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Journal articles on the topic 'Sociology. Social psychology. Cities and towns'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

French, P. Edward. "Policy, management, and political activities: A current evaluation of the time allocations of mayors and managers in small cities and towns." Social Science Journal 42, no. 4 (2005): 499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2005.09.012.

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Weistra, Sabina, and Nikki Luke. "Adoptive parents’ experiences of social support and attitudes towards adoption." Adoption & Fostering 41, no. 3 (2017): 228–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308575917708702.

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The internalisation of stigma by adoptive parents has been related to depressive symptoms and dysfunctional family behaviour. This study investigates stigma internalisation and perception, and their relationships with social support from family, friends and the broader community. The aim is to determine the extent to which adoptive parents feel that societal attitudes are stigmatising and how social support influences stigma. Data were collected using an online survey and semi-structured interviews. Participants (n = 43) reported that the motivation to adopt and the nature of the adoptive family are poorly understood by non-adopters and that the media portrays parents in an unrealistic manner, as either ‘heroes’ or ‘desperate’. Location was found to be significant, with people living in cities perceiving lower stigma than those in towns, suburbs and rural areas. Social support came from an extended ‘family’ made up of close friends, other adopters and religious communities. The findings point to a need for more extensive education on adoption in schools and the media, for increased support services in less urbanised areas and for earlier support for parents adopting from outside their local authority.

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Munn, Peter. "Rural Living: Children speak out." Children Australia 16, no. 04 (1991): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200012554.

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In reviewing the literature on children living in rural cities or towns there has been to my knowledge nothing written on how children perceive their living environment. This paper attempts in a small way to present some of the positive aspects that children recognise in living in such an environment. However, to ensure some balance to the paper these children are also asked to present the positive aspects of living in a capital city with which they are familiar. The children are then asked where in the world they would like to live if they were given a free choice.

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4

Mookerjee, Devalina, Sujoy Chakravarty, Shubhabrata Roy, Anirudh Tagat, and Shagata Mukherjee. "A Culture-Centered Approach to Experiences of the Coronavirus Pandemic Lockdown Among Internal Migrants in India." American Behavioral Scientist 65, no. 10 (2021): 1426–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027642211000392.

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India’s coronavirus lockdown forced low-wage migrant workers to return from the city to the home towns and villages from which they came. Pre-pandemic living and working conditions were already stressful and difficult for these migrants. The lockdown became an additional burden, since it shut down sources of income with no assurance about when, or if, work and earning to support families could be resumed. This article draws on the lens of the Culture-Centered Approach (CCA) to understand how workers engaged with and navigated these difficult times. A total of 54 migrant workers locked-down at home across the Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal were interviewed for this qualitative study. Financial worries were found to be endemic, with rising debt a major source of stress, and educational qualifications becoming an obstacle to earning. Returning migrants were suspected of bringing the virus from the city, and so stigmatized in their home towns and villages. However, the pandemic lockdown also showed some unexpected healthful consequences. It provided these marginalized, and always busy workers the time and space to stop working for a while, to stay home, eat home food, and take walks in the comparatively green and clean spaces of their home environments. In this, the pandemic lockdown may be seen to have enabled a measure of agency and health in the lives of these workers, an oasis albeit temporary, and ultimately subject to the demands of the globalized cities of India.

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Cain, Friedrich. "The Occupied City as a Sociological Laboratory: Developing and Applying Social Psychology in Warsaw 1939-1945." Journal of Urban History 43, no. 4 (2017): 587–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144217705332.

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The article explores the sociopsychological considerations made by Polish sociologist Stanisław Ossowski (1897-1963) during World War II in reaction to his specific experiences in Soviet-occupied Lwów and German-occupied Warsaw. Based on readings of Ossowski’s publications and so far unpublished archival material, the influences and practical consequences of permanently observed violations of ethical and moral boundaries in that “great sociological laboratory” of war and occupation shall be traced in the texts he wrote during that time. As a member of a group of engineers, town planners, and architects, Ossowski sketched various psycho- and sociotechnical means of controlling that should guarantee for a peaceful social existence of free individuals in a new Polish state. Particular attention will be directed to the specific difficulties of attaining, communicating, and distributing knowledge in the de facto doubled cities that developed along the lines of opposition between the occupying and the occupied.

