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Journal articles on the topic 'Sodium ethoxide'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Brorson, Sverre-Henning. "How to Examine the Antigen-damaging Effect of Sodium Ethoxide on Deplasticized Epoxy Sections." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 45, no. 1 (1997): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549704500117.

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The purpose of this investigation was to develop a method that could be used to estimate how damaging sodium ethoxide is to different antigens with respect to immunolabeling when epoxy sections are deplasticized. If we obtain weak labeling for an antigen on deplasticized epoxy sections, this might be caused by the damaging effect of the ethoxide solution. It is therefore interesting to develop a method to check if this really is the reason. Fibrin clots and tissues of human kidney and thyroid were embedded in LR White resin. Some thin sections from these specimen blocks were exposed to sodium

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2

Stirling, J. W., and P. S. Graff. "Antigen unmasking for immunoelectron microscopy: labeling is improved by treating with sodium ethoxide or sodium metaperiodate, then heating on retrieval medium." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 43, no. 2 (1995): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/43.2.7529784.

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To optimize the ultrastructural localization of immunoglobulin G in corneal crystalloid deposits, we compared a range of antigen unmasking techniques. A human corneal biopsy specimen was fixed in formalin, post-osmicated, and embedded in epoxy resin for electron microscopy. Thin sections were immunogold-labeled for IgG after treatment with sodium ethoxide or sodium metaperiodate. Sections were also treated by heating them at 95 degrees C while they floated on water, 0.01 M citrate buffer (pH 6.0), or sodium metaperiodate. The treatments were applied separately and combined. After labeling, cry

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3

Kozon, Klaudia, Jakub Nawała, Paweł Sura, and Stanisław Popiel. "Study on the Reaction Kinetics of Sulfur Mustard, Nitrogen Mustard and Their Chosen Analogues with Sodium Ethoxide." Molecules 30, no. 4 (2025): 780. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30040780.

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The course and kinetics of the reactions of sulfur mustard, nitrogen mustard and their selected analogues with sodium ethoxide were studied using a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer. 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), a monofunctional analogue of sulfur mustard (HD), bis(2-chloroethyl) ether (BCEE), an oxygen analogue of sulfur mustard, and bis(2-chloroethyl)amine, an analogue of nitrogen mustard HN-3, in which one hydrogen atom remains unsubstituted with a chloroethyl group, were used as imitators of mustards. For the study, the last mentioned compound was given the acronym

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4

Dunn, Edward J., and Erwin Buncel. "Metal ion catalysis in nucleophilic displacement reactions at carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur centers. I. Catalysis by metal ions in the reaction of p-nitrophenyl diphenylphosphinate with ethoxide." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 9 (1989): 1440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-220.

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The effect of macrocyclic crown ether and cryptand complexing agents on the rate of the nucleophilic displacement reaction of p-nitrophenyl diphenylphosphinate by alkali metal ethoxides in ethanol at 25 °C has been studied by spectrophotometric techniques. For the reactions of potassium ethoxide, sodium ethoxide, and lithium ethoxide, the observed rate constant increased in the order KOEt < NaOEt < LiOEt. Crown ether and cryptand cation-complexing agents have a retarding effect on the rate. Increasing the ratio of complexing agent to base results in a decrease in kobs to a minimum value

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5

Pregel, Marko J., Edward J. Dunn, and Erwin Buncel. "Metal ion catalysis in nucleophilic displacement reactions at carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur centers. III. Catalysis vs. inhibition by metal ions in the reaction of p-nitrophenyl benzenesulfonate with ethoxide." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 10 (1990): 1846–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-287.

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The rate of the nucleophilic displacement reaction of p-nitrophenyl benzenesulfonate (1) with alkali metal ethoxides in ethanol at 25 °C has been studied by spectrophotometric techniques. For lithium ethoxide, sodium ethoxide, potassium ethoxide, and cesium ethoxide, the observed rate constants increase in the order LiOEt < NaOEt < CsOEt < KOEt. The effect of added crown ether and cryptand complexing agents was also investigated. Addition of complexing agent to the reaction of KOEt results in the rate decreasing to a minimum value corresponding to the reaction of free ethoxide. Conver

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6

Svoboda, Jiří, Miloslav Nič, and Jaroslav Paleček. "Application of Magnesium Alkoxides to Syntheses of Benzoheterocyclic Compounds." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 58, no. 3 (1993): 592–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19930592.

