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1
Yan, Qiu Hui, and Hong Na Wang. "Calculation and Optimization of Molten Salt for Solar High Temperature Heat Storage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.62.
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The development of energy saving technologies is very actual issue of present day. One of perspective directions in developing these technologies is the thermal energy storage in various industry branches. To meet the requirement of high temperature of solar heat transfer and thermal storage, this paper calculated several sets of data for lots of pure salts and salt mixtures. The results show that, comparing with the ternary carbonate salt (potassium carbonate (0.7) - sodium carbonate (0.1) -potassium chloride (or sodium chloride)), the ternary chloride salt (potassium chloride (0.037) - calcium chloride (0.5) - sodium chloride) is more perspective.
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Chen, Wei-Sheng, Cheng-Han Lee, and Hsing-Jung Ho. "Purification of Lithium Carbonate from Sulphate Solutions through Hydrogenation Using the Dowex G26 Resin." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 2252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112252.
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Purification of lithium carbonate, in the battery industry, is an important step in the future. In this experiment, the waste lithium-ion batteries were crushed, sieved, leached with sulfuric acid, eluted with an extractant, and finally sulphate solutions were extracted, through selective precipitation. Next, sodium carbonate was first added to the sulphate solutions, to precipitate lithium carbonate (Li2CO3). After that, lithium carbonate was put into the water to create lithium carbonate slurry and CO2 was added to it. The aeration of CO2 and the hydrogenation temperature were controlled, in this experiment. Subsequently, Dowex G26 resin was used to remove impurities, such as the calcium and sodium in lithium carbonate. Moreover, the adsorption isotherms, described by means of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, were used to investigate the ion-exchange behaviors of impurities. After removing the impurities, the different heating rate was controlled to obtain lithium carbonate. In a nutshell, this study showed the optimum condition of CO2 aeration, hydrogenation temperature, ion-exchange resin and the heating rate to get high yields and purity of lithium carbonate.
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Лавров, Р., Roman Lavrov, Е. Кликин, Evgeny Klikin, Л. Новиков, and Lev Novikov. "USING SODIUM HYDROXIDE FOR OBTAINING ALKALI SILICATES." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 4, no. 7 (July 21, 2019): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/article_5d35d0b7196335.34243152.
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Intensification of glassmaking processes is a priority task for domestic glass industry. The partial (complete) replacement of the carbonate part of the glass mixture with the corresponding hydroxides is a perceptual direction. Obtaining the silicon-sodium concentrate is the result of physico-chemical activation of silicon-containing raw materials with sodium hydroxide used as the sodium-containing component of the mixture. Its phase composition is amorphous and crystalline in the form of low-temperature quartz and sodium metasilicate. The bulk density of the synthesized product meets the requirements of GOST 5100-85 for soda ash. Separation of solid and liquid parts of the synthesized product is carried out using an experimental plant for the extraction with a single extractant. The method of conductometry is used to study the soluble part. The calculation of the residual value of NaOH in the product is based on titrant volumes by equivalence points during the titration of a weighed quantity of the experimental batch of the product and the mass of insoluble residue. The article presents the results of a comparative study of the physico-chemical properties of the products of activation and carbonate mixture to obtain silicate blocks with various modularities. On the basis of physico-chemical properties, the resulting product can be used in the glass industry to produce silicate blocks of various modularities with the expected decrease in temperature and preparation time.
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Wang, Jian, Yaowei Xu, Zhijie Wang, Jianpeng Sun, and Min Liu. "Optimization of the microstructure of carbonized lime mud by sodium polyacrylate." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 34, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2019-0020.
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Abstract Lime mud (LM) is a by-product originated from the causticization process of papermaking industry. Microscopic structural changes of LM in carbonization process lead to defects on its performance. Regulating the growth of calcium carbonate obtained from the carbonization process and preventing its influence on the surface microstructure of LM has become the key to achieve the self-digestion of this solid waste. In this study, microscopic structural changes of LM co-carbonized with sodium polyacrylate (PAAS) were investigated. The results showed that, compared with traditional carbonation, the microstructure of LM co-carbonized with PAAS was changed remarkably. The newly calcium carbonate formed in the carbonization process would be solidified and coated on the LM surface. Then LM co-carbonized with PAAS would have a smaller specific surface area, pore volume and pore size, which significantly improved its application performance when it was used as paper filler. In addition, a potential technique for improving the surface microstructure of calcium carbonate particle was proposed.
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Torne, Sangmesh, A. Sheela, and N. C. Sarada. "Investigation of the Role of the Alkalizing Agent in Sodium Alginate Liquid Anti-reflux Suspension." Current Drug Therapy 15, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574885514666190103140951.
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Background: Anti-reflux formulation is one of the popular formulations across the globe in the pharmaceutical industry used specifically for the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. But, this formulation is less explored with respect to research. Anti-reflux formulation has challenges to show its antacid functionality, which could have synergies in the management of refluxes in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Alkalizing agents act as antacid and improve the acid neutralization capacity in the anti-reflux formulation, and can be used appropriately as they affect raft strength beyond certain (optimum) limits. Objective: The objective of this work is to investigate the significance of alkalizing agent in sodium alginate based on oral liquid anti-reflux suspension for the management of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Methods: In the present study, the formulation was prepared using sodium alginate along with different alkalizing agents like calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate at different levels. The formulation was further studied for in-vitro characterization like pH, viscosity, Acid Neutralization Capacity (ANC), thickness, formation speed, flotation, and raft strength. Results: The formulation with a higher level of calcium carbonate as the alkalizing agent showed a positive effect on the acid neutralization capacity (20.83mEq) and raft strength (16.95g) as well. Whereas, the formulation with a higher level of sodium bi-carbonate (4.01%) showed improved acid neutralization (22.31mEq) but showed a negative effect on raft strengths (10.08g). Conclusion: Based on the study, the optimum levels include 5% sodium alginate, 1.6% calcium carbonate and 2.67% sodium bicarbonate to achieve good liquid suspension formulation possessing good acid neutralization capacity as well as raft strength.
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Lu, Haiping, Amy T. Kan, and Mason B. Tomson. "Effects of Monoethylene Glycol on Carbonate Equilibrium and Calcite Solubility in Gas/Monoethylene Glycol/NaCl/Water Mixed Systems." SPE Journal 15, no. 03 (May 27, 2010): 714–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/121562-pa.
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Summary Monoethylene glycol (MEG), HOCH2CH2OH, is an important raw material with numerous industry applications, which include polyester synthesis, automobile antifreeze, coolant, and aircraft anti-icer. In the oil and gas industry, MEG is commonly used as a gas-hydrate inhibitor, which can prevent the formation of gas hydrate during natural-gas production. However, common gas-hydrate inhibitors have the adverse effects of lowering the solubility of mineral salts and causing a higher risk of scale formation. Despite the importance of scale problems with MEG in oil production, there have been few investigations on the solubility of mineral salt in MEG/brine solutions. In our research, experiments have been conducted on carbonate equilibrium and calcite solubility at 2–70°C, 0- to 6.5-m (m = molality) ionic strengths, and 0–99.67 wt% MEG. A self-consistent activity model based on the Pitzer theory to calculate the effect of salt and a Born-type equation were used to model the effect of MEG. MEG activity coefficients with respect to dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2), sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate (NaHCO3), and calcium are determined as a function of temperature, ionic strength, and mole fraction of MEG in mixed solvent.
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Mohamed, Shafaa Dhyaa, and Muthana J. Ahmed. "Enhanced conversion of Glycerol to Glycerol carbonate on modified Bio-Char from reed plant." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 20, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2019.4.3.
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The surplus glycerol produced from biodiesel production process as a by-product with high quantity can be considered as a good source to prepare glycerol carbonate (GC) whereas with each 1000 kg from biodiesel obtains 100 kg from glycerol. Glycerol converted to glycerol carbonate over bio-char as a catalyst prepared by slow pyrolysis process under various temperatures from 400 ᴼC to 800 ᴼC. The char prepared at 700 ᴼC considered as a best one between the others which was manufactured to activate the transesterification reaction. GC have large scale of uses such as liquid membrane in gas separation, surfactants ,detergents , blowing agent , in plastics industry, in Pharmaceutical industry and electrolytes in lithium batteries. Yield percent of GC is 9.3% without catalyze the reaction with char whereas in case of bio-char used the GC yield increases to 67.80%. When the catalyst modified with 3 molar concentration of sodium hydroxide, the yield of glycerol carbonate obtained 98.3% and complete conversion. All the reaction in this study performed under conditions 60ᴼC, 90 min, 3:1 DMC:G and 3%wt. catalyst loading.
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Rosário, J. A. do, R. F. Miguel, D. A. do Rosário, N. C. Kuhnen, and H. G. Riella. "Factorial design applied to sodium activation of a Brazilian bentonite." Cerâmica 65, no. 374 (June 2019): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132019653742543.
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Abstract Sodium bentonites are extensively used in industry because they have specific properties that are wanted for several purposes, such as high swelling, thixotropy, and cation exchange capacity. Otherwise, calcium and polycationic bentonites, which are predominant in Brazil, need to be chemically treated by sodium activation to expand their content of interlayer exchangeable sodium cations, which increases these properties. The present study shows the factorial design of the sodium activation for a polycationic bentonite from Quatro Barras, Paraná. The factors considered in the study were: reagent (NaOH and Na2CO3), concentration (1% and 5%) and contact time (24 and 72 h). The response variables were swelling and cation exchange capacity. Statistical analysis indicated significant effects of all factors over swelling and response surface methodology indicated optimal activation with sodium carbonate at 5% for 24 h.
