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1
Корабельников, Д. В., И. А. Федоров, and Ю. Н. Журавлев. "Сжимаемость и электронные свойства цианидов металлов." Физика твердого тела 63, no. 7 (2021): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2021.07.51036.044.
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The compressibility and electronic properties of metal cyanides are investigated within the density functional theory taking into account the dispersion van der Waals interaction. It was shown that gold cyanide has a low linear compressibility (less than 0.1% at a pressure of 1 GPa) and a high linear modulus (~ 1200 GPa) along the -Au-CN-Au-CN- chains. Silver cyanide exhibits negative linear compressibility, which correlates with the compressibility of Ag-N coordination bonds. For sodium cyanide, the linear compressibility along the C - N covalent bonds is greater than for gold and silver cyanides, while the elastic anisotropy is less. Unlike sodium cyanide, for gold and silver cyanides, cation-anionic bonds (Au-N, Au-C and Ag-N, Ag-C) are partially covalent in nature, and the upper valence states correspond mainly to the states of cations. The band gap of gold cyanide is smaller than that of silver and sodium cyanides. The band gap widths of gold and silver cyanides significantly decrease with increasing pressure, which indicates the possibility of metallization at sufficiently high pressures.
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Skowroń, Jolanta, and Katarzyna Konieczko. "Hydrogen cynide and cyanide salts: sodium, potassium, calcium, as CN-. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)." Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy 33, no. 1(91) (March 30, 2017): 5–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/1231868x.1232633.
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Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and its salts: potassium cyanide (KCN), sodium cyanide (NaCN) and calcium cyanide [Ca(CN2)] are very toxic. Hydrogen cyanide at ambient conditions is a colourless liquid or a colourless gas with the characteristic odour of bitter almonds. Sodium, potassium and calcium cyanides are white hygroscopic, crystalline solids with a slight HCN odour. Hydrogen cyanide is used mainly in a fumigation of ships, buildings, orchards and various foods, in electroplating, in the production of chelating agents such as EDTA, and in metal treatment processes. It is also used as a chemical intermediate. Cyanides are used in the extraction and recovery of gold and silver from ores, the heat treatment of metals, and electroplating. They are also precursors in chemical syntheses. Workers from metal, electrochemical, plastics, pharmaceutical, textile, chemical and food industries are exposed to these compounds. In 2008–2013, there were no workers exposed to the concentration of hydrogen cyanide and sodium, potassium and calcium cyanides exceeding the maximum admissible ceiling concentration MAC(C) 5 mg/m3 (the national database maintained by the Regional Sanitary Station in Bydgoszcz). Hydrogen cyanide and cyanides are irritating to mucous membranes and skin. They are absorbed by inhalation, dermal and oral exposure. The acute hydrogen cyanide and cyanides poisoning indicate a great danger and hazard, because these compounds are quickly absorbed into the body and their effects are present within a few minutes after the start of exposure. Exposure to sodium cyanide at a concentration of 286 mg/m3 or to hydrogen cyanide at a concentration greater than 300 mg/m3 for 1 min may be fatal. Sodium, potassium or calcium cyanides at concentrations of 25 mg/m3 are direct hazards to life and health of workers if exposure lasts about 30 min and without respiratory protection. For hydrogen cyanide this value was established as 56 mg/m3. The development of symptoms of acute poisoning by hydrogen cyanide or cyanides in humans occurs in three phases: breathlessness and excitement, convulsions and paralysis. The results of studies of subchronic and chronic exposures of workers to cyanides by inhalation indicate that symptoms of exposure were associated with changes in the central nervous system (headache, weakness, changes in the sensation of taste and smell) and damage to the thyroid (enlargement, changes in uptake of iodine, elevated concentration of thyroid stimulating hormone TSH and a reduction of thyroid hormones T3 and T4). Other studies suggest that chronic exposure to hydrogen cyanide in the hardening plant of metals caused decrements in lung functions among workers. Hydrogen cyanide and cyanides, both in aqueous solution, applied to the conjunctival sac or on the skin is quickly absorbed into the body of animals in amounts sufficient to cause toxic effects and death. In rats and mice treated with sodium cyanide in drinking water at a dose of 4.5 mg/kg bw/day for 13 weeks, no significant changes in biochemical and haematological parameters of peripheral blood and histopathological findings in the internal organs were observed. There were no pathological changes in the respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous system and kidneys in rats which were feed with hydrogen cyanide over two years. Calculated NOAEL was approximately 10.4 mg/kg body weight. There is no available data on the carcinogenicity of hydrogen cyanide and cyanides in human and animals. Positive effects were obtained in one study only, in which hydrogen cyanide was tested with Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 100 in the absence of metabolic activation, while the other strains employed in this study yielded negative results. Cyanides did not show mutagenic activity in the tests in vitro and in vivo. On the basis of the studies on hamsters, teratogenic effects of sodium cyanide were observed. This compound was toxic for pregnant mothers and caused an increase in fatal resorption and malformations in an offspring. The results of the study of workers exposed to hydrogen cyanide and cyanides and with changes in thyroid were the basis for calculating MAC (NDS) value. The LOAEL value was establishes as a concentration of 4.7 mg/m3. The MAC of 1 mg/m3 (calculated CN–) was established for hydrogen cyanide and the inhalable fraction of sodium, potassium, calcium cyanides was accepted. Due to totally different mechanism of action of hydrogen cyanide and cyanides (sodium, potassium, calcium) in chronic exposure (effects on the thyroid gland) and in the acute exposure, which is primarily associated with inhibition enzymatic system of cytochrome c oxidase, which prevents cells from using oxygen (histotoxic hypoxia), for these compounds the ceiling value MAC(C) of 5 mg/m3 was not changed. Such an approach is a deviation from the basic methodology adopted by the Group of Expert and the Interdepartmental Commission for MAC and MAI. MAC and ceiling MAC(C) values for these substances should be establish due to the different effects of critical action and mechanisms of action in the acute and chronic condition. This approach is consistent with the DECOS Committee (Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards) from 2002. According to the committee, the acute human data show the most sensitive effect, i.e., death. The steepness of the dose-response relationship and the severity of the acute effects in humans imply at the same time that utmost care should be taken to prevent this exposure level from being exceeded, not even for a short time. Therefore, the committee proposed to establish a ceiling value for the acute health effects of 10 mg/m3 for hydrogen cyanide. The Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limit Values (SCOEL) proposed an OEL value of 1 mg/m3. However, since the acute effects in humans are severe (i.e., death) and show a rather steep dose-response relationship, peak exposures should be avoided. Based on the steepness of the dose-response relationship and the severity of the acute effects in humans a STEL of 5 mg/m3 is recommended as CN– from any combination of the three compounds. Based on the very high skin permeability measured for hydrogen cyanide and cyanide anions in aqueous solutions, a skin notation is recommended for hydrogen cyanide and sodium, potassium, calcium cyanides.
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Hosetti, B. B., P. N. Dube, M. S. Prashanth, and A. Shwetha. "Acute toxicity of metal cyanides to Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton)." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 26, no. 3-4 (2010): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1004267h.
