Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Soda pop'

Objective: Over the past several decades, increase in SSB consumption has coincided with increasing rates of obesity. This study evaluated the association between SSB consumption and BMI. Methods: FFQ data from NHANES 2003-2004 was used to examine 100% orange juice, sugar-sweetened fruit drinks, soft drinks, and other beverage consumption frequency vs. mean BMI. ANOVA, relative risk, and linear regression analyses were done. Results: ANOVA found significant differences in mean BMI across consumption frequencies for orange juice (p=.001), sugar-sweetened fruit drinks (p<.001), and soft drinks (p<.001). Increased risk of being obese was associated with increasing consumption frequency for orange juice (RR=1.282), sugar-sweetened fruit drinks (RR=1.417), and soft drinks (RR=1.749). Multiple linear regression found significant positive associations between mean BMI and sugar-sweetened fruit drinks (b=.056, p=.004) and soft drinks (b=.134, p=.001). Conclusion: This study found that mean BMI was positively associated with certain beverage consumption frequency (sugar-sweetened fruit drinks, soft drinks consumed during summer, soft drinks consumed during rest of year), but not others (100% orange juice). Fewer significant results were found when confounding variables were controlled. Drinking soft drinks or sugar-sweetened fruit drinks increased the risk of obesity more than drinking natural fruit juices.

Doutoramento em Engenharia Informática
In an information-driven society where the volume and value of produced and consumed data assumes a growing importance, the role of digital libraries gains particular importance. This work analyzes the limitations in current digital library management systems and the opportunities brought by recent distributed computing models. The result of this work is the implementation of the University of Aveiro integrated system for digital libraries and archives. It concludes by analyzing the system in production and proposing a new service oriented digital library architecture supported in a peer-to-peer infrastructure
Numa sociedade em que o volume e o valor da informação produzida e disseminada tem um peso cada vez maior, o papel das bibliotecas digitais assume especial relevo. O presente trabalho analisa as limitações dos actuais sistemas de gestão de bibliotecas digitais e as oportunidades criadas pelos mais recentes modelos de computação distribuída. Deste trabalho resultou a implementação do sistema integrado para bibliotecas e arquivos digitais da Universidade de Aveiro. Este trabalho finaliza debruçando-se sobre o sistema em produção e propondo uma nova arquitectura de biblioteca digital sustentada numa infrastrutura peer-to-peer e orientada a serviços.

This work describes an extension of the Microprobe functionality for detection and filtering of application protocols. The Microprobe is an embedded system designed for monitoring network links at speed 1 Gb/s without loosing any packets. The detection of application protocols requires using of computationally expensive operations, especially string lookup (usually based on regular expressions). Based on the study of several protocols (SMTP, POP3, FTP, SIP) a draft of a new architecture has been created. The new architecture splits this functionality between programmable logic FPGA and processor. The FPGA performs preprocessing of network traffic consisting of a lookup for user identifiers and protocol-specific patterns. The processor verifies that it is the requested communication. The processor does not need to process the entire network traffic but only the part pre-filtered in the FPGA. The software part is extended by a module for the analysis of SMTP which allows processing of more than 5,000 network flows per second. Support for other protocols can be added by an extension of the software part.

The target of this thesis is construction design of a device for measuring flow bellow a vehicle. To deep dive into the problem first there is theory of driving resistance, flow and aerodynamics followed by the practical part. Also it solves completion of CFD model to detect flow field bellow vehicle while using this device.

The PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor language (PHP) has evolved to a sophisticated mainstream programming language for rapid development of significant Web applications at major sites including Facebook.com, Wikipedia.org and Yahoo.com. Leading software vendors such as Oracle and IBM are rushing in providing tools that bridge their products to PHP. However, we have observed a gap in facilitating PHP to utilize Web services efficiently. This thesis reports our efforts in design and implementation of PHP applications that consume Web services. In doing so, I have proposed a framework facilitating PHP programs to utilize Web services with high performance capability. In addition, a number of Web service standards including WS-Addressing and those in WS-Security are integrated into my PHP implementation. Examples of using various Amazon Web Services are provided with details.

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Biodiesel is a fuel obtained from vegetable oils, such as soy, castorbean, among others. The monoester of fatty acid of these oils have chains with mono, di and tri double connections. The presence of these insaturations are susceptible to oxidization. Antioxidants are substances able to prevent oxidization from oils, fats, fat foods, as well as esters of Alquila( biodiesel). The objective of this work is to summarize a new antioxidant from the Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) using the electrolysis technique. A current of 2 amperes was used in a single cell of only one group and two eletrodos of stainless steel 304 in a solution of methanol, together with the eletrolits: acetic acid, sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide, for two hours of agitation. The electrolysis products are characterized by the techniques of cromatography in a thin layer, spectroscopy of infrared and gravimetric analysis. The material was submitted to tests of oxidative stability made by the techniques of spectropy of impendancy and Rancimat (EN 14112). The analyses of characterization suggest that the polimerization of the electrolytic material ocurred. The application results of these materials as antioxidants of soy biodiesel showed that the order of the oxidative stability was obtained by both techniques used
Biodiesel ? um combust?vel obtido a partir de ?leos vegetais como soja, mamona, etc. Os monos ?ster de ?cidos graxos desses ?leos possuem cadeias com com mono, di e tri liga??es duplas. A presen?a destas insatura??es s?o suscept?veis a oxida??o. Antioxidantes s?o subst?ncias capazes de inibir oxida??o l?p?dica de ?leos, gorduras, alimentos gordurosos, bem como ?steres de alquila (biodiesel). O objetivo deste trabalho foi sintetizar um novo antioxidante a partir do l?quido da castanha de caju (LCC), utilizando a t?cnica da eletr?lise. Fez-se passar uma corrente de 2 ?mperes em uma ?nica c?lula de um s? compartimento e dois eletrodos de a?o inoxid?vel 304 em solu??o de metanol, na presen?a dos eletr?litos: ?cido ac?tico, cloreto de s?dio e hidr?xido de s?dio, por duas horas sob agita??o. Os produtos de eletr?lise foram caracterizados pelas t?cnicas de cromatografia em camada delgada, espectroscopia de infravermelho e an?lise termo gravim?trica. O material caracterizado foi submetido a testes de estabilidade oxidativa realizados pelas t?cnicas de espectroscopia de imped?ncia e de rancimat (EN 14112). As an?lises da caracteriza??o sugerem que ocorreu a polimeriza??o do material eletrolisado. Os resultados da aplica??o desses materiais como antioxidantes de biodiesel de soja mostraram que a ordem de estabilidade oxidativa foi: LSAL > LELET > LCC T?CNICO > KEROBIT > LACAC > LSODA, obtida pelas duas t?cnicas utilizadas

For trace elements, such as copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), the bioavailability of these elements, Cu and Zn, in biosolids is important because both are essential elements and both are potential contaminants when biosolids are land applied. A greenhouse study was conducted in factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications on a soil treated with four rates of Cu (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) and four rates of Zn (0, 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg) on celery plants to investigate the distribution and mobility of these elements as well as growth and antioxidant changes of celery. The results of antioxidant changes were inconclusive due to irregular changes with Zn and Cu applications. However, generally the results show that Cu did not affect superoxide dismutase (SOD) or peroxidase (POD) activities in most of the treatments. On the other hand, Zn stimulated SOD and POD activities in most of the treatments. The photosynthesis rate decreased with the applications of Cu and Zn at the rates above 100 and 300 mg/kg and increased in low Cu concentration (50 mg/kg) compared to S (soil without biosolid).

