Academic literature on the topic 'Sociology, terminology'

Rapid development of concepts in modern sociology leads to the emergence of a large number of neological terms. Currently, the academic language of Russian sociology sees an active expansion of foreign language terminology and translated terms reflecting changes in the English-language social picture of the world. However, the lack of consistency in intra-lingual and inter-lingual translation of new terms may complicate the understanding of this terminology by representatives of multilingual academic schools. This study aims to analyse modern English sociological terms and translated borrowings in Russian, to explore their form and conceptual content in two languages, the degree of their conventionality in the sci­entific thesaurus of multilingual sociological schools and the possibility of an adequate trans­fer of terminological meaning from English into Russian. The authors view the sociological term as a cognitive, linguistic and cultural phenomenon, and study its synchronic and dia­chronic variability. The article is an attempt to illuminate the problem from a purely linguis­tic and translation point of view and to point out the need for combining efforts to systematise and harmonise the English and Russian terminologies of sociology.

English This study examined assignments by students from a university in Scotland and a university in the USA. The findings suggest the terminology of race issues in assessments may be inappropriate for students because they allow racism to be marginalized from practice or presented in a way that conveys little analysis. French Cette étude a examiné les missions des étudiants d’une université en Ecosse et d’une université aux Etats-Unis. Les découvertes suggèrent que la terminologie des questions de race dans les évaluations existantes puisse être inappropriée pour des étudiants parce qu’elles permettent au racisme d’être marginalisé de la pratique ou présenté d’une façon qui conduit peu à l’analyse. Spanish Este estudio examina trabajos realizados por estudiantes de una universidad en Escocia y una universidad en EEUU. Los resultados sugieren que los problemas con la terminología ‘raza’ dentro de los trabajos existentes pueden ser inapropiados para los estudiantes porque permiten que el racismo sea marginado de la práctica o presentado en una forma que permite muy poco análisis.

The article describes the transterminologization as a result of the interaction between terminology systems of scientific fields on the conceptual level. Transterminology is not limited to migration of only certain terms, but also entire groups of terms and scientific theories. Biology as a science is rich in heuristic ideas and fundamental discoveries. It is a donor for many scientific disciplines. The influence of biological terminology on the terminology of humanities is shown on the example of Ch. Darwin’s theory of the evolution. Biological laws of the organic world evolution, the struggle for existence, natural selection are used in the linguistics, sociology, management. The biological direction appeared in linguistics under the influence of Darwin’s theory. Its founder was A. Schleicher. The biologists interpret language as a biological phenomenon, as a living organism. In such a way the associative field “language – an organism” was formed. For the language analysis, the following terms: birth, growth, development, aging, death are used. The biologic direction also appeared in sociology. Its main feature is the application of concepts and laws of biology for the analysis of social life. The biologic direction in sociology is represented by several schools: Social Darwinism, Organic School, Genetic Sociology. Sociologists use such biological terms as organism, social tissues, organs, mimicry, pathology, reproduction of society. So the associative field “society – an organism” was formed. In management, under the influence of biology, were formed such concepts as Organizational Darwinism and Population Ecology of Organizations. According to these concepts, to survive the organization must adapt to changes in the environment. This way the associative field “organization – an organism” was formed. Biological terms life cycle, maturity, population are used in management. So, due to transterminologization, the generation of scientific theories takes place.

AbstractThe state of research on legal compliance in socio-legal studies is limited and partially outdated. Like theories on coercion, recognition, or legitimacy, notions around compliance with the law appear plausible in themselves. However, each of them hold only part of the explanation and yet they cannot be reconciled due to theoretical incompatibilities. Legal sociologists therefore speak of a theory gap regarding legal compliance. The following article takes on this research desideratum and attempts to formulate an alternative concept of legal compliance based on an entirely new terminology without, however, completely renouncing the previous findings of legal sociology. Relying on the above-mentioned theory gap alongside the introduction of this new terminology, I argue that it is possible to analyze legal compliance while heuristically integrating all previous theoretical concepts of its. As a starting point, the article draws on Bourdieu’s fragmentary sociology of law and, by extending it, proposes a larger practice and field-theory-based interpretation of compliance.

Sociology of translation is a burgeoning paradigm in current translation studies and its momentum of development tends to maintain for a long time. This paper reviews the development of sociology of translation as well as major sociological theories applied in translation studies and reflects on some problems in current sociologically-informed translation studies with respect to terminology, subject of study and research model. This paper suggests that researches on sociology of translation should further clarify the object of study and systemize research methods. Meanwhile, more empirical research should be conducted on what translators actually do and say they do in the widest possible contexts of their professional practice to make sociology of translation a truly original and productive area of study.