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Static renewal bioassay tests were carried out to determine the acute toxicity (LC50) of metal cyanides to the Indian major carp Labeo rohita. The 96 hour LC50 value for the sodium cyanide, zinc cyanide and copper cyanide to the fish L. rohita were 0.32 mg/L 0.35 mg/L, and 1.1 mg/L respectively. Among the metal cyanide tested, sodium cyanide is found to be more toxic than the other cyanide complexes. In general behavioral responses of the fishes exposed to cyanide included uncontrolled swimming, erratic movements, loss of balance, moving spiral fashion with sudden jerky movements, vertical movements lying on the sides of the test chamber and rapid flapping of the opercular movements with opened mouth finally settles to the bottom.
4
Young, Jay A. "Sodium Cyanide." Journal of Chemical Education 80, no. 9 (September 2003): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed080p997.
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Hall, VA, and JM Guest. "Sodium nitroprusside-induced cyanide intoxication and prevention with sodium thiosulfate prophylaxis." American Journal of Critical Care 1, no. 2 (September 1, 1992): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1992.1.2.19.
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Sodium nitroprusside is an antihypertensive agent used frequently in the critical care setting. Recently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a report that led to a labeling change emphasizing the pharmacokinetics of nitroprusside with metabolism to highly toxic cyanide. Although evidence validates that cyanogenesis occurs with nitroprusside administration, prevention and treatment of cyanide poisoning is rarely instituted in clinical practice. Simultaneous infusion of thiosulfate with nitroprusside provides the sulfur donor necessary to prevent cyanide accumulation. Cyanide combines with thiosulfate to form the less toxic sodium thiocyanate, which is then excreted. A 10:1 ratio of nitroprusside to thiosulfate in the infusion eliminates the possibility of cyanide intoxication without altering the efficacy of nitroprusside.
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Meillier, Andrew, and Cara Heller. "Acute Cyanide Poisoning: Hydroxocobalamin and Sodium Thiosulfate Treatments with Two Outcomes following One Exposure Event." Case Reports in Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/217951.
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Cyanide is rapidly reacting and causes arrest of aerobic metabolism. The symptoms are diffuse and lethal and require high clinical suspicion. Remediation of symptoms and mortality is highly dependent on quick treatment with a cyanide antidote. Presently, there are two widely accepted antidotes: sodium thiosulfate and hydroxocobalamin. These treatments act on different components of cyanide’s metabolism. Here, we present two cases resulting from the same source of cyanide poisoning and the use of both antidotes separately used with differing outcomes.
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Razmakhnin, KK, and PA Vasiljuk. "Technological and environmental features of heap leaching of Delmachik gold-bearing ores deposit." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 991, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/991/1/012044.
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Abstract The problem of gold ores hydrometallurgical processing with using sodium cyanide is evaluated. The prospects for the development of the use of cyanide-free reagents for leaching gold from ores are studied. The possibility of introducing a cyanide-free environmentally friendly reagent instead of the widely used sodium cyanide was determined. The results of experimental studies on the comparability of the processing of gold ores using sodium cyanide and a reagent based on sodium cyanoate are obtained. The optimal parameters of the technological process for the extraction of gold from ores using a cyanide-free reagent are established.
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Vasyunina, N. V., I. V. Dubova, S. P. Baksheev, M. R. Kovel, and V. V. Makarova. "Generation of sodium cyanide by coal gasification for gold recovery factories." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 25, no. 4 (September 1, 2021): 488–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2021-4-488-497.
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The aim was to assess the technological feasibility of generating sodium cyanide by coal gasification, to study the effects of the process parameters (temperature, experiment duration, coal type) on the concentration of sodium cyanide in the resulting solutions, as well as to identify optimal modes of the process. Experiments were carried out on a laboratory setup consisting of a tubular cylindrical furnace equipped with a working compartment in the form of a corundum tube. Lignite and charcoal, preliminarily crushed to increase the specific surface area, were investigated. A solution of sodium cyanide was produced by sorption of gaseous hydrocyanic acid (a syngas component) with a sodium carbonate solution. A NaOH solution (pH = 10) installed in an ice bath was used in the system of absorbers. The content of sodium cyanide in the solution was determined by the titrimetric method. The HSC Chemistry 5.1 software package was used for thermodynamic calculations. During the gasification of charcoal in the temperature range 600–800oC, sodium cyanide solutions with a concentration of 0.03–0.08 wt% were obtained. An increase in temperature from 600 to 900oC led to a 4-fold decrease in the concentration of sodium cyanide in an alkaline solution, under the same duration of the experiments. A regression equation was derived for the dependence of the NaCN concentration in solution on the temperature of coal gasification and the duration of the process. It was shown that the generation of sodium cyanide by coal gasification under laboratory conditions yields sodium cyanide concentrations in solution comparable to those used for gold cyanidation at gold recovery plants. The installation of sodium cyanide generation lines directly at the production areas of gold recovery plants will reduce the production costs by eliminating expenses for purchasing, transporting and storing reagents.
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Wang, Siyu, Xiangcheng Wang, and Yunping Hao. "Preparation of Zinc Cyanide and Elimination of Free Alkali in Cyanide." E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021): 01110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123301110.
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Zinc cyanide can be prepared by double decomposition reaction of sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide with zinc chloride. Before the preparation of zinc cyanide, it is necessary to remove the free alkali in the raw material sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide. Magnesium chloride is used to remove the free alkali in sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide. The concentration of cyanide ion in potassium cyanide solution under different conditions is measured. The results show that magnesium chloride can not only remove the original free alkali in potassium cyanide, but also promote the hydrolysis of potassium cyanide to produce new free alkali and react with it to form new precipitate. By analyzing the components of the precipitate, it is determined that the main components in the precipitation are Mg(OH)2 and MgCO3. The final conclusion: after the free alkali in cyanide is removed by magnesium chloride, the solution must be quickly put into the double decomposition reaction to reduce the further loss of cyanide ion; In the preparation of zinc cyanide, the adding order needs to be noted: the cyanide aqueous solution must be added into the zinc chloride solution to ensure the excess of zinc chloride.
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Ibebunjo, C., Beryl P. Kamalu, and E. C. Ihemelandu. "Comparison of the effects of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) organic cyanide and inorganic cyanide on muscle and bone development in a Nigerian breed of dog." British Journal of Nutrition 68, no. 2 (September 1992): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19920106.
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Effects of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)-borne organic cyanide and inorganic cyanide in the form of sodium cyanide on bone and muscle development were investigated in eighteen dogs of Nigerian breed. After 16 weeks of stabilization in the laboratory from the time of purchase when the dogs were fed on the same diet, they were randomly assigned to three experimental groups of six dogs each. The control group was fed on rice while the other two groups were fed on either cassava (gari) or rice plus cyanide. The three diets were made isoenergetic and isonitrogenous by varying the quantity of meat incorporated into them. The results obtained after 14 weeks of feeding the respective diets indicated that there was retardation of muscle development in the gari-fed dogs. This may have resulted from gluconeogenesis from muscle protein associated with suppression of production of insulin by the pancreas in this group. The results indicated also that the effects of inorganic dietary cyanides on muscle development were different. Both forms of dietary cyanides, however, had no adverse effect on bone development
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Rindone, Joseph P., and Edward P. Sloane. "Cyanide Toxicity from Sodium Nitroprusside: Risks and Management." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 4 (April 1992): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809202600413.