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Yasui, Shinji, Tadashi Shojo, Goichi Inoue, Kunihiko Koike, Akihiro Takeuchi, and Yoshio Iwasa. "Gas-Solid Reaction Properties of Fluorine Compounds and Solid Adsorbents for Off-Gas Treatment from Semiconductor Facility." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/329419.
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We have been developing a new dry-type off-gas treatment system for recycling fluorine from perfluoro compounds present in off-gases from the semiconductor industry. The feature of this system is to adsorb the fluorine compounds in the exhaust gases from the decomposition furnace by using two types of solid adsorbents: the calcium carbonate in the upper layer adsorbs HF and converts it to CaF2, and the sodium bicarbonate in the lower layer adsorbs HF and SiF4and converts them to Na2SiF6. This paper describes the fluorine compound adsorption properties of both the solid adsorbents—calcium carbonate and the sodium compound—for the optimal design of the fixation furnace. An analysis of the gas-solid reaction rate was performed from the experimental results of the breakthrough curve by using a fixed-bed reaction model, and the reaction rate constants and adsorption capacity were obtained for achieving an optimal process design.
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Perumal and Illikainen. "Alkali Activation of Silicate Mine-Tailings: Response to Different Activator Sources." Proceedings 34, no. 1 (November 18, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019034010.
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To attain sustainability in construction industries, it is important to explore industrial side-streams as a potential replacement for traditional construction materials. This will avoid the depletion of natural resources and helps in preserving the environment. In this way, mining industry attracts the attention of scientific community for the huge volume of tailings generated along with the problem of disposal. This paper mainly focuses on silicate tailings (MT) from two different mining sources with high magnesium (HM) and high alumina (HA) content. To study the possibility of using these tailings as precursors in alkali activation, different activators such as, sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) were employed. It was noted that the mine tailings took longer time to set in case of activators other than sodium silicate. The milled tailings were co-grinded with the respective solid activators (10%) and mixed with 30% of sodium silicate solution (accelerates setting), to make cylindrical paste specimens. The specimens were cured at 60 °C for 24 h. The results shown that tailings rich in magnesium (MT-HM) activated with sodium carbonate gives high early age strength i.e., 60% increase in average strength compared to other activators. Whereas, sodium silicate helped in achieving 10% increase in early age strength of high alumina tailings (MT-HA). However, this was not the case for the later ages. At 7th day of testing, sodium silicate activated MT-HM shown a strength improvement from 2 MPa to 6 MPa with the formation of magnesium silicate hydrate and hydrotalcite. MT-HA activated with sodium sulphate resulted in a maximum strength of 8.5 MPa due to the ettringite and zeolite in the system. Sodium carbonate does not show comparable results at 7th day of testing though it shown improvement in strength with age. It is also important to consider that there are other oxides like calcium and iron present in these tailings which could also have impacted the results.
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Dabas, Neeru, Krishna Kumar Yadav, Ashok K. Ganguli, and Menaka Jha. "New process for conversion of hazardous industrial effluent of ceramic industry into nanostructured sodium carbonate and their application in textile industry." Journal of Environmental Management 240 (June 2019): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.066.
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Echeverri-Correa, Estefanía, David Orlando Grajales-Lopera, Santiago Gutiérrez-Restrepo, and Claudia Patricia Ossa-Orozco. "Effective sericin-fibroin separation from Bombyx mori silkworms fibers and low-cost salt removal from fibroin solution." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, no. 94 (October 17, 2019): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.20190731.
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Silk from Bombyx mori has two main proteins: fibroin and sericin. Fibroin is a protein that exhibits good biocompatibility and high surface reactivity, desirable properties for many biomedical applications. Sericin is related with adverse immune response in some medical uses. Therefore, its removal (degumming) is desirable in almost all fields, including the textile industry and biological applications. In this study, three degumming methods (distilled water, liquid neutral detergent and sodium carbonate solution) were evaluated using Raman spectroscopy. Degummed silk treated with sodium carbonate solution exhibits a pattern consistent with previous studies for sericin-free fibroin, and significant differences with the untreated silk pattern. Also, degummed fibroin fibers were dissolved in a calcium chloride solution, in pursuit of a more versatile material. Additionally, different porous membranes of dialysis tubes were tested to remove residual salts, and were compared by conductivity measurements and EDS analysis, identifying good performance for an affordable food cellulose membrane. The results showed that it is possible to obtain fibroin with adequate chemical properties, using low-cost process and membrane of dialysis tubes.
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AMÉZQUETA, S., E. GONZÁLEZ-PEÑAS, T. LIZARRAGA, M. MURILLO-ARBIZU, and A. LÓPEZ de CERAIN. "A Simple Chemical Method Reduces Ochratoxin A in Contaminated Cocoa Shells." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 1422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.7.1422.
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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species, which contaminates cocoa among other food commodities. It has been previously demonstrated that the toxin is concentrated in cocoa shells. The aim of this study was to assay a simple chemical method for ochratoxin A reduction from naturally contaminated cocoa shells. In order to determine the efficiency of the method, a high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection was set up beforehand and validated. Ochratoxin A was extracted from cocoa shells with methanol–3% sodium bicarbonate solution and then purified with immunoaffinity columns. The recovery attained was 88.7% (relative standard deviation = 6.36%) and the limits of detection and quantification were 0.06 and 0.2 μg/kg, respectively. For decontamination experiments, the solvent extractor ASE 200 was used. First, aqueous solutions of 2% sodium bicarbonate and potassium carbonate were compared under the same conditions (1,500 lb/in2 at 40°C for 10 min). Higher ochratoxin A reduction was obtained with potassium carbonate (83 versus 27%). Then, this salt was used under different conditions of pressure, temperature, and time. The greatest ochratoxin A reduction was achieved with an aqueous potassium carbonate solution (2%), at 1,000 lb/in2 at 90°C for 10 min. This method could probably be applicable to the cocoa industry because it is fast and relatively economic. From the point of view of human health, the use of potassium carbonate, partially eliminated by rinsing the sample with water, does not likely represent a risk for human health.
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Han, Hong Jing, Yan Guang Chen, Jia Lu, Dan Dan Yuan, Jun Song, and Ying Chen. "Investigation on the Extraction of Aluminum and Iron from Fly Ash by Sodium Carbonate Fusion Method." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 1262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1262.
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In recent years, utilization of fly ash has gained much attention in public and industry, which will help reduce the environmental burden and enhance economic benefit. In the utilizations of fly ash, the most high value-added applications is extraction of metal elements from fly ash. In this paper, the aluminum and iron extraction was investigated by orthogonal experiments. The results show that the optimum extraction condition was reaction temperature 800 °C, reaction time 3 h, the mass ratio of fly ash to Na2CO3 was 1:1.5.
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Shah, L. A., N. S. Khattak, M. G. S. Valenzuela, A. Manan, and F. R. Valenzuela Díaz. "Preparation and characterization of purified Na-activated bentonite from Karak (Pakistan) for pharmaceutical use." Clay Minerals 48, no. 4 (September 2013): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2013.048.4.03.
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AbstractThe purpose of this paper was to prepare purified Na- bentonite with improved properties for use in the pharmaceutical industry. Calcium bentonite from the Shagia region of Karak district, Pakistan, was activated with various proportions of sodium carbonate (2, 3, 5 and 8 wt.%) and purified by sedimentation to remove impurities, especially quartz. X-ray diffraction (XRD), and swelling volume confirmed the conversion of raw bentonite to sodium bentonite by using 5% Na2CO3. The sodium bentonite (K5) obtained by activation met the chemical and microbiological requirements set by the pharmacopeias regarding the toxic trace elemental content (Pb and As), absence of E. coli, total aerobic microbial contents and physicochemical properties such as swelling volume, pH and sedimentation volume. Therefore K5 bentonite could be designated as potentially suitable for pharmaceutical applications. The CEC, surface area, porosity, pH, gel formation and swelling volume indicated that K5 bentonite could be used in the formulation of oral suspension and in topical application.
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Chelyadyn, L. І., V. S. Ribun, V. V. Vizinovych, and І. V. Tarasiuk. "Technology of conversion of materials of power and oil refining objects." Prospecting and Development of Oil and Gas Fields, no. 4(77) (December 28, 2020): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9973-2020-4(77)-7-15.
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Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of multi-ton materials in Ukraine and in Ivano-Frankivsk region, which Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of multi-ton materials in Ukraine and in Ivano-Frankivsk region, which contain energy components, are given. It is proposed to process water treatment sludges containing petro-leum products by preparing a raw material mixture from the following man-made substances: oil sludge, ash, zeo-lite screenings, calcium-containing compounds and viscous materials. The optimal composition of the raw material mixture is as follows: as a filler for construction products (concrete): ash – 60-65 %, liquid glass s olution – 5-7 %, limestone dust – 3-5 %, organic additives – 7-10 %, soda ash – 10-12 %, which is granulated and heat t reated at 120-140 °C. The research results and technical char acteristics of the obtained granular materials, which are formed from a mixture containing a significant amount of hydrocarbon sludge, have lower strength, but greater porosity and lower thermal conductivity. Granules from a mixture № 4-7 are characterized by higher strength, and due to their properties they belong to the structural and thermal insulation materials. The technology of obtaining a raw material mixture for soda production is based on the LeBlanc process – the interaction in the seco nd stage of sodium sulfate, carbon and calcium carbonate with the formation of calcium sulfide, sodium carbonate and carbon (IV) oxide. It is proposed to prepare a raw mixture for the production of sodium carbonate from sodium sulfate con-taining petroleum product, which is formed by the technology of obtaining oxygen-containing additives, and sludge containing petroleum products, which will provide a high temperature during the soda production process. The processing of sludge from oil refining and energy facilities into granular materials shows that they can be used in the construction industry and soda production, which reduces the energy consumption of the processes of obtaining such materials.
