Relevant bibliographies by topics / % sodium chloride solution

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic '% sodium chloride solution'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "% sodium chloride solution"

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Chandrasekara Pillai, K., Tae Ok Kwon, Bo Bae Park, and Il Shik Moon. "Using RuO2 anode for chlorine dioxide production in an un-divided electrochemical cell." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 8 (2010): 2151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.131.

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Chlorine dioxide is a well known powerful disinfectant. Although there are several chemical and electrochemical methods developed for on-line chlorine dioxide generation, the details are mostly confined as patents. We studied in this work the electrochemical generation of dissolved chlorine dioxide from an un-buffered solution of sodium chlorite and sodium chloride mixture in an un-divided electrochemical cell set-up with RuO2-coated-Ti anode and Pt-coated-Ti cathode under constant current mode. Various process parameters including feed flow rate (10 to 150 ml/min), feed solution pH (2.3 to 9.4), concentration of sodium chloride (0 to 170 mM), concentration of sodium chlorite (0 to 7.7 mM), and the applied current (100 to 1,200 mA) were optimized. Experiments were conducted by performing single pass experiments, with no circulation. The current efficiency and the power consumption were calculated for the optimized conditions, and compared with IrO2 electrode of our previous investigation.
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Kolmakov, Kirill A. "Reactions of aniline in acetic acid solutions containing cyanuric chloride and hydrogen chloride acceptors." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 85, no. 12 (2007): 1070–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v07-129.

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Two reaction pathways in acetic acid solution containing cyanuric chloride, aniline, and some hydrogen chloride acceptors (triethylamine, sodium acetate, pyridine) were studied. Both aryl amination and acylation can be performed with high yields under proper reaction conditions. Contrary to the only known literature report on the reactions between carbonic acids and cyanuric chloride in the presence of a hydrogen chloride acceptor (triethylamine), it was established that acid chlorides are not formed. A scheme involving the replacement of chlorine atoms by acetate ion in the initial stage was proposed for the acylation of aniline promoted by cyanuric chloride.Key words: acetic acid, acylation, aniline, cyanuric chloride, aryl amination.
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Xia, Jiulin, Paul L. Dubin, Shun Edwards, and Henry Havel. "Dilute solution properties of poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) in aqueous sodium chloride solutions." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 33, no. 7 (1995): 1117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1995.090330715.

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Meriaux, B., M. H. Wagner, S. Ducournau, F. Ladonne, and J. A. Fougereux. "Using sodium chloride saturated solution to standardize accelerated aging test for wheat seeds." Seed Science and Technology 35, no. 3 (2007): 722–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2007.35.3.18.

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Nguyen, Cuong V., Chi M. Phan, Hiromichi Nakahara, and Osamu Shibata. "Surface structure of sodium chloride solution." Journal of Molecular Liquids 248 (December 2017): 1039–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.10.138.

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Davlyud, D. N., P. D. Vorobiev, Yu V. Matrunchik, E. V. Vorobieva, and N. P. Krutko. "ACRYLAMIDE (CO)POLYMERS DISSOLUTION IN WATER-SALINE SOLUTIONS." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 54, no. 3 (2018): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2018-54-3-329-337.

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Dissolution of acrylamide anionic (co)polymers in saline solutions (potassium and sodium chlorides) with concentration of 3.4 mol/l was studied by atomic absorption spectroscopy, optical microscopy, gel-test and capillary viscosimetry. It has been established that with increasing in the content of ionogenic groups and the transition from sodium chloride to potassium chloride solutions the dissolution rate of (co)polymer increases. The concentration of cations of low molecular weight electrolytes is higher in the swollen polymer phase than in the solution in the swelling stage of polymers, the difference in the counter ion content decreases with increasing dissolution time. Comparative analysis of the Huggins constant and the hydrodynamic radii of acrylamide (co)polymers has showed that increase in the interaction in polymer-solvent system is accompanied by the increase in size of macromolecular coils. The Kuhn segment of polymer macromolecules is higher in sodium chloride solutions than in potassium chloride solutions and increases with the decrease in ionogenic group content.
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Conic, Vesna, Branka Pesovski, Vladimir Cvetkovski, et al. "Lead sulphate leaching by sodium chloride solution." Chemical Industry 67, no. 3 (2013): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind120503096c.