AbstractCommonly used scientific terms and their specific meaning in the context of forest sciences and services were the focus of this article. Special attention was devoted to analyzing the meaning of ecological terminology such as “niche”, “homeostasis”, “natural” and “succession” in order to better understand problems related to the interaction between and within complex biological structures such as forest multi population ecosystems and the human population. Especially the role of Homo sapiens occupying an ecological niche in forest ecosystems, as well as in the Earth’s biosphere, formed the core in this discussion. One important challenge in terms of terminology and methodology concerns the considerable progress and interaction between achievements in the general sciences such as biology, physics, physiology, mathematics, sociology and economy as compared to forest sciences. Challenges are obviously accompanying the development in scientific terminology and are thus an important factor when conveying knowledge to the future doctors of forest sciences.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The overarching aim of this study is to analyse what researchers in South African higher education institutes and science councils mean by the term 'utilisation'. In specific terms, this aim is interpreted as determining what researchers mean when they indicate that their research findings are being utilised. The data used to conduct this analysis is taken from a national survey conducted to establish the extent to which research findings in South Africa are utilised. The Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies - now called the Centre for Research on Science and Technology - conducted the survey for the National Advisory Committee on Innovation (NACI). This study for NACI involved a questionnaire survey of research being conducted with universities, technikons and science councils, and a telephone survey of a sample of research and development managers in 116 companies. As a researcher in the Centre, I played an active role in this two-fold survey component of the research process. Besides coding the questionnaire for the NACI survey, for the purposes of my study I did additional coding of the questionnaire data. This involved coding 1052 responses to an openended question using a software package. After exporting this data to Microsoft Excel, I further coded the data into one of three categories: Mode 1, Mode 2 and a combination of Mode 1 and Mode 2. This 'new variable' created, formed part of the quantitative analysis since it was correlated with the following variables: the 'trigger' or 'driver' behind the research; the expected outcome of the project or study; the scientific field of the project; the project's or the study's science culture; the source of funding of the study, the modes of dissemination of the results and the intended beneficiary(ies) of the research. Results of the qualitative analyses reveal a profile for projects exhibiting features of Mode 1, Mode 2 or a combination of Mode 1 and Mode 2 knowledge utilisation. With Mode 1 we see that research was likely to be utilised within the discipline, was conducted for the benefit of the researcher's peers and it expanded on existing knowledge - all indicating that Mode 1 knowledge utilisation is predominantly associated with fundamental research. With Mode 2 we see that research was produced primarily for its use value and included the user's interests - indicating that Mode 2 knowledge utilisation is predominantly applied, commissioned and/or strategic. Projects that exhibited both features of Mode 1 and Mode 2 were both indicative of fundamental and applied research. Besides the quantitative analyses also showing the same result mentioned above, it was also discovered that the majority of the projects exhibited features of Mode 2, with one third of the projects exhibiting features of Mode 1 and a small proportion of projects as comprising both modes of utilisation. This was a very interesting finding because it is no longer just speculation that a shift is occurring to more applied, strategic research. The analysis revealed that this shift is a reality. The correlations of mode of utility with the seven other variables produced a range of results that expanded on the features of Mode 1 and Mode 2 type of knowledge production and verified that each mode had qualities unique to itself. My recommendations to researchers in South African research institutes concerns conducting the type of research which will be more relevant to the needs of South African society at large. To funding bodies and programmes of South Africa, the suggestion is to become more informed about the dissemination and intended utilisation strategies that they fund.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om 'n analise te doen van die begrip "navorsingsbenutting", soos verstaan deur navorsers binne die publieke Suid Afrikaanse navorsing- en ontwikkelingsektor. Data wat verkry is van 'n landswye ondersoek na die aanwending van navorsingsuitsette binne die publieke sektor, soos onderneem deur die Sentrum vir Interdissiplinêre Studies, is geanaliseer. As 'n lid van die navorsingspan wat die studie onderneem het, was ek aktief betrokke by die proses wat onder meer 'n vraelys-ondersoek ingesluit het na navorsingsprojekte wat in swang is aan SA universiteite, tegnikons en wetenskapsrade. Vir die doel van die studie het ek 1052 response wat die resultaat was van 'n oop vraag in die vraelys in drie kategorieë gekodeer naamlik Modus 1, Modus 2 asook Modus 3, 'n kombinasiekategorie met die benaming "modus van aanwending". Die kwalitatiewe analise het getoon dat in die geval van modus 1, die navorsing mees waarskynlik binne die dissipline en tot die voordeel van die navorser se eweknieë aangewend sal word en dat dit in die meeste gevalle 'n uitbreiding van bestaande kennis behels - 'n aanduiding dat modus 1 navorsing hoofsaakilk verbind kan word met fundamentele navorsing. In die geval van modus 2 blyk dit dat navorsing primêr berus op die utiliteit- of aanwendingswaarde daarvan. Dit vertoon 'n noue verband met die gebruiker se behoefte of belangstelling en is hoofsaaklik toegepaste, kontrak of strategiese navorsing. Projekte wat aspekte van beide modi 1 en 2 vertoon, het tegelykertyd gedui op fundamentele en toegepaste navorsing. Die kwantitatiewe analise het aangedui dat die meerderheid projekte eienskappe van modus 2 vertoon het, met 'n derde van die projekte wat eienskappe van modus 1 vertoon het. 'n Klein hoeveelheid projekte het aspekte van beide modi 1 en 2 vertoon. Hierdie analise het aangetoon dat 'n verkuiwing inderdaad plaasgevind het vanaf fundamentele na meer toegepaste en strategiese navorsing. Die korrelasie van die modus van aanwending met sewe ander veranderlikes, het 'n reeks resultate tot gevolg gehad wat die eienskappe van modi 1 en 2 verder uitgebrei het. Dit het ook bygedra tot die bevestiging van die spesifieke eienskap van elke modus en unieke aspekte van elke modus aangetoon. Aanbevelings word ten slotte gedoen met die oog op 'n keuse vir meer relevante navorsing binne die publieke sektor gemeet aan die kriteria van die navorsingsbehoeftes van die breër Suid Afrikaanse gemeenskap. Aanbevelings m.b.t. disseminasie en navorsingsaanwendingstrategieë van navorsing wat deur befondsingsliggame befonds word, word ook gemaak.