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Nzerem, Petrus, Enyo June Adejoh, Oghenerume Ogolo, Ikechukwu Okafor, Abdullahi Suleiman Bah Gimba, Ternenge Joseph Choir, and Precious Ogbeiwi. "Study of the Potential of Sodium Carbonate Extracted from Trona as a Drilling Fluid Additive." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 49 (June 2020): 152–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.49.152.
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Drilling additives play a unique role during drilling operations, from aiding in the control of various drilling challenges to successfully enhancing downhole drilling efficiency. pH enhancers are amongst the plethora of additives imported into Nigeria at exorbitant prices to aid in drilling operations. These additives includes NaOH, Na2CO3, Ca (OH)2 etc. These additives are used to improve the mud pH and mitigates drill string corrosion. The high cost of importation of these additives, has warranted the need for product substitution which should take advantage of the locally available resources. This paper evaluated the suitability of locally-sourced Trona, as a mud additive in drilling mud. Trona is known chemically as Sodium Sesquicarbonate or Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate. A distinguishing factor in this research work was the purification of Trona by extracting the compound of interest (Na2CO3) from it using the monohydrate process. The purification method involved crushing and screening of Trona as well as calcination, filtration and evaporation processes. The analysis of the Trona and the extracted product was performed using quantitative analysis and characterization tools such as FTIR and EDX. Further experimentation was carried out to evaluate the effects of the extracted sodium carbonate on the mud pH, rheology, and density of the water-based mud. The results were also compared to the results gotten from the addition of conventional Na2CO to similar mud samples. The extracted Na2CO was observed to increase the pH of the mud samples from 8.73 to 9.52 and the commercial Na2CO increased it from 8.73 to 10 and this value is still in the range of API standard. The pH enhancers from both sources also had effect on the mud rheological properties. This indeed showed that the extracted Na2CO from Trona acted as drilling fluid pH enhancer and hence possess the potential for usage in the industry.
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Kalina, Lukáš, Vlastimil Bílek, Tomáš Kiripolský, Radoslav Novotný, and Jiří Másilko. "Cement Kiln By-Pass Dust: An Effective Alkaline Activator for Pozzolanic Materials." Materials 11, no. 9 (September 19, 2018): 1770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091770.
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Cement kiln by-pass dust (CKD) is a fine-grained by-product of Portland clinker manufacturing. Its chemical composition is not suitable for returning back into feedstock and, therefore, it has to be discharged. Such an increasing waste production contributes to the high environmental impact of the cement industry. A possible solution for the ecological processing of CKD is its incorporation into alkali-activated blast furnace slag binders. Thanks to high alkaline content, CKD serves as an effective accelerator for latent hydraulic substances which positively affect their mechanical properties. It was found out that CKD in combination with sodium carbonate creates sodium hydroxide in situ which together with sodium water glass content increases the dissolution of blast furnace slag particles and subsequently binder phase formation resulting in better flexural and compressive strength development compared to the sample without it. At the same time, the addition of CKD compensates the autogenous shrinkage of alkali-activated materials reducing the risk of material cracking. On the other hand, this type of inorganic admixture accelerates the hydration process causing rapid loss of workability.
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Nikolaeva, Larisa A., and Elvira M. Khusnutdinova. "Modernization of the gas emissions treatment scheme of sodium bisulfite production line from sulfur dioxide." RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety 28, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2310-2020-28-4-397-407.
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Chemical industry enterprises are the main environmental pollutants that cause environmental problems. This is due to the production technology and the toxicity of some substances. In this paper, it is proposed to purify the gas emissions at the JSC Karpov Chemical Plant formed during the production of sodium bisulfite from sulfur dioxide by the adsorption method. As a sorption material, a modified energy waste - carbonate sludge from the chemical water treatment plant of the Naberezhnye Chelny CHPP - was used. The technological characteristics of the granular sorption material are presented. A batch adsorber with a fixed layer of granular sorption material is calculated. The modernization of the technological scheme for cleaning gas emissions from sulfur dioxide of the production line of sodium bisulfite at JSC Chemical Plant named after L.Ya. Karpov is proposed. The calculation of the prevented environmental damage and the economic effect of the modernization of the technological scheme is made.
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Izidoro, Juliana De Carvalho, Denise Alves Fungaro, Luciana Cristina Viviani, and Rogério Da Costa Silva. "Brine sludge waste from a Chlor-alkali industry: characterization and its application for non-structural and structural construction materials." Journal of Applied Materials and Technology 3, no. 1 (August 10, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jamt.3.1.1-7.
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Brine sludge (BS) is an industrial waste generated in large amounts by the Chlor-alkali industry and, usually disposed into industrial landfills. Because BS contains several chemical compounds, also presents a potential environmental impact. The feasibility of the utilization of brine sludge wastes for the preparation of value-added materials was investigated. The characterization of two brine sludge samples was performed in terms of chemical and physical composition, particle size distribution, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal analysis (DTA/TG). Elements like Ca, Si, Na, Mg, Al, Cl, and Fe were identified in the samples. The XRD results confirmed the crystalline nature of compounds and indicated that the main compounds in brine sludge samples were calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, magnesium hydroxide, and quartz. FTIR showed the presence of varying functional groups like carbonate, siloxane, and hydroxide. The two brine sludge samples can be considered as a fine powder with the mean diameter (d50) of 4.984 µm and 24.574 µm, for the BS from Santo André and Cubatão, respectively. The results indicated that the brine sludge samples presented favorable characteristics to use limestone filler and binder alternative to Portland cement in the nonstructural construction materials. The incorporation of brine sludge in geopolymeric materials is another possible use in sustainable construction material products. The production of value-added products from brine sludge will be an important contribution towards sustainable development adopted by the Chlor-alkali industry.
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Wang, Jiang-Bo, Rui-Jing Zhang, Zhong-Gui Mao, Dong-Sheng Xue, Zheng-Jun Zhu, Han-Chao Yu, Feng-Jiao Cai, Lin-Yang Cai, Jia-Wei Bao, and Jian Xu. "Full recycling of citric acid wastewater through anaerobic digestion, air-stripping and pH control." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 6 (September 15, 2019): 1196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.364.
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Abstract Anaerobic digestion effluent (ADE) from the anaerobic digestion treatment of citric acid wastewater can be reused as a potential substitute for process water in the citric acid fermentation. However, excessive sodium contained in ADE significantly decreases citric acid production. In this paper, the inhibition mechanism of sodium on citric acid fermentation was investigated. We demonstrated that excessive sodium did not increase oxidative stress for Aspergillus niger, but reduced the pH of the medium significantly over the period 4–24 h, which led to lower activities of glucoamylase and isomaltase secreted by A. niger, with a decrease of available sugar concentration and citric acid production. ADE was pretreated by air-stripping prior to recycle and 18 g/L calcium carbonate was added at the start of fermentation to control the pH of the medium. The inhibition caused by ADE was completely alleviated and citric acid production substantially increased from 118.6 g/L to 141.4 g/L, comparable to the fermentation with deionized water (141.2 g/L). This novel process could decrease wastewater discharges and fresh water consumption in the citric acid industry, with benefit to the environment.
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Rostika, Ike, Nina Elyani, Evi Oktavia, and Rina Masriani. "PENINGKATAN MUTU BAHAN PENGISI KERTAS GROUND CALCIUM CARBONATE MELALUI MODIFIKASI DENGAN TAMARIND KERNEL POWDER (QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF GROUND CALCIUM CARBONATE AS FILLER IN PAPERMAKING THROUGH MODIFICATION WITH TAMARIN KERNEL POWDER)." JURNAL SELULOSA 7, no. 01 (September 11, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25269/jsel.v7i01.168.
