inhibiting rural development initiatives, which is partly responsible for the ill-being of the people. The Family Tree Approach (FTA) is a process being used within the To'abaita region of the Malaita Province to help address problems in the dilemmas of land ownership, land disputes, land recording, land registration and rural development in land held under customary laws in To’abaita. The FTA is a blend of indigenous epistemology, modern practices and Christian principles. Indigenously, the tribes identify with their land by tracing their origins through genealogies, historical narrations, tribal epics and chants, shrines and properties. Rev. Michael Maelia’u, a Church Minister and a former Parliamentarian, promotes the FTA. The FTA has four pillars (principles) – recognition, reconciliation, recording and registration – which are covered within five sequential phases. For instance, recognition is done in phase one of the process, enabling all members of a tribe to recognize each other. Reconciliation is part of the process, promoting forgiveness and acceptance of tribal members. Recording is an important pillar of the FTA, as its role is to produce documents that will be accepted by the law. Research results show that land registration is also a pillar of the FTA; once customary land is registered to the tribes, land disputes will be resolved, thereby enabling sustainable rural development that improves the people’s well-being. The FTA, however, is currently not formally recognized in the country. It has been used by 12 of approximately 20 tribes within the To'abaita region. Some of the To'abaita tribes have not adopted the FTA for various reasons. The FTA has enabled the disintegrated generations to recognize or identify with one another. It enables public recognition of existing tribes, tribal genealogies, tribal tales, tribal epics, the tribal iii shrines, and the tribal land. Reconciliation has been carried out at both intertribal and intra-tribal levels. The FTA enables identification of people who are residing on land and utilizing resources they do not have a right to. It makes people aware of their roots or the land of their origin, which would then lead to reduced land disputes that constrained development initiatives and the well-being of the people. The results, however, indicated that the FTA has problems either in the approach itself or in its management. It is incapable of achieving its objectives (reducing land disputes, enable rural development, enable tribal land registration, and resettling land that was wrongly acquired). People have split perception of the FTA and the legislation; this therefore reduces potential motivation that is needed to advance the approach. Results of the research also indicated that no proper and serious documentation has been done, despite knowing that it is one of the pillars. In To'abaita, gender and culture are contributing issues, which cause difficulties to the FTA. Also, the FTA lacked financial support. Those that have experience with the FTA believe that the FTA objectives need to be made known to promote motivation to the illiterate people of To'abaita. Adequate communication of issues to improve the FTA is essential. Forming a committee that oversees the design and management of the FTA is necessary for its improvement, and adequate financial support will bring the FTA forward. Chief empowerment by the legislation is essential to enable the FTA to achieve its objectives in the future.