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Bioleaching treatment of complex multi-metallic Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag-Au mineral concentrates leds to the formation, besides easily soluble zinc and cooper sulphates, of hardly soluble lead (II) sulfate (PbSO4) sludge. To determine the leaching parameters of PbSO4 with NaCl in the bioleaching residue, lead sulphate solution was synthetically prepared. The effect of process parameters, namely NaCl concentration, solid:liquid phase ratio, processing time, temperature and Cl ions was examined. It was found that 100% Pb by leaching can be achieved with NaCl concentration of 250 g/dm3, time 20 min, temperature 353 K and solid:liquid phase ratio =1:20.
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Scotter, DR. "The effect of electrolyte solutions on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of a sodic clay soil." Soil Research 23, no. 2 (1985): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9850301.

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A technique for measuring the effect of different electrolyte solutions on the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of low permeability soil cores is described. The technique was used to assess the effect of infiltrating gypsum (CaS0,.2H20) solution, sodium chloride solution, and distilled water on the conductivity of a sodic heavy clay at matric potentials between -0.5 and -8 kPa. Percolation of one liquid-filled pore volume of gypsum solution (concentration 29 m.e./l.) induced an approximately fourfold increase in hydraulic conductivity, relative to the conductivity with distilled water. This enhanced conductivity did not change when the permeating solution was changed to sodium chloride solution (30 m.e./l.). But when distilled water was substituted for either the gypsum or sodium chloride solutions, the conductivity declined rapidly, but not to its pretreatment value. Possible mechanisms responsible for the conductivity changes are discussed.
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Miyagishi, Shigeyoshi, Hirotaka Kurimoto, and Tsuyoshi Asakawa. "Microviscosity of Sodium N-Acylvalinate Micelles in Sodium Chloride Solution." Langmuir 11, no. 8 (1995): 2951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la00008a018.

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Xu, Cuisheng, Ningke Hao, Lei Zhan, et al. "High Purity Chlorine Dioxide Generation Based on the Mixed Reductant: From the Laboratory to Industry." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 13, no. 4 (2019): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2019.1885.

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Methanol was used as reducing agent in the chlorine dioxide generation technology, and sodium chlorate was reduced to form chlorine dioxide under acidic conditions. The side reaction during the preparation process would produce chlorine, which results in a high content of chlorine in the product and leads to an increase in the amount of AOX formation during pulp bleaching. In this work, the chlorine dioxide generation technology based on the mixed reductant was developed. On the basis system based on the methanol method, a high-purity chlorine dioxide for pulp bleaching was successfully produced using a vertical generator by adding a mixed reducing agent that contain hydrogen peroxide and sodium chloride. This invention can not only solve the problems of low conversion rate of sodium chlorate and high content of chlorine in the traditional methanol reduction method, but also reduces the production cost. The chlorine content in the chlorine dioxide solution is reduced to less than 0.2 g/L.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "% sodium chloride solution"

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Ma, Qianmin. "Chloride transport and chloride induced corrosion of steel reinforcement in sodium silicate solution activated slag concrete." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.602593.

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Sodium silicate solution (or water glass, WG) activated slag is one of the potential alternatives to 100% replace PC. WG activated slag concrete has different pore solution composition from that of PC. This could result in different chloride transport and corrosion of embedded steel for such concretes. In this research, chloride transport and resulting corrosion of steel in 12 WG activated slag concretes with Na20% of 4, 6 and 8 and Ms of 0.75, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 were investigated. PC concrete with the same binder content of 400kg/m3 was studied as a reference. The results showed that the corrosion rate of the steel in the WG activated slag concretes was comparable or even higher than that of the PC concrete irrespective of the lower chloride diffusivity of the former. The WG activated slag concrete with the combination ofNa20% of 6% and Ms of 1.50 gave the lowest chloride diffusivity and corrosion rate. Chloride migration coefficient, ASTM C 1202 charge passed and bulk electrical resistivity had a poor correlation with non-steady state chloride diffusion coefficient for WG activated slag concretes. The criteria of macro cell corrosion current and half-cell potential developed in PC may be not suitable for quantifying and qualifying corrosion activity of the steel in such concretes. The WG activated slag concretes were identified to be not suitable in chloride exposures XS3 and XD3 by considering workability, compressive strength, pore solution composition and corrosion rate.
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Lu, Ying. "Effects of sodium chloride salting and substitution with potassium chloride on whey expulsion of cheese." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1285.