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Ground Calcium Carbonate (GCC) as the filler required in paper making that is intended to reduce production costs thus providing a profit opportunity for the paper industry. However the usage of GCC affected decreasing of paper strength and effectiveness of sizing process. In order to reduce the negative effect, this research has been conducted through the modification of filler using Tamarind Kernel Powder (TKP) which is a natural polymer obtained from local tamarind seeds. The results of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, showed that TKP contained 64-68% xylose, glucose, maltose and arabinose. Filler modification was conducted with mixing the TKP into CaCO3 and addition of cationic polyacrylamide and sodium polyphosphate dispersant at composition ratio of 100: 0.4 : 0.1: 1.0. Filler application with added the retention aid of cationic polyacrylamide 0.1%, resulted the filler retention value on sheet of 26.9 %. The modified filler shows an increase in filler stability and is easy to form emulsions when compared to commercial fillers. Modification of GCC filler with higher number of TKP usage gives increased filler retention value on sheets, improved sheet formation properties and optical properties.ABSTRAKGround Calcium Carbonat (GCC) sebagai bahan pengisi (filler) dalam pembuatan kertas untuk mengurangi biaya produksi sehingga memberikan peluang keuntungan bagi industri kertas, namun peningkatan jumlah GCC dapat berpengaruh pada menurunnya kekuatan kertas dan efektivitas proses pendarihan. Untuk mengurangi pengaruh negatif telah dilakukan penelitian modifikasi filler menggunakan Tamarind Kernel Powder (TKP) yang merupakan polimer alami dari bahan lokal biji asam jawa. Hasil analisis kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (KCKT) menunjukkan bahwa TKP mengandung silosa 64-68 %, glukosa, maltosa, dan arabinosa. Modifikasi filler dilakukan dengan mencampurkan TKP ke dalam CaCO3 dengan penambahan poliakrilamida kationik dan dispersan natrium polifosfat pada komposisi 100 : 0,4 : 0,1 : 1,0. Aplikasi filler dengan penambahan zat peretensi 0,1 % poliakrilamida kationik diperoleh nilai retensi filler pada lembaran 26,9 %. Filler yang termodifikasi menunjukkan peningkatan stabilitas filler dan mudah membentuk emulsi jika dibandingkan dengan filler komersial. Modifikasi filler GCC dengan jumlah TKP yang lebih tinggi memberikan peningkatan nilai retensi filler pada lembaran, peningkatan formasi dan sifat optik lembaran.
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Sheikh mohd ghazali, Sheikh ahmad izaddin. "Synthesis and Characterisation of Zinc Layered Hydroxide Intercalated with 2-Methyl-4- Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid and its Controlled Release Application." ASM Science Journal 15 (May 17, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32802/asmscj.2021.580.
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2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) is herbicide in group of phenoxyherbicides. It has been widely used in agriculture industry to control the weeds population especially thistle and dock. The toxicity of MCPA may impact the environment and harmful for living organisms especially human and aquatic life. This research aimed to intercalate MCPA herbicide with zinc layered hydroxide (ZLH) to form a composites (ZMCPA) and its controlled release properties. In this study, ZMCPA was prepared as an advanced delivery system by ion exchange method and further by hydrothermal treatment. The intercalations of zinc oxide were done with various MCPA concentration of 0.1 M, 0.3 M, 0.5 M, 0.7 M and 0.9 M. Intercalation performances were detected using powder X- ray diffraction (PXRD) and supported by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The study for porosity of the composite was performed by BET analyzer. Among all of these concentrations, 0.5M represented the successful intercalation due to the presence of four sharp and intense harmonic peaks at 2θ with basal spacing of 24.6 Å, 12 Å, 8 Å and 6 Å, respectively. Herbicides release study was conducted in three salt solution, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate and sodium phosphate. Sustain release of MCPA was faster in sodium phosphate solution by 85%. This controlled release study was determined by UV-Vis spectrometry.
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Кукин, Михаил, and Mikhail Kukin. "Import-Substituting Food Additive E316 (Sodium Isoascorbate): Production Patterns." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 48, no. 4 (February 13, 2019): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2018-4-39-47.
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Sodium isoascorbate is one of the most popular antioxidants in food industry. Russia imports it from abroad. Thus, import substitution requires a thorough research into the patterns of isoascorbate technology production and development. The mass fraction of the main substance in the solution and crystals of the target product was determined by iodometric titration. It was established that the rate of oxidative degradation of sodium isoascorbate solutions is from 0.01%/h at 25°C to 0.80%/h at 82°C, depending on the temperature and duration of the process, as well as contact with metal and oxygen of the air. The experiment substantiated the choice of metal equipment and the temperature limit of 60°C. The equivalent pH values during the interaction of isoascorbic acid solutions with sodium hydroxide, carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate solutions were 7.5, 7.0, and 5.6, respectively. The author also defined the influence of equilibrium concentrations of aqueous solutions of isoascorbic acid and sodium isoascorbate on temperature. The optimal method was to add a solution of sodium hydroxide into a solution of isoascorbic acid with a ratio between the masses of sodium hydroxide solution, crystalline isoascorbic acid, and prepared water, respectively, 1:2.11:6.13. The solution obtained at such ratios had a supersaturation coefficient of 1.05 at a temperature of 60°C. The experiment revealed the time required to establish equilibrium in the crystallizing system and the dependence of the solubility of sodium isoasorbate on the mass fraction of ethyl alcohol in solution. It was proposed to separate the target product from the solution by isohydric crystallization followed by isothermal crystallization, followed by washing the crystals with ethyl alcohol. According to the proposed technology, sodium isoascorbate was obtained with a mass fraction of the basic substance of at least 99.0%. The obtained data can be used in the development of industrial technology for the production of sodium isoascorbate.
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Elsharafi, Mahmoud, Denzel Kinyua, and Cody Chancellor. "Viscosity Measurements of Different Fluids Used for Mobility Control in Mature Reservoirs." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj80.
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In the oil industry, it is important to increase the mobility of hydrocarbon fluids (oil and/or gas) and decrease the mobility of water. Doing so results in an increase in oil production and a decrease in unwanted water production. Polymers have been widely used to increase water viscosity, causing a decrease in water mobility. Surfactants have been used to change reservoir wettability and to clean the rock surface. The use of surfactants changes the formation wettability from oil wet to water wet. This results in an increase in oil production from various water wet sandstone and carbonate formations. Low water salinity has also been used to enhance oil recovery. The mobility of the oil should be more than the mobility of the water to ensure maximum extraction efficiency. As a result, viscosity measurements are very important in determining the impact of a viscous fluid in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). We measured the viscosity of mixed fluids used in the oil industry such as brines of varying concentration (Sodium Chloride and Calcium Chloride solutions) and various polymer solutions at different temperatures.
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ARAÚJO, EMILIANE A., NÉLIO J. ANDRADE, LUIS HENRIQUE M. da SILVA, PATRÍCIA C. BERNARDES, ÁLVARO V. N. de C. TEIXEIRA, JOÃO PAULO N. de SÁ, JOSÉ FELÍCIO Q. FIALHO, and PATRÍCIA E. FERNANDES. "Antimicrobial Effects of Silver Nanoparticles against Bacterial Cells Adhered to Stainless Steel Surfaces." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 701–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-276.
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Given the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the need to synthesize new antimicrobials, silver has attracted interest in the scientific community because of its recognized antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles (NP) obtained by a new method and tested at concentrations of 6 μg/ml and 60 μg/ml against the species Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua, Salmonella Choleraesuis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus. The ability of these nanoparticles to remove or kill vegetative cells adhered to stainless steel surfaces was also evaluated. We observed that the NP obtained with the new method, concentrated silver nanoparticles (CNP), and silver nanoparticles with added sodium chloride (NPNaCl) had high antimicrobial activities (P < 0.05). We also verified that the most effective condition for the removal of P. aeruginosa cells on stainless steel coupons (10 by 10 mm) was immersion of the surfaces in CNP. The CNP treatment produced a 5-log reduction of the microbial population after 30 to 60 min of immersion. The CNP treatment also performed better than water and sodium carbonate, a compound commonly applied in clean-in-place procedures in the food industry, in removing adherent B. cereus cells from stainless steel cylinders. Therefore, these results suggest that NP synthesized by a new procedure may be used as antimicrobials in the food industry, for example, for the sanitization of utensils that come into contact with foods.
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Pérez-Casas, Jesús A., Antonio A. Zaldívar-Cadena, Anabel Álvarez-Mendez, Juan Jacobo Ruiz-Valdés, Salomé M. de la Parra-Arciniega, and Astrid I. Sánchez-Vázquez. "Synthesis of Silica Particles from Sugarcane Bagasse Ash for Its Application in Hydrophobic Coatings." Materials Proceedings 2, no. 1 (May 13, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ciwc2020-06830.
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: Wastes such as sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) can be used as raw material in ceramics by the elaboration of bricks and tiles and the glass industry, due the high amount of silica in its composition (>70%). Another application for SCBA is the synthesis of metallic silicates. In this work, we study the synthesis of sodium silicate with SCBA as the main raw material and the future application of sodium silicate for the preparation of silica particles in order to create hydrophobic surfaces for ceramic materials to prevent their erosion. The sodium silicate synthesis was carried out by the thermochemical method with batches of ash and sodium carbonate in a 1:1 sodium oxide–silicon oxide molar ratio. The thermal treatment was in an electric furnace at 800 °C for 8 h. Then, for the synthesis of the silica particles, the sodium silicate was dissolved in water, and then we added methanol in a 3:2 water methanol volume ratio. The solution was left to age for an hour to create the Si-OH bond. Finally, tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) was added and the solution was stirred for 2 h to create a hydrophobic and hydrolytically resistant siloxane by the displacement of H in the Si-OH bond. The application of the solution was by the spray-coating method over substrates of concrete and red clay with the application of 10, 15, and 20 layers. The hydrophobicity was evaluated with the water contact angle test, with the results of contact angles above the 110°, thus demonstrating the capacity of a waste for the generation of coatings to prolong the useful life of building materials.
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Paliy, Anatoliy, Andriy Paliy, K. V. Ishchenko K. V., and S. A. Mikhalchenko. "TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR SANITARY PROCESSING OF FOOTWEAR AND CLOTHES OF LIVESTOCK WORKERS." Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine, no. 125 (2021): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32900/2312-8402-2021-125-130-140.