O surgimento de novos serviços que requerem uma largura de banda cada vez maior, bem como o crescente número de usuários de tais serviços, têm introduzido desafios às empresas operadoras de telecomunicações em sua capacidade de atender a estas demandas sem perda apreciável da qualidade de serviço e mantendo, ainda assim, os custos num nível aceitável pelos usuários. Neste contexto, redes ópticas passivas (PONs) vêm atraindo grande interesse em anos recentes. Na sua variante de longo-alcance, as redes PON permitem uma consolidação do uso dos equipamentos e centrais de serviço requeridos, reduzindo custos operacionais e de instalação. Uma das formas de atingir este maior alcance dá-se por meio da inserção de amplificadores ópticos nas redes de acesso. Neste trabalho, portanto, estudaram-se alguns tipos de amplificadores ópticos e suas possíveis aplicações em redes de acesso, levando a topologias de longo alcance e alta capacidade. Foram realizadas avaliações experimentais de um extensor, baseado em amplificadores ópticos semicondutores (SOAs), na rede GPON do CPqD, sob a Meta 3 do Projeto GIGA, possibilitando a obtenção de uma topologia do tipo Fiber-to-the-Building (FTTB) com 80 km de extensão e 128 usuários atendidos por uma única central de serviço. Além dessas validações experimentais, foram simulados computacionalmente SOAs com características otimizadas bem como sistemas que utilizam fibras dopadas com érbio bombeadas remotamente, sendo que nestes últimos, atingiram-se distâncias superiores a 100 km.
The emergence of new services which require an increasing bandwidth, as well as the growing number of users of such services, have introduced challenges to the network operators in regard to their capacity of supporting these demands with no penalty on the required quality of service, while keeping the costs at an acceptable level for the users. In this context, passive optical networks (PONs) have attracted a great deal of interest in recent years. In the long-reach configuration, PON networks allow for a consolidation of equipament usage, reducing operational and installation costs. One way to achieve this longer reach is by the insertion of optical amplifiers in the access network. Therefore, in our work, we have investigated several optical amplifier configurations, as well as their application in access networks, leading to longreach and high capacity network topologies. Experimental evaluations of an extender, based on semiconductor optical amplifiers, were carried out in the CPqD GPON network, under Goal 3 of GIGA Project, allowing the achievement of a Fiber-to-the-Building (FTTB) topology with 80km of extension and 128 users served by a single central office. Besides these experimental validations, were simulated computationally SOAs with optimized characteristics as well as systems using remotely pumped erbium-doped fibers, whereas in the latter were reached distances exceeding 100 km.

Le développement d’applications avec une architecture Pair-à-Pair (P2P) est devenu de plus en plus important en ingénierie du logiciel. Aujourd’hui, un grand nombre d’organisations de tailles et secteurs différents compte d’une manière croissante sur la collaboration entre multiples acteurs (individus, groupes, communautés, etc. ) pour accomplir des tâches essentielles. Ces applications P2P ont généralement un comportement récursif que plusieurs approches de modélisation ne peuvent pas décrire et analyser (exemple : les approches basées sur les automates à états finis). Un autre challenge qui concerne le développement d’applications P2P est le couplage fort entre la spécification d’une part, et les technologies et protocoles sous-jacents d’autre part. Cela force les développeurs à faire des efforts considérables pour trouver puis comprendre des informations sur les détails de ces couches casses du P2P. De plus, ce couplage fort oblige les applications à s’exécuter dans des environnements figés. Par conséquent, choisir par exemple un autre protocole pour répondre à un nouveau besoin à l’exécution devient une tâche très difficile. Outre ces points, les applications P2P sont souvent spécifiées avec une faible capacité à déléguer des traitements entre les pairs, et se focalisent surtout sur le partage et le stockage de données. Ainsi, elles ne profitent pas pleinement de la puissance de calcul et de traitement offerte par le réseau P3P sous-jacent. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une approche qui combine les principes du développement orienté composants et services avec des techniques issues des Grammaires Attribuées et d’Analyses de flot de données (techniques utilisées surtout dans la construction de compilateurs) afin de faciliter la spécification, l’analyse et le déploiement d’applications dans des architectures P2P. Cette approche incorpore : i) Un langage formel nommé DDF (de l’anglais Data-Dependency Formalism) pour spécifier les applications et construire leurs graphes de dépendances de données. Un graphe de dépendances de données est nommé DDG (de l’anglais Data Dependency Graph) et est défini pour être une représentation abstraite de l’application spécifiée. Ii) Une méthode d’analyse qui utilise le graphe de dépendances de données pour inférer et calculer diverses propriétés, y compris certaines propriétés que les models-checkers ne peuvent pas calculer si le système présente un comportement récursif. Iii) Un intergiciel nommé SON (de l’anglais Shared Data Overlay Network) afin de développer et d’exécuter des applications dans une architecture P2P sans faire face à la complexité des couches sous-jacentes. Cela grâce essentiellement au couplage faible (par une approche orientée services) et à la fonctionnalité de génération de code automatique
Developing Peer-to-Peer (P2P) applications became increasingly important in software development. Nowadays, a large number of organizations from many different sectors and sizes depend more and more on collaboration between actors (individuals, groups, communities, etc. ) to perform their tacks. These P2P applications usually have a recursive behaviour that many modeling approaches cannot describe and analyze (e. G. Finite-state approaches). Another challenging issue in P2P application development is the tight coupling between application specification and the underlying P2P technologies and protocols. This forces software developers to make tedious efforts in finding and understanding detailed knowledge about P2P low level concerns. Moreover, this tight coupling constraints applications to run in a changeless runtime environment. Consequently, choosing (for example) another protocol at runtime to meet a new requirement becomes very difficult. Besides these previous issues, P2P applications are usually specified with a weak ability to delegate computing activities between peers, and especially focus on data sharing and storage. Thus, it is not able to take full advantages of the computing power of the underlying P2P network. In this thesis, we present an approach that combines component – and service-oriented development with well-understood methods and techniques from the fields of Attribute Grammars and Data-Flow Analysis (commonly used in compiler construction) in order to offer greater ease in the specification, analysis and deployment of applications ion P2P architecture. This approach embodies : i) A formal language called DDF (Data-Dependency Formalism) to specify applications and construct their Data-Dependency Graphs (DDGs). A DDG has been defined to be an abstract representation of applications. Ii) An analysis method that uses DDG to infer and compute various properties, including some properties that model checkers cannot compute if the system presents recursive behaviour. Iii) A component-based service middleware called SON (Shared-data Overlay Network) to develop and execute applications within P2P architecture without the stress of dealing with P2P low level complexity. Thanks to SON’s automatic generation