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The Dieckmann condensation of methyl [(2-methoxycarbonyl)phenyl]-X-acetates Ia-Ih (X = O, S, SO2, NH, NCH3) initiated by action of magnesium methoxide, ethoxide, isopropoxide and other basic reagents have been studied under various conditions. Whereas magnesium methoxide has comparable efficiency as sodium methoxide and potassium tert-butoxide in syntheses of benzoheterocyclic compounds IIa-IIh, magnesium ethoxide gives the ethyl ester IIb in medium yield, and magnesium isopropoxide is quite inefficient in the condensation reaction. The alkylation of the esters IIa, IId, and IIg with methyl ch

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7

Ferber, PH, GE Gream, and TI Stoneman. "The 9-Decalyl and Related cations VII. Solvolysis of 3-(Cyclohex-1′-enyloxy)propyl p-Nitrobenzenesulfonate." Australian Journal of Chemistry 38, no. 5 (1985): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9850699.

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The solvolysis of 3-(cyclohex-1′-enyloxy) propyl p- nitrobenzenesulfonate (5) in ethanol buffered separately with sodium ethoxide and triethylamine and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol buffered with triethylamine has been investigated. Kinetic determinations and product studies have been carried out. In ethanol buffered with sodium ethoxide , π-bond participation in the above ester occurs to the extent of 30%; this is raised to 84% when triethylamine is used as the buffering agent. With buffered trifluoroethanol as solvent, π-bond participation in the ester is complete; kunsat/ksat = 920 and a quantitat

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8

Beske, Maurice, Stephanie Cronje, Martin U. Schmidt, and Lukas Tapmeyer. "Disordered sodium alkoxides from powder data: crystal structures of sodium ethoxide, propoxide, butoxide and pentoxide, and some of their solvates." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 77, no. 1 (2021): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205252062001584x.

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The crystal structures of sodium ethoxide (sodium ethanolate, NaOEt), sodium n-propoxide (sodium n-propanolate, NaO n Pr), sodium n-butoxide (sodium n-butanolate, NaO n Bu) and sodium n-pentoxide (sodium n-amylate, NaO n Am) were determined from powder X-ray diffraction data. NaOEt crystallizes in space group P 421 m, with Z = 2, and the other alkoxides crystallize in P4/nmm, with Z = 2. To resolve space-group ambiguities, a Bärnighausen tree was set up, and Rietveld refinements were performed with different models. In all structures, the Na and O atoms form a quadratic net, with the alkyl gro

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9

Chandran, K., M. Kamruddin, P. K. Ajikumar, A. Gopalan, and V. Ganesan. "Kinetics of thermal decomposition of sodium methoxide and ethoxide." Journal of Nuclear Materials 358, no. 2-3 (2006): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.07.003.

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10

Boulosa, Leila S., Mona H. N. Arsanious, Ewies F. Ewies, and Fatem Ramzy. "Reactions of 5(4H)-Oxazolones with Wittig-Horner Reagents: Novel Synthesis of Dioxopyrrolidinephosphonates and Phosphonoalkanoates with Anticipated Schistosomicidal Activity." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 63, no. 10 (2008): 1211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2008-1012.

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Abstract4-Benzylidene-2-phenyl-5(4H)-oxazolones react with Wittig-Horner reagents in the presence of alcoholic sodium alkoxide to give novel dioxopyrrolidinephosphonates, diethyl [3-(benzoylamino)- 1-cyano-2-oxo-4-phenylbut-3-en-1-yl]phosphonate and phosphonoalkenoate derivatives. Both the phosphonate adducts and the ester products were also isolated from the reaction of oxazolones with triethyl phosphonoacetate using alcoholic sodium ethoxide and/or sodium hydride as a base. Possible reaction mechanisms are considered, and the structural assignments are based on analytical and spectroscopic r

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11

Barou, Odile, Norbert Laroche, Sabine Palle, Christian Alexandre, and Marie-Hélène Lafage–Proust. "Pre-osteoblastic Proliferation Assessed with BrdU in Undecalcified, Epon-embedded Adult Rat Trabecular Bone." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 45, no. 9 (1997): 1189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549704500902.

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We evaluated bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry in undecal-cified adult rat tibiae to study cell kinetics in various bone compartments: primary and secondary spongiosae, periosteum, and bone marrow. Several regimens of BrdU administration were tested (IP injections and osmotic minipumps). We compared LR White resin, methylmethacrylate, and Epon–araldite embedding, microwave irradiation for antigen retrieval, several concentrations of sodium ethoxide for deplastification, and various DNA de-naturation procedures. Paraffin-embedded decalcified tibiae and Epon-embedded bowel were used

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12

Adlere, I., A. Krauze, and G. Duburs. "Synthesis of 3-Unsubstituted 4-Aryl-4,7-Dihydrothieno[2,3-b]Pyridine-2,5-Dicarboxylates / 3-Neaizvietotu 4-Aril-4,7-Dihidrotiēno[2,3-B]Piridīn-2,5-Dikarbonskābes Esteru Sintēze." Latvian Journal of Chemistry 51, no. 3 (2012): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10161-012-0009-8.