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The rate and extent of syneresis (whey expulsion) strongly affects cheese composition and quality. During salting, curd syneresis is influenced by the combined effect of both osmotic pressure and protein hydration. Our objective is to examine how cheese composition and whey expulsion are influenced by dry salting curd at various intervals, levels, applications, and potassium chloride (KCl) substitution, or change in calcium or sodium level in test solution (i.e., whey-brine). Four sets of unsalted fresh Cheddar curds were salted with different methods, with at least 3 replicates of each set on separate days. Set A was salted with 30 g/kg NaCl over 3 applications, either 5 or 10 min apart. Set B was salted with 30, 25, and 20 g/kg NaCl over 3 applications 5 min apart. Set C was salted with 20 g/kg NaCl using 1, 2, or 3 applications. Set D received salt consisting of a 2:1 molar ratio of NaCl and KCl over 3 applications 5 min apart. Whey was collected every 5 or 10 min until 30 or 40 min after the start of salting and subsequently pressed for 3 h. Using 10-min intervals delayed whey syneresis but after pressing there was no significant influence on final cheese composition. Decreasing salt levels significantly reduced the amount of whey expelled prior to pressing and resulted in cheeses with higher moisture and slightly lower pH. Adding salt over different applications did not significantly affect cheese composition. Partial substitution with KCl did not affect the amount of whey expelled or cheese moisture composition. Salted milled Cheddar cheese curd was immersed at 22°C for 6 or 18 h in test solution, with the addition of 1, 5, 10, or 20 g/L calcium, and 15 g/L salt. After immersion, curd weight change, moisture, pH, sodium, serum calcium and total calcium levels were measured. When calcium levels in solution increased, curd moisture, pH, and weight gain decreased while serum and total calcium levels increased significantly. Similarly, unsalted milled Cheddar cheese curds were immersed at 22°C for 6 h in test solution with 30, 60, 90, or 120 g/L salt in addition to 6 g/L calcium. The salt level in solution was inversely proportional with weight change, moisture, and salt level of curd.
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Liu, Bing. "Properties Model for Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions near the Critical Point of Water." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1034.pdf.

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Shaglouf, Mukhtar Mohamed A. "Effect of flow on electrochemical noise generation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/effect-of-flow-on-electrochemical-noise-generation(580f04c4-74a1-4b8d-8662-0ebce9166818).html.

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It is known that, in addition to corrosion processes, the electrochemical noise (EN) can be generated by some other disturbances such as mass transfer and flow turbulence. In this study the influence of both laminar and turbulent flow on the characteristics of electrochemical noise (EN) has been studied using a carbon steel rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) in aerated neutral (pH=7) 0.1 M NaCl and 0.1 M NaCl+0.1 M NaNO2 solutions. The RCE has a set of four graphite brushes for electrical connection. The supplied cathodic current was applied through the top two graphite brushes and measured the specimen potential through the bottom two to eliminate any expected cyclic variations in the measured potential.Prior to the measurement of EN, calibration of the mass transport properties of the electrode was performed by measuring the limiting current density for oxygen reduction as a function of rotation speed in order to estimate the transition from laminar to turbulent flow regime. EN experiments have been performed in free corrosion conditions (uninhibited and inhibited solutions), and with applied cathodic polarisation in the regions of hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction processes. In the case of oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution cathodic reactions it has been found that laminar flow had a negligible effect on the noise produced but a significant increase in the amplitude of the noise was observed in turbulent flow. On the other hand in free corrosion conditions in uninhibited solution the influence of flow was relatively insignificant and that was attributed to the low impedance of the corroding electrode. It is claimed that flow has a negligible effect in inhibited solutions due to the passivity of the system, which is responsible for the low rate of both anodic and cathodic reactions. Finally spectral analysis showed that the noise produced by turbulent flow had power at significantly higher frequencies than is normal for corrosion-related noise.
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Cosson, Herve. "Photodecomposition of chlorine dioxide and sodium chlorite in aqueous solution by irradiation with ultraviolet light." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11177.