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Effective control of the quality and safety of livestock products is possible only with the implementation of a scientifically grounded complex of veterinary and sanitary and general economic measures. The goal of our work was to develop effective ways to sanitize clothing and footwear of workers in the livestock industry. The studies were carried out following the current methodological approaches that are used in agriculture and veterinary medicine. Based on the results of the research carried out, two methods and one device have been developed to ensure a high level of veterinary and sanitary measures in animal husbandry. It has been proven that for the sanitization of clothing of workers in the animal husbandry industry, it is effective to use a disinfectant, which includes the sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid (0.09–0.36%), adipic acid (0.01–0.04%), sodium bicarbonate (0.01–0.04%), sodium carbonate (0.003–0.01%), water (99.887–99.55%) when exposed for 30 minutes. For disinfection of workers' footwear, it is advisable to use disinfectants filled with a disinfectant that contains dichlorantin (0.021–0.21%), 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (0.0164–0.164%), a dispersant (0.012–0.12%), anionic surfactants (0.005–0.05%), corrosion inhibitor (0.01–0.1%), filler (0.0356–0.356%) and water (99.9–99.0%). An innovative device for cleaning and disinfection is proposed - a shoe disinfector, which consists of a waterproof box with a bottom wider than the top, filled with a disinfectant solution, a branch pipe for removing waste solution, a brush shaft, which is fixed in the upper part of the waterproof box, an electric motor with a rotational speed 2 rev/s., Which serves as a drive shaft brush, control panel with a start button and a stop button. The proposed developments complement the existing regulations on veterinary and sanitary measures at livestock farms and complexes.
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Oyedoh, Eghe, Charles Odumugbo, and Eboseremen Osemenkhian Ebewele. "Suitability of Nigerian Bentonite in Drilling Fluid Formulation." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 24 (June 2016): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.24.26.
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The oil production industry in Nigeria operates both onshore and more recently offshore in the coastal areas located in the oil-rich Niger-Delta. Unfortunately, the drilling mud additives currently used in the country are all imported and at huge foreign exchange costs. Therefore the objective of the current effort is development of drilling fluid from locally sourced mud additives for drilling operations. Various rheological and filtration tests were carried out on both unbeneficiated and beneficiated local clay from Afuze, Nigeria using a six-speed Rheometer and API filter press respectively. Beneficiation involved the addition of sodium carbonate, caustic soda and starch to the mud formulations.Clay concentrations were varied from 20g/350ml to 60g/350ml. The test results showed that free swell volume (FSV) increased from with clay concentration with the optimum values observed at 60g/350ml. The filtrate loss of 63ml, filter cake thickness of 6m, yield point of 7cp and plastic viscosity of 1cp values of Afuze clay did not satisfy API specification of 15ml, 2m, 24cp and 8cp respectively at any tested concentration. Likewise Afuze clay did not display gel strength (10 seconds and 10 minutes of 29 and 34 respectively) suitable for bringing cuttings up from the hole. However, improvements in its rheological and filtration properties as well as free swell volume were observed with the beneficiated Afuze clay at clay concentrations of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60g/350ml when beneficiated with starch concentrations of 1g and 0.5g, sodium carbonate of 2g and 1g and caustic soda of 0.25g. Beneficiated Afuze clay displayed gel strengths (10 seconds and 10 minutes of 98 and 140 respectively) suitable for bringing cuttings up from the hole with optimum values observed at 60g/350ml.
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Martuti, Nana Kariada Tri, Isti Hidayah, Margunani Margunani, and Radhitya Bayu Alafima. "Organic Material for Clean Production in the Batik Industry: A Case Study of Natural Batik Semarang, Indonesia." Recycling 5, no. 4 (October 19, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling5040028.
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Batik has become more desirable in the current fashion mode within the global market, but the environmental damage induced by this fabric’s synthetic dye practices is a matter of concern. This study aimed to discuss the application of organic materials as natural dyes in the clean production of textiles to maintain the environment. The research was a case study from the community services program in Kampung Malon, Gunungpati, Semarang City, Indonesia, focused on the batik home industry of the Zie Batik fabric. Furthermore, natural pigments from various plant organs (stem, leaves, wood, bark, and fruit) of diverse species, including Caesalpinia sappan, Ceriops candolleana, Maclura cochinchinensis, Indigofera tinctorial, I. arrecta, Rhizopora spp., Strobilantes cusia, and Terminalia bellirica were used for this type of material. These pigments are more biodegradable, relatively safe, and easily obtained with zero liquid waste compared to the synthetic variants. The leftover wastewater from the coloring stages was further utilized for other processes. Subsequently, the remaining organic waste from the whole procedure was employed as compost and/or timber for batik production, although a large amount of the wastewater containing sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), alum (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O), and fixatives (Ca(OH)2 and FeSO4) were discharged into the environment during the process of mordanting and fixating, with the requirement of additional treatment.
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Dmitriyev, Yuriy, Eugene Yurchenko, Elena Yurchenko, Astkhyk Kakosyan, and Elena Vorobei. "Research on the basis of foam glass substrates with additions of copper compounds." E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 03044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913503044.
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Obtained artificial substrates, representing a porous glass (foam glass) with additives of 3 to 10% of the mass. copper ions. Glass raw materials were used as raw materials for the synthesis of substrates. In order to create open porosity, a carbonate blowing agent (chalk) was introduced into the initial mixture. Foaming additive served as sodium nitrate, a source of copper ions - copper sulfate (copper sulfate). A distinctive feature of the synthesis method was the combination of wetting the initial mixture and its rapid heating to maximum temperature. This mode was used to increase the porosity of the resulting structure. It was found that the water absorption of the obtained substrates increases with an increase in the concentration of copper ions in them. The resulting materials, due to the increased content of copper ions in them, may have a fungicidal effect. Perhaps their use in crop production, landscape design, the construction industry in conditions of high humidity.
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Ly, Lyvonne, Ian Fergus, and Steve Page. "CSG water: desalination and the challenge for the CSG industry—developing a holistic CSG brine management solution." APPEA Journal 53, no. 1 (2013): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12016.
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The management of brine, generated from the desalination of CSG produced water, is a key challenge for the CSG industry. In many cases, the cost and technical challenges relating to the management of brine has a greater impact on the economic and technical feasibility of desalinating CSG produced water than the desalination plant itself. The challenge is to determine the best solution for brine management, given the high salinity of the brine and limited options available for acceptable disposal. This has driven the need for more sustainable options, including using salt recovery processes to recover the salts for beneficial use. Where suitable strata can be identified, brine injection may be considered as a low life-cycle cost solution for brine disposal. CSG brine is particularly high in alkalinity, and as such, brine management options, including acid mine waste neutralisation and recovery of salts (sodium chloride [NaCl] and sodium carbonate [Na2CO3]) are possible. The latter uses selective salt crystallisation, which is generally higher in capital and operating costs, but is offset by the revenue gained from the sale of salt(s). Other brine management options include solar evaporation ponds or zero liquid discharge technology to produce a mixed salt residue that can be disposed through onsite encapsulation or landfill. The feasibility and life-cycle cost of any brine management option depends primarily on the location of CSG sites and the availability of brine management disposal/sale opportunities in reasonable proximity—this is one of the greatest challenges for managing brackish CSG produced water sources, particularly as the CSG sites are in remote inland locations. Further challenges associated with the management of salts recovered include establishing a viable commercial route for the market sale of the salts. This peer-reviewed paper explores technical considerations, challenges and the life-cycle cost of the brine management options. The emerging trends for desalination and brine management in the CSG Industry will also be featured in this paper.
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Savoye, Liliane, Michel Petit-Conil, and Valérie Meyer. "Mechanisms of TMP peroxide bleaching using Mg-based alkalis." Holzforschung 65, no. 6 (October 1, 2011): 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2011.109.
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Abstract The driving force for pulp and paper industry is to develop new technologies with less impact to the environment. In this context, the successful approach in the present paper was the substitution of sodium hydroxide during peroxide bleaching of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) by magnesium hydroxide or magnesium carbonate. Looking at brightening development, thioacidolysis showed that Mg-based processes eliminated less coniferaldehydes than NaOH-based bleaching. Moreover, 19F NMR analysis showed slightly more residual quinone in lignin isolated from NaOH-based bleached pulp than lignin extracted after Mg-based bleaching. Replacing NaOH by Mg-based compounds affected the strength properties of the paper: tensile index was 10% lower than conventional bleached paper, probably due to Mg2+ adsorption on the acid groups of fibers. However, the brightness reversion of Mg-based bleached paper decreased by about two ISO points during photoageing under sunlight. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy supported the conclusion that Mg-based bleaching caused less re-deposition of lignin and extractives onto the fiber surface compared to the conventional process resulting in less light-induced yellowing.
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Rajkovic, Milos, Ivana Sredovic-Ignjatovic, Ljubisa Ignjatovic, Viktor Nedovic, and Slobodan Prijic. "An application of classical and instrumental methods of analysis in quality control of beer." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 60, no. 4 (2015): 477–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1504477r.