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Novel 3-unsubstituted 4,7-dihydrothieno[2,3-b]pyridines were prepared by heterocyclization of methyl acetoacetate, an aromatic aldehyde and Meldrum’s acid in the presence of ammonium acetate in glacial acetic acid, followed by treatment of formed intermediates - pyridones with Wilsmeier-Haack reagent and with ethyl mercaptoacetate in the presence of sodium ethoxide in dry ethanol.

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13

Beske, Maurice, Lukas Tapmeyer, and Martin U. Schmidt. "Crystal structure of sodium ethoxide (C2H5ONa), unravelled after 180 years." Chemical Communications 56, no. 24 (2020): 3520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc08907a.

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14

Veverka, Miroslav, and Miroslav Marchalín. "Addition-cyclization reactions of ethyl isothiocyanatoacetate with carboxylic acid hydrazides." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 52, no. 1 (1987): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19870113.

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Ethyl (3-substituted 5-thioxo-1,2,4-triazolin-4-yl)acetates were prepared by addition-cyclization reaction of ethyl isothiocyanatoacetate with carboxylic acid hydrazides in the presence of sodium ethoxide. Thermal cyclization of the adduct in dimethylformamide afforded 1-acetamido-2-thiohydantoin. The effect of substituents on the cyclization course and the thione-thiol tautomerism are discussed.

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15

Gonda, Jozef, and Pavol Kristian. "3-pyridiniumindolyl-2-thiolates - New type of functionalized indoles." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 53, no. 8 (1988): 1761–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19881761.

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2-Bromomethylphenyl isothiocyanate (I) reacts with pyridines to give 2-isothiocyanatobenzylpyridinium bromides II. Deprotonation of these compounds with sodium ethoxide in ethanol of sodium hydride in dimethyl sulfoxide afforded novel type of functionalized indoles, 3-pyridiniumindolyl-2-thiolates. Reaction of II with KOH or KCN gave products of addition to the NCS group VII and VIII, respectively. Structure of the obtained compounds was proven by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectra and was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis of 3-pyridiniumindolyl-2-thiolate.

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16

Seisenbaeva, Gulaim A., Suresh Gohil, Evgeniya V. Suslova, Tatiana V. Rogova, Nataliya Ya Turova, and Vadim G. Kessler. "The synthesis of iron (III) ethoxide revisited: Characterization of the metathesis products of iron (III) halides and sodium ethoxide." Inorganica Chimica Acta 358, no. 12 (2005): 3506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2005.03.048.

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17

Setiawan, Ely, Trisnowati Trisnowati, and Dadan Hermawan. "SINTESIS NATRIUM PENTAGAMAVUNONAT DAN UJI STABILITASNYA MENGGUNAKAN SPEKTROFOTOMETER UV-Visible." Molekul 1, no. 1 (2006): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2006.1.1.19.

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A research on the synthesis of sodium pentagamavunonat (Na-PGV-0) and its stability test using UV-Visible spectrophotometer were carried out. The synthesis of Na-PGV-0 carried out by reacting PGV-0 in tetrahydrofuran solvent refluxed with sodium ethoxide in mol comparison (1:2) for two hours. Structure elucidation by spectroscopic methods using UV-Visible, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and stability test in water using UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The reaction yields 107,21 % (% w/w) products. A products was soluble in water and methanol. Structure elucidation results indicated that the formed compound

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18

Mcfadden, HG, and JL Huppatz. "Synthesis of 4,6-Dialkylpyrimidine-5-carbonitriles." Australian Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 6 (1992): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9921045.

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4,6-Dialkylpyrimidine-5-carbonitriles were synthesized from 2-(1-ethoxyalkylidine)-3-oxoalkane-nitriles and bidentate nucleophiles such as thiourea in the presence of sodium ethoxide. The synthesis was found to be limited to dialkylpyrimidines where both alkyl groups contained between one and three carbons. Subsequent derivatization of the 2-thioxo function provides scope for the synthesis of a variety of novel pyrimidines.

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19

Reddy, K. M., K. Suvardhan, K. Suresh Kumar, D. Rekha, and P. Chiranjeevi. "Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Malathion in Environmental Samples Using Gention Violet." E-Journal of Chemistry 2, no. 3 (2005): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/690275.