Les migrations internationales modifient les rôles attribués à chacun.e dans une famille et nécessitent des réaménagements en conséquence de l’absence d'un.e ou plusieurs membres. Cette recherche examine les implications d'une pratique familiale qui consiste à faire grandir au Sénégal des enfants nés dans les pays de destination. La reproduction des statuts sociaux au croisement de deux espaces nationaux se négocient – entre autres – par le choix du lieu où grandissent les enfants et des personnes en charge de les élever. Le focus est mis sur les stratégies des mères car ce sont elles qui ont la charge du soin quotidien des enfants en migration, et parce que les enfants sont, pour la plupart, accueillis par des membres de leur parenté utérine à Dakar. Les parents migrants de cette enquête, issus de différentes fractions des classes moyennes dakaroises, évaluent les quartiers ségrégués, populaires et immigrés où ils résident dans les pays de migration comme risqués pour la socialisation de leurs enfants. L’incertitude qui pèse sur le devenir des enfants nés en migration (carrières déviantes, échec scolaire) met en danger la reproduction sociale des maisonnées transnationales et les projets de mobilité sociale des parents. Ainsi ces derniers luttent-ils pour transmettre à leurs enfants à la fois les ressources de l’autochtonie (normes, relations, écoles privées, environnement protégé) et les ressources internationales (travail, études supérieures, langues, droit de circulation) au travers de stratégies de socialisation et de relocalisation de leurs enfants à Dakar. Appuyée sur une enquête ethnographique multi-sites (douze mois de terrain, neuf mois au Sénégal, trois mois dans les pays de migration), cette recherche analyse comment ces pratiques transnationales reflètent des modes de lutte contre le déclassement social, ethno-racial et statutaire subi en migration, selon des (dis)-positions sociales et des ressources de départ différentes. Entre projets de retour (au Sénégal), investissements scolaires privés, logiques économiques et normes sociales, ce mode de prise en charge des enfants est intimement lié et contraint par le cadre politique et le contexte économique du pays de naissance des enfants (États-Unis, France, Italie). La décision de laisser partir un enfant au Sénégal est ainsi attachée à des politiques migratoires, familiales et scolaires. Cet arrangement apparemment singulier est toutefois exemplaire d »une façon d’émigrer perçue comme provisoire ou du moins sans rupture, ainsi que de liens affectifs et économiques qui dépassent largement ceux d’un modèle conjugal et nucléaire de la famille
International migration results in the reconfiguration of the roles taken up by each family member, requiring readjustments in the absence of one or more relatives. This study examines the implications of the kinship practice of sending children who were born abroad to grow up in Senegal, their parent’s country of origin. The reproduction of social status at the intersection of two national spaces is negotiated, in part, by the choice of where children will live and who will take charge of bringing them up. Here, I focus on mother’s strategies, given that they are most often in charge of the daily care of children in the context of migration, and because in most cases, the children studied were welcomed by members of their maternal kin in Dakar.The migrant parents in this study, who come from various segments of Dakar’s middle class, esteem that the segregated, lower-class, and immigrant neighborhoods where they live abroad represent a risk for their children’s socialization. This uncertainty, which weighs heavily on the futures of children born in migration (the risk of deviance and scholarly failure) endangers the social reproduction of transnational households and their parents’ ambitions of social mobility. As such, these caregivers strive to transmit to their children, both the resources of their country of origin (social norms and relations, private schools, a protected environment) and international resources (work, higher education, language skills, rights to travel) through socialization strategies and by moving their children to Dakar. Drawing on multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork (twelve months total, nine in Senegal and three in countries of migration), this study analyzes how these transnational practices reflect various means through which families fight against the treat of downward social mobility, relative to their ethnicity/race and assigned status in migration and associated with their social positions and resources pre-migration. Between ambitions to return to Senegal, investments in private schooling, economic logics, and social norms, the means of caring for one’s children is intimately linked and constrained by the political economic context in the children’s country of birth (United States, France, or Italy). The decision to send one’s child to grow up in Senegal is thus bound up with the politics of migration, in families, and of schools. This arrangement, apparently exceptional, is nonetheless exemplary of a form of emigration perceived to be temporary or at least without rupture, and affective and economic connections which far exceed the nuclear family

For decades, healthcare access and quality in central and southern Appalachia have trailed the rest of the country. Entrenched poverty and low educational attainment compound healthcare problems. This study examines the healthcare obstacles women encounter in southern and central Appalachia and analyzes how technology use, such as Internet searching and social media affect women’s healthcare decisions. Data were analyzed from four focus groups conducted with women from the region. Results indicate that seeing a physician or not did not influence women’s propensity to search the Internet for health-related information or to seek support through social media sites. Additionally, women reported facing many barriers including trust in local physicians, access, availability, cost, and quality of healthcare. These issues often impede women’s access to preventative care and place burdens on their health and an already strained healthcare system.