Although it is widely recognized that Muslims and Middle Easterners were negatively portrayed in the media after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, few scholars examine the long term media presentations of Islam in the United States. The studies that have explored the relationship of the portrayal of Islam by the media have used short term, limited sampling techniques, which may not properly reflect the popular media as a whole. The current research uses data from the New York Times from 2000-2008 in order to determine whether the popular media was portraying Islam in a disparaging manner. The analysis includes the use of noun phrases in the publications in order to establish if the media portrays Muslims and Islam negatively. In particular, I am interested in the trends of this media's representation of Islam, if the publications promoted a stigma towards Islam, and if the trend continued from 2000 to 2008. The results of the analyses are presented and discussed. The need for additional research in this area is also discussed.
M.A.
Department of Sociology
Sciences
Applied Sociology MA

Cette étude terminologique des défilés de mode comprend le lexique de la mode contemporaine, les styles et tendances du XXe siècle, les caractéristiques techniques des vêtements, la couture, les matériaux, le jargon des professionnels des podiums, ainsi que les grands noms de la haute couture. Il s'agit d'un vocabulaire en langue catalane de 907 définitions, qui présente également des équivalents en langue française et espagnole. Les éléments anthropologiques, psychologiques et sociologiques de la mode permettent de faire un bilan sur les aspects non verbaux de la communication de l'habit. Les langues ciblées restent le catalan, le français et l'espagnol, toutes trois des langues latines, tout de même les emprunts de l'anglais sont très fréquents dans le circuit international des défilés de mode. L'aire géographique choisie pour la recherche comprend la France, l'Espagne et surtout la Catalogne. Les capitales comme Milan, Londres ou New York sont aussi le cadre de référence de la mode à niveau planétaire, et elles ne pouvaient être ignorées. L'époque concernée par la recherche commence avec la naissance des défilés de haute couture mise au point par Charles Frédérich Worth, considéré le premier couturier. La période analysée débute donc pendant la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle et termine avec le XXe. Tout de même l'objectif de ce travail est plus précisément l'étude de la langue actuelle. La compilation de termes se fonde sur l'analyse bibliographique de la mode et de l'habit, la presse, les mass médias, les magazines spécialisés et de nombreux entretiens avec les professionnels des défilés: créateurs, mannequins, stylistes, producteurs, photographes, journalistes
The present terminological study of catwalks contains the lexicon of the contemporary fashion language, the styles and trends of the XX century, the technical characteristics of clothes and dressmaking, the materials, the argots of the professionals of fashion shows, as well as the big names of the world of fashion. It consists in a vocabulary in Catalan language that includes over 900 terms and definitions, with equivalences in French and Spanish. Besides these 3 languages, there are also incorporated other English terms, which are commonly used in international catwalks. The geographical area selected for this study is France, Spain and Catalunya, although important capitals such as Milan, London and New York are considered, as important international references. The historical period covered by the research is mostly the XX century, although catwalks were initiated in the middle of the XIX century. The compilation of terms is based on the bibliographical analysis of books on fashion, mass media, newspapers, fashion reviews and personal interviews to professionals of fashion shows