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A new simple and selective spectrophotometric method is developed for the determination of malathion by using Gention violet is described. The method was based on the alkaline hydrolysis of malathion in presence of sodium ethoxide to form sodium dimethyl dithiophosphate (Na-DMDTP). The Na-DMDTP was formed as an ion-pair complex with cationic dye, gention violet. The ion-pair complex was extracted into chloroform. The color of the organic layer was measured at 587 nm. The method was applied to the determination of malathion residues in water, grain and soil samples

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20

Giles, D., M. S. Prakash, and K. V. Ramseshu. "Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Substituted Thiophenyl Derivatives of Indane-1, 3-Dione." E-Journal of Chemistry 4, no. 3 (2007): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/865470.

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Indane-1, 3-dione (1) synthesized by condensation of diethyl phthalate and ethyl acetate in presence of sodium ethoxide gave sodium salt of ester derivative, which on neutralization in presence of sulphuric acid afford1. Various thiols where converted to their respective disulphide (3) which on treatment with1gave 2-substituted thio phenyl derivatives (4a-g) of1. The synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of I.R and H1NMR. Synthesized compounds (4a-g) were investigated for their anticoagulant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial and anticancer activities. Som

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21

Reddy, K. M., and P. Chiranjeevi. "Extractive Spectrophotometric determination of Dimethoate in Environmental Samples with Azure-B." E-Journal of Chemistry 2, no. 3 (2005): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/103875.

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A new simple and selective spectrophotometric method is developed for the determination of dimethoate by using Azure-B is described. The method was based on the alkaline hydrolysis of dimethoate in presence of sodium ethoxide to form sodium dimethyl dithiophosphate (Na-DMDTP). The Na-DMDTP was formed as an ion-pair complex with cationic dye, azure-B. The ion-pair complex was extracted into chloroform. The color of the organic layer was measured at 535 nm. The method was applied to the determination of dimethoate residues in water, grain and soil samples.

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22

Bettica, A., and A. B. Johnson. "Ultrastructural immunogold labeling of glial filaments in osmicated and unosmicated epoxy-embedded tissue." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 38, no. 1 (1990): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/38.1.2152935.

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On-grid (post-embedding) immunolabeling methods with epoxy resins have been difficult to apply to thin structures such as intermediate filaments, which may remain inaccessible within the plastic. In this study, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the major protein of astrocyte intermediate filaments, was localized with a post-embedding immunogold method, using both unosmicated and osmicated material embedded in epoxy resin. The tissue studied was from a diagnostic brain biopsy on a child with Alexander's disease. This disorder is characterized by proliferation of astrocyte intermediate fil

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23

Liao, Liang, and Didier Villemin. "A Rapid and Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of Substituted 2-(5H)-furanones under focused microwave irradiations." Journal of Chemical Research 2000, no. 4 (2000): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/030823400103166869.

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3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone 1 reacted with ethyl cyanocetate in 2 in the presence of sodium ethoxide under focused microwave irradiations to afford 3-cyano-4,5,5-trimethyl-2-( 5H)-furanone 3. Furanone 3 then condensed with aromatic or heteroaromatic aldehydes 4a–h to produce 3-cyano-4-( trans-aryl-vinyl)-5,5-dimethyl-2-( 5H)-furanones 5a–h in high overall yields (71–88%).

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24

Lyth, Stephen Matthew, Huaiyu Shao, Jianfeng Liu, Kazunari Sasaki, and Etsuo Akiba. "Hydrogen adsorption on graphene foam synthesized by combustion of sodium ethoxide." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39, no. 1 (2014): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.10.044.

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25

Parsons, Robert V., Kari A. L. Parsons, and John L. Sorensen. "Extraction of flax shive using sodium ethoxide catalyst in anhydrous ethanol." Industrial Crops and Products 34, no. 1 (2011): 1245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.04.009.

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26

Thangamani, Arumugam. "Grindstone Chemistry: An Efficient and Green Synthesis of 2-Amino-4H-benzo[b]pyrans." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 2, no. 2 (2017): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2017.v2i2.65.

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A single step, mild, environmentally friendly green method has been developed for the synthesis of physiologically active 2-amino-4H-benzo[b]pyrans employing solid sodium ethoxide as catalyst under solvent free conditions at room temperature via grinding. The procedure is efficient, time saving and gives high yields. The structures and purity of these compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis and spectral analysis (FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR).

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27

Zhang, Xiang Jing, Peng Tao Wu, Zi Chao Jiang, et al. "Synthesis of 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-Pentanediol Monoisobutyrate." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.76.