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Bridges, F. Stephen, and Neil P. Coady. "Urban Size Differences in Incidence of Altruistic Behavior." Psychological Reports 78, no. 1 (1996): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.1.307.

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Two field experiments using 828 “lost letters” tested the hypothesis that altruism would be higher in small urban communities or towns than in cities unless the person needing help was a social deviant. The effect of deviance did alter return rates in both studies. In Study A, the effect of location and social deviance on altruistic responses from cities was generally greater than from smaller communities, except when the person in need of help was affiliated with the highly deviant prostitute conditions. In Study B, altruistic responses from cities were generally less than those from small towns even when the needy person was affiliated with the Communist or needle-exchange conditions.

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7

Bell, Edward. "Class Voting in the First Alberta Social Credit Election." Canadian Journal of Political Science 23, no. 3 (1990): 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900012749.

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AbstractMany interpretations of the Social Credit movement in Alberta are based on assertions regarding the class basis of its popular support. Since no previous study of Social Credit has offered an empirical account of its popular class base, such an account is provided here. The author analyzes the provincial election of 1935, in which Social Credit first gained power, by comparing party support in the cities, towns and countryside. Within the cities, a district-by-district analysis measures the pattern of class voting in urban areas. Class is found to have been a powerful determinant of voting in this election.

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8

Lester, David. "Testing Durkheim's Theory of Suicide in Hungary." Psychological Reports 83, no. 3 (1998): 881–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3.881.

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Measures of domestic social integration which have been found to account for the time-series suicide rate in Hungary quite well also accounted for the time-series suicide rates of each province and for villages, towns, and cities.

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9

McCarthy, J. J. "Black South Africans' Constructions of Their Urban Environments." South African Journal of Psychology 19, no. 4 (1989): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124638901900406.

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The theory of personal constructs and repertory-grid methodology were used to investigate black South Africans' constructions of their urban environments. A sample of 735 residents of the black townships of five eastern Cape towns and cities provided the basis for generalization on trends in group constructions of urban environments, and perceptions of urban problems. House type and quality and basic residential and transportation infrastructure were found to predominate such constructions and perceptions. Significant differences were evident, however, between towns and social classes. The policy implications of the findings are assessed.

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10

Liu, Dandan, Anmin Huang, Dewei Yang, Jianyi Lin, and Jiahui Liu. "Niche-Driven Socio-Environmental Linkages and Regional Sustainable Development." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (2021): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031331.

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The changes in niche roles and functions caused by competition for survival resources have implications in various domains, with natural science and social science standing out. Currently, expanding the ecological niche concept and its practical interpretation in the fields of social ecology, geography and sustainable science is becoming a crucial challenge. This paper is based on niche theory to observe niche evolution and resulting socio-ecological effects of 1186 towns in 19 prefecture cities in Yangtze River delta. The results indicate that: Towns around the Taihu Lake displayed obvious spatial agglomeration, which was leading the development of the entire region. The town niche shows obvious characteristics of north-south differences and hierarchy distribution. The niche coordination degree of Jiangsu Province was higher than that of Zhejiang Province. The higher the subsystem coordination degree, the better the town development. Towns with poor ecological conditions are often subject to competition, while towns with better ecological conditions often benefit from cooperative development. The niche separation and collaboration could enhance niche competition of towns and cities in the region. The proposed framework can facilitate interdisciplinary exchanges among geography, sociology, landscape ecology and regional planning and provide insights for understanding regional co-opetition relationship and regional sustainable development.

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11

McIntyre, Kevin. "Geography as Destiny: Cities, Villages and Khmer Rouge Orientalism." Comparative Studies in Society and History 38, no. 4 (1996): 730–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001041750002051x.

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“The red, red blood splatters the cities and plains,” cried the national anthem of Democratic Kampuchea. “The blood spills out into great indignation and a resolute urge to fight,” it “liberates us from slavery.” The image in the anthem was not simply symbolic. Upon taking power in April 1975, the Khmer Rouge emptied the cities and towns of Cambodia, initiating a three-year regime of terror that leveled the country economically, culturally, and physically. In this typhoon of tragedy, nearly two million people died, swept aside in a whirlwind of social upheaval.