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The thesis aims at understanding the dynamics of soy expansion in the Amazon State, in Brazil, by identifying and characterising the politico-institutional arrangement responsible for the socio-spatial transformations that promoted the reorganisation of the use of the territory and of its resources. The issue of soy expansion is approached by relating, opposing, and arguing that the interactions of politico-institutional arrangements between governments and their agencies, private actors, and civil society form a dispute field, in which the exchange of power resources, strategic alliances, and shared interests aim at influencing public policies to support the soy expansion movement in the Amazon State. Concomitantly, the global environmental problematic and the weight of Amazonia in the ecosystem balance contributed to strengthening the concept of sustainable development, which has been increasingly incorporated into the several spheres of companies, government, market, and civil society institutional and organisational structures, by creating spaces for dialogue, arenas for political dispute, new institutionalities, and public and private environmental management systems. These dynamics mostly contribute to the productive, social, and territorial restructuring of the Amazon State, as they enabled a connection of the selected territories to the spatial production circuits and to the cooperation circles at international level. It is concluded that the dynamics of (re)production of the agricultural spaces, which incorporated the natural fields of the South of the Amazon State into the globalised agricultural dynamics, happened in a subordinate and excluding way, by emphasizing social and regional inequalities, and by contributing to the promotion of negative externalities, such as land concentration and an increase in the deforestation rates. Key-words: public policies, soy, externalities, Amazon State.
A tese objetiva compreender ? din?mica de expans?o da soja no Estado do Amazonas, identificando e caracterizando o arranjo pol?tico-institucional respons?vel pelas transforma??es socioespaciais que promoveram a reorganiza??o do uso do territ?rio e de seus recursos. Trata-se da quest?o da expans?o da soja relacionando, contrapondo e argumentando que as intera??es dos arranjos pol?ticoinstitucionais entre governos e suas ag?ncias, os atores privados e a sociedade civil estruturaram um campo de disputa, no qual a troca de recursos de poder, as alian?as estrat?gicas e os interesses compartilhados visavam influenciar nas pol?ticas p?blicas que sustentaram o movimento de expans?o da soja no Amazonas. Concomitantemente, a problem?tica ambiental global e o peso da Amaz?nia no equil?brio ecossist?mico concorreram para o fortalecimento do conceito de desenvolvimento sustent?vel que foi sendo incorporado nas diversas inst?ncias das estruturas institucionais e organizacionais das empresas; dos governos; do mercado e da sociedade civil, criando espa?os de di?logos, arenas de disputas pol?ticas, novas institucionalidades e sistemas de gerenciamento ambiental p?blicos e privados. Estas din?micas colaboram, sobretudo, para a reestrutura??o produtiva, social e territorial amazonense ? medida que possibilitaram que territ?rios selecionados fossem conectados aos circuitos espaciais de produ??o e aos c?rculos de coopera??o em n?vel internacional. Conclui-se que a din?mica de (re) produ??o dos espa?os agr?colas que incorporou ? din?mica agropecu?ria globalizada os campos naturais do sul amazonense se deu de forma subordinada e excludente acentuando as desigualdades sociais e regionais, al?m de colaborar para a promo??o de externalidades negativas como a concentra??o fundi?ria e o aumento das taxas de desflorestamento.

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In this work, were established reproducible routines for the processing of regular patterns in sub micrometric scale in polymers thin films by used of the scanning probe lithography (one mode of operation of a scanning probe microscope - SPM). Were used silicon probes to perform the matrices of holes in dynamic plowing mode. After, the tip was changed for the visualization of the matrices in tapping mode. The routines of patterning were applied in PMMA thin films of different molecular weights and thicknesses, deposited by spin coating, optimizing these two parameters for the formation of masks in the form of grating of holes. The diameter and the depth of the holes and also the height and width of the deformations to its outskirts were investigated in function of the force interaction and the time action of the probe, well as of the thickness of the films and molecular weight of polymers. A time optimized the basic procedures, the routines developed were applied in the processing of molds for the growth of regular arrangements of ZnO nanowires.
Neste trabalho, foram estabelecidas rotinas reprodutíveis para o processamento de padrões regulares em escala submicrométrica em filmes finos poliméricos utilizando a litografia de varredura por sonda (um dos modos de operação de um microscópio de varredura por sonda – SPM). Foram utilizadas sondas de silício para realizar as matrizes de furos no modo de aragem dinâmica (dynamic plowing). Após, a ponta foi trocada para a visualização das matrizes no modo de contato intermitente. As rotinas de padronização foram aplicadas em filmes finos de PMMA de diferentes pesos moleculares e espessuras, depositados por spin coating, otimizando estes dois parâmetros para a formação de máscaras na forma de grade de furos. O diâmetro e a profundidade dos furos e também a altura e largura das deformações aos seus arredores foram investigados em função da força de interação e do tempo de ação da sonda, bem como da espessura dos filmes e peso molecular dos polímeros. Uma vez otimizados os procedimentos básicos, as rotinas desenvolvidas foram aplicadas no processamento de moldes para o crescimento de arranjos regulares de nanofios de ZnO.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Soybean pre-cleaning residue is found in large quantities in the processing and processing dryers' farms, resulting in serious inconvenience if it is not removed to farther places before the fermentation process begins. Among the residues generated at the time of harvesting and cleaning of the grains are soybean pods, which presents as an alternative lignocellulosic material to be used in the production of Agglomerated panels of the MDP type. The objective of this work was to verify the effect of the use of soybean pods in the production of eucalyptus MDP panels. The panels, with a nominal density of 0.70 g / cm³, were composed of three layers, the thin layers of eucalyptus wood were used in the covers and the core was composed of a mixture of eucalyptus particles and soybean pods. The proportions used of soybean residue particles in relation to those of eucalyptus in the kernels were 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. For the glueing of the particles the adhesive urea formaldehyde, in the proportion of 12%, was used for both the covers and the crumb. The pressing cycle had a temperature of 160 ° C for a period of 15 minutes at a pressure of 4MPa. To evaluate the quality of the panels produced, their physical and mechanical properties of apparent density; Compaction ratio; Water absorption and swelling in thickness at 2 and 24 hours of immersion were determinater; Perpendicular traction; Modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture in the static bending. To meet the requirements of Brazilian standard (NBR 14.810 / 2002), for the properties of swelling in thickness (2h) and modulus of rupture, the maximum amount of soybean recommended for MDP panels is 20%.
O resíduo da pré-limpeza de soja é encontrado em grande quantidade no pátio das indústrias de beneficiamento e dos secadores das fazendas, acarretando sérios transtornos caso não seja removido para locais mais afastados antes que o processo de fermentação se inicie. Dentre os resíduos gerados no momento da colheita e limpeza dos grãos estão às vagens de soja, que se apresenta como um material lignocelulósico alternativo para ser utilizado na produção de painéis aglomerados do tipo MDP. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito da utilização de vagens de soja na produção de painéis MDP de eucalipto. Os painéis, com densidade nominal de 0,70 g/cm³, foram constituídos por três camadas, de modo que nas capas foram utilizadas finas partículas de madeira de eucalipto e o miolo foi composto por uma mistura de partículas de eucalipto e de vagens soja. As proporções utilizadas de partículas de resíduo de soja em relação às de eucalipto no miolo foram de 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%. Para o encolamento das partículas foi utilizado o adesivo uréia formaldeído, na proporção de 12%, tanto para as capas como para o miolo. O ciclo de prensagem teve temperatura de 160°C, por um período de 15 minutos a uma pressão de 4MPa. Para avaliar a qualidade dos painéis produzidos, foram determinadas suas propriedades físicas e mecânicas de densidade aparente; razão de compactação; absorção de água e inchamento em espessura em 2 e 24 horas de imersão; tração perpendicular; módulo de elasticidade e módulo de ruptura na flexão estática. Para atender as exigências da norma brasileira (NBR 14.810/2002), para as propriedades de inchamento em espessura (2h) e módulo de ruptura, a quantidade máxima de vagem de soja recomendada para painéis MDP é de 20%.