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Com o objetivo de observar comportamentos linguísticos e também sociais no âmbito da prática profissional da tradução (direção português ↔ inglês), principalmente no que concerne ao uso de brasileirismos; e, a fim de fornecer subsídios para o ensino e a aprendizagem dessas condutas, com base no uso de corpora e no emprego do conceito de habitus na formação de tradutores, realizamos duas Pesquisas subdivididas em três etapas, as quais se integram e se complementam nesta Tese de Doutoramento. Na parte 1 de nossa investigação, associamos bases epistemológicas, apoiando-nos na abordagem interdisciplinar proposta por Camargo (2005, 2007), e adotando o arcabouço dos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução (EVEN-ZOHAR, 1978; TOURY, 1978, 1995), dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000), da Linguística de Corpus (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004) e, em parte, da Terminologia (BARROS, 2004; FAULSTICH, 2004). Procuramos vincular noções sociológicas (SIMEONI, 1998; GOUANVIC, 1995, 1999, 2002, 2005; SELA-SHEFFY, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2005a, 2005b; INGHILLERI, 2003, 2005a, 2005b) e pedagógicas voltadas ao habitus (BOURDIEU, 1980, 1982; PERRENOUD, 2000, 2001; TARDIF, 2002) às discussões sobre competências (DIAZ FOUCES, 1999; HURTADO ALBIR, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2005) e sobre a utilização de corpora com tradutores aprendizes (ALVES, MAGALHÃES, PAGANO, 2000, 2005; TAGNIN, ALVES, 2010; ALVES, 2003; ALVES, MAGALHÃES, 2004; FROMM, 2008, 2009; BERBER SARDINHA, 2010; CAMARGO, 2011a, 2011b; LAVIOSA, 1995, 2008, 2009; ZANETTIN, BERNARDINI, STEWART, 2003). Em um segundo momento, procedemos a compilação de um corpus paralelo composto pela obra Maíra (1978), de autoria de Darcy Ribeiro; e pela respectiva tradução, realizada por Goodland e Colchie (1985). Também nos valemos dos glossários bilíngues de Antropologia da Civilização (2012), produzidos com base em duas obras ensaísticas do mesmo autor, de modo a cruzarmos os dados e observarmos as opções tradutórias, as quais, acreditamos, podem representar um conjunto de habilidades passível de ser ordenado em atividades a serem adotadas em sala de aula. Metodologicamente, o programa WordSmith Tools proporcionou-nos os recursos para o levantamento dos termos e para a análise dos aspectos sociais e terminológicos presentes na formulação de uma proposta de experienciação de alguns comportamentos profissionais do tradutor. Desse modo, tomamos por hipótese que a observação reflexiva sobre a tradução de brasileirismos, por meio da Linguística de Corpus, permite-nos fomentar uma Pedagogia da Tradução pautada na instrução do habitus tradutório. Quanto aos procedimentos de Goodland e Colchie, os resultados obtidos mostraram que os tradutores utilizaram: a) empréstimos da Língua Fonte para Língua Meta; b) normalização; c) traduções literais; d) omissões, entre outros traços. Podemos citar, como exemplos de empréstimos usados nos textos traduzidos, alguns termos como: “capanga”, “mameluco” e “paçoca”. Os resultados apontaram ainda para a intensa variação na tradução dos brasileirismos, fator que pode permitir ao estudante notar distinções de significado entre termos, principalmente no que diz respeito ao universo da sociedade brasileira, como, por exemplo, em: “miçangas”: beads/ glass beads/beads ornaments/ little beads/ crystal beads. Por fim, na parte 3 de nossa Tese, convertemos os dados e as teorizações em um exercício e aplicamos entre os matriculados em um curso de Bacharelado em Letras com Habilitação em Tradução de uma Universidade Pública do Estado de São Paulo. Procuramos fornecer-lhes um amplo cabedal de estratégias, a partir de glossários, listas de palavras de maior frequência e chavicidade, gráficos e tabelas, os quais comporiam os alicerces de suas competências. Também desenvolvemos um trabalho em que os estudantes puderam verificar suas próprias escolhas para brasileirismos nos textos darcynianos e conceber os principais aspectos relacionados à formulação de um habitus coparticipado e internalizado, discutindo suas diferentes interpretações. Por fim, esperamos que essa configuração possa promover a assimilação de saberes que são vislumbrados por meio de asserções de um suporte teórico e metodológico direcionado a procedimentos tradutórios profissionais baseados em corpora.
The main purpose of this Thesis is to investigate the linguistic and also social behaviors within (Portuguese ↔ English) professional practice in Translation area, particularly related to the usage of Brazilianisms; and, to provide subsidies for teaching and learning these conducts, based on the use of corpora and on the appliance of the concept of habitus in translators’ education. Therefore, we proceeded two Studies, divided in three steps, which are integrated and which complete themselves in this Dissertation. The first part of our investigation associated epistemological foundations, considering Camargo’s interdisciplinary proposal (2005,2007) and adopting the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies (EVEN-ZOHAR, 1978; TOURY, 1978, 1995), of Corpus-Based Translation Studies (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000), of Corpus Linguistics (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004) and, in part, of Terminology (BARROS, 2004; FAULSTICH, 2004). It also promoted a link among sociological (SIMEONI, 1998; GOUANVIC, 1995, 1999, 2002, 2005, SELA-SHEFFY, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2005a, 2005b; INGHILLERI, 2005a, 2005b) and pedagogical ideas related to habitus (BOURDIEU 1980, 1982; PERRENOUD, 2000, 2001; TARDIF, 2002), discussions about competences (DIAZ FOUCES, 1999; HURTADO ALBIR, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2005) and corpora for training translators (ALVES, MAGALHÃES, PAGANO, 2000, 2005; TAGNIN, ALVES, 2010; ALVES, 2003; ALVES, MAGALHAES, 2004; FROMM, 2008, 2009; BERBER SARDINHA, 2004, 2010; CAMARGO, 2011a, 2011b; LAVIOSA, 1995, 2008, 2009; ZANETTIN, BERNARDINI, STEWART, 2003). During the second part of this study, we compiled a parallel corpus composed by Darcy Ribeiro’s novel, Maíra (1978), and by its respective translation, performed by Goodland and Colchie (1985). We also used two Social Anthropology of Civilization bilingual glossaries (2012) based on essayistic works written by the same author, so as to compare data and to observe translational options, which possibly represent a set of skills that can be ordered in activities to be adopted in classroom. Methodologically, the program WordSmith Tools provided the resources for collecting terms and for observing sociocultural and terminological aspects which are present in our proposal of experiencing professional behaviors. Therefore, we considered as hypothesis that the reflexive analysis about translational practices related to Brazilianisms, using Corpus Linguistics as technique, allow the development of a Translation Pedagogy proposition based on learning translational habitus. Concerning Goodland and Colchie’s performances, results showed that the translators used: a) loans from Source Language into Target Language; b) normalization; c) literal translations; d) omissions, among other features. As examples of loans, we can mention some terms as “capanga”, “mameluco” and “paçoca”. The results also pointed to the strong variation in the translation of the Brazilianisms, condition that may concede the students of Translation to notice distinctions in meaning among anthropological terms, especially in relation to the universe of Brazilian society, such as in: “miçangas”:beads/ glass beads/beads ornaments/ little beads/ crystal beads. In the third part, we organized the data and theories in an exercise structured for students registered in a Bachelor degree in Letters with professional qualification for Translation in a São Paulo State public university. We offered an extensive assortment of strategies to the students, through glossaries, lists of frequency and keyness, graphics and squares that would compound the foundations of their competences. We also develop a translational work in which the trainees could verify their own choices for Brazilianisms in Ribeiro’s texts as well as understand the main aspects related to the creation of a shared and internalized habitus, discussing different interpretations. We hope this configuration may promote the assimilation of knowledges which are noticed through the statements of a theoretical and methodological support directed to professional procedures based on corpora for Translation.
FAPESP: 2013-10882-0