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Bridges, F. Stephen, and Neil P. Coady. "Affiliation, Urban Size, Urgency, and Cost of Responses to Lost Letters." Psychological Reports 79, no. 3 (1996): 775–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3.775.

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A study using 420 “lost letters” was designed to test the hypothesis that returned responses would be larger from small towns than from suburbs or cities unless the addressee was affiliated with a nonpolitical group. Percent returns to control, Pesticide Action Network, Immigration Law Enforcement Monitoring Project, Network for the Enforcement of Humane Immigrant and Refugee Rights, and the KlanWatch affiliates were 60.7%, 59.5%, 56.0%, 44.0%, and 36.9%, respectively. Responses from the city were generally fewer than those from suburbs except for Pesticide or Immigration Law affiliations. Urban responses were always fewer than those from small towns. Urgency and cost did not influence returns. The lost letter technique seems suitable as a research tool for inferring public opinion toward nonpolitical, emotionally subtle social issues.

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13

Njoh, Ambe J. "The segregated city in British and French colonial Africa." Race & Class 49, no. 4 (2008): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03063968080490040602.

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A number of different techniques and rationales were used by the French and British colonial authorities to racially segregate cities in Africa - from the use of planning by-laws requiring European building materials, to the requiring of fluency in European languages in specific areas of towns. Here, the ways in which town planning policies were used to segregate cities in Madagascar, Congo, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Nigeria are considered.

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14

KYTTÄ, MARKETTA. "AFFORDANCES OF CHILDREN'S ENVIRONMENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF CITIES, SMALL TOWNS, SUBURBS AND RURAL VILLAGES IN FINLAND AND BELARUS." Journal of Environmental Psychology 22, no. 1-2 (2002): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0249.

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15

Troch, Pieter. "Of Private and Social in Socialist Cities: The Individualizing Turn in Housing in a Medium-Sized City in Socialist Yugoslavia." Journal of Urban History 47, no. 1 (2019): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144219857681.

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This article contributes to research on reconfiguration of social and private in socialist cities. It presents the case study of Mitrovica, a smaller and peripheral city in Socialist Yugoslavia, to compensate for the focus on big capital cities and socialist new towns in the literature. The article explores local decision-making processes leading to the upgrading of informal private housing and the parallel downgrading of social-sector housing between the 1960s and 1980s. It demonstrates the open-ended nature of socialist urban development as the processual outcome of negotiations between local actors involved in urban planning and housing strategies of individual residents within the structural framework of central-level housing policies and under-urbanization. The article argues that the individualizing discourse of urban modernity was integral to post-Second World War socialist urban development.

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16

Norris, Jacob. "Return Migration and the Rise of the Palestinian Nouveaux Riches, 1870–1925." Journal of Palestine Studies 46, no. 2 (2017): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2017.46.2.60.

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This article examines the figure of the returning émigré in late Ottoman and early Mandate Palestine. The wave of Palestinians who emigrated in the pre-World War I period did not, for the most part, intend to settle abroad permanently. Hailing largely from small towns and villages in the Palestinian hilly interior, they moved in and out of the Middle East with great regularity and tended to reinvest their money and social capital in their place of origin. The article argues that these emigrants constituted a previously undocumented segment of Palestinian society, the nouveaux riches who challenged the older elites from larger towns and cities in both social and economic terms. The discussion focuses in particular on their creation of new forms of bourgeois culture and the disruptive impact this had on gender and family relations, complicating the assumption that middle-class modernity in Palestine was largely effected by external actors.

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17

Peltola, Jarmo, and Sakari Saaritsa. "Later, smaller, better? Water infrastructure and infant mortality in Finnish cities and towns, 1870–1938." History of the Family 24, no. 2 (2019): 277–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2019.1598462.

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18

Danskikh, Siarhei. "REGIONAL MODELS OF URBANIZATION AND NATIONAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT (CASE STUDY OF BELARUS)." CREATIVITY STUDIES 1, no. 1 (2008): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/2029-0187.2008.1.88-98.