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OBJECTIVE: To review the risks, manifestations, and treatment of cyanide toxicity from nitroprusside therapy. DATA SOURCES: All English case reports identified in Index Medicus (MEDLINE) of cyanide intoxication related to nitroprusside from 1970 to the present were reviewed. In addition, literature regarding the incidence, risks, and treatment of cyanide toxicity from nitroprusside is presented. CONCLUSIONS: Numerous cases of cyanide toxicity associated with nitroprusside have been reported. The overall incidence appears to be infrequent; however, certain patients may be at high risk. Risk factors may include hypoalbuminemia, cardiopulmonary bypass procedures, or the administration of moderate to high doses of nitroprusside. Treatment of cyanide toxicity requires the cessation of nitroprusside and, for severe toxicity, use of the cyanide antidote kit. Cyanide toxicity from nitroprusside may be prevented by concomitant administration of sodium thiosulfate infusions.
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Muderawan, I. Wayan, I. Wayan Karyasa, I. Nyoman Tika, and Gede Agus Beni Widana. "Chemistry and Biology of Cyanides: A Literature Review." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry and Environment 6, no. 2 (December 6, 2023): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/ijoce.v6i2.67030.
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The term cyanide is used to describe compounds that contain the cyano, -C≡N, group. The cyanides exist in nature as inorganic as well as organic compounds in the forms of gas or liquid such as HCN, CNCl and acetonitrile, or solids such as NaCN, KCN, and Ca(CN)2. Cyanide compounds are also found in addible plants as cyanogenic glycosides. Compounds that can release cyanide are known as cyanogenic compounds. HCN has a low boiling point (25.63 oC) and is as weakly acidic with a pKa 9.2. It partially ionizes in water to give the cyanide anion, -CN. Cyanide ion from salt reacts with acid to give HCN, but at high pH (8-10), it remains as cyanide ion even if the temperature of the water is 80.0-100.0 °C. Cyanide is one of the deadliest poisons, LC50 is 1.1 and 5.0 mg/kg for HCN and NaCN, which can cause death to those who come into contact within a few minutes or hours of exposure, depending on the level and route of exposure. It is a rapidly acting, potentially deadly chemical that interferes with the body’s ability to use oxygen. Due to its toxicity, cyanide has many roles in industry such as pesticides and medicines as nitrile-containing pharmaceuticals. Organic compounds that have a −C≡N functional group are called nitriles. Over 30 nitrile-containing pharmaceuticals are currently marketed for a diverse variety of medicinal indications with more than 20 additional nitrile-containing leads in clinical development. In addition, over 120 naturally occurring nitriles have been isolated from terrestrial and marine sources. In plants, cyanides are usually bound to sugar molecules in the form of cyanogenic glycosides. Hydrogen cyanide can be released from hydrolysis of cyanogenic glycosides which are commonly present in edible plants. Because it is a relatively common toxin in the environment, the body can detoxify a small amount of cyanide. The major route of metabolism for cyanides is detoxification in the liver by the mitochondrial enzyme rhodanese, which catalyzes the transfer of the sulfane sulfur of thiosulfate to the cyanide ion to form thiocyanate. Ingested cyanide may be countered by administering antidotes, such as natural vitamin B12 and sodium thiosulfate, that detoxify cyanide or bind to it.
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Lin, Hui Dan, and Geng Jun Gao. "Study on Transportation Safety Management of Sodium Cyanide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 482 (December 2013): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.482.403.
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As an important raw material of chemical industry, logistics and transportation quantity of sodium cyanide is sharply increased. However, the accidents of sodium cyanide ISO-tank transportation are frequently happened, which caused huge negative impacts on the society and the environment because of its high toxicity. In order to ensure smooth transportation of the hazardous chemicals, we must strive to control the dangerous sources of transportation to eliminate and reduce accidents for the safety and property of the people. On the basis of risk analysis of ISO-tank transport of sodium cyanide, this paper studies the reasons leading to accidents on the point of people, vehicles, ISO-tanks, roads and managements in detail. At last, it focuses on the countermeasures for safety management of sodium cyanide ISO-tank transport on the view of safety assessment in order to provide some guidance for the healthy and sustainable development of this industry. Key words: sodium cyanide;transportation; safety assessment
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Silva, Aparecida Leonir da, Daniel Teixeira Pinheiro, Eduardo Euclydes de Lima e. Borges, Laércio Junio da Silva, and Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias. "Effect of cyanide by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) application on germination, antioxidative system and lipid peroxidation of Senna macranthera seeds under saline stress." Journal of Seed Science 41, no. 1 (January 2019): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v41n1213725.
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Abstract: The effects of NO donors on germination under saline stress have been much investigated for many species, however, there are reports that the effect caused by donors are effects of cyanide present. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on germination, antioxidative system and lipid peroxidation of Senna macranthera seeds under saline stress. The osmotic potentials of -0.4 and -0.5 MPa of NaCl were used, as well as the concentration of 100 μM of sodium nitroprusside, inactive sodium nitroprusside. Germination rate, imbibition curves, antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, and protein content were evaluated. Similar effects were observed for sodium nitroprusside and inactive sodium nitroprusside, indicating that these effects were related to the release of the cyanide present in sodium nitroprusside. The sodium nitroprusside (SNP) improves the germination of Senna macranthera seeds under salt stress conditions, through release of cyanide. The cyanide favored germination, reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing the activity of the antioxidant enzymes.
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Lundquist, P., H. Rosling, and B. Sörbo. "Determination of cyanide in whole blood, erythrocytes, and plasma." Clinical Chemistry 31, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/31.4.591.
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Abstract We describe a method for determination of cyanide in whole blood, erythrocytes, and plasma after stabilization of cyanide by addition of silver ions. The cyanide is then transferred from the acidified sample, by aeration, into sodium hydroxide and quantified by the König reaction, with sodium hypochlorite as the chlorinating agent. A rapid loss of measurable cyanide found when cyanide was added to plasma in the absence of silver ions was attributed to a reaction with serum albumin. Cyanide added to whole blood was bound to a saturable component in erythrocytes, which we identified as methemoglobin.
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Afianisa, Salma, Endang Saepudin, Bambang Sunarko, and Nunik Sulistinah. "Biodegradation Potential of Cyanide and Nitrile using Bacteria of The Genus Rhodococcus." Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 9, no. 6 (July 3, 2024): 3765–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v9i6.16689.
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Cyanides and nitriles, characterized by their R-CN chains, are known for their toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity, posing significant threats to environmental and human health. This study aims to explore the biodegradation capabilities of Rhodococcus sp. in breaking down cyanide and nitrile bonds. Rhodococcus pyridinivorans strain I-benzo was isolated from tanning waste and cultured in mineral media with a 20 mM benzonitrile substrate. The activity of this strain was tested using substrates such as benzonitrile, acetonitrile, acrylonitrile, benzamide, acetamide, and acrylamide, revealing positive reactions of nitrile hydratase and amidase enzymes through the Nessler measurement method, which indicated the production of ammonia and carboxylic acids. Furthermore, the degradation tests showed that the Vmax values for the biodegradation of potassium cyanide and sodium cyanide were 0.56 ppm/minute and 0.21 ppm/minute, respectively. These findings highlight the potential application of Rhodococcus pyridinivorans strain I-benzo in mitigating the environmental impact of cyanide and nitrile pollutants through efficient biodegradation.
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Kim, Min, Seung-Cheol Jee, Soee Kim, Kyung-Hwa Hwang, and Jung-Suk Sung. "Identification and Characterization of mRNA Biomarkers for Sodium Cyanide Exposure." Toxics 9, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110288.