Quand, comment et pourquoi la notion de réseau émerge-t-elle dans la société ? Au moment où cette notion fait l'objet d'une utilisation toujours plus exponentielle dans le langage ordinaire et scientifique, il revenait à une sociologie de la connaissance d'en clarifier les usages et de préciser sa vocation sociale ainsi que la réponse conceptuelle expliquant son succès actuel. La problématique s'est axée sur deux grands volets. Le premier a consisté, à partir du repérage des différents lieux d'émergence, en une sociologie historique des formes spatiales : le réseau, comme forme d'organisation historiquement datée, s'oppose trait pour trait à l'ancien idéal-type circulaire de la société grecque. "fait social total" au XVIIIème siècle, il passe par ailleurs de réalité organisationnelle observée a moyen d'observation scientifique ; et, de nouvel instrument d'organisation des choses et des hommes chez les ingénieurs a notion sociale dans les idéologies, représentations et utopies. Le second volet porte sur la suite de ses avatars dans les théories pré-sociologiques et sociologiques. Son émergence chez Diderot, tarde et Elias, procède d'un arrière-fond épistémologique et biologique et délivre une lecture du changement historique qui s'achève sur des rêves d'harmonie sociale et de paix mondiale. Déjà visible chez Elias, la construction d'une définition méthodologique du réseau rompra avec cette émergence théorique première. Elle relève d'une espèce de représentation géométrique du social, entamée par les sociologies relationnelles de Simmel, Wiese et Dupreel, et poursuivie dans les procédures métriques et topologiques de Moreno et Lewin. L'anthropologie donnera l'impulsion définitive à l'instrumentalisation opératoire du réseau et à la fondation d'un paradigme d'étude néostructurale des relations entre l'acteur et le système.

Partant du constat d'une culturalisation croissante du vin, cette micro-sociologie de la pratique discursive œnophile contemporaine, au Luxembourg, se concentre sur sa normativite inhérente et ses appropriations ordinaires. L'évolution historique est cernée dans sa rationalisation, qui a entraîné une gouvernementalité de la consommation ; son institutionnalisation, sous la forme de cours du soir, véhicule une normativité épistémique. Les publics de cette institution font montre de motivations qui actualisent l'orientation intérieure des expériences. Les appropriations de la normativité se font en fonction de recours tactiques. Au niveau domestique, les logiques d'actions sont stratégiques et se centrent d'abord sur la vie personnelle et sociale. Néanmoins, c'est la canonisation œnophile esthétique qui comporte la matière nécessaire à ces subjectivations. Transparaît ainsi l'imbrication flexible entre normes et plaisirs, menant à un empowerment personnel et social
Set in the context of an ever-increasing culturalisation of wine, this micro-sociological approach to contemporary œnophilic discursive practices in Luxembourg focuses on both inherent normativity and ordinary appropriation. The historical evolution is viewed through its rationalisation, leading to a governmentality of consumption. Its institutionalisation, in the form of evening-classes, conveys an epistemic type of normativity. The public which frequents this institution has forms of motivations which correspond to an interiorisation of experiences. The normativity is appropriated according to tactical usages. On the domestic level, the œnophiles' logics of action are stratégie and focused onto their personal and social life. Nonetheless, it is the aesthetic-based œnophilic canonisation that contains essential prerequisites of their sense of subjectivation. This shows the flexible interweaving of norms and pleasure, which lead to a personal and social empowerment