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The article discusses the influence of the process of urbanization on the Belarusian nationality. Due to some historical conditions the Western cities‐communes have not formed in Belarus. At the beginning of the New Ages the Belarusian city has had Magdeburgian law and the trading relations, it has been the centre of the political life, the residence of the State officials and the provinces. Through the social‐economical backwardness of the Russian empire the peasants of Belarus could not move into the towns from the country. The towns and the cities in Belarus were not Belarusian but Jewish and Polish ones. Due to the World War II there have emerged the Polish Holocaust, repatriation and the Soviet industrialization which have made some auspicious conditions for the overtaking modernization in Belarus. During only one generation the peasant Belarusian nation has become the urban one. Such overtaking process of the urbanization has been preventing the formation of the standards and the traditions of the Belarusian city. The basis of the social and cultural life of Belarusians has been forming the traditions of the Soviet culture. That is why we can come to the conclusion that the overtaking modernization is closely related to the radical changes of the national identity. The more overtaking is modernization of the cities and the whole State, the more dangerous is the deprivation of the national peculiarity. The nation whose spiritual life is not utterly formed can hardly successfully adapt itself to the social and economical changes, which are determined by the overtaking modernization. These alterations do absolutely not correspond to its spiritual way of life.

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Hulko, Wendy, and Jessica Hovanes. "Intersectionality in the Lives of LGBTQ Youth: Identifying as LGBTQ and Finding Community in Small Cities and Rural Towns." Journal of Homosexuality 65, no. 4 (2017): 427–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1320169.

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20

Svitich, Luisa, Olga Smirnova, Alla Shiryayeva та Mikhail Shkondin. "Thematic Model of City Newspapers of Megalopolises (Сontent-Analytical Study)". Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism 7, № 3 (2018): 371–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-6203.2018.7(3).371-393.

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The article presents the results of a comparative content-analytical sociological study of city newspapers of thirteen million-strong cities in comparison to editions of six small and four medium-sized towns of Russia. The research, conducted by Faculty of Journalism of Lomonosov Moscow State University in 2013-2017, shows that thematic models of these city newspapers issued in different localities along with common features also have essential distinctions. In megalopolis newspapers, in general, the thematic field is very wide, though editorial offices do not pay equal attention to different subjects. Two thematic disproportions were found in the content of newspapers of million-strong cities. The media picture that prevails in their content is generally concentrated on the sphere of leisure and consumption, hardly mentioning productive, professional life of citizens. The second disproportion is connected with the fact that the main attention is paid to social problems of everyday life, the habitat, infrastructure of big cities, but not the person, persons inner world, values, morals, psychology, and relationship with other people. Media of million-strong cities rather work in line with a commercial paradigm. The research has shown that the smaller the town is, the closer newspapers are to requirements and problems which concern inhabitants, they try to light the most important spheres of their life and more evenly distribute the attention to different aspects of activity of the readers, including history, traditions, national crafts. Newspapers of the medium-sized and small towns reflect objective needs of citizens; help to solve specific problems, to keep traditions and basic values.

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Levine, Robert V., Todd Simon Martinez, Gary Brase, and Kerry Sorenson. "Helping in 36 U.S. cities." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67, no. 1 (1994): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.69.

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22

Serino, Marco. "Theatre Provision and Decentralization in a Region of Southern Italy." New Theatre Quarterly 29, no. 1 (2013): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x13000067.

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Since the mid-twentieth century, urban cultural policies have tended to broaden citizens’ access to cultural and arts facilities in most European cities. Italy saw its theatre infrastructure being enhanced by the teatri stabili which have emerged since the late 1940s, in developed urban contexts, and the decentralization of theatre activities during the 1970s, in the suburbs of cities as well as in small regional towns. This changed the distribution of theatregoing accessibility, but not sufficiently to make opportunities equal across the country's different geographical areas. In the present article Marco Serino discusses the decentralization of theatre in Italy, in particular as it has affected the southern Campania region, basing his argument on his own census of the venues in existence in southern Campania in 2008. Social, economic, and political issues are involved in the discussion since these always influence theatre policy and practice. Marco Serino was awarded his PhD in Sociology, Social Analysis, and Public Policies in 2010 at the University of Salerno, Italy. His research focuses on cultural and communication processes, particularly on theatre organizations and audiences.

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23

Blassingame, Lurton. "Sustainable cities: Oxymoron, utopia, or inevitability?" Social Science Journal 35, no. 1 (1998): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0362-3319(98)90055-6.