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2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (CS-12) is a non-water-soluble diol ester and an emerging green additive, widely used in paint industry. It can be synthesized by isobutyraldehyde with alkali as catalyst. In this article, several catalysts were studied for the synthesis of CS-12, for example, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, the mixture of sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, the solution of sodium methoxide and methanol, and sodium ethoxide. Sodium hydroxide was finally selected as the optimal catalyst for the reaction. The effect of the amount of catal

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28

Richard Randriana, Nambinina, Avotra Marson Randrianomenjanahary, and Andry Tahina Rabeharitsara. "Sodium Ethoxide Concentrated Solution Synthesis at Ambient Temperature Using Sodium Hydroxide and Ethanol-90 in Excess." World Journal of Applied Chemistry 6, no. 1 (2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20210601.12.

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29

Li, Yang, and Wentao Gao. "Synthesis of 3-(quinolin-2-yl)- and 3,6-bis(quinolin-2-yl)-9H-carbazoles." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 6 (October 8, 2010): 966–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.6.108.

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A simple and efficient synthesis of novel 3-(quinolin-2-yl)- and 3,6-bis(quinolin-2-yl)-9H-carbazoles, utilizing sodium ethoxide as a catalyst via a Friedländer condensation reaction between 3-acetyl-9-ethyl-9H-carbazole or 3,6-diacetyl-9-ethyl-9H-carbazole and β-aminoaldehydes or β-aminoketones is described. All of the title compounds were obtained in good yields of 52–72% and their structures were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, MS, and elemental analysis.

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Al-Arab, Mohammad M., та Ali M. Issa. "Reactions of α,β-unsaturated ketones with arylacetonitriles". Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 52, № 4 (1987): 1021–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19871021.

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1,3-Diaryl-2-propene-1-ones I react with arylacetonitriles II in the presence of sodium ethoxide at room temperature to give a single diastereomer of the corresponding 2,3-diaryl-4-aroylbutyronitriles III. The structures of the reaction products were established by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral data as well as elemental analysis. The diastereomeric purity was determined by NMR measurements using lanthanide shift reagents. The observed resonances did not show any resolved diastereomeric proton signals.

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Rimaz, Mehdi, Jabbar Khalafy, Khadijeh Tavana, et al. "Synthesis and Single Crystal X-Ray Structure of Bis[4-oxo-3- (2-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl]disulfide." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 64, no. 9 (2009): 1065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2009-0912.

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Diethyl 2,2´-thiocarbonyl-bis(azanediyl)dibenzoate was synthesized from the reaction of ethyl anthranilate with thiophosgene. Its treatment with sodium ethoxide in ethanol at room temperature gave ethyl 2-(4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,2-dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)-yl) benzoate, whereas in the presence of ethyl nitroacetate and under the same reaction conditions, the corresponding bis(quinazolin)disulfide was formed. Its structure was confirmed by IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray structure determination.

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Speyer, Lucie, Sébastien Fontana, Sébastien Cahen, and Claire Hérold. "Simple production of high-quality graphene foams by pyrolysis of sodium ethoxide." Materials Chemistry and Physics 219 (November 2018): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.08.020.

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33

Kheder, Nabila A., Yahia N. Mabkhot, Fawzia R. Zahian, and Sara S. Mohamed. "Regioselective Synthesis of Some Pyrazole Scaffolds Attached to Benzothiazole and Benzimidazole Moieties." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/581721.

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Condensation of 2-(benzothiazol-2-yl)acetonitrile (1) or 2-(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)acetonitrile (2) with thiophene-2-carbaldehyde afforded the corresponding acrylonitrile derivatives3or4, respectively. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of the acrylonitrile3or4with nitrile-imine6gave novel pyrazole derivatives pendant to benzothiazole and benzimidazole. The pyrazoline derivative7was converted into the corresponding pyrazole derivative11via thermal elimination of hydrogen cyanide upon heating in sodium ethoxide solution. The structures of the synthesized products were confirmed by IR

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Červená, Irena, Jiří Holubek, Emil Svátek, Miroslav Ryska, and Miroslav Protiva. "Potential antidepressants: 6-(Aminoalkoxy)dibenzo[b,f]thiepin-10(11H)-ones and 6-(aminoalkoxy)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-10-ols." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 54, no. 7 (1989): 1955–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19891955.