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Biomarkers in exposure assessment are defined as the quantifiable targets that indicate the exposure to hazardous chemicals and their resulting health effect. In this study, we aimed to identify, validate, and characterize the mRNA biomarker that can detect the exposure of sodium cyanide. To identify reliable biomarkers for sodium cyanide exposure, critical criteria were defined for candidate selection: (1) the expression level of mRNA significantly changes in response to sodium thiocyanate treatment in transcriptomics results (fold change > 2.0 or <0.50, adjusted p-value < 0.05); and (2) the mRNA level is significantly modulated by sodium cyanide exposure in both normal human lung cells and rat lung tissue. We identified the following mRNA biomarker candidates: ADCY5, ANGPTL4, CCNG2, CD9, COL1A2, DACT3, GGCX, GRB14, H1F0, HSPA1A, MAF, MAT2A, PPP1R10, and PPP4C. The expression levels of these candidates were commonly downregulated by sodium cyanide exposure both in vitro and in vivo. We functionally characterized the biomarkers and established the impact of sodium cyanide on transcriptomic profiles using in silico approaches. Our results suggest that the biomarkers may contribute to the regulation and degradation of the extracellular matrix, leading to a negative effect on surrounding lung cells.
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Yanbo, Chen, Qin Guanglin, Li Guangsheng, Zhu Xingfu, Yu Congquan, Lu Zhongbo, Ji Qiang, et al. "Experimental study on thiosulfate leaching of gold from a high copper gold concentrate." E3S Web of Conferences 271 (2021): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127104001.
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The conventional cyanide leaching process is used to extract gold from a high copper gold concentrate. Because the copper associated minerals consume sodium cyanide in large quantities, the cost of the reagents is high and the economic benefit is not ideal. At the same time, a large number of cyanide tail slag are produced, which brings a series of environmental problems. In order to solve the environmental problems caused by excessive sodium cyanide consumption and cyanogen slag, the feasibility of leaching gold by thiosulfate in copper ammonia system was studied. The gold leaching rate of thiosulfate was increased to more than 90% by using the direct thiosulfate leaching process and pretreatment thiosulfate leaching process, which was close to the gold leaching index of sodium cyanide at the production site.
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Da Cruz, Abby, María Daza, Sandra Zavala, Steve Camargo, and Nadia Balbin. "Detoxification of effluents with cyanide. Application on a cyanide gossan mineral." E3S Web of Conferences 433 (2023): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343301005.
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The process of cyanidation is employed to extract the gold and silver components from minerals. As a result of this procedure, the production of effluents and solid waste occurs, wherein the presence of free cyanide is observed as the most hazardous form. The application of degrading processes can facilitate the transformation of cyanides in solution into forms that are less hazardous. The aim of this study is to investigate the degradation of cyanide effluents using either sodium hypochlorite or ozone. The primary purpose is to identify the optimal conditions for the degradation of total cyanide while ensuring the absence of any other pollutants. The cyanidation process will be implemented under optimal conditions for the purpose of recovering gold and silver from Gossan ore. The gossan ore sourced from Rio Tinto in Huelva, Spain, finds application in the detoxification of cyanide effluents. Characterization techniques are employed to identify the predominant elements present in the ore, namely iron (25.0%) and silicon (21.2%). The process of cyanide breakdown with ozone treatment yields carbonates, which are significantly more ecologically sustainable in comparison to cyanates formed by hypochlorite. Nevertheless, the utilization of ozone in mining is limited due to some disadvantages, namely its exorbitant cost and excessive consumption.
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Moffett, Brady Scott, and Jack F. Price. "Evaluation of Sodium Nitroprusside Toxicity in Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Patients." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 42, no. 11 (October 28, 2008): 1600–1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1l192.
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Background: Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is often used in postoperative pediatric cardiac surgical patients. Cyanide toxicity may occur with the use of SNP. There is a paucity of literature describing dosing parameters or physical signs and symptoms of toxicity with SNP. Objective: To determine the incidence of cyanide toxicity in postoperative pediatric cardiac surgical patients treated with SNP and identify dosing parameters and physical signs and symptoms that may predict elevated cyanide concentrations. Methods: Medical records of patients who received SNP in the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit from January 2002 through December 2002 were identified and evaluated for cyanide and thiocyanate levels, dosing, and signs and symptoms of toxicity. Patients were included if they had received SNP after cardiac surgery, were 18 years of age or less, and had at least one cyanide or thiocyanate level determined while receiving therapy. Patients were excluded if they had received sodium thiosulfate. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine significant differences in mean dose, duration of infusion, renal function, serum lactate, and acid-base status between groups with elevated or nonelevated levels. Logistic regression and receiver operator curve were used to determine variables associated with elevated levels. Relationships between signs and symptoms of toxicity and elevated levels were evaluated with Fisher's exact test. Results: Cyanide concentrations were in the toxic range in 7 of 63 (11%) patients. Patients with elevated concentrations had significantly higher mean dose, cumulative dose, and acid-base excess values. Elevated cyanide levels were independently predicted by mean dose, cumulative dose, and acid-base excess values, and a dose of 1.8 μg/kg/min predicted an elevated cyanide concentration with 89% sensitivity and 88% specificity. Adverse events were not reliable predictors of elevated cyanide levels. Conclusions: Mean dose of SNP is the best predictor of elevated cyanide levels. Adverse events commonly associated with cyanide toxicity may not be reliable indicators of elevated cyanide concentrations.
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Bhattacharya, R., K. Jeevaratnam, S. K. Raza, and S. Das Gupta. "Protection against Cyanide Poisoning by the Co-administration of Sodium Nitrite and Hydroxylamine in Rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology 12, no. 1 (January 1993): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719301200107.
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1 The protectiveness of combined treatment with sodium nitrite (SN) and hydroxylamine (HA) in cyanide intoxication was investigated in male rats. 2 Pretreatment with equimolar dose of SN or HA produced a significant protection against cyanide poisoning as shown by the protection index (LD50 of cyanide in protected rats/LD50 of cyanide in saline-treated rats). 3 The co-administration of SN and HA as a split dose produced an optimal and sustained methaemoglobinaemia. 4 Pretreatment with combined SN and HA administration at different time intervals offered sustained protection against cyanide and resultant cytochrome oxidase inhibition. 5 Adjunction of sodium thiosulphate (STS) in the SN + HA regimen further augmented the protection against cyanide poisoning. 6 The results suggest that pretreatment with SN + HA co-administration could significantly reduce the toxic manifestation of cyanide.
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Zhao, J. S., and J. H. Dai. "Kinetics and Mechanism of Platinum Pressure-Cyanide Dissolution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.424.
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A research study has been undertaken to develop the fundamentals of a method for the direct dissolution of metal platinum. At room temperature and pressures, the reaction between sodium cyanide and platinum group metals (PGMs) does not occur because of poor kinetics. However, at elevated temperatures, PGMs can be dissolved by sodium cyanide like the reaction of gold. In this work, the dissolution of Platinum was measured in pressure clear cyanide solution. The data at different cyanide concentrations, temperature and oxygen pressure are obtained. With increasing cyanide concentration and oxygen pressure, the dissolution first increased to a maximum value and then decreased. With increasing temperature the dissolution is increased.
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Zhao, Ji Shou, Li Yan, Kun Huang, and Jing Chen. "Pressure-Cyanide Dissolution of Palladium by Rotating Disk Method." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 1744–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.1744.