Les sources textuelles sumériennes et akkadiennes sont à la base de ce travail. Il offre une enquête sur le thème de la mort, à partir d’une analyse lexicale du champ sémantique de la mort, ainsi que des différents termes, expressions et euphémismes utilisés pour désigner le fait de mourir. La totalité des genres littéraires attestés sont donc pris en compte, notamment les textes divinatoires, les inscriptions royales, les textes de lois… L’objectif est tout d’abord de constituer un corpus le plus exhaustif possible, qui jusqu’ici n’était pas disponible, en étudiant de façon systématique les données. Mais l’ambition est également d’analyser toute la terminologie et de réaliser une synthèse sur ce thème. Cette recherche porte donc sur la mort dans sa réalité concrète, notamment les différentes sortes de trépas, et les gestes afférents, comme les étapes du processus funéraire ou des cultes de commémoration. L’intérêt est également porté sur les différents sentiments ressentis face à la mort, aux valeurs et significations qui lui sont accordées, et aux utilisations de la mort par les vivants, notamment au travers d’une exploitation politique et sociale
Sumerian and Akkadian texts provide the primary material for this study, which is a lexical analysis of the semantic field of death, and of terms, expressions and euphemisms used to refer to dying. All literary genres are examined, especially divinatory texts. The purpose is not only to bring together a corpus, which until now has not been available, by going through the texts systematically, but also to analyze all the terminology and to summarize the subject. This research concerns concrete aspects of death, especially the different ways in which Mesopotamians died and the acts that followed death, such as funerary practices and rites, and commemorative ceremony. We are also interested in different feelings, values, and uses attributed to death by the living, especially political or social

Depuis quelques années, et après que la catégorie de « souffrance » a occupé l’espace public français, de nouveaux mots occupent le devant de la scène pour décrire et souvent dénoncer les maux du travail. « Fatigue » « Stress », « burn out » ou encore « Risques psycho-sociaux » sont autant de nouvelles catégories aujourd’hui mobilisées pour nommer les maux des travailleurs. Alors que le débat sur les maux du travail revient régulièrement dans l’espace public, la question de l’origine de ce nouveau répertoire utilisé pour nommer les maux du travail interroge. Ces mots reflètent-ils réellement les conditions sociales des travailleurs? A quels enjeux discursifs et épistémologiques leurs usages peuvent-ils renvoyer ? Pour répondre à ces questions, cette thèse propose une analyse généalogique des répertoires sémantiques des maux du travail, en portant intérêt aux trajectoires sociales de ceux qui les ont promus. En identifiant les causes historique et épistémique possibles de ce répertoire, cette thèse apporte des outils méthodologique et théorique pour stabiliser et harmoniser notre pensée commune du travail. Elle contribue aussi, de cette manière, à éclairer les conditions d’émergence de la sociologie du travail en particulier, et celle des sciences des hommes et des femmes au travail de façon plus générale
In recent years, following a period during which suffering occupied a predominant space as a category shaping French public debate, new words have begun to move to the fore when it comes to denouncing workplace ills. Fatigue, stress, burn out, and phsycho-social risks are examples of new categories used today to name worker-experienced harm. While public debate over worker suffering is regularly revisited, the question of the origin of this new repertoire of concepts is problematic. Do these words really reflect the social conditions in which people work? What is at stake discursively and epistemologically when these concepts are used ? To answer these questions, this thesis endeavors to analyze the genealogy of the semantic repertoire of workplace suffering, by bringing particular focus upon the social trajectories of the people who promoted some of its different constituent concepts. By identifying some of the different possible historical and epistemological causes of this repertoire, this thesis offers new methodological and theoretical tools to stabilize and harmonize our commun thinking about work. In this way, it also helps shed light upon the conditions under which a peculiarly sociological approach to work, along with a more general social-science approach, have been able to emerge