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Sodium salts of 6-hydroxydibenzo[b,f]thiepin-10(11H)-one and its 2-chloro derivative were reacted with hydrochlorides of 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride, 2-(piperidino)ethyl chloride, 3-dimethylaminopropyl chloride, and 3-(piperidino)propyl chloride in ethanol in the presence of sodium ethoxide which resulted in the title compounds IIa, IIb, IVa, Va, Vb, and VIIa. The tertiary amines IIa, IIb, and Va were partially demethylated via the carbamates VIIIa, VIIIb, and IXa to the secondary amines IIIa, IIIb, and VIa. The amino ketones IIa and Va were reduced to the amino alcohols XII and XIII. With t

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Wang, Li Ping, Gong Ying Wang, Fan Wang, and Pin Hua Wang. "Synthesis of Polycarbonate Diol Catalyzed by Metal-Organic Framework Based on Zn²⁺ and Terephthalic Acid." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 608–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.608.

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Metal-organic framework based on Zn2+ and terephthalic acid (TPA) was prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It was then used as the catalyst for the transesterification between diphenyl carbonate (DPC) and 1, 6-hexandiol (1,6-HD) to polycarbonate diol (PCDL). Compared to Mg-Al layered double hydroxide, triethylenediamine, sodium ethoxide and sodium methoxide, it exhibits the highest catalytic activity for the synthesis of PCDL. Under optimal reaction conditions(n(1,6-HD)/n(DPC) = 1.2, w(catalyst) = 0.03%, 198 °C), the yield of

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N., C. DESAI, R. PAREKH B., and A. THAKER K. "Preparation of some Important Medicinal Compounds. Thiosemicarbazones, Thiadiazolines, 4-Thiazolidinones and 5-Aryheiline Derivatives as Antibacterial and Tuberculostatic Agents." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 64, Aug 1987 (1987): 491–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6200491.

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University Department of Chemistry, Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar-364 002 <em>Manuscript received 6 August 1984, accepted 20 July 1985</em> Thiosemicarbazides (1) have been prepared by the reaction of initial amine, ammonia and carbon disulphide with ethanol (95%) and sodium chloroacetate, followed by addition of hydrazine hydrate. Benzaldehyde 4-(2-ethoxyphenyl)-3-thiosemicarbazones (2) have been prepared by the condensation of thiosemicarbazide (1) and different aldehydes in boiling ethanol (95%) Thiosemicarbazones (2) treated with NaOH (5%) and potassium ferricyanide solution produced thi

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37

Haggam, Reda Ahmed, Mohamed Gomma Assy, Mohamed Hassan Sherif, and Mohamed Mohamed Galahom. "A series of 1,3-imidazoles and triazole-3-thiones based thiophene-2-carboxamides as anticancer agents: Synthesis and anticancer activity." European Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 2 (2018): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.9.2.99-106.1701.

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By addition of semicarbazide or phenylhydrazine hydrochloride to thienoylisothiocyanate (1) resulted in building of thiosemicarbazide derivative (2), triazole derivative (4) and thiophene-2-carboxamide (5), respectively. Basic cyclization of compound 2 led to formation of oxadiazine (3). Synthesis of thiadiazine derivative (6) was achieved via reaction of compound 5 and maleic anhydride in triethyl amine. Heating of compound 5 with ethyl chloroacetate or sodium ethoxide produced thiadiazine derivative (7) and triazolethione (8), respectively. Thiosemicarbazide derivative 11 was synthesized by

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38

King, Russell R., and Roy Greenhalgh. "Chemical deoxygenation of the epoxide moiety in deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin)." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 5 (1985): 1089–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-184.

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Reaction of triacetoxydeoxynivalenol (3) with hydrobromic acid–acetic acid at reflux temperatures yielded 3α,7α, 13,15-tetraacetoxy-2-bromo apotrichothec-9-en-8-one (5) and 3α,7α,15-triacetoxy-13-bromo-12-hydroxytrichothec-9-en-8-one (4). Dehalohydrination of the 13,12-bromohydrin derivative with Zn–acetic acid followed by deacetylation with sodium ethoxide gave 3α,7α,15-trihydroxytrichothec-9,12-dien-8-one (2). This compound proved identical to the transformation product isolated from incubation of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in vitro with rumen microorganisms.

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39

Şener, M. Kasim, Ahmet Gül, and Makbule Burkut Koçak. "Synthesis of tetra(tricarbethoxy)- and tetra(dicarboxy)- substituted soluble phthalocyanines." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 07, no. 09 (2003): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108842460300077x.