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24

D'Alessio, Stewart J., and Lisa Stolzenberg. "Do cities influence co-offending?" Journal of Criminal Justice 38, no. 4 (2010): 711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.04.045.

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Kaleva, N. G., and O. F. Kalev. "The justice as key principle of humanitarian model of quality management of health care system from position of sociology of medicine." Sociology of Medicine 15, no. 1 (2016): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/1728-2810-2016-15-1-41-47.

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The problem of detection, measurement, evaluation and elimination of inequity and injustice related to health continues to be unresolved in all countries. The study was carried out to evaluate situation related to quality of medical care in primary health care at the regional level and to determine means of its amelioration on the basis of humanitarian model of system of quality management from positions of sociology of medicine. The materials of territorial foundation of mandatory medical insurance of the Chelyabinskaia oblast were taken as basis for analysis. The sampling consisted of 54 383 acts of expertise of quality of medical care, including 42 998 expertises of medical care provided by pediatricians and 61 860 by therapists. The design related to type of clinical audit of medical documentation of completed case in polyclinic practice. The significant differences were established concerning rate of defects of quality of medical care in oblast centers, large cities, towns ans rural regions. The phenomenon of sub-optimization of quality of medical care in towns, and rural districts during period of financing increase of health care is established. The results of study testify availability of injustice in issues of health care of population residing in unfavorable social economic conditions. To support justice related to health the concept of humanitarian model of system of management of quality from positions of sociology of medicine was developed.

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Hahn, Hans Peter. "Urban Life-Worlds in Motion: In Africa and Beyond." Africa Spectrum 45, no. 3 (2010): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971004500306.

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Although throughout the history of anthropology the ethnography of urban societies was never an important topic, investigations on cities in Africa contributed to the early theoretical development of urban studies in social sciences. As the ethnography of rural migrants in towns made clear, cultural diversity and creativity are foundational and permanent elements of urban cultures in Africa (and beyond). Currently, two new aspects complement these insights: 1) Different forms of mobility have received a new awareness through the concept of transnationalism. They are much more complex, including not only rural–urban migration, but also urban–urban migration, and migrations with a destination beyond the continent. 2) Urban life-worlds also include the appropriation of globally circulating images and lifestyles, which contribute substantially to the current cultural dynamics of cities in Africa. These two aspects are the reasons for the high complexity of urban contexts in Africa. Therefore, whether it is still appropriate to speak about the “locality” of these life-worlds has become questionable. At the same time, these new aspects explain the self-consciousness of members of urban cultures in Africa. They contribute to the expansive character of these societies and to the impression that cities in Africa host the most innovative and creative societies worldwide.

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Chabrowski, Igor Iwo. "Reforming the State and Constructing Commercial Opera in Sichuan, 1902–1920s: An Entangled History of Performing Arts and Administrative Reforms." Modern China 45, no. 1 (2018): 64–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700418782874.

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This article analyzes the thorough reformulation of opera in Sichuan in the first two decades of the twentieth century. It argues that theater developed in Sichuan during the eighteenth century as a part of the social and religious life of market towns and cities and that it was indivisibly connected with the political and administrative structure of the country. As such, it was fragmented along musical, dialectic, and geographic lines. The introduction of the New Policies in 1905, which most affected the largest urban centers such as Chengdu and Chongqing, was the main cause of organizational reconstruction of theatrical performances. They changed both opera’s place in social life and the way it was produced and staged. Within the new legal framework, opera was placed under the Company Law and therefore moved from the sphere of festivity to that of business, while playhouses’ prosperity was bound with the police departments that taxed and protected them. The mutual dependence of law enforcement and entertainment persisted during the early Republic and was revived in the 1930s, making theaters among the most stable and important institutions of early twentieth-century Sichuan cities. The Sichuan opera we know now is a product of this historical process. The study of the institutional development of opera shows the aims, scope, and limitations of the political reforms that reshaped China in the late Qing and Republican periods.

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Broz, J. Lawrence, Jeffry Frieden, and Stephen Weymouth. "Populism in Place: The Economic Geography of the Globalization Backlash." International Organization 75, no. 2 (2021): 464–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818320000314.