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At room temperature and pressures, the reaction between sodium cyanide and platinum group metals (PGMs) does not occur because of poor kinetics. However, at elevated temperatures between 100°C and 180°C, PGMs can be dissolved by sodium cyanide like the reaction of gold. In this work, the dissolution of Palladium was measured in pressure clear cyanide solution using a Palladium rotating disk. The data at different rotation speed, different cyanide concentrations, different temperature and different oxygen pressure are obtained. With increasing cyanide concentration and oxygen pressuer, the dissolution first increased to a maximum value and then decreased. With increasing temperature the dissolution is increased.The dissolution was found to have a relation of the cyanide and oxygen level. The dissolution were independent of rotation speed for oxygen-saturated solutions and cyanide concentrations above 5 mol.m-3 and were well below chemical reaction-limited for cyanide and oxygen.
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Yan, Li, and Ji Shou Zhao. "Study Pressure-Cyanide Dissolution Different of Metal Palladium and Platinum Powder." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 2514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.2514.
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s: A research study has been undertaken to develop the fundamentals of a method for the direct dissolution of platinum group metals (PGMs). At room temperature and pressures, the reaction between sodium cyanide and platinum group metals (PGMs) does not occur because of poor kinetics. However, at elevated temperatures between 120-180 °C, PGMs can be leached by sodium cyanide like the reaction of gold. In this work, the dissolution of Palladium and Platinum powder were measured in pressure clear cyanide solution. The cyanide leaching reaction mechanism is also discussed.The data at different cyanide concentrations, different temperature and different oxygen pressure are obtained. The dissolution rate off metal Palladium and Platinum powder were found to be a function of the cyanide and oxygen level.
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Bothof, Guido, Koen P. van Rhee, Erik Koomen, and Esther S. Veldhoen. "Change in National Dosing Advice of Nitroprusside After Potentially Fatal Cyanide Intoxication." SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine 2, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00261-9.
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Abstract The aim of this brief communication is to provide a short overview of cyanide intoxication following infusion of sodium nitroprusside (SNP). SNP is a fast-acting antihypertensive drug frequently used in of hypertensive emergencies. Although SNP is widely known as a safe to use drug, it can cause a potentially lethal cyanide intoxication. The difficulty to diagnose cyanide intoxication and pharmacological principles will be discussed. Hereby, we like to regain attention for this severe complication. As a result of our experience, the Dutch national paediatric drug formulary has been updated with additional warnings and recommendations. Cyanide intoxication due to sodium nitroprusside is a severe and difficult to recognize complication with potentially lethal outcome. Clinicians prescribing sodium nitroprusside should always be aware of its toxic effects.
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Zhao, Ji Shou, X. M. Zhang, and J. H. Dai. "Study on Dissolution Different of Metal Palladium Powder and Place." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 1283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.1283.
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The chemistry of the dissolution of Palladium in pressure-cyanide has not received considerable attention. At room temperature and pressures, the reaction between sodium cyanide and Palladium does not occur because of poor kinetics. However, at elevated temperatures between 100-160 °C, Palladium can be leached by sodium cyanide like the reaction of gold. A research study has been undertaken to develop the fundamentals of a method for the direct dissolution of Palladium In this work, the dissolution of Palladium powder and place were measured in pressure clear cyanide solution. The cyanide leaching reaction mechanism is also discussed. The data of Palladium powder and place at different cyanide concentrations, different temperature and different oxygen pressure are obtained. The dissolution rate of metal Palladium powder and place were found to be relate to the cyanide and oxygen level.
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Rockwood, Gary A., David E. Thompson, and Ilona Petrikovics. "Dimethyl trisulfide." Toxicology and Industrial Health 32, no. 12 (July 9, 2016): 2009–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233715622713.
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In the present studies, the in vitro and in vivo efficacies of a novel cyanide countermeasure, dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), were evaluated. DMTS is a sulfur-based molecule found in garlic, onion, broccoli, and similar plants. DMTS was studied for effectiveness as a sulfur donor-type cyanide countermeasure. The sulfur donor reactivity of DMTS was determined by measuring the rate of the formation of the cyanide metabolite thiocyanate. In experiments carried out in vitro in the presence of the sulfurtransferase rhodanese (Rh) and at the experimental pH of 7.4, DMTS was observed to convert cyanide to thiocyanate with greater than 40 times higher efficacy than does thiosulfate, the sulfur donor component of the US Food and Drug Administration-approved cyanide countermeasure Nithiodote®. In the absence of Rh, DMTS was observed to be almost 80 times more efficient than sodium thiosulfate in vitro. The fact that DMTS converts cyanide to thiocyanate more efficiently than does thiosulfate both with and without Rh makes it a promising sulfur donor-type cyanide antidote (scavenger) with reduced enzyme dependence in vitro. The therapeutic cyanide antidotal efficacies for DMTS versus sodium thiosulfate were measured following intramuscular administration in a mouse model and expressed as antidotal potency ratios (APR = LD50 of cyanide with antidote/LD50 of cyanide without antidote). A dose of 100 mg/kg sodium thiosulfate given intramuscularly showed only slight therapeutic protection (APR = 1.1), whereas the antidotal protection from DMTS given intramuscularly at the same dose was substantial (APR = 3.3). Based on these data, DMTS will be studied further as a promising next-generation countermeasure for cyanide intoxication.
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Yan, L., and J. S. Zhao. "Study on Pressure-Cyanide Dissolution of Metal Platinum Powder." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.541.
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A research study has been undertaken to develop the fundamentals of a method for the direct dissolution of Metal Platinum. At room temperature and pressures, the reaction between sodium cyanide and platinum group metals (PGMs) does not occur because of poor kinetics. However, at elevated temperatures between 20°C and 180°C, PGMs can be dissolved by sodium cyanide like the reaction of gold. In this work, the dissolution of Platinum was measured in pressure clear cyanide solution. The data at different cyanide concentrations, different temperature and different oxygen pressure are obtained. With increasing cyanide concentration and oxygen pressure, the dissolution first increased to a maximum value and then decreased. With increasing temperature the dissolution is increased. The dissolution was found to have a relation of the cyanide and oxygen level. The dissolution was independent of rotation speed for oxygen-saturated solutions and cyanide concentrations above 5 mol.m-3 and was well below chemical reaction-limited for cyanide and oxygen.
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Yan, L., and J. S. Zhao. "Study on Pressure-Cyanide Dissolution of Metal Palladium Powder." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.695.
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A research study has been undertaken to develop the fundamentals of a method for the direct dissolution of Metal Palladium. At room temperature and pressures, the reaction between sodium cyanide and platinum group metals (PGMs) does not occur because of poor kinetics. However, at elevated temperatures between 100°C and 180°C, PGMs can be dissolved by sodium cyanide like the reaction of gold. In this work, the dissolution of Palladium was measured in pressure clear cyanide solution. The data at different cyanide concentrations, different temperature and different oxygen pressure are obtained. With increasing cyanide concentration and oxygen pressure, the dissolution first increased to a maximum value and then decreased. With increasing temperature the dissolution is increased. The dissolution was found to have a relation of the cyanide and oxygen level. The dissolution were independent of rotation speed for oxygen-saturated solutions and cyanide concentrations above 5 mol.m-3 and were well below chemical reaction-limited for cyanide and oxygen.