El objetivo general de esta tesis es efectuar un análisis sociojurídico crítico de las familias monoparentales y la responsabilidad parental, a través de una experiencia de investigación acción participativa para el diseño, implementación y explotación de una Encuesta sobre Monoparentalidad y Diversidad Familiar (EMODIF) en Catalunya. Y sus tres objetivos específicos son, en primer lugar, problematizar el androcentrismo, el adultocentrismo y el clasismo en los abordajes sobre familias monoparentales, reconceptualizando la monoparentalidad y la responsabilidad parental, desde la diversidad familiar, el enfoque feminista y los derechos de la infancia, la adolescencia y la juventud. En segundo lugar, desarrollar una metodología de investigación acción participativa, acorde con la reconceptualización de las familias monoparentales y la responsabilidad parental, para el diseño y aplicación de un instrumento de medición de la diversidad familiar (EMODIF) en Catalunya. Y, en tercer lugar, analizar los resultados específicos obtenidos en la implementación de la EMODIF en Catalunya, con relación a las familias monoparentales y la responsabilidad parental, para contribuir a la reducción de su vaguedad y a su desambiguación. En cuanto a la metodología investigadora elegida para desarrollar estos objetivos, cabe destacar que incluyó un amplio programa de estudio, movilización social, política y académico-universitaria a nivel local, autonómico y estatal, que incluyó, entre otras acciones, el impulso de investigaciones y programas de divulgación científica y social, con publicaciones, presentaciones y organización de mesas temáticas en congresos y jornadas, participación en programas de radio y televisión, producción de artículos periodísticos, integración de comisiones y mesas de asesoramiento en el ámbito de las políticas públicas, los partidos políticos y los sindicatos, seminarios y cursos de extensión universitaria a la comunidad, jornadas y talleres de trabajo con miembros de asociaciones de familias monoparentales, y participación e impulso de redes sociales, científicas y de conocimientos de experiencias de cogestión y autogestión de grupos de familias monoparentales en torno a sus necesidades, intereses y reivindicaciones. Esta verdadera “maratón de actividades”, tuvieron como objetivo general dotar de contenido y hacer factible a la investigación acción participativa para esta tesis, con la creación de espacios de encuentro, intercambio, reflexión y debate de todas las personas y grupos que estábamos trabajando en el ámbito de y/o vivenciando las familias monoparentales, ya sea desde la investigación académica, la intervención profesional, el diseño, desarrollo e implementación de políticas públicas o bien desde la propia experiencia de vivir en estos grupos de convivencia familiar. Se trataba de fomentar los análisis multidisciplinares y multisectoriales sobre las familias monoparentales para visibilizar sus realidades y necesidades; abarcar los diversos enfoques posibles, dar cabida a los diferentes sectores implicados -sociales, políticos y profesionales- y, a la vez, permitir el diálogo y la participación recíproca de todos ellos y todas ellas en las discusiones y debates que fueran emergiendo. Aunque esto se puede hacer de varias maneras, para esta tesis doctoral se optó por hacerlo desde la investigación acción participativa. Lo instrumentamos promoviendo, impulsando, desarrollando e integrando una Línea de Actuación Temática Consolidada sobre Género, Familia y Monoparentalidad (LATC GEFAMO), en el marco de las actividades estables del Grupo Interuniversitario de Investigación, Formación y Asistencia Técnica “COPOLIS Bienestar, Comunidad y Control Social”, y más tarde, también, desde la red TIIFAMO, ámbitos en los cuales se desarrolló esta tesis. En este marco, la tesis doctoral aporta diversas evidencias teóricas y empíricas a través de las cuales revela el enmascaramiento androcentrista, adultocentrista y clasista de los abordajes habituales de las familias monoparentales y el encabezamiento familiar. También aporta herramientas metodológicas, técnicas y conceptuales para neutralizarlo, mediante el análisis sociojurídico de la responsabilidad parental y los grupos de crianza y convivencia familiar monoparental, desde una perspectiva no androcéntrica, no adultocéntrica y no clasista, basado en el paradigma iushumanista de la diversidad familiar. A través de su introducción, se contextualiza de forma exhaustiva la estrategia metodológica y los instrumentos técnicos y de diseño de la investigación, que resultaron necesarios para hacer un diálogo plural y participativo sobre las familias monoparentales. Se detalla, en el contexto de la trayectoria del doctorando en la temática, las actividades de investigación, proyectos de investigación I+D y de investigación aplicada, convenios y contratos, actividades y acciones complementarias, seminarios, postgrados y encuentros, simposios internacionales, proyectos de innovación en docencia universitaria, de redes colaborativas y/o de excelencia, y comunicaciones, ponencias y publicaciones que contribuyeron a su desarrollo. También, se enmarca la discusión y elaboración teórica de la tesis, y la necesidad de una reconceptualización no androcéntrica, adultocéntrica y clasista de las familias monoparentales y la responsabilidad parental como grupos de crianza y cuidados recíprocos especialmente vulnerables a los cierres de exclusión social. Para ello, se presentaron las reflexiones y análisis de la exclusión social y los grupos vulnerables, como encuadre necesario para un estudio de caso sobre familias monoparentales; una prospectiva de la exclusión social del siglo XXI respecto de la comunidad, el mercado y el Estado en España; un análisis de la explotación y los cierres sociales de exclusión; y desde allí, de los grupos de crianza y cuidados y sus indicadores formales de configuración vincular, para finalizar con los grupos de crianza y cuidados monoparentales, sus desafíos y actuales debates. Estos antecedentes y producción académica son los que permitieron realizar los tres artículos compendiados como capítulos 2, 3 y 4, que son a su vez, resultados globales de esta tesis, con sus aportaciones metodológicas, técnicas y teórico conceptuales. El aporte metodológico, nos acerca una estrategia de investigación acción participativa, que permite un abordaje no androcéntrico, adultocéntrico y clasista de las familias monoparentales. El aporte técnico instrumental, nos proporciona la Encuesta sobre Monoparentalidad y Diversidad familiar (EMODIF), un instrumento de medición sin sesgos patriarcales, testeado y preparado para su replicación en estudios comparados a nivel internacional. Y el aporte teórico conceptual, nos ofrece una reconceptualización de las familias monoparentales y la responsabilidad parental desde el paradigma de la diversidad familiar, que contribuye a su desambiguación y a la reducción de la vaguedad semántica y sintáctica de las familias monoparentales. Todo ello, en tanto que resultado global de la tesis, nos presenta una investigación acción participativa para el diseño y aplicación de un instrumento técnico que, a la vez de cotejar su capacidad de replicabilidad, ha permitido observar los resultados de aplicar la EMODIF en Catalunya. Y con eso, comprobar el sesgo androcéntrico, adultocéntrico y clasista que le subyace a las habituales aproximaciones de las monoparentalidades desde el encabezamiento familiar. También se comprueba la capacidad de desvelarlas que tiene el abordaje sociojurídico de las familias monoparentales y la responsabilidad parental propuesto, a través del análisis diferenciado de su titularidad, ejercicio y régimen de convivencia formal y material. Se observa también que, como categoría analítica, la guarda y custodia jurídicamente atribuida por mandato legal presunto o decisión judicial debe distinguirse -para visualizar sus diferencias- de la guarda y custodia material, fáctica, práctica y cotidianamente desarrollada. Por último, cabe destacar la operatividad de considerar el carácter principal o preponderante que adquiere la gestión asimétrica de las funciones, tiempos, tareas y cuidados recíprocos cuando es efectuado por las mujeres en sus grupos de convivencia y crianza habitual, según la edad infantil o adolescente de los hijos/as y la clase social baja, media o alta de la responsable, como forma de desvelar el androcentrismo, el adultocentrismo y los cierres sociales de exclusión clasista. En este sentido, se comprueba el cierre social excluyente inter e intraclase que padecen las familias monomarentales con personas en edad infantil y personas adultas de clase baja, respecto de las otras monoparentalidades que adquieren mayor visibilización, relevamiento estadístico y autonomía en sus estrategias de supervivencia y bienestar.