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In order to control the quality of beer and raw materials for production of beer in Belgrade Beer Industry (BIP), water is analyzed (city, technological and demineralized water). Measurements of pH values indicated the increased pH values in the sample of tehnological water, which had no impact on wort hopping, since the tested samples of wort, young beer and final product had a pH value within the expected range. After processing city water, a sample of tehnological water was found with increased carbonate hardness, which is caused by the increased content of sodium hydrogen carbonate. Analysing the titration alkalinity, titration acidity and buffering power, it was found that the alkalinity was decreasing which is in accordance with the determination of pH values of wort and beer samples (young beer and final product). Analyzing the content of anions and cations in the examined water samples, it has been shown that the concentration of these examinated anions (Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2- and PO4 3-) and cations (NH4 +, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) are within the limits prescribed by the Regulations on hygienic safety of drinking water, and thus by the Regulations of quality and other requirements for beer. The contents of anions in wort and beer samples (young beer and final product) were determined by ion chromatography method. The contents of sulphate and nitrate ions were within the recommended limits. The concentration of chloride ions was above 150 mg/dm3, which may have an impact on the sensory properties of beer, while changes in the content of phosphate ions were insignificant.
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Kim, Seongmin, Sang-Ho Baek, Yosep Han, and Ho-Seok Jeon. "Laboratory Testing of Scheelite Flotation from Raw Ore in Sangdong Mine for Process Development." Minerals 10, no. 11 (October 31, 2020): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10110971.
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Tungsten is an essential metal for the manufacture of special alloys, which is in constant demand due to the development of the industry. The recovery of scheelite from undeveloped tungsten ore in South Korea was investigated to improve the flotation performance for high grade and recovery of concentrate. To investigate the interaction between the flotation reagents and the minerals, the adsorption experiments of oleic acid as a collector on Ca-bearing minerals, such as scheelite, calcite, and fluorite were carried out. This reaction was confirmed chemical adsorption by analysis of zeta potential and FTIR analysis. The batch test was performed using a raw ore to enhance the grade and recovery of the scheelite concentrate. It was obtained at the optimal conditions for high WO3 grade and recovery of scheelite concentrate by using a simple process. In particular, the sodium carbonate used as a pH modifier was investigated to increase scheelite flotation performance by supporting the selective depression of Ca-bearing gangue minerals. Furthermore, a locked cycle test (LCT) was carried out based on batch test results for the design of a continuous pilot plant.
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Feng, Yanfei, Jiaming Lin, Longxing Niu, Ying Wang, Zhiling Cheng, Xiaoxiao Sun, and Mingzhong Li. "High Molecular Weight Silk Fibroin Prepared by Papain Degumming." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 2105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092105.
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A major challenge for the silk textile industry and for the process of silk-based biomaterials is to find a degumming method that can completely remove sericin while avoiding obvious hydrolysis damage to the silk fibroin. In this study, papain was used to degum Bombyx mori silk fibers under nearly neutral conditions based on the specificity of papain to sericin. The degumming efficiency was investigated, as well as the mechanical properties and molecular weight of the sericin-free silk fibroin. The results indicated that increasing the papain concentration aided in sericin removal, as the concentration increased to 3.0 g/L, the degummed fibers showed a clean, smooth surface morphology and exhibited a yellow color when stained by picric acid and carmine, confirming the complete removal of sericin from silk fibroin. Furthermore, an analysis of the amino acid composition indicated that the silk fibroin suffered less damage because papain specifically cleaved the binding sites between L-arginine or L-lysine residue and another amino acid residue in sericin, leading to a significantly higher molecular weight and improved tensile strength compared to traditional sodium carbonate degumming. This study provides a novel degumming method which cannot only completely remove sericin, but also maintain the original strong mechanical properties and high molecular weight of silk fibroin.
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Saloua, Jemjami, Taoufik Mohamed, Moufti Ahmed, and Moustaid Khadija. "INDUSTRIAL REJECTION: REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS BASED ON CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION AND RESEARCH FOR RECOVERABLE MATERIAL IN BYPRODUCTS." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 7, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v7.i2.2020.520.
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With the acceleration of urbanization and the rapid development of industry and agriculture, a large number of industrial wastewater containing heavy metal is produced. In this study we worked on industrial rejection.
The method for removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater based on chemical precipitation method is proposed in this paper, which utilizes lime (CaO), limestone (CaCO3), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Research on gypsum (CaSO4, 2H2O) in byproducts resulted from precipitation is carried out based on thermal analyses, infrared spectra and XRD examinations.
The characterization of the effluent showed that’s very hard, rich in sulphate, chlorides, orthophosphate and in heavy metals. The results show that the examined chemical coagulants were all efficient in the removal of the studied metals (Cu, Cd, Fe, Co and Zn).
The overall results indicate that the optimum pH for hydroxide precipitation of the studied metals is varied between pH 6.0 and 10.0. Since all effluent guidelines require an effluent pH between 7 and 8, the use of carbonate treatment is, therefore, recommended because its buffering capacity value is around pH 7. The analyzes carried out on the byproducts of treatment (FTIR, XRD, TGA/TDA) show that they are mostly composed of gypsum: calcium sulphate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O).
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Dawood, Muhammad, Syed Tansir Hussain Shah, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Faraz Anwar, Muhammad Nawaz, and Rizwan Yaseen. "Quality of Underground Water of Tehsil Khanewal- An Overview." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 11, no. 3 (December 4, 2020): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol11.iss3.2020.483.
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Agriculture is the back bone of Pakistan’s economy of Pakistan with 21 % contribution to GDP and providing livelihood to about 45 % of the total labor force of the country. The industry of Pakistan is mainly agro based (Economic survey of Pakistan, 2009-10). Due to change in climate and thereby extended drought, surface water resources of the country had reduced by 70% in 2003, compared with normal years (Kahlown et al., 2003). Unfortunately, canal water is not sufficient to meet requirements of soil and crop under intensive cropping system. A water quality study has shown that out of 560,000 tube wells in Indus Basin, about 70% are pumping sodic water which in turn is affecting the soil health and crop yield (Kahlown et al., 2003).The ground waters of different areas and depths have different types of salts which deteriorate the soil accordingly (Masood and Gohre, 2000). It is also reported that 73.38% (681) of the 922 water samples analyzed by the soil and water laboratory Vehari during the year 2006-07, were unfit for irrigation purpose, while 11.93% (110) were marginally fit and only14.21 (131) were found fit for irrigation purpose (Ashraf et al., 2008). According to the estimates, discharge of 50-60 % of the existing wells was brackish in nature (Ashraf et al., 2009) and still more formidable figures of Lahore district declaring that groundwater of 76.6% villages of the district was detrimental for crops and soil health (Ali et al., 2009).According to Shakir et al. (2002), 64 water samples were collected from new tube well bores from various locations of district Kasur to check the quality of under-groundwater for irrigation purpose. The results show that electrical conductivity of the samples varied from 524 to 5700 μS cm-1, sodium adsorption ration of the samples ranged from 0.49 to 26.00, while residual sodium carbonate ranged from 0.00 to 17.00 meL-1. Out of 64 samples, 26 samples were fit, 8 marginally fit and 30 unfit for irrigation.The successful crop production on sustainable basis, mainly depends on the quality of groundwater. The common characteristics considered are electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption rations (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) (Idris and Shafiq, 1999). The concentration and composition of dissolved constituents in water determine its quality for irrigation use. It is difficult to define the critical limits of EC, RSC and SAR because the effect of different qualities of water of soil health and crop yield is also governed by the type of soil, climate and management practices (Singh et al., 1992).Gravity of the situation of groundwater of the majority districts of Pakistan implies that something will have to be done without further loss of time to prevent the rapid conversion of productive fertile lands of Pakistan into unproductive barren lands. Besides, making investment on creating awareness among farming community about bio-saline technology/ saline agriculture by the private and public sectors, a watchful eye on the quality and quantity of ground water of every district of Pakistan by all the stakeholders and timely tackling the detrimental impact of brackish groundwater by using the available technology to the possible extent is imperative.
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Skipin, Leonid, Vera Petukhova, Elena Gaevaya, Elena Zakharova, and Aleksandr Mitrikovskiy. "Comparative Effect of Different Coagulants on Physical Properties of Drill Cuttings." Materials Science Forum 871 (September 2016): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.871.233.
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The paper presents the study on the physical properties of the cuttings. Culvert capacity of the drill cuttings with different coagulants is considered. The water permeability of the studied samples varies depending on the quality of the composition and the dosage of a coagulant used. The coagulants have been proposed as aluminium sulphate, iron sulphate, calcium chloride, gypsum, phosphogypsum, serpentine, blast furnace slag, calcium carbonate and carnallite. Iron and aluminium sulphates, calcium chloride, gypsum and phosphogypsum appear to be the most effective when acting on the water permeability in the drill cuttings. With regard to the variants incorporating the complete response curve, the optimal dose of ameliorant can be determined after maximum filtration of water in the column. This method allows the dose of coagulant to be determined by the filtration threshold. The optimal dose for iron sulphate is 0.8 g; with this parameter the volume of filtered water reaches 16.80 ml / day.The use of effective coagulants allows displacement of sodium and potassium cations from the absorption complex and fundamentally improves its physical and chemical properties; this is clearly seen by the change of the filtration capacity of the considered sample. Phosphogypsum – a waste material of chemical industry of Ural chemical plants - is of the greatest interest. It can significantly improve the properties of the considered sample when transforming two waste materials (drill cuttings and phosphogypsum) to a neutral environmentally-friendly state.
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Chakartnarodom, Parinya, and Pitcharat Ineure. "Foam Glass Development Using Glass Cullet and Fly Ash or Rice Husk Ash as the Raw Materials." Key Engineering Materials 608 (April 2014): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.608.73.