The diploma thesis describes the analysis, specification, origin and transformation of the current editing system N.E.S.P.I, which is the intellectual property of the company WebRex s.r.o. The main aim is to separate the administration of the web sites from their content, which can be seen on the Internet and by doing so to achieve the unified and complex administration interface for the customers. By bringing the service into work we do not only save time and simplify the work of the programmers, but we are also able to reach the stage when the editing system is not only the intellectual property of the company, but also its physical property, because the customer owns only the web sites, but the possibility to administrative them is offered as further service. The service should also provide the customers with modern access to informational technologies and propose enhanced assistance for their entrepreneurial plans and ideals.

L'objectif de ce travail est de mettre au point des méthodes pour détecter, localiser, quantifier et suivre l'évolution de l'endommagement dans les câbles courts, tels que les suspentes des ponts suspendus, à partir de leurs réponses vibratoires. Afin de modéliser ces câbles, un modèle linéaire 1D de poutre d'Euler Bernoulli avec tension est utilisé. Ce modèle permet de modéliser une large gamme de structures, allant de la corde vibrante à la poutre sans tension. Pour le câble, l'endommagement est introduit dans l'équation vibratoire par des modifications locales de la masse linéique et de la rigidité en flexion et par un changement global de la tension. De plus, pour introduire une "fissure" dans l'équation vibratoire d'une poutre, la modification de la rigidité peut être remplacée par un ressort de rotation au niveau de la fissure. Pour ces deux modèles d'introduction d'endommagements, une estimation analytique au premier ordre des variations des paramètres modaux en fonction des modifications est établie. Grâce aux estimations analytiques obtenues pour la variation relative des fréquences en fonctions des modifications physiques, nous développons des techniques de localisation pour deux cas d'étude : deux essais seuls correspondants à deux états (sain et endommagé) et une série d'essais (plusieurs essais de l'état sain à l'état endommagé). Pour ce second cas, une autre méthode de détection et de localisation utilisant cette fois la SVD est proposée. Les méthodes proposées sont testées sur des données numériques et sur des données expérimentales existant dans la littérature ou effectuées pendant la thèse
The objective of this work is to develop methods to detect, localize, quantify and follow the evolution of the damage in short cables, such as suspenders of the suspension bridges, using their vibratory responses. To simulate these cables, a 1D Euler Bernoulli beam linear model with tension is used. This model allows to study a wide range of structures from the vibrating string to the beam without tension. For cables, damage is introduced into the vibratory equation by local changes of the linear density and the bending stiffness and a global change in the tension. To introduce a crack in the vibrating beam equation, the change in the rigidity may be replaced by a pinned joint at the location ofthe crack. For both these models, a first order analytical estimation of the variation of modal parameters due to theses changes is established. Using these analytical estimations of the relative frequency variations in functions of the physical changes, we develop methods of localization for two cases : only two tests corresponding to two states (healthy and damaged) and a series of tests (several tests on the healthy state and several tests on the damaged state). For the second case, we propose another method of detection and localization which uses the SVD tool . These methods are tested on numerical data and experimental data from literature or from tests performed during the phD

Le soja, culture d’intérêt agronomique mondiale et bientôt Normande, doit faire face à l’attaque de nombreux phytopathogènes et notamment à l’oomycète Phytophthora sojae Kaufm. & Gerd., qui engendrent chaque année d’importantes pertes économiques. Le RET (Root Extracellular Trap) est situé à l’apex racinaire, est constitué de cellules détachées de la racine appelées cellules frontières ou AC-DC (root Associated Cap-Derived Cells) et de leur mucilage associé. On retrouve au sein de ce mucilage des glycomolécules, des protéines, ou encore de l’ADN extracellulaire (ADNex). Cet ensemble, formant un territoire racinaire particulier, va permettre la protection de la racine et notamment de son apex contre les stress biotiques et abiotiques. Afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de défense racinaires, et notamment de certains acteurs du RET, une analyse transcriptomique et protéomique des AC-DC et de la racine et une analyse génomique de l’ADNex ont été réalisées en conditions témoin et élicitée avec PEP-13, un éliciteur provenant des oomycètes du genre Phytophthora sp. Les analyses transcriptomique et protéomique ont montré une spécificité des AC-DC par rapport aux racines et une réponse à PEP-13 qui semble différente entre ces deux zones. Le séquençage génomique de l’ADNex du RET a été réalisé afin de déterminer l’origine de celui-ci et savoir s'il existe une spécificité de séquences entre les deux conditions. Il semblerait que l'ADNex ait une meilleure couverture lors de l'alignement sur l’ADN mitochondrial et l’ADN plastidial comparé à l’ADN chromosomique. Cette différence de couverture peut indiquer une différence de persistance de l’ADNex dans le RET en fonction de son origine (chromosomique ou mitochondrial et plastidial), ou une libération dans le RET par ces organites. Il semblerait également qu’il n’y ait pas de différences entre les séquences d’ADNex du RET en condition élicitée avec PEP-13 ou témoin
Soybean, a crop of Normand and world agronomic interest, is threatened by numerous phytopathogens like the oomycete Phytophthora sojae Kaufm. & Gerd., wich generate high levels of economical losses. The RET (root extracellular trap) is located at the root apex and is composed of border cells or AC-DC (root associated cap-derived cells) and their mucilage. This mucilage is made up of glycomolecules, proteins or also extracellular DNA (exDNA). The RET play a role in root protection against biotic stresses. In order to better understand the role of the RET in root protection, a transcriptomic and a proteomic analysis where done on AC-DC and roots in controle condition and in elicited condition with PEP-13 (an elicitor from Phytophthora sp.). The results show a specificity of AC-DC compared to the root, and an answer to PEP-13 wich seems to be different between these two tissues. An other experiment was to sequence RET exDNA in controle and elicited conditions, in order to define the origin of this exDNA. We show that the coverage of mitochondrial and plastidial DNA where much better than the coverage of chromosomic DNA. It could mean that chromosomic DNA isn’t conserved as well as organelles DNA, or exDNA could originate from organelles. Furthermore, results seems to show no differences between the sequences of elicited or control exDNA