The thesis challenges the notion of effectiveness of law as being based on the formal institutions of courts, law enforcement and written law. It argues that the best way to measure the effectiveness of law is the legal self-efficacy of laymen who are the end users of law.  It presents a new perspective on the effectiveness of law. It turns the traditional perspective of studying the effects of legal institutions around and instead studies the effect of how individuals perceive their own ability to use law. This self-reflexive ability - legal self-efficacy -  is the answer to the question “How comfortable are with communicating with legal terminology?”. The thesis makes several comparisons using the traditional perspective and legal self-efficacy and finds that legal self-efficacy is a better measure of legal effectiveness. This thesis analyzes 246 businesspeople in Russia and their risk behavior  with regards to economic transactions in relation to legal self-efficacy.  The theory behind legal self-efficacy is a combination of Luhmann’s theory of law as communication and Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy.  The first paper applies the traditional approach. It analyzes the effect of legal efficiency on leverage and debt maturity for listed and non-listed companies. The second paper is describes the conceptual foundation of the legal effectiveness based on the individual. The third paper compares the effect of private order (including legal self-efficacy) and public order institutions on the granting of trade credit.  The fourth paper analyzes the impact of legal self-efficacy and formal legal institutions on sanctions against clients in a comparative perspective. The final paper seeks out possible sources of legal self-efficacy. Legal self-efficacy can be used to better understand the interaction of individuals and law including such fields of research as behavioral accounting, behavioral law and finance, legal sociology and legal studies.

Приймак Ю. О. Англомовна термінологія сфери соціології та специфіка перекладу (на матеріалі лексикографічних джерел) : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 035 «Філологія» / наук. керівник С. П. Запольських. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2021. 61 с.
EN : The research deals with the English language terminology in the field of sociology and its translation into Ukrainian. The importance of the thesis can be explained by the necessity to study terminology in the field of sociology as it hasn’t been covered properly in the academic papers yet. It is known that each science operates with a set of concepts used to ensure its functioning. The main purpose of the concepts is to capture important elements of the surrounding reality, connections and relationships between them, interaction of conceptual and linguistic pictures of the world and sociological terms are not an exception. Sociology considers society as a holistic system of functioning of social communities (including, for example, the family, urban population, youth, humanity, etc.), it studies the relationships between these communities, examines and explains the behaviour of people in a society. Sociology studies social norms, values, roles, statuses, preferences, public opinion, and many other phenomena that make up “social life”. Therefore, the study of sociological terminology, on the one hand, makes it possible to trace the history of its development, the process of nomination of special concepts, which undergoes several stages (the period of initial definition of concepts, the stage of terminology, the involvement of commonly used words in the terminology); on the other hand, such study helps to identify both lingual and extralingual factors influencing the formation of terms, development and formation of terminological systems; contribute to the process of systematization, codification of terminological units, it enables forecasting trends in the further development of terminological systems. Our observations prove that an important role in the formation of the English and Ukrainian language sociological terminology is played by extralingual factors: the origin of a particular field of knowledge, the time of its emergence, which actualizes the need to determine the source of basic terminology and basic patterns of terms. The formation of sociological terminological system was greatly influenced by the 75 interaction of sociology as a system of knowledge with other sciences (history, philosophy, economics, political science, jurisprudence, psychology, ethics, technical sciences), which caused the evolvement of a new study that emerged at the intersection of disciplines (environmental sociology, political sociology, economic sociology). Sociological term as a unit of specific terminology can be defined as a word or a phrase that nominates a special concept and has a clear definition related to sociological meaning. Sociological terms are used to name the relevant scientific concepts, they are generally characterized by a number of differential features, among which the main ones are: nominativeness, definiteness, designation of systemic relations and connections within the sociological terminology and related fields, motivation, which is implemented in three types, which correspond to the three main methods of terminological word formation (morphological, syntactic and semantic). It is proved that the ambiguity of sociological terms is caused by intrasystem development of meanings through metaphorical transfer and on the basis of metonymic transfer. The meanings of the lexical units in common language and terminological field are not identical, as the terms nominate sociological phenomena, require interpretation from a scientific point of view, and commonly used lexical units name common phenomena, their definitions can be provided by the ordinary speakers. Semantic classification of sociological terminology corresponds to the traditionally distinguished levels of social knowledge. These levels are as follows: 1) theoretical and empirical sociology (empirical is divided into a) fundamental, aimed at the development and improvement of scientific ideas about social phenomena and b) applied, aimed at the solution of specific social problems; 2) general sociology (studies society as a whole system) and b) partial or branch sociology (studies certain aspects and social spheres); 3) macrosociology (studies large-scale phenomena) and microsociology (studies the behaviour of individuals as members of society in small social groups (family, friends). 76 The research also covers translation specifics of sociological terms. The appropriate translation techniques and transformations (transcoding, loan translation, transposition, modulation) contribute to the adequate transmission of the realities of sociology, speech clichés and professional vocabulary of sociology.
UA : Дипломна робота - 61 стор., 69 джерел.Об'єктом дослідження є процеси змін словникового складу англійської та української мов у сфері соціології. Предметом дослідження є лінгвальні особливості соціологічних термінів англійської мови, способи та засоби їхнього перекладу на українську мовуМета роботи – дослідити лінгвальні особливості англомовної термінології сфери соціології та специфіку перекладу термінів на українську мову. Поставлена мета передбачає вирішення таких завдань: - розглянути cпецифіку розвитку сфери соціології; - описати поняття «термін», його характеристики, особливості англомовної соціологічної термінології; - класифікувати англомовну соціологічну термінологію; - дослідити процедуру перекладу та способи відтворення термінології; - проаналізувати особливості та труднощі перекладу соціологічних термінів.У першому розділі подаються загальні відомості про англомовну термінологію сфери соціології через призму сучасних лінгвістичних досліджень, розглядається специфіка розвитку сфери соціології поняття «термін», його характеристики, особливості англомовної соціологічної термінології, надається класифікація англомовної соціологічної термінології. Другий розділ містить дослідження перекладу термінології сфери соціології з англійської мови українською, аналізує процедуру перекладу та способи відтворення термінології, описує особливості та труднощі перекладу соціологічних термінів. У висновках подано узагальнені результати проведеної роботи.