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Pd (II), Co (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) phthalocyanines with a tricarbethoxyethyl substituent on each benzo group were prepared from 4-(1,1,2-tricarbethoxyethyl)-phthalonitrile and the corresponding divalent metal salt at 170°C. Transesterification occurred when the reaction was carried out in pentanol. Treatment of the palladium complex with sodium ethoxide at room temperature and further acidification resulted with tetra(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)phthalocyaninatopal-ladium. Its UV-vis spectrum in aqueous solution indicated dimeric and monomeric species at pH ≈ 12, but at pH ≈ 6 only the dimeric form

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40

Szemes, Fridrich, Alfonz Rybár, Pavol Hrnčiar, Eva Solčániová, and Ondrej Gattnár. "6-(6-Substituted amino-2-hydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrodibenz[c, e]azocines." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 56, no. 8 (1991): 1725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19911725.

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Nucleophilic addition of alkyl-, cycloalkylamines, or saturated nitrogen-containing heterocycles to isolated or in situ generated 6-(2,3-epoxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrodibenz[c,e]azocine (III) afforded 6-(3-substituted amino-2-hydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrodibenz[c,e]azocines IV and their hydrochlorides. The starting 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrodibenz[c,e]azocine (I) reacted with 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane to yield 6-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrodibenz[c,e]azocine (II), which, on treatment with sodium ethoxide or an excess of an amine eliminated hydrogen chloride to give the intermedia

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41

Pise, Ashok S., Arvind S. Burungale, and Santosh S. Devkate. "Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis of 1,5-Disubstituted Pyrazole using Cu(I) Catalyst." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 3 (2020): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22432.

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A new efficient and convenient approach towards the synthesis of pyrazole is described. The α,β-unsaturated cyanoesters were obtained from substituted benzaldehyde and ethyl cyanoacetate by reported methods. 1,5-Disubstituted pyrazoles were synthesized from α,β-unsaturated cyanoester and phenyl hydrazine using sodium ethoxide as a base in the presence of 10 mol % Cu(I) catalyst in high yields within 75-90 min under ultrasound irradiation at 60 ºC. The reaction rate is enhanced tremendously under ultrasound irradiation as compare to conventional methods with improved yields are recorded.

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42

Abdel-Wadood, Fatma K., Maisa I. Abdel-Monem, Atiat M. Fahmy, and Ahmed A. Geies. "One-pot Synthesis of 1,6-Naphthyridines, Pyranopyridines and Thiopyranopyridines." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 63, no. 3 (2008): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2008-0314.

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A one-step synthesis of [1,6]naphthyridine-2(1H)-thione (3a), pyrano[3,4-b]pyridine-2(1H)- thione (3b), thiopyrano[3,4-b]pyridine-2(1H)-thione (3c) and 6-oxoquinoline-2(1H)-thione (3d) through the reaction of benzylidene-cyanothioacetamide (1) with cyclic ketones 2a−d is described. The reaction of 3a−d with organyl chlorides yielded the 2-alkylthio-3-cyanopyridines 4a−p which upon refluxing in ethanolic sodium ethoxide afforded the thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives 5a−n. Some of the synthesized compounds were screened for the activity against bacteria and fungi.

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43

Parsons, Robert V., Stefan Cenkowski, John L. Sorensen, Trust Beta, and Susan D. Arntfield. "Hemicellulose polysaccharide recovery from flax shive using alkaline solutions with sodium ethoxide pretreatment." Industrial Crops and Products 44 (January 2013): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.11.023.

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44

El-Ghanam, Abdel Moneim. "New Route Synthesis of Styryl Pyrones: High Yield Synthesis, Reactions and Spectral Properties of 2-Phenyl-6-Styryl-4-Pyrones." Journal of Chemical Research 2005, no. 10 (2005): 654–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/030823405774663101.

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2-Phenyl-6-styryl-4-pyrone derivatives have been synthesised from the reaction of ethyl phenylpropiolate with benzylideneacetone derivatives in the presence of sodium ethoxide. Treatment of styrylpyrone with phosphorus pentasulfide gave the corresponding styrylpyran-4-thione which on treatment with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and aqueous methylamine afforded the corresponding oxime and 1-methyl-2-phenyl-6-styrylpyridine-4(1H)-thione, respectively. On the other hand, styrylpyran-4-thione reacted with malononitrile to give pyrolylidenemalononitrile which on treatment with bidentate reagents, hyd

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45

Merica, Simona G., and Nigel J. Bunce. "Synthesis of nitropolychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (NPCDDs) and their photochemical reaction with nucleophiles." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 6 (1995): 826–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v95-103.