La thèse porte sur l'évolution des normes parentales dans des situations où celles-ci sont discutées, mises en jeu et légitimées, en particulier concernant la pluriparentalité. D'une part, je me suis penchée sur le projet légal de "parenté sociale" qui vise à reconnaître la place et les droits d'un adulte qui s'occupe de l'enfant de son conjoint avec qui il n'a pas de lien biologique. D'autre part, j'ai analysé des situations familiales dites de "coparentalité" où gay(s) et lesbienne(s) s'associent pour avoir un enfant ensemble en l'élevant séparément.

The PhD thesis deals with the evolution of parental norms in changing situations in which these norms can be discussed and modified, specifically en terms of multiparenthood. On the one hand, I have studied a new form of legal status - “social parenthood” - debated in the Belgian Parliament to recognize non-biological parenthood. On the other hand, I have analyzed gay and lesbian “coparenting”, which can be defined as a parental project involving a lesbian woman/couple and a gay man/couple brought together to have a child and raise he or she separately. In each case, I examined the ways in which individuals live and deal with familial situations that involve same-sex couples and/or more than two parents raising a child.
Doctorat en sciences sociales, Orientation sociologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

American family relations are formally defined through marriage and descent but these formal distinctions are inadequate to capture the diversity of contemporary family life. Recent demographic trends have led to a diversification of family structures. Alternative, and less institutionalized ties like co-residence and informal partnerships bind an increasing number of families. Clearly defined cultural models do not yet exist for these new relationships. During these demographic changes the cultural dominance of the single breadwinner model has been challenged by women's mass entry into the labor market. New models of fatherhood have begun to emerge and conventional parenting roles may be carried out in diverse ways. A new method is needed to capture the relational processes of new family forms and the heterogeneity of conventional ones.