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Zhao, J. S., and L. Yan. "Kinetics and Mechanism of Palladium Pressure-Cyanide Dissolution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.164.
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At room temperature and pressures, the reaction between sodium cyanide and platinum group metals (PGMs) does not occur because of poor kinetics. However, at elevated temperatures, PGMs can be leached by sodium cyanide like the reaction of gold. However, few rate expression which describe the leaching of Palladium in cyanide solution has been developed. In this paper, the rate of Palladium dissolution was measured in pressure clear cyanide solution using a Palladium rotating disk. The data at different rotation speed, cyanide concentrations, temperature and oxygen pressure are obtained. The dissolution rates were independent of rotation speed for oxygen-saturated solutions between 100-400rpm. With increasing temperature the dissolution rate is increased. With increasing cyanide concentration and oxygen pressure, the dissolution rate first increased to a maximum value and then decreased.
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Sipe, Eilynn K., Tamara L. Trienski, and John M. Porter. "Cyanide Toxicity in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit: A Case Report." American Surgeon 67, no. 7 (July 2001): 684–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480106700720.
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Hypertension is a widespread entity in the surgical intensive care unit. Not only is the clinical spectrum varied, but the armamentarium available to the clinician is also wide-ranging. Sodium nitroprusside, a potent vasodilator with a short half-life, is often used for hypertensive crisis and to deliberately maintain a low blood in certain clinical conditions. Cyanide toxicity is a known complication of sodium nitroprusside use. Herein is reported a case of probable cyanide toxicity in an elderly trauma patient. The pharmacology of sodium nitroprusside and the pitfalls of making the diagnosis of cyanide toxicity are discussed.
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Kartheek, M. "Histopathological alterations in spleen of freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to sublethal concentration of sodium cyanide." Open Veterinary Journal 5, no. 2 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2015.v5.i1.p1.
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Aquatic ecosystems in areas with intense mining activity are often subject to cyanide contamination; the present study was aimed to evaluate the harmful effects of sodium cyanide on histoarchitechtural aspect of spleen of freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio using an in vivo approach. The fishes were exposed to a sublethal concentration of 0.2 mg/L of sodium cyanide for duration of 10 and 20 days and were further allowed to undergo recovery for 14 days in a toxicant free medium. From the present investigation findings like occurrence of haemosiderin pigment, melanomacrophage centers, vacuolation and necrotic eosinophils were evident in all the fishes exposed to sodium cyanide. However, changes were more pronounced in fish subjected to 10 days of exposure, which was followed by 20 days of exposure and 14 days of recovery. The study revealed that there seemed to be the presence of homeostatic mechanism in fish that allows them to stabilize and overcome stress, which in present case is caused by sublethal concentration of sodium cyanide. Since the recovery phenomenon may be adaptive and even strategic, the present investigation also throws a light on adaptive behaviour of fish under stressful environments.
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Hooke, Amber L., Lee Allen, and Luke K. P. Leung. "Clinical signs and duration of cyanide toxicosis delivered by the M-44 ejector in wild dogs." Wildlife Research 33, no. 3 (2006): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05020.
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Sodium cyanide poison is potentially a more humane method to control wild dogs than sodium fluoroacetate (1080) poison. This study quantified the clinical signs and duration of cyanide toxicosis delivered by the M-44 ejector. The device delivered a nominal 0.88 g of sodium cyanide, which caused the animal to loose the menace reflex in a mean of 43 s, and the animal was assumed to have undergone cerebral hypoxia after the last visible breath. The mean time to cerebral hypoxia was 156 s for a vertical pull and 434 s for a side pull. The difference was possibly because some cyanide may be lost in a side pull. There were three distinct phases of cyanide toxicosis: the initial phase was characterised by head shaking, panting and salivation; the immobilisation phase by incontinence, ataxia and loss of the righting reflex; and the cerebral hypoxia phase by a tetanic seizure. Clinical signs that were exhibited in more than one phase of cyanide toxicosis included retching, agonal breathing, vocalisation, vomiting, altered levels of ocular reflex, leg paddling, tonic muscular spasms, respiratory distress and muscle fasciculations of the muzzle.
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Faiberg, Anna A., Aleksandra N. Mikhailova, Vladimir E. Dementiev, and Sergey S. Gudkov. "Biogenic Hydrogen Sulfide for Cyanide Regeneration in Solutions during Cupriferous Gold Ores Processing." Solid State Phenomena 262 (August 2017): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.131.
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An optimal approach to the problem of cupriferous gold ores hydrometallurgical processing is the recycling of process solutions after copper recovery and regeneration of cyanide bound in complexes. The study focuses on the copper-cyanide solutions processing technology using biogenic hydrogen sulfide for copper recovery in the form of сhalcocite, and cyanide regeneration. The strains of anaerobic sulfidogenic thermophilic microorganisms Desulfurella acetivorans and Desulfurella Kamchatkensis were used for producing hydrogen sulfide. The studies on copper precipitation and cyanide regeneration were conducted on copper-cyanide process solutions which were obtained during cyanidation of refractory cupriferous gold-bearing flotation concentrates from one of the deposits in the South Ural (Russia). Ten cycles of "Cyanidation-Regeneration" were carried out in total. The copper recovery was 86–96 %; the cyanide regeneration obtained 96 %. On an average 8.9 kg of sodium cyanide and 4.6 kg of copper sulfide were recovered from 1 m3 of solution. The sodium cyanide consumption decreased from 25.0 kg/t to 6.0 kg/t without reducing gold recovery during the CIL (carbon-in-leach) recycling process. The gold recovery was the same 63–68 %.
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Sekisov, A. G., T. G. Konareva, A. Yu Lavrov, V. Yu Burov, and E. S. Emirziadi. "Efficiency of using peroxide-carbonate compounds in reagent complexes for leaching gold hard to recover from placer." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 962, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/962/1/012058.
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Abstract The article deals with the data of theoretical and experimental studies of the processes of activation gold leaching using reactive peroxide carbonate compounds, obtained by electrophotochemical treatment of solutions of initial reagents of the corresponding composition, in the composition of reagent complexes. The obtained results of the experiments on the interaction of various carbonate and peroxide-carbonate compounds with sodium cyanide in the process of mixing activated and non-activated solutions with aqueous cyanide solutions in different order definitely prove that supramolecular percarbonate-cyanide compounds are being formed in them. It has been established that these activated solutions, prepared on the basis of the initial hydrocarbonate ones, contain metastable compounds that provide a higher rate of gold extraction from crude minerals than standard aqueous cyanic solutions of the same initial concentration.
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Hy, Le Ho Khanh, Pham Xuan Ky, Dao Viet Ha, Nguyen Phuong Anh, Phan Bao Vy, Doan Thi Thuyet, and Dang Tran Tu Tram. "Cyanide detoxification efficiency of injection and soak of hydroxocobalamin, sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate for sea water ornamental fish." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 19, no. 4A (November 8, 2019): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/19/4a/14588.
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The Oceanographic Museum offers interesting exhibits of several marine lives for tourist sightseeing and entertainment. These sea water ornamental fish are all caught in the wild. However, its health can be affected by cyanide poisoning during human fishing. Depending on the level of cyanide poisoning, fish can die after one and two weeks that caused economic damages for the museum. The present study is concerned with results of cyanide detoxification by using direct injection into cinnamon clownfish or soak of hydroxocobalamin, sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate with the aim of improving the health, survival and life time for fish, contributing to increasing economic efficiency for the Oceanographic Museum.