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Yu, Chin-Lien. "A novel electrolyte for the sodium/iron chloride battery." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/9116.

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Hubert, Nathalie. "Contribution à la détermination des propriétés thermodynamiques des solutions aqueuses d'électrolytes forts : étude des systèmes H2O-NaCl et H2O-Na2SO4 entre 25°C et 100°C par mesures d'équilibre liquide-vapeur et par calorimétrie." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL005N.

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L’objectif du présent travail est de définir une procédure expérimentale optimale pour déterminer les propriétés thermodynamiques de solutions aqueuses binaires d'électrolytes forts. Deux expérimentations complémentaires ont été mises en œuvre. D’une part, des mesures de la pression de vapeur de l'eau ont été effectuées afin de déterminer les variations du coefficient osmotique en fonction de la température et de la composition. Pour cela, un dispositif manométrique statique non isotherme a été construit et validé par l'étude du système H2O-NaCl entre 25°C et 100°C. D’autre part, des mesures isothermes de l'enthalpie de dissolution de NaCl solide dans l'eau ont été effectuées à plusieurs températures (24. 4°C, 44. 3°C, 59. 2°C) par calorimétrie de mélange. L’ensemble des résultats a permis de déterminer les lois de variation en fonction de la température des paramètres du modèle de Pitzer. Le système H2O-Na2SO4 a été étudié entre 25°C et 90°C selon le même plan d'expérience et la méthode de traitement des résultats mis au point sur le système H2O-NaCl a été appliquée avec succès
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Dupas-Langlet, Marina. "De la déliquescence au mottage des poudres cristallines : cas du chlorue de sodium." Thesis, Compiègne, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013COMP2094/document.

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Le mottage ou l’agglomération non désirée des cristaux déliquescents est un phénomène récurrent dans l’industrie, notamment au cours du transport et du stockage. Les variations des conditions environnantes sont fréquemment responsables de la dégradation de ce type de poudres. En particulier, les fluctuations de l’humidité ambiante conduisent à la formation d’une solution saturée par déliquescence du solide puis à la formation de ponts solides par évaporation de l’eau. Dans cette étude, on se concentre sur le chlorure de sodium. L’équilibre avec la vapeur d’eau et les cinétiques de prise et perte en eau sont analysés et reliés au comportement mécanique macroscopique des cristaux. Le contact avec des cristaux de différente nature tels que le sucrose met en évidence le phénomène de déliquescence mutuelle. Le modèle des solutions régulières appliqué aux systèmes ternaires comportant du NaCl, du sucrose et de l’eau permet de mieux comprendre la chute de déliquescence. La présence des molécules d’eau à la surface des cristaux et la condensation capillaire à faible humidité relative provoque la déliquescence de NaCl et du sucrose simultanément. L’évaporation de l’eau et la recristallisation des cristaux à partir de la solution ainsi formée sont inhibées, en particulier à la composition solide du point eutonique. Le comportement singulier à cette composition qui s’apparente à celui d’un corps pur montre une recristallisation partielle du mélange "eutonique" associée à la formation d’une phase amorphe dans les conditions de l’expérimentation. Afin d’éviter le renforcement au mottage, l’étude de différents agents anti-mottants révèle l’efficacité du stéarate de magnésium<br>Caking or undesired agglomeration of deliquescent crystals is a recurrent phenomenon in industry, especially during transportation and storage. The variation of environmental conditions is often pointed out as a cause of the degradation of this kind of powders. More precisely, the fluctuations of ambient humidity lead to the formation of a saturated solution by deliquescence followed by the formation of solid bridges when water evaporates. Sodium chloride is chosen as a model substance in this study. The equilibrium with water vapor and the kinetics of water uptake and loss are analyzed and related to the mechanical macroscopic behavior of crystals. The contact with crystals of different nature such as sucrose highlights the phenomenon of mutual deliquescence. The model of regular solutions applied to ternary systems containing NaCl, sucrose and water allows a better understanding of deliquescence lowering. The presence of water molecules and capillary condensation at low relative humidity lead to the deliquescence of NaCl and sucrose simultaneously. Water evaporation and recrystallization of solid from such solution is compromised, especially at the solid composition of the “eutonic point”. The singular behavior at this composition which resembles to the one of a pure substance shows a partial recrystallization of the “eutonic” mixture and the formation of an amorphous phase under the experimental conditions applied. In order to avoid caking reinforcement, the study of differentanti-caking agents reveals the efficiency of magnesium stearate
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Makhloufi, Laïd. "Cémentation électrochimique de l'argent par le plomb en solution aqueuse concentrée de chlorure de sodium." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37607630n.