AbstractThere are still many sociologists who are skeptical of the findings of big data-based analysis of social-data, questioning the potential of this knowledge production and its contribution to the scientific discourse of sociology.The chapter shows that this tension can be addressed through the redefinition of the research methodological basis of sociology, by the organic incorporation of data science know-how into its methods; the combined application of qualitative and quantitative analysis; and, the use of knowledge-driven science instead of the data-driven approach.The theoretical, methodological, and topical pathways between traditional and computational sociology emerge gradually along the chapter, which also includes plenty of illustrative examples of research situated at the interplay between sociology and data science. As our overview shows, there are new possibilities for sociological research, which are, in some sense, just by-products of information science. We introduce recently developed methods, which can be applied to specific sociological problems outside the scope of business applications. We present sociological topics not yet studied in this area and show new insights the approach can offer to classical sociological questions. As our aim is to encourage sociologists to enter this field, we discuss the new methods on the base of the classic quantitative approach, using its concepts and terminology and addressing the question of how traditionally trained sociologists can acquire new skills.

This chapter discusses the politics and sociology underlying the translation of Max Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the “Spirit” of Capitalism (PESC). Published in 1930 with Talcott Parsons as the translator, PESC was described as sociology's “most famous” work. The story of the first translation and publication of PESC is a complicated episode as far as Weber translations are concerned. The chapter first traces the origins of Parsons's effort to translate Weber's work to the time he was a student at the University of Heidelberg in the 1920s before discussing the questions raised for the translation, including publication rights. It shows that Parsons's reading captured accurately the overarching terminology of rationalism, rationality, and rationalization that was central to Weber's account of asceticism and the capitalist “spirit.”

This chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. The book analyzes the Palestinian, Zionist, Algerian, and Irish national movements and presents a new theory of violence and victory, which the author hopes will provide answers for the past, present, and future. National movements go by many names across the fields of political science, sociology, economics, and history: social movements, self-determination movements, insurgencies, and revolutions. Although the terminology is often different, the entities are similar. The theory presented here applies to all movements, insurgencies, and revolutions to a significant extent, but there are some key distinctions among them in identity, tactics, and objectives. The remainder of the chapter discusses why the use of violence and the outcomes of national movements matter, why existing arguments are inadequate, and the Movement Structure Theory. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.

In the societies that existed before modern times, young people grew up in a world where the manners and the system of behavior were inherited from the older ones. The shepherds guided their children in their daily activities, in the family life and the life of the community; and participated in all ancestral ceremonies. Sociology, work, living conditions, and personal relationships—what is called “informal learning” in modern terminology—were something similar, within the context of the family, the kinship circle, and the church. In the later industrial societies, the subject of teaching and training was entrusted to specialized organizations. The school system became multi-functional and performed a series of tasks, such as childcare, ensuring equal opportunities and citizenship, imparting values, providing moral education, providing lifelong education values, and satisfying the needs of the labor market.

This chapter presents a critique of factors inhibiting progress in Maya economic studies, an introduction to approaches that avoid those pitfalls and examples of successful applications of strategic management theory and sociological organization studies. Some errors identified in current studies include shifts in terminology from relative to absolute; huge spatial and temporal frames of reference obscuring patterns and creating continuities, thus minimizing the degree of change; arguments unacceptable in logical and scientific discourse to criticize alternative interpretations, and other fallacies. Strategic management analysis can be applied to specific features of economies, avoiding such errors and overly broad typological concepts (e.g., “market economy,” “redistribution,” “barter,” “inalienable property”). Instead specific aspects of those and other parts of economies are studied as sets composed of variable elements each of which can be evaluated on relative scales. Successful recent applications to Maya economy are summarized, guiding to a vast literature in the sociology organization and of strategic management on “embeddedness,” manipulation of the “biographies of things,” “economic cultures,” “Trust,” innovation legitimation, vertical integration, institutional agency, and hopefully, providing a new direction in the study of Maya economies.

"Abstract The research deals with some of the social factors causing the genocide to which they have exposed humanity According to a sociological perspective; the research deals mainly with the problem of the culture of collective violence, intolerance towards the other, and the collective spirit of the perpetrators of the crime of genocide. It also deals with the elements of social peace, as they are essential tools in building peace and curbing the idea of genocide in a society. The research comprised three axes, the first on the study concepts and terminology, the second on sociology and genocide, the third on social factors and their role in committing genocide, and the fourth on the elements of social peace to limit genocide. "