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A series of nitropolychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (NPCDDs) was synthesized by condensation between catechols and 2,6-dinitrohalobenzene derivatives. In the presence of sodium ethoxide in anhydrous ethanol, these underwent photochemical SN2Ar* substitutions meta to the nitro group in high chemical yield and moderate quantum yield. Both ring-opening and chloride replacement reactions were observed. The reactions involved the triplet excited state of the NPCDD, and showed a linear relationship between Φ−1 and [nucleophile]−1. Analogous reactions with KCN in methanol showed similar behaviour, but the p

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46

Kada, Rudolf, Dušan Ilavský, Jarmila Štetinová, Lubomír Zalibera, and Jiří Paďour. "Synthesis, Reactions and Spectral Properties of Ethyl Esters of 2-Cyano-3-(5-X-2-furyl)acrylic Acid." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 59, no. 2 (1994): 444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19940444.

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The reaction of 5-X-2-furaldehydes (X = C6H5, COOCH3, COOC2H5, C6H5O, C6H5S, CH3S, 4-Cl-C6H4S, CH3SO2, C6H5SO2, 4-Cl-C6H4SO2) with ethyl cyanoacetate in dry ethanol catalyzed by sodium ethoxide yielded the corresponding ethyl 2-cyano-3-(5-X-2-furyl)acrylates. It was found that the reactions of these esters with cyanoacetophenone or ethyl acetoacetate do not afford the corresponding 4H-pyran derivatives but that there proceeds the exchange of ethyl acetoacetate or of ethyl cyanoacetate for the cyanoacetophenone carbanion. The same course has been observed also for the reactions of these substra

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47

Almansour, Abdulrahman I., Raju Suresh Kumar, Natarajan Arumugam, Alireza Basiri, Yalda Kia, and Mohamed Ashraf Ali. "An Expedient Synthesis, Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity, and Molecular Modeling Study of Highly Functionalized Hexahydro-1,6-naphthyridines." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/965987.

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A series of hexahydro-1,6-naphthyridines were synthesized in good yields by the reaction of 3,5-bis[(E)-arylmethylidene]tetrahydro-4(1H)-pyridinones with cyanoacetamide in the presence of sodium ethoxide under simple mixing at ambient temperature for 6–10 minutes and were assayed for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity using colorimetric Ellman’s method. Compound4ewith methoxy substituent atortho-position of the phenyl rings displayed the maximum inhibitory activity with IC50value of 2.12 μM. Molecular modeling simulation of4ewas performed using three-dimensional structure of

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48

Angulo, Beatriz, José M. Fraile, Laura Gil, and Clara I. Herrerías. "Bio-lubricants production from fish oil residue by transesterification with trimethylolpropane." Journal of Cleaner Production 202 (July 27, 2018): 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.260.

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The fatty acid ethyl esters mixture, a fish oil residue obtained after the extraction of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty esters, has been converted into mixtures of mono-, di-, and triesters of trimethylolpropane by transesterification at 100-140ºC under vacuum with sodium ethoxide as catalyst. This method has shown to be more efficient than the enzymatic transesterification using commercially available lipases. The crude reaction mixture (84% conversion of ethyl esters), enriched in trimethylolpropane triesters (96% selectivity) was characterized and its properties compared with those of t

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Telma, Porcina Vilas Boas Dias, Hoss Lunelli Betania, A. Medeiros Hirata Gisele, et al. "Kinetics of Ethyl Ester Production from Soybean and Sunflower Oils Catalyzed by Sodium Ethoxide." International Journal of Engineering Research & Science 4, no. 2 (2018): 19–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1187617.

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<em>The present paper reports the kinetics of soybean and sunflower oils’ ethanolysis. The transesterification reaction was carried out using a molar ratio of ethanol to oil of 9:1 and 1.0 wt% of sodium ethoxide as catalyst under stirring of 400 rpm. The reactions were performed in a stirred batch reactor at three different temperatures (308.15, 323.15 and 338.15 K) over a period of 120 min. The concentration of compounds was analyzed by High-Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC). The kinetic model assumed that ethanolysis occurs in a sequence of three reversible steps with t

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50

Badr, M. ZA, A. A. Geies, M. S. Abbady, and A. A. Dahy. "New heterocycles from thienopyridocinnolines." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 76, no. 4 (1998): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v98-048.

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3-Cyano-4-(p-tolyl)pyrido[3,2-c]cinnolin-2(1H) thione 3 was reacted with α -halo ketones, esters, or amides to give the intermediates, S-alkylated products 5b-h, respectively, which underwent intramolecular ring closure reactions with ethanolic sodium ethoxide to give thienopyridocinnolines 6a-h. Pyrimidothienopyridocinnolines 9 and 11 were obtained by treatment of oxazino compound 8 with hydrazine hydrate and ammonium acetate. Treatment of hydrazino derivative 13 with acetylacetone, triethylorthoformate, carbon disulphide, ethyl chloroformate, and acetic anhydride afforded triazolopyrimidothi

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