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The aim of this work is to study the recycling of glass cullet (waste glass), fly ash, and rice husk ash as the foam glass, a porous construction material having high compressive strength but low density, which are similar to the light weight brick. The foam glasses were prepared by mixing the ground glass cullet/ash mixtures with calcium carbonate (foaming agent) at 1 wt% and sodium silicate solution (binder) at 10 wt%, and then compacted into the rectangle shapes (30 cm × 30 cm × 7cm) which were fired at 650 °C for 30 min, and then for 1 hour at 750, 800, 850, or 900 °C. The sources of glass cullet were art glass factory and glass window industry. The percentages of ash in the ground glass cullet/ash (fly ash or rice husk ash) mixtures were 20, 40, and 60 wt%. The results showed that the foam glass that was made from 80wt% window glass/ 20wt% fly ash and fired at 750 °C had the most suitable properties for being produced commercially because it had good alkaline resistant, and the compressive strength and degree of water absorption better than the light weight brick (G2-type and G4-type autoclaved aerated concrete) while the density was similar to G2-type but lower than G4-type. The compressive strength, density, and degree of water absorption of this foam glass were 59.9 kg/cm2, 421 kg/m3, and 2.1 % respectively. Furthermore, as of September 2013, the total production cost (materials, labor, energy, etc.) of this foam glass is about 16 baht per piece (20 cm × 60 cm × 7.5 cm) which is 12.5 to 43.75% lower than the wholesale price of a light weight brick (18-23 baht per piece for G2-type and G4-type autoclaved aerated concrete).
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Couperthwaite, Sara J., Sujung Han, Talitha Santini, Gurkiran Kaur, Dean W. Johnstone, Graeme J. Millar, and Ray L. Frost. "Bauxite residue neutralisation precipitate stability in acidic environments." Environmental Chemistry 10, no. 6 (2013): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en13048.
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Environmental context Although land remediation programs for bauxite residues aim at vegetation coverage, the stability of compounds in the residues with acids produced by the vegetation has not been investigated. We show that, despite the instability of caustic components in the residues (negative effects on plant development), this instability actually assists in neutralising acidic soils. These results further affirm the suitability and sustainability of current land remediation programs for bauxite residues in terms of minimising acidic soil formation. Abstract This investigation used a combination of techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy, to determine the dissolution mechanisms of the Bayer precipitate and the associated rate of dissolution in acetic, citric and oxalic acid environments. The Bayer precipitate is a mixture of hydrotalcite, calcium carbonate and sodium chloride that forms during the seawater neutralisation of Bayer liquors (waste residue of the alumina industry). The dissolution rate of a Bayer precipitate is found to be dependent on (1) the strength of the organic acid and (2) the number of donating H+ ions. The dissolution mechanism for a Bayer precipitate consists of several steps involving: (1) the dissolution of CaCO3, (2) formation of whewellite (calcium oxalate) when oxalic acid is used and (3) multiple dissolution steps for hydrotalcite that are highly dependent on the pH of solution. The decomposition of the Al–OH hydrotalcite layers resulted in the immediate formation of Al(OH)3, which is stable until the pH decreases below 5.5. This investigation has found that the Bayer precipitate is stable across a wide pH range in the presence of common organic acids found in the rhizosphere, and that initial decomposition steps are likely to be beneficial in supporting plant growth through the release of nutrients such as Ca2+ and Mg2+.
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Dlamini, S. P., J. Haarhoff, B. B. Mamba, and S. Van Staden. "The response of typical South African raw waters to enhanced coagulation." Water Supply 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.071.
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Drinking water treatment plants in South Africa rely almost entirely on surface water sources, which are often compromised due to high return flows and indirect reuse. The typical treatment plants focus on the removal of physical and microbial contaminants which include turbidity, colour, chemical compounds and microorganisms. A relatively new concern to this list is natural organic matter (NOM) which has become a major concern in potable water treatment due to its recent regulation. In this study, eight different raw water samples from the various water types found in the country were seasonally collected and treated for the removal UV absorbance at a wavelength of 254 nm (UV254) using enhanced coagulation (EC). The efficacy of EC, which can be employed as a practical technology in the removal of both turbidity and NOM, was evaluated in remaining UV254 from these raw water sources. Jar tests were conducted, with ferric chloride used as the coagulant (due to its extensive use as a coagulant in the water treatment industry in South Africa) and specific pH values (initial water pH, 7.0, 6.0, 5.5, 5.0 and 4.5) were chosen as target values guiding the six different coagulant dosages for the jar tests. The pH of the low-alkalinity (<60 mg/L CaCO3) raw waters were adjusted and raised by the addition of sodium carbonate. The response parameters of the tests were turbidity (NTU), pH and UV254. Algorithms for finding the optimum coagulant dosage for UV254 removal were developed and consistently applied to all the results. Results showed large variations in the nature of NOM across the country from specific ultraviolet absorbance values. From the UV254 values, the concentrations of NOM also varied greatly geographically than temporally. The general trend observed in the EC results suggested that the pH should always be dropped to between 4.5 and 7.0 to lower the amounts of UV254 and turbidity to reasonable levels.
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Pereira, Eliene Penha Rodrigues, José de Assis Fonseca Faria, and Uelinton Manoel Pinto. "Optimizing the use of potassium sorbate and sodium metabisulphite for the chemical and microbial stability of carbonated coconut water." Brazilian Journal of Food Technology 16, no. 2 (May 31, 2013): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1981-67232013005000014.
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Coconut water is popular worldwide, mainly because of its pleasant sensory characteristics, nutritional value and low calorie density. However, coconut water is a highly perishable product due to the presence of enzymes such as peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase, which cause undesirable changes in colour, and also because of its susceptibility to microbial spoilage. The use of chemical additives has been adopted by the industry with the intent of increasing product shelf life. In this study, the efficiency of the preservatives potassium sorbate and sodium metabisulphite was assessed using a Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) to determine the stability of carbonated coconut water, varying the concentrations of potassium sorbate from 0 to 500 mg.L-1, and of sodium metabisulphite from 0 to 100 mg.L-1. The chemical evaluations included carbonation volume, pH, soluble solids, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide, acidity, ascorbic acid, polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activities, colour and turbidity attributes. The microbiological evaluations considered the total aerobic plate count and the enumeration of yeasts and moulds. It was observed that concentrations of 375 mg.L-1 of potassium sorbate and 75 mg.L-1 of sodium metabisulphite gave the best quality attributes with respect to minor changes in acidity and colour of the coconut water, providing that the raw material had low microbiological contamination.
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Kühnel, Radko A., and Sjerry J. van der Gaast. "Humidity Controlled Diffractometry and its Applications." Advances in X-ray Analysis 36 (1992): 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800019066.
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AbstractHumidity sensitive mineral phases change their structure when humidity varies resulting in X-ray pattern changes in intensity, position, and shape of lines. These structural changes in hydrous minerals are induced by dehydration and rehydration, which can lead to phase transformations or to steady depletion which may result in a total structure collapse. By means of X-ray diffraction with a special attachment, such reactions can be followed. The controlled relative humidity is provided in situ, in a closed cell, by a flow of moistened helium gas which is flushed through the cell during the XRD analysis. Humidity diffractometry allows studies of reaction rates of dehydration-rehydration reactions and their reversibilities, as well as effects of additives and impurities on these reactions. Potential applications in basic research and in industry are demonstrated using montmorilionite, ettringites, sodium carbonates and calcium sulfates.
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Bishimbayev V.K.,, Issayeva A.U.,, Nowak I., A., Serzhanov G.,, Tleukeyeva A.Ye.,, and Lesca B., A. "PROSPECTS FOR RATIONAL USE OF MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE DZHAKSY-KLYCH DEPOSIT, THE ARAL REGION." NEWS of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 5, no. 443 (October 15, 2020): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-170x.121.
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Rational use of mineral resources is becoming an important task for the development and economic growth of Kazakhstan. The purpose of the research was to study the state of salt-containing raw materials to determine the prospects for rational use of mineral resources of the Dzhaksy-Klych Deposit, one of the salty halite lakes of the Aral region. Exploration studies have shown that the Deposit is layered, where the halite layer is underlain by a sulfate layer: astrakhanite, mirabilite, tenardite, located on a layer of silt, the bed of salt deposits is dark brown clays, less often - clay Sands. Mineralogically, the halite formation is represented by, %: halite – 90-96, epsomite -1,2-2,6, mirabilite -0,2-1,9, gypsum-0,2-1,4. The production of table salt results in waste containing 65.5% chlorides, 24.5% sulfates, 6.5% sodium carbonates, and 3.5% sodium silicates, which can be used for pharmaceutical and medical purposes. Bottom silty mud by its origin and chemical composition belongs to the mainland silt-sulfide type and can be used for Spa and balneological treatment. The reserves of sulphate salts in the field are significant, with the average thickness of the sulphate reservoir in the southern basin being 0.87 m, and in the Northern basin 0.91 m. Intergranular and surface brine containing sodium and magnesium chloride-sulfate salts is of particular interest. Analysis of the state of mineral resources of the Dzhaksy-Klych Deposit revealed prerequisites for expanding the range of opportunities for using salt-containing raw materials. A promising direction for the development of the mineral resource base is the production of soda based on sodium chloride, as well as the production of a commercial product based on sodium sulfate and magnesium chloride. Microbiological examination showed the presence of non-pathogenic forms of halophilic bacteria in the salt-containing raw materials, which indicates safety for use in pharmaceutical and medical practice. In the Aral sea region, there is every reason for the development of the cosmetology industry, where a wide range of cosmetology and pharmaceutical products can be produced based on a combination of salt-containing and local vegetable raw materials.