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MAKLOUFI, LAID. "Cementation electrochimique de l'argent par le plomb en solution aqueuse concentree de chlorure de sodium." Grenoble INPG, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPG0069.

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Books on the topic "% sodium chloride solution"

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Akhtar, Saleem. Corrosion performance of high damping alloys in 3.5% sodium chloride solution. 1987.

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Patnaik, Pradyot. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002.

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Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002.

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Nzuzi, Losso. Indices of dry bean cooking time: Sodium chloride solutions, storage conditions, phytic acid and calcium concentrations. 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "% sodium chloride solution"

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Pradhan, Bulu. "Corrosion Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Exposed to Sodium Chloride Solution and Composite Sodium Chloride-Sodium Sulfate Solution." In Advances in Structural Engineering. Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2187-6_144.

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Kim, Daejoong, Kilsung Kwon, Deok Han Kim, and Longnan Li. "Parametric Study on RED with Sodium Chloride Solution." In SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0314-2_2.

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Winkelmann, Jochen. "Diffusion coefficient of sodium dodecyl sulfate into water and sodium chloride solution." In Diffusion in Gases, Liquids and Electrolytes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73735-3_1322.

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Winkelmann, Jochen. "Diffusion coefficient of sodium dodecyl sulfate into dideuterium oxide and sodium chloride solution." In Diffusion in Gases, Liquids and Electrolytes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73735-3_1318.

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Winkelmann, Jochen. "Diffusion coefficient of sodium dodecyl sulfate into dideuterium oxide, water and sodium chloride solution." In Diffusion in Gases, Liquids and Electrolytes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73735-3_1319.

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Hong, J. H., Seung Ho Ahn, and Jung Gu Kim. "Influence of Interlayer on the Corrosion Behavior of Multilayered WC-Ti1-xAlxN Coatings in Deaerated 3.5% Sodium Chloride Solution." In Materials Science Forum. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-431-6.359.

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de Carvalho, Felipe A., Andrea Resende, and Versiane A. Leão. "Gold Leaching by Sodium Chloride and Calcium Hypochlorite Solutions." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_148.

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Runde, W., M. P. Neu, and S. D. Reilly. "Actinyl(VI) Carbonates in Concentrated Sodium Chloride Solutions: Characterization, Solubility, and Stability." In Actinide Speciation in High Ionic Strength Media. Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8690-0_8.

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Straatmann, A., T. Windhues, and W. Borchard. "Effects of acetylation on thermodynamic properties of seaweed alginate in sodium chloride solutions." In Analytical Ultracentrifugation VII. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b94247.

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Yamamoto, Hiroaki, Kazuyoshi Takayama, and Hiroaki Shimokawa. "Equation of State of Pure Water, Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Chloride, Gelatin Gel, and Glucose Syrup." In Shock Wave Interactions. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73180-3_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "% sodium chloride solution"

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Jiao, LiFang, Wei LIU, Taku Nagatake, Kazuyuki Takase, Hiroyuki Yoshida, and Fumihisa Nagase. "Thermal-Hydraulic Experiments with Sodium Chloride Aqueous Solution." In The 15th International Heat Transfer Conference. Begellhouse, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc15.min.009800.

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Sharqawy, Mostafa H., John H. Lienhard, and Syed M. Zubair. "Formulation of Seawater Flow Exergy Using Accurate Thermodynamic Data." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40915.