I argue families' formal structures can be classified by the things their members do, and the time they share with each other. Network methods sort family structures into discrete types that capture differences in lived experiences. The distinctions differentiating family structures from each another reveal meaningful information about how families are organized in the contemporary context. The four substantive papers in this dissertation each contribute a different demonstration of this fundamental argument.

First, the method is developed in a familiar context, using conventional distinctions embedded in kinship terms to move one step beyond traditional analyses of the family. Traditional categorical approaches enumerate traditionally defined relationships. We ask instead how patterns of consanguinity and marriage actually combine in American households, making no assumptions about the importance of any particular relation or individual attribute.

The three papers that follow are further from the traditional categorical approach. I don't assume that descent and marriage are necessary elements of family relationships. Instead, relationship types are defined by patterns of activities that children do with their potential kin. I apply the method to three waves of time use diaries from the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Children's relationships with both traditional and new kin types are heterogeneous, yet structured. Next I develop and test a predictive model of parent-child relationships. The results show that allowing salient relationship features to emerge from time use data is fundamental to understanding how parent-child relationships differ by parents' attributes and household characteristics.

Finally, I examine how relationship types cohere into families. Children have the same type of family when their families are composed of a similar set of relationship types. The relations within most family types are qualitatively similar to each other - if one relationship is broad (or perfunctory) the others are likely to be as well.

Dissertation

This dissertation contributes to the literature on intergenerational transfers by examining the dynamics of financial assistance provided by midlife parents to their adult children across the life course. This dissertation also examines whether the cumulative advantage hypothesis stretches across generational lines during co-occurring life course experiences so that financial transfers convey additional advantages to adult children. I use panel data from four waves of the Health and Retirement Study (1992, 1994, 1996 and 1998) to provide a broad picture of the process of financial assistance to younger adults within extended families. I constructed within-family trajectories of assistance to demonstrate that financial transfers are more common than previously estimated. Over 60% of all midlife-parent households gave $500 or more at least once and many parents gave multiple transfers and/or gave transfers to several adult children during a seven-year period. In an examination of kinship structures that differentiates between paternal children and maternal children within blended families, I use nonlinear logistic regression models to show that the decreased likelihood that fathers provided financial assistance to children from a previous marriage accounted solely for the reduction in transfers that all stepchildren received compared to biological children. Multilevel regression models demonstrate that transfer amounts are also influenced by kinship structures and parental resources. Additional analyses show adult child life course transitions related to schooling and coresidence were influential for parents' transfer behaviors while other life course transitions related to work, marriage, home ownership and the addition of a grandchild to the family were not influential. The number of life course transitions experienced by adult children during later waves significantly increased the likelihood of transfer receipt. However, the diversification of experiences over time made it difficult to pinpoint specific life course transitions relevant to financial assistance from parents. The strong impact of previous transfers upon the likelihood that adult children would receive transfers at later waves shows that patterns of repeated transfers were common for many intergenerational families. I argue that future research should analyze the impact of parental wealth on transfers and should explicitly examine parents' motives for giving money to adult children.
Dissertation

This thesis explores the alternative dispute resolution method of family group decision making that is used in child welfare in Ontario. Using a qualitative case study, my research sought to answer the question: What are the experiences of caregivers who have participated in family group decision making in the District of Algoma? I examined the legislative framework, policy directive and guiding policies surrounding the use of FGDM in child welfare in the District of Algoma in rural Ontario. I also collected data through interviews with five participants and transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. The themes that emerged relate to the process of FGDM empowering families, the outcomes for children, and the ability for families to implement and maintain long-term plans for children. These themes and sub themes are discussed along with the implications for policy and practice and directions for future research.