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AbstractA populist backlash to globalization has ushered in nationalist governments and challenged core features of the Liberal International Order. Although startling in scope and urgency, the populist wave has been developing in declining regions of wealthy countries for some time. Trade, offshoring, and automation have steadily reduced the number of available jobs and the wages of industrial workers since at least the 1970s. The decline in manufacturing employment initiated the deterioration of social and economic conditions in affected communities, exacerbating inequalities between depressed rural areas and small cities and towns, on the one hand, and thriving cities, on the other. The global financial crisis of 2008 catalyzed these divisions, as communities already in decline suffered deeper and longer economic downturns than metropolitan areas, where superstar knowledge, technology, and service-oriented firms agglomerate. We document many of these trends across the United States and Europe, and demonstrate that populist support is strongest in communities that experienced long-term economic and social decline. Institutional differences in labor markets and electoral rules across developed democracies may explain some of the variation in populists’ electoral success. Renewed support for the Liberal International Order may require a rejuvenation of distressed communities and a reduction of stark regional inequalities.

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WAN, FANG, and KENNETH O. DOYLE. "A Tale of Two Cities." American Behavioral Scientist 45, no. 2 (2001): 296–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027640121957060.

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Winfree, L. Thomas, Frances P. Bernat, and Finn-Aage Esbensen. "Hispanic and Anglo gang membership in two southwestern cities." Social Science Journal 38, no. 1 (2001): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0362-3319(00)00112-9.

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Curtis, James E., and Jack S. Birch. "Size of Community of Origin and Recruitment to Professional and Olympic Hockey in North America." Sociology of Sport Journal 4, no. 3 (1987): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.4.3.229.

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A conventional wisdom in the lay sociology of sport journalism is that North American professional ice hockey players are disproportionately recruited from smaller communities and rural areas. One explanation given for this is that avenues for social mobility are more limited in such communities and that sport is heavily pursued as one of the few areas of opportunity. Sections of the sociological literature would suggest, though, that the opposite relationship may occur because larger cities have better opportunity structures for developing and expressing sport skills. These alternative expectations are tested for Canadian-born players in three professional leagues and for players on the last three Olympic teams. In addition, data for U.S. Olympic teams are presented. In interpreting the results, we also employ Canadian national survey data on mass participation of male youths in hockey. The findings show that the largest cities are underrepresented as birthplaces of players at each elite level, whereas small towns are overrepresented. Yet, community size does not appear related to the general population of male youths’ rate of participation in hockey. Emphasized are interpretations concerning how amateur hockey is organized.

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32

Wenzlhuemer, Roland. "The dematerialization of telecommunication: communication centres and peripheries in Europe and the world, 1850–1920." Journal of Global History 2, no. 3 (2007): 345–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174002280700232x.

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AbstractInterregional communication has been a key constituent of the process of globalization since its very origins. For most of its history, information has moved between world regions and along the routes according to the rationales established by interregional trade and migration. The dematerialization of telecommunication in the late eighteenth and nineteenth century eventually detached long-distance information transmission from transport and transformed the global communication structure. New communication centres (and new peripheries) emerged. Some regions moved closer to the global data stream than others. It is still unclear how such different degrees of global connectivity impacted on local development. This essay contributes to the identification and valuation of global communication centres and peripheries in order to provide suitable candidates for future case studies. To this end, statistical data on the development of domestic telegraph networks in selected countries has been analysed and interpreted. In a second step, Social Network Analysis methods have been employed to measure the centrality of almost three hundred cities and towns in the European telecommunication network of the early twentieth century.‘You cannot not communicate.’Paul Watzlawick

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Schwirian, Kent P., Amy L. Nelson, and Patricia M. Schwirian. "Modeling urbanism: Economic, social and environmental stress in cities." Social Indicators Research 35, no. 2 (1995): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01079027.

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KEMPEN, RONALD VAN, and PETER MARCUSE. "A New Spatial Order in Cities?" American Behavioral Scientist 41, no. 3 (1997): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764297041003002.

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BECCHI, ADA. "The Changing Space of Italian Cities." American Behavioral Scientist 41, no. 3 (1997): 360–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764297041003007.