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Seawater is a complex electrolyte solution of water and salts with sodium chloride as the major constituent. However, the thermodynamic properties of seawater are considerably different from those of aqueous sodium chloride solution. In the literature, exergy analyses of seawater desalination systems have sometimes modeled seawater by sodium chloride solutions of equivalent salt content or salinity; however, such matching does not bring all important properties of the two solutions into agreement. Furthermore, some published studies attempt to represent sodium chloride solutions as a specific model for an ideal mixture of liquid water and solid sodium chloride, which is shown to have serious shortcomings. In this paper, the most up-to-date thermodynamic properties of seawater are compared with those of aqueous sodium chloride solution as well as the ideal mixture model. The flow exergy is calculated using various models and the results are compared. In addition, the minimum work required to desalinate a unit mass of fresh water from seawater of varying salinity is calculated using these models. The flow exergy calculated using the ideal mixture model in question is about 50% less than that of seawater. Accordingly, the minimum desalination work is underpredicted by about 50% when calculating it using that ideal mixture model. This consequently shows that exergy analysis and the second law efficiency calculations performed using the ideal mixture model is comparatively far from the actual values.
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Ashokkumar, M., H. Gelabert, A. Antonetti, and Y. Gauduel. "Electron photodetachment and early chemical steps in an aqueous sodium chloride solution." In Ultrafast reaction dynamics and solvent effects. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.45400.

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Mistry, Karan H., and John H. Lienhard. "Effect of Nonideal Solution Behavior on Desalination of a Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Solution and Comparison to Seawater." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88261.

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Proper evaluation of the Gibbs free energy and other properties of seawater and other aqueous solutions is essential in the analysis of desalination systems. Standard seawater has been studied extensively and property data are readily accessible. However, many aqueous solutions requiring desalination have significantly different composition from seawater and seawater data is generally not accurate for these solutions. Experimental data for a given aqueous solution may be unavailable under the conditions of interest. Therefore, there is a need to model relevant physical properties from chemical thermodynamic principles. In particular, for solutions that are not ideal, the activity and fugacity coefficients must be considered. In this paper, the effect of nonidealities in sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions is considered through a parametric study of the least work of separation for a desalination system. This study is used to determine the conditions under which the ideal solution approximation is valid and also to determine when an NaCl solution is a good approximation to standard seawater. It is found that the ideal solution approximation is reasonable within ranges of salinities and recovery ratios typical of those found in the seawater desalination industry because many of the nonidealities cancel out, but not because the solution behaves ideally. Additionally, it is found that NaCl solutions closely approximate natural seawater only at salinities typically found in seawater and not for salinities found in typical brackish waters.
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Guo, Aihong, Fusheng Niu, Shuqun Li, and Yinying Liang. "Study on Treating Stench Wastewater Containing Dodecyl Mercaptan Using Electrolyzing Sodium Chloride Solution." In 2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2009.5163533.

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Rusdianasari, Rusdianasari, Yohandri Bow, Tresna Dewi, Ahmad Taqwa, and Lin Prasetyani. "Effect of Sodium Chloride Solution Concentration on Hydrogen Gas Production in Water Electrolyzer Prototype." In 2019 International Conference on Technologies and Policies in Electric Power & Energy. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf48524.2019.9102508.

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Gu, Junping, Guoli Tang, Yuxin Wu, et al. "Heat Transfer Characteristics and Bubble Behaviors During Nucleate Flow Boiling for Sodium Chloride Solution." In ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2019-3573.