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Howlin, K. J., R. J. Alpern, C. A. Berry, and F. C. Rector. "Evidence for electroneutral sodium chloride transport in rat proximal convoluted tubule." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 250, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): F644—F648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1986.250.4.f644.
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One- to two-thirds of NaCl absorption in the late proximal convoluted tubule (no luminal organic solutes present) is inhibited by cyanide and thus is dependent on active transport. To examine whether this active transport-dependent NaCl transport is electrogenic or electroneutral, the effect of cyanide on transepithelial potential difference (PD) was measured in the rat proximal convoluted tubule microperfused in vivo. In the presence of an ultrafiltrate-like luminal perfusate containing glucose and alanine, cyanide addition caused the transepithelial PD to change from -0.44 +/- 0.04 to -0.05 +/- 0.03 mV (P less than 0.001). In the presence of a late proximal tubular fluid (high chloride, low bicarbonate, no organics), the transepithelial PD was 1.23 +/- 0.06 mV and was unchanged at 1.19 +/- 0.05 mV after cyanide addition (NS). To eliminate the possibility that an effect of cyanide on a putative acidification-dependent lumen-positive PD was concealing an effect on an electrogenic sodium transport-dependent lumen-negative PD, the above studies were repeated in the presence of acetazolamide. Cyanide did not affect the transepithelial PD (1.17 +/- 0.05 vs. 1.07 +/- 0.06 mV, NS). We conclude that, although cyanide-inhibitable NaCl transport is electrogenic in the presence of luminal organic solutes, it does not generate a transepithelial PD in their absence and therefore is electroneutral.
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IVANKOVICH, A. D., B. BRAVERMAN, P. V. COLE, and C. J. VESEY. "SODIUM THIOSULPHATE DECREASES BLOOD CYANIDE CONCENTRATION FOLLOWING SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE." British Journal of Anaesthesia 60, no. 6 (May 1988): 744–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/60.6.744.
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Chen, Yanbo, and Junjie Wang. "Experimental Study on the Dressing and Smelting of a Pyrrhotite-bearing Primary Gold Ore." E3S Web of Conferences 385 (2023): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338503005.
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The content of pyrrhotite in a primary gold mine containing pyrrhotite is 0.68%. In the process of alkaline leaching pretreatment, there are problems such as large ore quantity and high alkali consumption. In the process of cyanide leaching, there are problems such as high cyanide consumption and slow gold leaching rate. In order to solve these problems, combined with production practice, experimental studies on magnetic separation, magnetic separation tailings leaching, magnetic separation concentrate alkali leaching pretreatment - leaching, magnetic separation concentrate flotation - cyanide leaching, etc. were carried out. A new process of "magnetic separation-magnetic flotation flotation flotation flotation flotation alkali leaching pretreatment mixed cyanide leaching" has been developed to reduce the pretreated minerals to less than 2% of the original ore, which is higher than the gold leaching rate of the conventional "alkali leaching pretreatment cyanide leaching" process, and the alkali (sodium hydroxide) consumption and cyanide (sodium cyanide) consumption are reduced by 80.83% and 32% respectively, and the annual reagent cost is saved by more than 600000 yuan.
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Kadiri, Helen Ejiro, and Leleji Irene. "Ficus Capensis Modulates Oxidative Stress Parameters in Cyanide Induced Rats." Sokoto Journal of Medical Laboratory Science 7, no. 1 (June 10, 2022): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjmls.v7i1.16.
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The sub-acute effect of F. capensis was assessed on the oxidative stress markers in the kidney of rats following exposure to cyanide. These effects were compared to those of sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3), a classical antidote of cyanide toxicity. The rats were divided into 9 groups of 5 animals each. Group 1: rats (normal control); Group 2: rats were exposed to 3mg/kg of cyanide; group 3: cyanide induced rats that received 660mg/kg sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate and 6.6 mg/kg sodium nitrite; group 4 and 5: rats exposed to cyanide, pre-treated with 200 and 400mg/kg extract respectively; group 6 and 7: rats were exposed to cyanide, post-treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg extract respectively; group 8 and 9: rats exposed to cyanide, co-treated with 200 and 400mg/kg extract respectively. The study lasted for 28 days after which the rats were sacrificed and kidney homogenates were collected for biochemical assays. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in Groups 2 rats (367.99±17.73Units/g tissue) was significantly increased in the kidney relative to the control (148.92±4.50 Units/g tissue). This was accompanied with a decrease in antioxidant enzymes Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) (7.81±2.45 Units/g of tissue), Catalase (CAT) (34.33±1.73 Units/g of tissue), compared with the control (16.18±0.42 units/g of tissue) and 64.82±8.91 units/g tissue respectively. Pre-administration of F. capensis extract significantly increased these antioxidant extract reduced lipid peroxidation in the kidney and increased antioxidant status of animals exposed to cyanide and was more effective at 400 mg/kg dose.
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Halberstadt, Dan J., and Michael L. Piccolo. "Correction: Cyanide Toxicity from Sodium Nitroprusside." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 9 (September 1992): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809202600929.
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Haxhiu, M. A., B. Erokwu, E. van Lunteren, N. S. Cherniack, and K. P. Strohl. "Central and spinal effects of sodium cyanide on respiratory activity." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.574.
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The pharmacological actions of cyanide on respiratory activity have been known for some time and are attributed mainly to effects on peripheral chemoreceptors. In the studies reported here, we have examined the acute central effects of cyanide when applied topically to the ventral surface of the medulla (VMS) and when administered into the spinal intrathecal space at the C5-T3 level on activities of the phrenic nerve, diaphragm, parasternal intercostal, triangularis sterni, and transversus abdominis muscles. Topical application of 10–100 micrograms (10 microliters of 1–10 mg/ml) cyanide to the intermediate area of the VMS decreased respiratory activity by > 50%, and expiratory muscles were more sensitive to inhibition than inspiratory muscles. The onset of depression of phrenic nerve or respiratory muscle activity occurred within 20 s of administration, and the effects reversed after washout. In contrast, intrathecal administration of cyanide in doses of 10–100 micrograms (100 microliters of 0.1–1 mg/ml) increased electrical activity of the respiratory muscles. Diaphragm activity changed from 17 +/- 2 to 42 +/- 8 (SE) units (P < 0.01), parasternal intercostal activity increased from 18 +/- 3 to 46 +/- 9 units (P < 0.01), and expiratory activity of the chest wall and abdominal muscles increased from 9 +/- 2 to 39 +/- 10 units (P < 0.05). Both topical application on the VMS and intrathecal administration of cyanide caused an increase in arterial blood pressure and a slight insignificant acceleration of heart rate. These data suggest that cyanide acting on the VMS causes respiratory depression and enhancement of sympathetic outflow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Ram, Zvi, Roberto Spiegelman, Gideon Findler, and Moshe Hadani. "Delayed postoperative neurological deterioration from prolonged sodium nitroprusside administration." Journal of Neurosurgery 71, no. 4 (October 1989): 605–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1989.71.4.0605.