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Mattson, Gary A. "Civic boosterism, Corporate City Planning and economic development policy of smaller great plains towns: Is professionalism a factor?" Social Science Journal 42, no. 1 (2005): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2004.11.004.

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Button, James, Ryan Bakker, and Barbara A. Rienzo. "White women and affirmative action in employment in six southern cities." Social Science Journal 43, no. 2 (2006): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2006.02.009.

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Anokhin, Anatoly A., Ksenia D. Shelest, and Marina A. Tikhonova. "Trends in population change and the sustainable socio-economic development of cities in North-West Russia." Baltic Region 11, no. 4 (2019): 36–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2019-4-3.

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The Northwestern Federal District is a Russian macro-region that is a unique example of a model region. It accounts for 10 % of the country’s total area and 9.5 % of its population. This article aims to trace the patterns of city distribution across the region, to assess the conditions of differently populated cities and towns, and to identify sustainability trends in their socio-economic development. Population change is a reliable indicator of the competitiveness of a city. As a rule, a growing city performs well economically and has a favourable investment climate and high-paid jobs. The analysis revealed that population change occurred at different rates across the federal district in 2002—2017. A result of uneven socio-economic development, this irregularity became more serious as globalisation and open market advanced. The study links the causes and features of growth-related differences to the administrative status, location, and economic specialisation of northwestern cities. The migration behaviour of the population and the geoeconomic position are shown to be the main indicators of the sustainable development of a city.

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Bishop, Ryan, and John W. P. Phillips. "The Urban Problematic." Theory, Culture & Society 30, no. 7-8 (2013): 221–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276413508154.

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This article, which introduces the special section on The Urban Problematic, takes as its starting point the ways in which categories associated with the ‘urban’ have broken down, such that the once singular and coherent concept ‘city’ has disintegrated in certain ways: the notion has been demythologized, so that representations of the city must now be regarded as partial and invested; and cities themselves have become opaque and unpredictable both to urban scholars and to governments, planners and various kinds of welfare organizations. The indications of crisis, captured for instance by concerns about the slums, favelas and shanty towns of the world’s megacities, also indicate that much of what counts in modern urban life is in some way connected with the marginal, the unofficial, and the supplemental. The article takes a supplemental view of the current state of urban dwelling. This involves at the same time a longer, more patient, historical view in its attempt to understand the current state of the city as part of a shift in the play of heterogeneous forces. With reference to the articles contained in The Urban Problematic, this introductory article finally draws attention to some of the urgent and critical issues of contemporary urbanism.

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SASSEN, SASKIA. "Cities and Communities in the Global Economy." American Behavioral Scientist 39, no. 5 (1996): 629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764296039005009.

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Waddell, Steve. "Lessons from the healthy cities movement for social indicator development." Social Indicators Research 34, no. 2 (1995): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01079197.

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Strom, Robert, Shirley Strom, Pat Collinsworth, et al. "Grandparents in Japan: A Three-Generational Study." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 40, no. 3 (1995): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/kyfj-dgwf-wjb8-flyr.

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Grandparents in Japan believe that their status in the family is eroding. They want to be influential but social policy has not included education for their changing role. The purpose of this study was to identify strengths and needs of Japanese grandparents as perceived by three generations. Each generation completed a separate version of the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory. Multivariate analysis of variance procedures were used to compare perceptions of 239 grandparents, 266 parents, and 274 school-age grandchildren from cities and small towns. Grandparents reported more satisfaction, greater success, and more extensive involvement in teaching than was observed by parents and grandchildren. Grandparents experienced greater difficulty, more frustration, and felt less informed to carry out their role than was reported by parents and grandchildren. Significant main effects that influenced responses about grandparent performance were generation, gender of grandchild, age of grandchild, generations living together, frequency of grandchild care by grandparent, and amount of time they spent together. Considerations were identified to improve grandparent behavior and guide the development of educational programs for them.

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Oh, Joong-Hwan. "Social disorganizations and crime rates in U.S. central cities: Toward an explanation of urban economic change." Social Science Journal 42, no. 4 (2005): 569–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2005.09.008.

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Yu, Yihua, Li Zhang, Fanghua Li, and Xinye Zheng. "On the determinants of public infrastructure spending in Chinese cities: A spatial econometric perspective." Social Science Journal 48, no. 3 (2011): 458–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2011.05.006.