Orientador: Sebastiăo Aparecido Borges
Co-orientador: Alex Maiorka
Dissertaçăo (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Cięncias Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduaçăo em Cięncias Veterinárias. Defesa: Curitiba, 2006
Inclui bibliografia
Área de concentraçăo: Produçăo animal

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar el valor predictivo de los scores APACHE II y SOFA, en pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital PNP Luis N. Sáenz, en el período comprendido entre Marzo de 2013 y Marzo de 2014. El tipo de investigación es de tipo cohorte prospectivo, observacional y analítico. La muestra estuvo integrada por 55 pacientes que ingresaron en forma consecutiva a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital PNP Luis N. Sáenz en el período comprendido entre Marzo de 2013 y Marzo de 2014. Los resultados muestran que del total de pacientes fallecidos (n=45) el 71.1 % son hombres y el 28.9% son mujeres encontrándose relación estadística de P<0.05; la edad prevalente es de 60 a 80 años (37.8%). Se encontró que la mediana de la edad es de 72 años (45,90) y la mediana de los días de hospitalización es de 7 días (1,50). Los diagnósticos más frecuentes en los pacientes fallecidos fueron Shock Séptico (37.8%) y Shock Hipovolémico (35.6%). La población estudiada tuvo una mediana de edad 81 años (50,8%) y una mediana de hospitalización de 12 días. Asimismo, los resultados mostraron que del total de pacientes fallecidos (n=45) HTA se presentó en el 46.7% de pacientes vivos y en el 30% de fallecidos; el 40% del total de pacientes ingresó con dificultad respiratoria y el 28.9% ingresó con dolor abdominal, el tiempo de enfermedad en los fallecidos fue de 8 días. La sensibilidad del Score APACHE II con puntaje 13 predijo al 95% la mortalidad considerando un área bajo la curva de 94% (p<0.05), la sensibilidad del Score SOFA con puntaje 16, predijo al 96% la mortalidad, área bajo la curva 87% (p<0.05), al aplicar ambos scores (SOFA y APACHE II), simultáneamente, se obtuvo una predicción de mortalidad de 100% (p<0.05). La presente investigación concluye que los scores SOFA y APACHE II tuvieron utilidad significativa en la predicción de la mortalidad de la población estudiada. Además, se encontró que el score APACHE II tuvo una significativa sensibilidad de predicción al alta del paciente.
Trabajo académico

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
This thesis presents ⇡SOD-M (Policy-based Service Oriented Development Methodology), a methodology for modeling reliable service-based applications using policies. It proposes a model driven method with: (i) a set of meta-models for representing non-functional constraints associated to service-based applications, starting from an use case model until a service composition model; (ii) a platform providing guidelines for expressing the composition and the policies; (iii) model-to-model and model-to-text transformation rules for semi-automatizing the implementation of reliable service-based applications; and (iv) an environment that implements these meta-models and rules, and enables the application of ⇡SOD-M. This thesis also presents a classification and nomenclature for non-functional requirements for developing service-oriented applications. Our approach is intended to add value to the development of service-oriented applications that have quality requirements needs. This work uses concepts from the service-oriented development, non-functional requirements design and model-driven delevopment areas to propose a solution that minimizes the problem of reliable service modeling. Some examples are developed as proof of concepts
Esta tese apresenta ⇡SOD-M (Policy-based Service Oriented Development Methodology), uma metodologia para a modelagem de aplica??es orientadas a servi?os a qual usa Pol?ticas de qualidade. O trabalho prop?e um m?todo orientado a modelos para desenvolvimento de aplica??es confi?veis. ⇡SOD-M consiste de: (i) um conjunto de meta-modelos para representa??o de requisitos n?o-funcionais associados a servi?os nos diferentes n?veis de modelagem, a partir de um modelo de caso de uso at? um modelo de composi??o de servi?o, (ii) um meta-modelo de plataforma espec?fica que representa a especifica??o das composi?oes e as pol?ticas, (iii) regras de transforma??o model-to-model e model-to-text para semi-automatizar a implementa??o de composi?oes de servi?os confi?veis, e (iv) um ambiente que implementa estes meta-modelos e regras, representando assim aspectos transversais e limita??es associadas a servi?os, que devem ser respeitados. Esta tese tamb?m apresenta uma classifica??o e nomenclatura de requisitos n?o-funcionais para o desenvolvimento de aplica??es orientadas a servi?os. Nossa abordagem visa agregar valor ao desenvolvimento de aplica??es orientadas a servi?os que t?m necessidades de garantias de requisitos de qualidade. Este trabalho utiliza conceitos das ?reas de desenvolvimento orientado a servi?os, design de requisitos n?o-funcionais e desenvolvimento dirigido a modelos para propor uma solu??o que minimiza o problema de modelagem de servi?os web confi?veis