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Abstract Deep understanding of nucleate boiling heat transfer mechanism of saline solution is of great importance for the design and safe operation of steam generation equipment. In this paper, the nucleate flow boiling process of saline solution in a vertical heated pipe was experimentally studied within the concentration range of 0 % ∼ 6 %. In order to realize the visualization, the vertical heated pipe was made of transparent silica glass and a transparent ITO heater was used to provide energy for boiling. The high-speed high-resolution camera was used to capture the vapor-liquid two-phase flow structure. The bubble behaviors such as bubble departure diameter, bubble departure frequency, bubble growth time and waiting time were investigated under different operating conditions. The experimental results showed that the heat transfer deterioration did not occur within the solution concentration of 6% in this work. Under some low heat flux conditions, the heat transfer coefficients of solution can be higher than those of pure water. The reason for this phenomenon can be explained by the different bubble behaviors. Comparing to pure water, the bubble departure diameter of saline solution is bigger and bubble departure frequency is lower. The influences of operating parameters, including concentration, mass flux (200 kg/m2s ∼ 600 kg/m2s), heat flux (30 kW/m2 ∼ 180 kW/m2) and subcooling of fluid (5 K ∼ 35 K), on the nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients and bubble parameters were comprehensively studied.
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Iwai, Kazuhiko, Ippei Furuhashi, Michio Tokuyama, Irwin Oppenheim, and Hideya Nishiyama. "Bubble Rising Velocity in Sodium Chloride Aqueous Solution under Horizontal DC High Magnetic Field." In COMPLEX SYSTEMS: 5th International Workshop on Complex Systems. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2897873.

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Narumi, Akira, Takao Kashiwagi, and Ichirou Nakane. "COOLING AND FREEZING BEHAVIORS OF AN AQUEOUS SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION THROUGH A MICRO POROUS FILM." In International Symposium on Imaging in Transport Processes. Begellhouse, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ichmt.1992.intsympimgtranspproc.370.

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Izadi, M., D. K. Aidun, P. Marzocca, and H. Lee. "The Experimental Investigation of Fouling Phenomenon in Heat Exchangers by Heat Transfer Resistance Monitoring (HTRM) Method." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12524.

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The aim of this paper is to describe a monitoring system for fouling phenomenon in tubular heat exchangers. This system is based on a physical model of the fouling resistance. A mathematical model of the fouling resistance is developed based on the applied thermal heat, the inside heat transfer coefficient, and geometrical characteristics of the heat exchanger under consideration. The resulting model is a function of measured quantities such as water and tube wall temperatures, fluid flow velocities, and some physical properties of the fluid flowing inside the tubes such as viscosity, conductivity, and density. An on-line fouling evaluation system was prepared and the heat transfer resistance for selected solutions was measured in real time by this system. The effect of concentration and chemical reactions on fouling is studied experimentally by using different contaminants such as sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, and their mixture. Accelerated corrosion was observed for the calcium chloride-0.4g/l solution due to the presence of chlorine ions. This corrosion-fouling can be mitigated by adding sodium bicarbonate. However, calcium carbonate is formed as the result of the chemical reaction between calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate which activates two other fouling categories, particulate fouling and crystallization. The inside surface of the tube is analyzed by analytical microscopy after the experiment to investigate different fouling categories. Experimental results provide quantitative information of liquid-side fouling on heat transfer surfaces, and its effects on the thermal efficiency. Experimental data is significantly important for the design, and for formulating operating, and cleaning schedules of the equipment.
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Reports on the topic "% sodium chloride solution"

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Valeri, C. R. Extension of Post-Than-Wash Storage of Glycerol-Frozen Red Blood Cells at 4 C In 0.9% Sodium Chloride-0.1% Glucose Solution. Defense Technical Information Center, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada360423.

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YEH, M., J. BOGER, and R. L. HAHN. PERFORMANCE OF LIQUI-CEL EXTRA-FLOW MEMBRANE CONTRACTOR IN A PURE WATER AND IN A 0.2% SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION (SNO-STR-2001-11). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/789651.

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Xu, Tianfu, and Karsten Pruess. Thermophysical properties of sodium nitrate and sodium chloride solutions and their effects on fluid flow in unsaturated media. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/790019.

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Felker, S., P. Hailey, T. Lian, K. Staggs, and G. Gdowski. Alloy 22 Localized Corrosion Susceptibility In Aqueous Solutions Of Chloride And Nitrate Salts Of Sodium And Potassium At 110 - 150?C. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/893568.

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Lowry, M. A. H. Solubilities and other physical parameters of aromatic hydrocarbons in water and aqueous sodium chloride solutions as determined by headspace analysis. [Ethylbenzene; o-, m-, and p-xylene]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6827043.

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