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✓ Sodium nitroprusside is commonly used for the induction of hypotension during neurosurgical procedures. Its toxicity stems from hemodynamic compromise as well as from its metabolites, especially the formation of cyanide. A patient is described who underwent craniotomy for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. He gradually recovered following the operation, but needed continued administration of sodium nitroprusside for control of hypertension. On the 7th postoperative day, he deteriorated into coma with evidence of severe edema and herniation on the computerized tomography scan. Cessation of sodium nitroprusside and treatment for cyanide poisoning resulted in resolution of his symptoms within hours. The potential toxicity of sodium nitroprusside, measures to prevent toxicity, and therapeutic steps are discussed.
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Yanuartono, Yanuartono, Soedarmanto Indarjulianto, Alfarisa Nururrozi, and Hary Purnamaningsih. "Review: Hidrogen Sianida dan Implikasinya pada Ternak." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Tropis 6, no. 2 (May 20, 2019): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/jitro.v6i2.5638.
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ABSTRAK Sejumlah besar tanaman hijauan banyak mengandung glikosida sianogenik dandapat dirombak menjadi hidrogen sianida (HCN) yang bersifat toksik. Hidrogen sianida dapat menyebabkan keracunan pada manusia dan hewan.Konsentrasi HCN dalam hijauan dapat diturunkan melalui beberapa metode pengolahan seperti pengupasan, pengeringan, fermentasi, pemotongan dan penyimpanan.Gejala klinis keracunan HCN pada ruminansia dapat berupa peningkatan pulsus, sesak nafas, lemas, tremor, dilatasi pupil, kembung dan dapat menyebabkan kematian. Pengobatan dapat dilakukan dengan pemberian sodium nitrit dan sodium tiosulfat melalui injeksi intravena.Kata Kunci : glikosida sianogenik, keracunan klinis, intravenaABSTRACTA large number of forage contains cyanogenic glycosides which will be degraded into hydrogen cyanide (HCN) which are toxic. Hydrogen cyanide can cause poisoning in both animals and humans. Hydrogen cyanide concentration in the forage can be reduced through several methods of feed processing. The processing includes stripping, drying, fermentation, soaking, chopping, and storing. Clinical symptoms of HCN poisoning in ruminants are increased pulse, difficulty of breathing, weakness, tremors, pupil dilatation, bloating, and can lead to death. Treatments can be performed by administering sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate by intravenous injection.Keywords: cyanogenic glycosides, clinical poisoning, intravenous
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Butler, A. R., C. Glidewell, J. McGinnis, and W. I. Bisset. "Further investigations regarding the toxicity of sodium nitroprusside." Clinical Chemistry 33, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 490–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/33.4.490.
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Abstract Sodium nitroprusside is a valuable vasodilator, but its use has been curtailed because of numerous reports that, in the presence of blood, nitroprusside decomposes with release of toxic cyanide. We have examined the release of cyanide in terms of the known chemistry of nitroprusside and suggest that photochemical decomposition of nitroprusside and (or) its metabolism in vivo invalidates the analytical procedure used by previous workers. We also present evidence for the stability of nitroprusside in blood, based on 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies.
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Ehigie, Adeola Folashade, Gbadebo Emmanuel Adeleke, Fiyinfoluwa D. Ojeniyi, and Leonard Ona Ehigie. "Bioefficiency of Chromolaena odorata (Linn.) on hematological and lipid profiles in sublethal cyanide poisoning in male wistar rats." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i1.2215.
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Chromolaena odorata is an invasive plant which is acclaimed to have cyanide remediation potential from contaminated sites. This examination means to decide the impact of ethanol concentrates of C. odorata (ECO), sodium thiosulphate and a mix of both on hematological parameters and blood lipid profile of rodents presented to potassium cyanide. (KCN). A sum of thirty five male Wistar rats partitioned into seven groups of five units were used. KCN Group rats were administered with KCN alone. Rats in 100ECO, 150ECO, 200ECO groups were administered with 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg body weight of ECO respectively. Rats under Na2sS2O3 and Na2S2O3+ECO groups were administered 200 mg/kg sodium thiosulphate and sodium thiosulphate with ECO at 200 mg/kg respectively. The trial was done in about a month. Toward the finish of the investigation, the packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin level (Hb), Red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) were resolved utilizing known biochemical methodology. The outcomes demonstrated a noteworthy increment (p ? 0.05) in PCV, Hb, RBC and WBC level of remedial groups when contrasted with the cyanide group. Total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) were altogether lower while HDL-cholesterol was fundamentally expanded in all the treated groups when contrasted and the untreated group given cyanide alone. However, no significant difference in LDL-cholesterol was indicated in all therapeutic groups compared with the cyanide group. The study revealed that C. odorata at the tested doses was able to improve the hematological parameters and lipid profile in cyanide exposed rats.
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Hou, Dongzhuang, Lang Liu, Qixing Yang, Bo Zhang, Huafu Qiu, Shisan Ruan, Yue Chen, and Hefu Li. "Decomposition of Cyanide from Gold Leaching Tailingsby Using Sodium Metabisulphite and Hydrogen Peroxide." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (October 7, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5640963.
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Cyanidation is widely used by most gold mine worldwide and will remain prevail in years (or decades) to come, while cyanide is hazardous, toxic pollutants whose presence in wastewater and tailings can seriously affect human and its environment; hence, it is necessary to control these contaminants. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects through the investigation of changes in pH, concentration, and contact time, and the optimal conditions were obtained. It has been proven that the decomposition of cyanide in solution and tailings increased as the alkalinity in the presence of 0.5 g/L Na2S2O5. An increase in H2O2 (30%) concentration (from 1 to 4 mL/L) increased the decomposition in solution, while the effect on removing cyanide was better when pH was 9 than 8 and 10 in tailings. The cyanide in tailings decreased in the first 4 h and increased after 4 h. The effective and economic conditions for maximum decomposition of cyanide from leach tailings are first treated in 0.5 g/L Na2S2O5 at pH 10 for 3 hours and then 2 mL/L H2O2 (30%) is added to the tailings at pH 9 for 4 hours through comparative study. The findings provide the basis to optimize the decomposition of cyanide from gold leaching tailings in mining or backfilling by using the synergetic effect of Na2S2O5 and H2O2.
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Corfield, Peter W. R., and Joseph R. Dayrit. "Poly[1,3-Dimethyltetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-iminium [tri-µ2-cyanido-κ6C:N-dicuprate(I)]]." Molbank 2020, no. 4 (November 24, 2020): M1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/m1170.
Full textAbstract:
The title compound contains a guanidinium cation that was unexpectedly found during X-ray single crystal analysis of a copper(I) cyanide network expected to contain protonated N,N’-dimethyl-1,3-diaminopropane. The cation was presumably formed by reaction of the amine with cyanide ions in the aqueous sodium cyanide/copper cyanide mixtures used in the synthesis. The structure of the network solid features the guanidinium cation as a guest in an anionic two-dimensional polymeric framework with stoichiometry Cu2(CN)3−. Confirmation of the structure was provided by analytical, thermal gravimetric and infrared data.
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Ikeda, Shigernasa, John F. Schweiss, Patricia A. Frank, Sharon M. Homan, and Ronald D. Miller. "In Vitro Cyanide Release from Sodium Nitroprusside." Anesthesiology 66, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198703000-00019.
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Hall, Alan H., and Barry H. Rumack. "Hydroxycobalamin/sodium thiosulfate as a cyanide antidote." Journal of Emergency Medicine 5, no. 2 (January 1987): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0736-4679(87)90074-6.
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