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
The popularization of mobile devices capable of communicating via wireless network technologies allows us to consider different scenarios in which these devices may autonomously interact with each other. The envisioned communications would occur in a P2P fashion, as each device could simultaneously provide and consume services. A mechanism for dynamically discovering nearby devices and the available services would be necessary. Although a few existing applications already provide the direct interaction among devices they are purpose-specific and rely on pre-configured information for identifying other devices. A service-oriented architecture (SOA), based on HTTP requests and the REST or SOAP protocols, is commonly used in this type of communication. However, automatically finding available known services is still challenging. Service discovery is usually based exclusively on service name, which is not very flexible. This work proposes a new model for the direct interaction between computing devices. In an attempt to facilitate service discovery and selection we propose a content centric model in which interactions are defined according to an object’s type and the action to be applied to it. The proposed approach can workatop of existing discovery protocols, based on extensible metadata fields and on existing service data. Our proposal is evaluated according to i) the viability of direct communication between nearby devices, even when carried by users or associated to vehicles; ii) the proposed service discovery and matching using the content centric approach; iii) the effectiveness of a middleware to support the development of generic applications for direct device communication. Simulation results show our proposed model is viable. A preliminary implementation of the middleware was also evaluated and the results show that spontaneous, opportunistic, service-based interactions among devices can be achieved for different types of services.
A popularização de dispositivos móveis dotados de capacidade de comunicação sem fio possibilita a criação de ambientes onde estes dispositivos interagem diretamente entre si. Essas comunicações ocorrem no modelo P2P, de forma que cada dispositivo pode implementar simultaneamente papéis de cliente e de servidor. Contudo, para que ocorram interações di- retas entre dispositivos através de aplicações, é preciso que estes dispositivos implementem algum mecanismo de descoberta. Atualmente, a maioria das aplicações que se comunicam diretamente utilizam informações pré-configuradas para identificação de dispositivos e serviços. Uma forma utilizada para interação entre dispositivos é através da oferta e consumo de serviços utilizando a arquitetura orientada a serviços (SOA), baseada em requisições HTTP utilizando os padrões REST ou SOAP. Um problema recorrente para consumidores de serviços é a identificação de serviços disponíveis. A identificação utilizada em protoco- los de descoberta existentes baseia-se apenas no nome do serviço, salvo em comunicações pré-configuradas, o que não apresenta flexibilidade para descobrir novos serviços. De forma a facilitar a troca de informações entre dispositivos, este trabalho propõe um modelo em que interações diretas entre dispositivos sejam centradas no conteúdo envolvido na interação e nas ações que se deseja realizar sobre eles. Para tanto, uma identificação de serviço pode ser baseada em metadados que são adicionados às descrições de serviços existentes, ou em informações obtidas com protocolos de descoberta de serviço existentes. Para avaliar o modelo proposto, esse trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre i) a viabilidade de interações diretas entre dispositivos, considerando suas mobilidades; ii) o uso de um modelo de interação centrado em conteúdo e ação; iii) o desenvolvimento de um Middleware para simplificar o desenvolvimento de aplicações que usem o modelo de serviço proposto. Os resultados de simulação obtidos mostram que o modelo é viável. Além disso, uma versão preliminar do Middleware proposto foi avaliada e mostra que a interação direta entre dispositivos pode ocorrer de forma oportunística e espontânea.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The concept of sharing computing resources among WEB participants, has been gradually extended to support scenarios in wireless world, networks, mobile devices which introduce a variety possible uses. Wireless devices become a key of sharing information among peoples. In this point of view we present the main challenges in pervasive/ubiquitous concepts for wireless applications networks, focusing on the resource of systems and information interoperability. The idea about interdisciplinary culture, as instrument of dissemination and production of the knowledge in the digital environment, is a factor that also is applied to the environment of the mobile devices that remain the necessity of a study related to the interoperability what refers to the communication and the exchange information among peoples. This phenomenon shows up as a trend of the systems solutions in Wireless environments and WEB due to variety use of the electronic devices without wire as: cellular, PDA´s, Smartphone and Pocket PC. The consolidation of the Internet as a collaboration environment as well as the sprout of the mobile applications had directly influenced the business solutions and the systems architecture in the contemporary society. This new cartographic map of the decentralized services in cyberspace is fertile environment for the study about mobile medias environment and its consequence among stakeholders in ciberspace, a scene that represents significant impact in the contribution of the information in the development of the interfaces of the mobile systems. This map of information characterizes for a harmonic acquaintance between the centralization and the decentralization of the information in the mobile network. Therefore, the specific objective of the thesis involves the idea about mobile interoperability devices under the phenomenal about: mobility, cyberspace, portable devices and the technological aspects of the hybrid networks and new media architecture. The emergency of this context represents an important research study of the technology due a great solution offered by telecom corporations and political government. The aim of this research does not only approach the technological aspect centered in design of systems and programs, but also it focuses the benefits of the interoperability about all the flow of the information, deriving of the decentralized flow of information in wireless environment and WEB, these aspects had influenced the companies and the society in the digital culture. These solutions prevail are inside the same solution for the collaboration and people integration in cyberspace
O conceito da cultura interdisciplinar, como instrumento de disseminação e produção do conhecimento no ambiente digital é um fator que também se aplica ao ambiente dos dispositivos móveis. O que traduz a necessidade de um estudo relacionado à interoperabilidade das informações no que tange a comunicação e a troca das informações por meio destes últimos. O tecnologia sem fio afirma-se como tendência das soluções sistêmicas devido à popularização do uso dos dispositivos eletrônicos (celular, PDA´s, Smartphone e Pocket PC) e principalmente pelo papel da sociedade como parte integrante no dinamismo do processo de colaboração das informações. A consolidação da Internet e do surgimento da tecnologia móvel, sob a perspectiva da colaboração das informações, influenciou diretamente as soluções de negócio e os sistemas computacionais na sociedade contemporânea. Esse novo mapa cartográfico dos serviços descentralizados no ciberespaço é um palco fértil para o estudo da influência das mídias móveis e seu reflexo nas relações humanas. O que representou um impacto significativo no ambiente de desenvolvimento de sistemas inserido num ambiente heterogêneo que se caracteriza também por uma convivência harmônica entre a centralização e a descentralização das informações. Portanto, o objetivo específico dessa dissertação é apresentar a idéia da interoperabilidade dos dispositivos móveis sob o contexto dos fenômenos contemporâneos da mobilidade, ciberespaço móvel e os aspectos tecnológicos das redes e arquitetura de sistemas móveis. A emergência deste contexto representa um palco fértil para o estudo da tecnologia sem fio oferecida pelas grandes corporações. O foco desta pesquisa não aborda somente os aspectos tecnológicos centrados no design de sistemas e programas, mas também enfoca a interoperabilidade em todo o fluxo das informações na WEB e no emergente ambiente tecnológico Wireless com abordagens que influenciaram as empresas e a sociedade na cultura digital. O que representa o meio digital móvel e a interoperabilidade como parte integrante de uma mesma inovação tecnológica como solução para a colaboração das informações e integração de pessoas no ciberespaço