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Mohammed, Dr Najla Ajeel. "A study of some physical properties and chemical and biological water to the Tigris River near the Alshuhadah Bridge and evaluated for different purposes for the period (2012-2014)." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 226, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 389–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v226i2.69.
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The research investigates some physical, chemical and biological properties of the Tigris water River near the Alshuhadah Bridge and evaluated these properties for drinking, irrigation industrial and construction purposes for the period (2012-2014), and until July for the year (2014) due to the lack of data for the rest of the year.
Through the analysis of properties results it had been found that there is some variation during the months of the year, as well as between the annual averages for the three years where the Cadmium element did not record any value, which was equal to zero, as well as the iron element except for the month of May for the year (2013). In addition, it was noted that the Tigris River water near the Alshuhadah bridge in the month of May for the year (2012 ) and the month of July of the year (2013) within the class (C2) which is a brackish water and it needs to filtering operations for some crops which are sensitive to salinity and that due to lack of the total dissolved salts in the water in the mentioned two months(July and May), while it found in the rest of the three years months within the class ( C3) which is a high-salinity water and cannot be used without continuouslydrainage. The value of (PH) of the water was found within the permissible limits for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes and has taken the baseband side during the three years with except for the month of December for the year (2012) and the month of April for the year ( 2014) which was neutral in pH (PH = 7), while it noticed that in the month of May for the year (2014) was acidic (PH =6.89) and the value of (TDS), sodium and nitrate for the three years within the permissible limits for drinking purposes. In addition, the value of the absorbed vital oxygen was within the permissible limits for irrigation purposes. Also the value of chlorides, carbonates and boron for the three years was within the permissible limits for drinking and irrigation, while the rest items values fluctuated between the permitted and non-permitted to be used for these purposes, Besides that, the values of calcium, magnesium, sodium and chlorides for the three years was within the allowed boundaries for the purposes of building and construction. While the usage of water for industrial purposes for affected components in industry, it had fluctuated between permitted and non-permitted for using.
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R, ADITI, ADITI SREENIVAS, GAYATHRI V, GRISSEL MYRTLE FERNANDES, NITHYA SIMHA, and C. T. PUTTASWAMY. "CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE USING GRAPHENE OXIDE MEMBRANE AND ITS USAGE." Global Journal of Science & Engineering, December 21, 2020, 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37516/global.j.sci.eng.2020.131.
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With increase in the emissions of carbon dioxide gas (CO2), Global warming and climate change have become the deadliest issues to conquer and hence efforts to reduce its atmospheric concentration is made globally. In order to have a positive effect on our environment by reducing carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere, carbon dioxide capture and utilization or storage is being researched upon recently to make it more efficient and economical. In this paper, the literature survey gathers light upon the different methods of carbon dioxide capture, its advantages and disadvantages, study on membrane technology, graphene membrane properties and synthesis and suitable graphene based composite membrane for carbon dioxide capture. In this paper, capturing and usage of carbon dioxide gas is discussed along with the economics of it. Sodium chloride (NaCl) and glycerin was recovered from a process waste by-product of an industry named Cardolite for the usage of captured CO2. The purity of NaCl after recovery was determined using flame photometric estimation of Sodium ion content and titration method using Silver Nitrate for the Chloride ion content & the total purity was found. Sodium carbonate is formed by adding ammonium bicarbonate to the obtained NaCl solution which is one of the methods to form sodium carbonate from NaCl. The other method of forming sodium carbonate from NaCl is by bubbling carbon dioxide through ammoniacal brine solution. This method is highlighted in the carbon dioxide kit in which CO2 gas is filtered using membrane technology-Graphene Oxide (GO) composite membrane. Graphene oxide is prepared using modified Hummer’s method. The obtained GO was confirmed using various analytical methods viz. SEM, EDAX and XRD. The GO composite membrane is placed in the carbon dioxide capturing kit and the mixture of gases is passed through. The filtered CO2 is then tested for its concentration using gas sensors and hence process is repeated till the required efficiency. The pure CO2 is made to pass through recovered NaCl to obtain sodium carbonate Na2CO3 which can be used for commercial purposes.
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Sonawane, Shirish H., Sarang P. Gumfekar, Satish Meshram, Manik P. Deosarkar, Chantrashekhar M. Mahajan, and Pawan Khanna. "Combined Effect of Surfactant and Ultrasound on Nano Calcium Carbonate Synthesized by Crystallization Process." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 7, no. 1 (October 29, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1542-6580.2016.
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This article presents ultrasound assisted carbonization method for the synthesis of calcium carbonate nanoparticles (nano calcite). The effect of different surfactants, such as polyacrylic acid, steric acid, sodium tripolyphosphate and myristic acid, on the synthesis of nano CaCO3 was investigated. Concentration of surfactants ranged from 0.2-1.0g/L. X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) confirmed cubic structure of nano CaCO3 showing characteristic reflection of calcite phase. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the particles are cubical in nature. The use of an ultrasound probe during synthesis leads to narrow distribution of particles. The conductivity and pH value of reaction mixture was measured during the reaction. The time required for the completion of reaction changes with different surfactants was also found. The crystallite size was found to be dependent on surfactant concentration. The minimum time was noted for sodium tripolyphosphate which was 40 min. The crystallite size was found to increase as per the trail sequence of the surfactant, sodium tripolyphosphate, steric acid and polyacrylic acid, myristic acid. The myristic acid shows the biggest crystallite size due to its hydrophobic nature, while sodium tripolyphosphate plays an important role in crystal growth inhibition giving lower crystallite size. Finally, the results presented here demonstrate that nano-calcite crystals can be synthesized, for high potential industrial applications such as filler in the paper and polymer industry.
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Sharipova, A. S., K. A. Linnik, A. N. Zagorodnyaya, and N. Bakhytuly. "Behaviour of lead and selenium during sequential sodium carbonate and nitric acid leaching of slime generated by the sulphuric acid plant of the Balkhash copper smelter." Tsvetnye Metally, April 30, 2021, 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17580/tsm.2021.04.06.
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This paper examines the process of selenium precipitation from the slime generated by the sulphuric acid plant of the Balkhash Copper Smelter. Contrary to similar tailings generated by non-ferrous metals industry, such slime has a high concentration of selenium (12.5–4.6 wt. %). By utilizing it in the production process, one can raise the output of selenium by more than 30% compared with the amount of selenium recovered by the smelter from copper anode slimes. The slime that was used in the experiments had been separated from the slurry produced as a result of scrubbing of metallurgical gases generated by copper smelting and matte converting processes. The slime was rinsed with water to remove sulphuric acid from it and then dried at 105 oC. With the help of new-generation analytical equipment, the slime was analyzed for qualitative, quantitative and material compositions. 15 elements with significantly varying concentrations were detected. The main components include lead (51.17 wt. %) and selenium (12.49 wt. %), which are present in the form of lead sulphates and elemental selenium. Other lead and mercury compounds are also present as disseminations – i.e. different salts of selenium acids. Considering the forms in which lead and selenium are mainly found in the slime, lead was initially converted into carbonates by sodium carbonate leaching, and then nitric acid was used to make lead transfer from the cake into the solution. The authors looked at the effect produced by the sodium carbonate concentration (50–200 g/dm3), solid-to-liquid ratio (1:(2–6)), process duration (20–120 min) and temperature (20–70 oC) at constant slime feed and stirrer RPM on the behaviour of lead and selenium. Optimum conditions were identified in which both elements almost completely remain in the carbonate cake, and only 0.019% Pb and 0.17% Se get extracted into the solution. Different quantities of three carbonate-containing compounds of lead and seven selenium compounds were found in the cake. When the carbonate cake is leached with nitric acid, almost all of the lead transfer to the solution, while selenium remains in the cake as an elementary substance and mercury selenides. As compared with the slime, the concentration of selenium in the cake increased by 5.6 times. This research was funded by the Science Board of the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan under the following programme: Development and Implementation of Innovative Technology Ensuring a Higher Recovery of Non-Ferrous, Noble, Rare and Rare Earth Metals, as well as Fulfillment of Production Targets by Industrial Companies of the Republic of Kazakhstan Set for 2018–2020.
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Chiu, Calvin. "Analisis Strategi Soar Pt. Xyz Dalam Meningkatkan Penjualan Bahan Baku Kimia Untuk Industri Tekstil, Kayu, Pakaian Dan Deterjen." Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan 2, no. 2 (August 2, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmbk.v2i2.4837.
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PT. XYZ is a private multinational company engaged in chemical type commodities trading with sodium sulphate, sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide – three of the most common chemicals used in textile, pulp & paper and detergent industry – as their main traded commodities. However, due to many opportunities available and the company’s experience as an international trader, marketing plan should not be ignored especially when the company is still relatively new as a supplier. Based on last year sales revenue alone, PT. XYZ placed third among four other companies, placing PT. XYZ as a market follower and thus needed to formulate an offensive strategy to achieve higher sales. The method used in this study is by using SOAR tool instead of SWOT analysis and translated into Treacy and Wiersema’s value disciplines. consisted of three strategies, i.e. operational excellence, customer intimacy and product leadership. The study found that there is a need for the company to use a combined strategy of operational excellence and customer intimacy.