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Brantingham, P. Jeffrey, Jeremy Carter, John MacDonald, Chris Melde, and George Mohler. "Is the recent surge in violence in American cities due to contagion?" Journal of Criminal Justice 76 (September 2021): 101848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101848.

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Kınıkoğlu, Canan Neşe. "Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Sociology in Post-1990 Turkey." Sociological Research Online 24, no. 4 (2019): 598–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1360780419870810.

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This study explores the spatio-temporal conditions of producing sociological knowledge at universities at a time of transformation in post-1990 (1990–2017) Turkey. Through a content analysis of the sociology PhD theses submitted in this period, it investigates the questions of where, when, and how sociological knowledge is institutionalized in Turkey. The study has two main findings. First, spatial distribution of sociology PhD theses highlights the ensuing centre–periphery relationships inside Turkey, a country itself located in the periphery. Endowed with better resources, the centre (mainly Ankara and Istanbul) focuses on macro solutions to the problems faced by Turkey and other countries, whereas the rest of the country produces knowledge about their immediate surroundings, that is, particular regions/cities/towns of Turkey. This difference illustrates the degrees to which sociological research in post-1990 Turkey is territorially limited by (Turkish) national borders. Second, temporally speaking, the sociological interest in domestic issues revolves mainly around ‘politics’ and ‘economy’, insofar as they relate to the economic crises, neoliberalism, globalization, and democratization attempts Turkey experienced in the post-1990 period. A closer reading of this spatio-temporality may suggest that Turkish sociology is susceptible to methodological nationalism that downplays the impact of nationalism, conforms to the nation-state and nations, and territorially limits the unit of analysis. Despite the transformations brought about by the period and the spatial differences in knowledge production between the centre and the periphery, sociology in Turkey is bound by the national territorial and ideational boundaries, reproducing the ethnic, political, cultural, and social foundations of Turkish nationalism. This study argues that although Turkish sociology stands on the periphery within the non-Western context, it is nonetheless formalized around its own centre–periphery relationship within the country itself, and that its spatio-temporal institutionalization in the post-1990 period has reproduced an implicit methodological nationalism that relies on Turkish nationalism.

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Stoica, Ilinca-Valentina, Antoni F. Tulla, Daniela Zamfir, and Alexandru-Ionuț Petrișor. "Exploring the Urban Strength of Small Towns in Romania." Social Indicators Research 152, no. 3 (2020): 843–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02465-x.

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TOWNSEND, ANTHONY M. "Network Cities and the Global Structure of the Internet." American Behavioral Scientist 44, no. 10 (2001): 1697–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027640121957998.

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Arnaboldi, Michela, Marco Brambilla, Beatrice Cassottana, Paolo Ciuccarelli, and Simone Vantini. "Urbanscope: A Lens to Observe Language Mix in Cities." American Behavioral Scientist 61, no. 7 (2017): 774–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764217717562.

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Cities of the 21st century are places where various actors interact, where physical systems, that are sometime geographically distant, are strictly dependent, where relational mechanisms become crucial, and where the boundaries between individual and collective, local and global, real and digital become more and more blurred. In this context, social media can be used as a digital lens to analyze the space and the territory of cities. In fact, they offer a great opportunity to individualize and understand the connections that might exist between different spheres. In this article, we use Twitter to analyze the language mix of the city and to detect language communities within the city neighborhoods. We then compare these “digital” communities, discovered through Twitter, with the “real” communities identified by the traditional census data. Milan, a city which is increasingly becoming an international melting pot, is chosen as a case study for this work.

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Hajek, Christopher. "Entrepreneurial Social Identity Management Through Language Use." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 40, no. 4 (2021): 524–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x211019079.

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This study draws upon interview data and a grounded theoretical methodology to explore entrepreneurial social identity management. Interviews were conducted with forty-three entrepreneurs in several U.S. cities. The women and men discussed past conversations with (non)entrepreneurs, with foci on self- and other stereotyping, associated language use, prototypicality, and motivation. Open and axial coding of the interview content revealed a new model of entrepreneurial social identity management. The model’s implications for understanding entrepreneurs’ social identity and motivation were discussed.

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