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte de la forte évolution du réseau d'abonnées sur fibre optique (FTTH). Elle a l'objectif d'étudier les solutions d'émetteurs dits "achromatiques" à base de nouveaux composants optoélectroniques pour les réseaux d'accès optiques multiplexés en longueurs d'onde (WDM-PON). Ces émetteurs doivent être peu chers et identiques chez tout abonné quelque soit la longueur d'onde de fonctionnement. Deux types d'émetteurs achromatiques à base de modulateur réflectif sont étudiés dans cette thèse : le laser Fabry-Perot verrouillé par injection optique (IL-FP) et le modulateur électro-absorbant amplifié en réflexion (R-EAM-SOA). Les caractéristiques de l'IL-FP en régime de verrouillage sont évaluées en termes de bruit d'intensité, de modulation, de facteur de couplage phase-amplitude,... La caractérisation tant statique que dynamique est aussi effectuée pour le second composant R-EAM-SOA. D'autres fonctionnalités de ce composant comme la détection directe et la régénération promettent son grand potentiel pour la réalisation d'un dispositif multifonctionnel pour le réseau d'accès. Il est également proposé d'utiliser pour la première fois, le laser à bâtonnets quantiques à blocage de modes (QD-MLL) comme source d'injection multi-longueurs d'onde cohérentes pour l'accès optique WDM. Il est montré qu'il est possible de supprimer le bruit de partition de modes associé à ces structures à blocage de modes. Finalement l'intégration de ces trois composants dans des architectures WDM-PON est réalisée. La faisabilité des systèmes WDM-PON à 2,5 Gb/s à base des IL-FP injectés par une source QD-MLL est évaluée pour différentes configurations et architectures réseau. La montée en débit à 10 Gb/s est prouvée en utilisant le R-EAM-SOA. Un système WDM-PON bidirectionnel avec une capacité de 240 (24 x 10) Gb/s en voie descendante et 60 (24 x 2,5) Gb/s en voie montante a été démontré en utilisant ces solutions d'émetteurs achromatiques proposées. Une des principales sources de dégradation du système WDM-PON bidirectionnel est la rétrodiffusion de Rayleigh pour laquelle le bruit interférométrique produit est étudié. L'impact de ce bruit sur les performances en transmission du système WDM-PON est aussi analysé.

en català:

Un camp de recerca important dins del paradigma del Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) és la importància en la gestió eficaç de la informació d'esdeveniments generada durant l'activitat de l'aprenentatge col·laboratiu virtual, per a proporcionar coneixement sobre el comportament dels membres del grup. Aquesta visió és especialment pertinent en l'escenari educatiu actual que passa d'un paradigma tradicional - centrat en la figura d'un instructor magistral - a un paradigma emergent que considera els estudiants com actors centrals en el seu procés d'aprenentatge. En aquest nou escenari, els estudiants aprenen, amb l'ajuda de professors, la tecnologia i els altres estudiants, el que potencialment necessitaran per a desenvolupar les seves activitats acadèmiques o professionals futures.
Els principals aspectes a tenir en compte en aquest context són, primer de tot, com dissenyar una plataforma sota el paradigma del CSCL, que es pugui utilitzar en situacions reals d'aprenentatge col·laboratiu complexe i a llarg termini, basades en el model d'aprenentatge de resolució de problemes. I que permet al professor una anàlisi del grup més eficaç així com donar el suport adequat als estudiants quan sigui necessari.
En segon lloc, com extreure coneixement pertinent de la col·laboració per donar consciència i retorn als estudiants a nivell individual i de rendiment del grup, així com per a propòsits d'avaluació.
L'assoliment d'aquests objectius impliquen el disseny d'un model conceptual d'interacció durant l'aprenentatge col·laboratiu que estructuri i classifiqui la informació generada en una aplicació col·laborativa en diferents nivells de descripció. A partir d'aquesta aproximació conceptual, els models computacionals hi donen resposta per a proporcionar una extracció eficaç del coneixement produït per l'individu i per l'activitat del grup, així com la possibilitat d'explotar aquest coneixement com una eina metacognitiva pel suport en temps real i regulat del procés d'aprenentatge col·laboratiu.
A més a més, les necessitats dels entorns CSCL han evolucionat en gran mesura durant els darrers anys d'acord amb uns requisits pedagògics i tecnològics cada cop més exigents. Els entorns d'aprenentatge col·laboratius virtuals ara ja no depenen de grups d'estudiants homogenis, continguts i recursos d'aprenentatge estàtics, ni pedagogies úniques, sinó que exigeixen una forta personalització i un alt grau de flexibilitat. En aquest nou escenari, les organitzacions educatives actuals necessiten estendre's i moure's cap a paradigmes d'ensenyament altament personalitzats, amb immediatesa i constantment, on cada paradigma incorpora el seu propi model pedagògic, el seu propi objectiu d'aprenentatge i incorpora els seus propis recursos educatius específics.
Les demandes de les organitzacions actuals també inclouen la integració efectiva, en termes de cost i temps, de sistemes d'aprenentatge llegats i externs, que pertanyen a altres institucions, departaments i cursos. Aquests sistemes llegats es troben implementats en llenguatges diferents, suportats per plataformes heterogènies i distribuïdes arreu, per anomenar alguns dels problemes més habituals. Tots aquests problemes representen certament un gran repte per la comunitat de recerca actual i futura. Per tant, els propers esforços han d'anar encarats a ajudar a desenvolupadors, recercaires, tecnòlegs i pedagogs a superar aquests exigents requeriments que es troben actualment en el domini del CSCL, així com proporcionar a les organitzacions educatives solucions ràpides i flexibles per a potenciar i millorar el rendiment i resultats de l'aprenentatge col·laboratiu. Aquesta tesi proposa un primer pas per aconseguir aquests objectius.
An important research topic in Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) is to explore the importance of efficient management of event information generated from group activity in collaborative learning practices for its further use in extracting and providing knowledge on interaction behavior.
The essential issue here is first how to design a CSCL platform that can be used for real, long-term, complex collaborative problem solving situations and which enables the instructor to both analyze group interaction effectively and provide an adequate support when needed. Secondly, how to extract relevant knowledge from collaboration in order to provide learners with efficient awareness and feedback as regards individual and group performance and assessment. The achievement of these tasks involve the design of a conceptual framework of collaborative learning interaction that structures and classifies the information generated in a collaborative application at several levels of description. Computational models are then to realize this conceptual approach for an efficient management of the knowledge produced by the individual and group activity as well as the possibility of exploiting this knowledge further as a metacognitive tool for real-time coaching and regulating the collaborative learning process.
In addition, CSCL needs have been evolving over the last years accordingly with more and more demanding pedagogical and technological requirements. On-line collaborative learning environments no longer depend on homogeneous groups, static content and resources, and single pedagogies, but high customization and flexibility are a must in this context. As a result, current educational organizations' needs involve extending and moving to highly customized learning and teaching forms in timely fashion, each incorporating its own pedagogical approach, each targeting a specific learning goal, and each incorporating its specific resources.
These entire issues certainly represent a great challenge for current and future research in this field. Therefore, further efforts need to be made that help developers, technologists and pedagogists overcome the demanding requirements currently found in the CSCL domain as well as provide modern educational organizations with fast, flexible and effective solutions for the enhancement and improvement of the collaborative learning performance and outcomes. This thesis proposes a first step toward these goals.