Statement of problem. The role of mother as caregiver and its influences on health and survival of children has been widely studied. Reports in the literature suggest that positive paternal involvement in woman care and child care is correlated with the positive developmental status of children. The current study was designed to identify which factors are associated with fathers' involvement in housework, and in child care. Furthermore, the research sought to identify associations between specific aspects of fathers' involvement and nutritional status and development of children Methods. This was a cross-sectional study based on a random sample of 547 children less than three years of age and their biological parents from intact families. The main outcome variables were child nutritional and developmental status. Predictor variables represented two domains of father's involvement. Other independent/control variables included factors related to the household, parent and child. Multivariable linear modeling and multivariable logistic regression modeling were conducted using a combination of stepwise and hierarchical approaches in data analysis Result. Results from the analyses indicated that fathers having a later born child were about 6 times more likely to be involved in housework. Fathers who express positive attitudes toward involvement in housework were 2.61 times more likely to be involved in housework. Early paternal involvement, urban residence and high economic status of the household were associated with father's involvement in daily child care. Fathers who were involved early in the child's life were about 1.9 times more likely to be involved in sleeping with children and about 3 times more likely to bring the child to medical facilities for immunizations. Children whose fathers did not bring them to the medical facilities for immunizations were about 1.7 times more likely to be malnourished. Children who did not sleep with their fathers are about 1.5 times more likely to be categorized as having suspected developmental delay Conclusion. The involvement of fathers may strengthen the contributions women can make to the health and development of their children. Early involvement of fathers and paternal involvement in bringing the children for immunizations should be encouraged by health care providers
acase@tulane.edu

This thesis examines relationships between the social and physical environments of a village on Butaritari atoll in Kiribati. The system of ambilineal descent and land inheritance obtaining there results in complex networks of genealogical relationships which affect most aspects of social life, including land rights. While previous studies conducted in Kiribati have recognised the intimate connection between genealogy and land rights, none has investigated its ramifications for the distribution of land rights within a community. In contrast, this study engages that question as a central concern using a framework which integrates Bourdieu's concepts of social space, field and habitus with post-neo-Darwinian ideas about the relationship between organism and environment. The social space was found to be primarily structured by relationships based upon genealogy and secondarily by age and gender, each of which constituted a field within the wider social space. The genealogical field was defined by a network of positions, each representing a particular descent group. In accordance with the prevailing system of ambilineal descent, residents could belong to more than one descent group and it was upon the resulting networks of relationships between descent groups that the disposition of those groups within the genealogical field was defined. Because land-use rights were associated with genealogical connections the reconstruction of the genealogical field encompassing all of the village residents was a necessary precursor to discovering the distribution of those rights and the genealogical field was a central point of articulation between the social and physical spaces. The fields of age and gender relations provided further points of articulation between the social and physical spaces, the natures of which are examined through discussion of the material culture of the village and village and island politics. Despite a contemporary ideology of egalitarianism there were vestiges of a former hierarchy of social status groups. While the inter-group obligations, rights and responsibilities associated with this hierarchy were no longer practised, the association of contemporary residents with those social status groups bore a relationship to their position within the genealogical field and the amounts of land to which they shared rights.

During the 1890s, a series of extra-legal and illegal activities known as "whitecapping" occurred in Sevier County, Tennessee. While the early episodes were based on traditional responses to deviant behavior in rural communities, whitecapping reflected the loss of community within the county. This study examines the relationship of whitecapping and community in Sevier County and how it changed during the 1890s. The several, often contradictory, social conditions which affected the life of every Sevier Countian are also examined to show the decline of community consensus during this period. Finally, the events galavanizing public opinion against the whitecaps are analyzed to understand their enduring effect on community in Sevier County.

The land-grant university system was founded in the 19th century as a public means to help improve people’s everyday lives. A century and a half later, the challenges that the public faces to live a quality life are constantly changing, creating a need for the land-grant system to respond and adapt to continue to fulfill its mission. While the literature contains a wealth of conceptual papers addressing the role and mission of land-grant universities, relatively few papers could be found that reported empirical data or proposed and tested metrics for public engagement constructs. The current study sought to address this void in the literature through the investigation of factors influencing Indiana residents’ level of interest in engaging with Purdue University. Mail survey methods were used in which up to three contacts were made with adult members of 4,500 Indiana households identified through address-based sampling. Stratified random sampling was employed to ensure adequate rural household participation for other project purposes. Usable responses were received from 1,003 households representing 87 Indiana counties for a total response rate of 26%.