Índex foliat:
The main contribution in this thesis is the exploration of the importance of an efficient management of information generated from group activity in Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) practices for its further use in extracting and providing knowledge on interaction behavior. To this end, the first step is to investigate a conceptual model for data analysis and management so as to identify the many kinds of indicators that describe collaboration and learning and classify them into high-level potential categories of effective collaboration. Indeed, there are more evident key discourse elements and aspects than those shown by the literature, which play an important role both for promoting student participation and enhancing group and individual performance, such as, the impact and effectiveness of students' contributions, among others, that are explored in this work. By making these elements explicit, the discussion model proposed accomplishes high students' participation rates and contribution quality in a more natural and effective way. This approach goes beyond a mere interaction analysis of asynchronous discussion in the sense that it builds a multi-functional model that fosters knowledge sharing and construction, develops a strong sense of community among students, provides tutors with a powerful tool for students' monitoring, discussion regulation, while it allows for peer facilitation through self, peer and group awareness and assessment.
The results of the research described so far motivates the development of a computational system as the translation from the conceptual model into a computer system that implements the management of the information and knowledge acquired from the group activity, so as to be efficiently fed back to the collaboration. The achievement of a generic, robust, flexible, interoperable, reusable computational model that meets the fundamental functional needs shared by any collaborative learning experience is largely investigated in this thesis. The systematic reuse of this computational model permits a fast adaptation to new learning and teaching requirements, such as learning by discussion, by relying on the most advanced software engineering processes and methodologies from the field of software reuse, and thus important benefits are expected in terms of productivity, quality, and cost.
Therefore, another important contribution is to explore and extend suitable software reuse techniques, such as Generic Programming, so as to allow the computational model to be successfully particularized in as many as situations as possible without losing efficiency in the process. In particular, based on domain analysis techniques, a high-level computational description and formalization of the CSCL domain are identified and modeled. Then, different specific-platform developments that realize the conceptual description are provided. It is also explored a certain level of automation by means of advanced techniques based on Service-Oriented Architectures and Web-services while passing from the conceptual specification to the desired realization, which greatly facilitates the development of CSCL applications using this computational model.
Based on the outcomes of these investigations, this thesis contributes with computational collaborative learning systems, which are capable of managing both qualitative and quantitative information and transforming it into useful knowledge for all the implicated parties in an efficient and clear way. This is achieved by both the specific assessment of each contribution by the tutor who supervises the discussion and by rich statistical information about student's participation. This statistical data is automatically provided by the system; for instance, statistical data sheds light on the students' engagement in the discussion forum or how much interest drew the student's intervention in the form of participation impact, level of passivity, proactivity, reactivity, and so on. The aim is to provide both a deeper understanding of the actual discussion process and a more objective assessment of individual and group activity.
This information is then processed and analyzed by means of a multivariate statistical model in order to extract useful knowledge about the collaboration. The knowledge acquired is communicated back to the members of the learning group and their tutor in appropriate formats, thus providing valuable awareness and feedback of group interaction and performance as well as may help identify and assess the real skills and intentions of participants. The most important benefit expected from the conceptual model for interaction data analysis and management is a great improvement and enhancement of the learning and teaching collaborative experiences.
Finally, the possibilities of using distributed and Grid technology to support real CSCL environments are also extensively explored in this thesis. The results of this investigation lead to conclude that the features provided by these technologies form an ideal context for supporting and meeting demanding requirements of collaborative learning applications. This approach is taken one step further for enhancing the possibilities of the computational model in the CSCL domain and it is successfully adopted on an empirical and application basis. From the results achieved, it is proved the feasibility of distributed technologies to considerably enhance and improve the collaborative learning experience. In particular, the use of Grid computing is successfully applied for the specific purpose of increasing the efficiency of processing a large amount of information from group activity log files.

Le développement d'applications avec une architecture Pair-à-Pair (P2P) est devenu de plus en plus important en ingénierie du logiciel. Aujourd'hui, un grand nombre d'organisations de tailles et secteurs différents compte d'une manière croissante sur la collaboration entre multiples acteurs (individus, groupes, communautés, etc.) pour accomplir des tâches essentielles. Ces applications P2P ont généralement un comportement récursif que plusieurs approches de modélisation ne peuvent pas décrire et analyser (ex. les approches basées sur les automates à états finis). Un autre challenge qui concerne le développement d'applications P2P est le couplage fort entre la spécification d'une part, et les technologies et protocoles sous-jacents d'autre part. Cela force les développeurs à faire des efforts considérables pour trouver puis comprendre des informations sur les détails de ces couches basses du P2P. De plus, ce couplage fort oblige les applications à s'exécuter dans des environnements figés. Par conséquent, choisir par exemple un autre protocole pour répondre à un nouveau besoin à l'exécution devient une tache très difficile. Outre ces points, les applications P2P sont souvent spécifiées avec une faible capacité à déléguer des traitements entre les pairs, et se focalisent surtout sur le partage et le stockage de données. Ainsi, elles ne profitent pas pleinement de la puissance de calcul et de traitement offerte par le réseau P2P sous-jacent. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une approche qui combine les principes du développement orienté composants et services avec des techniques issues des Grammaires Attribuées et d'analyses de flot de données (techniques utilisées surtout dans la construction de compilateurs) afin de faciliter la spécification, l'analyse et le déploiement d'applications dans des architectures P2P. Cette approche incorpore: i) Un langage formel nommé DDF (de l'anglais Data-Dependency Formalism) pour spécifier les applications et construire leurs graphes de dépendances de données. Un graphe de dépendances de données est nommé DDG (de l'anglais Data-Dependency Graph) et est défini pour être une représentation abstraite de l'application spécifiée. ii) Une méthode d'analyse qui utilise le graphe de dépendances de données pour inférer et calculer diverses propriétés, y compris certaines propriétés que les model-checkers ne peuvent pas calculer si le système présente un comportement récursif. iii) Un intergiciel nommé SON (de l'anglais Shared data Overlay Network) afin de développer et d'exécuter des applications dans une architecture P2P sans faire face à la complexité des couches sous-jacentes. Cela grâce essentiellement au couplage faible (par une approche orientée services) et à la fonctionnalité de génération de code automatique.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
電子工程系
102
We propose and demonstrate a remotely pumped WDM-PON architecture to achieve 10 Gb/s symmetrical transmission. In this scheme, a wideband amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from an optical amplifier is sliced into multiple channels by an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) and used as multi-channel optical sources for WDM-PON system. Each channel is noise suppressed by using a gain-saturated cascaded semiconductor optical amplifer (SOA) and then modulated at 10.7 Gb/s, assuming forward error correction (FEC) with 7% overheads. We also propose a cross-seeding scheme to provide uplink seeding light and use a reflected electro-absorption modulator (REAM) to encode the upstream signals. In order to achieve a transmission up to 25 km distance, we use a larger effective area fiber (LEAF) to reduce the dispersion effect. To compensate the loss by passive components and modulation, we employ a remotely pumped erbium-doped fiber amplifier (RP-EDFA) to provide extra gain for both downstream and upstream signals. The experimental results show that the downstream and upstream transmission can provide 10 Gb/s data rate over 25 km for 32 channels, which corresponds to a total capacity of 320 Gb/s, on each direction.