Academic literature on the topic 'Sodium percentage'
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Journal articles on the topic "Sodium percentage"
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H. Ali, Alaa, and Mohammed M. Yassen. "Relationship Between Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP)." Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 29, no. 1 (2016): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33762/bagrs.2016.116190.
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Razali, Roslizayati, Nor Azizah Che Azmi, Diana Che Lat, Mazidah Mukri, and Farah Hafifie Ahamad. "The Significant Effect of Interface Shear Strength Between Soil Liner and Geotextile with Different Percentages of Bentonite and Sodium Bentonite with Geosynthetic." MATEC Web of Conferences 150 (2018): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815002009.
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This research focuses on the interface shear performance between geotextile and soil with various percentages of bentonite and sodium bentonite for landfill stability by using Direct Shear Test. Admixtures are mixed with clay to improve its performance as a liner material due to their ability to fill the voids between soil particles and also the most effective sealants. The aim of this study is focused on evaluating the effectiveness of bentonite and sodium bentonite on improving interface shear strength of fine soil. In this study, direct shear box was used to measure the interface shear strength of soil with different percentages of bentonite and sodium bentonite at optimum moisture content. Analysis shows that the most suitable percentage is of 5 % of bentonite and 2.5 % of sodium bentonite due to the highest interface shear strength of the mixture with geosynthetic. It is clearly shown that 2.5 % sodium bentonite is the most suitable percentage to be used as admixture for landfill stability as it gives higher interface shear strength.
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Vliet, Myrthe Van, Manfred Rauh, Liffert Vogt, Jens Titze, and Rik Olde Engberink. "RENAL POTASSIUM EXCRETION IS NOT A FIXED PERCENTAGE OF INTAKE." Journal of Hypertension 42, Suppl 1 (2024): e219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0001021684.49293.c3.
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Objective: Because of its blood pressure lowering effects, high potassium intake could help to reduce cardiovascular events. As a significant amount of potassium is lost via stool, the World Health Organization advices to multiply 24-hour renal potassium excretion by 1.3 for estimation of dietary intake. We analyzed whether this 1.3 factor varies over time in healthy volunteers and tested whether factors associated with tissue cation storage, namely sodium intake, aldosterone, cortisol and urine volume, affect the renal potassium excretion. Design and method: We performed a post-hoc analysis of the Mars sodium balance studies in which ten healthy male participants consumed a fixed salt (6, 9 and 12 grams/day for periods >29 days) and potassium intake (4 grams/day) for 105 (n=4) and 205 days (n=6). For the entire study period, all urine was collected in 24-hour aliquots. We calculated the percentage of potassium intake that was excreted in the corresponding 24-hour urine collection during steady-state. Using a multivariable mixed-effects model, we assessed whether this percentage was associated with sodium intake, potassium intake, urinary aldosterone, urinary cortisol and urine volume. Results: Overall, the median renal potassium excretion was 80% of potassium intake, but percentages ranged from 24% to 304%. Within participants the interquartile range of renal potassium excretion was 25% and between participants 21%. Increased sodium intake was associated with a higher percentage of renal potassium excretion (P<0.05), whereas increased potassium intake was associated with a lower percentage of renal potassium excretion (P<0.001). There was a significant positive interaction between the effects of sodium and potassium intake (P<0.001; figure A). Additionally, urinary aldosterone (figure B), urinary cortisol (figure C) and urine volume (figure D) were associated with a higher percentage of renal potassium excretion (P<0.001). Conclusions: The percentage of ingested potassium that is excreted in urine varies considerably within and among subjects. Sodium intake, potassium intake, urinary aldosterone and cortisol levels, and urine volume independently affect the fraction of the ingested potassium that is excreted by the kidneys during steady-state. Our results suggest that the WHO's standard 1.3 conversion factor may lead to inaccurate estimation of potassium intake.
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Al-Taie, Mohammed Yahya, and Wafaa Hameed Alsamaraee. "Effect of Different Levels of Aflatoxin B1 in Concentrated Livestock Diets on Some Characteristics of Rumen Fluid in Laboratory with Sodium Bentonite." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1262, no. 7 (2023): 072110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1262/7/072110.
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Abstract This study was conducted in the nutrition laboratory of the Department of Animal Production in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences at the University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya. The experiment lasted for 90 days to investigate the effects of adding sodium bentonite (SB) to a concentrated diet contaminated with aflatoxin B1 on some characteristics of rumen fluid in a laboratory setting. Four diets were prepared, each contaminated with different concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (0, 20, 40, 60 ppb), and four different percentages of sodium bentonite (0, 3, 5, 7%) were added to each ration. The results showed a significant increase in pH values among the different treatments, with the diet contaminated with 40 ppb aflatoxin B1 (T3) recording the highest acidity compared to the control treatment at 0% concentration. However, there were no significant differences in pH rates between the treatments. The pH rates of 7% sodium bentonite addition did not differ significantly from 5% and 0%, while 3% had the lowest pH rate. Regarding volatile fatty acids (VFA), there was a significant increase in their percentage with the increase in sodium bentonite concentrations. The second treatment contaminated with 20 ppb aflatoxin B1 recorded the highest VFA percentage among the treatments, while the fourth treatment (T4) at 0% concentration recorded the lowest VFA percentage. Significant differences in VFA percentages were observed among all the treatments, with the highest VFA percentage in T2, followed by T3 and T1, while T4 recorded the lowest percentage. The analysis of ammonia nitrogen values showed a significant increase among the different treatments, with T2 recording the highest value among the treatments, and T4 at 0% concentration recording the lowest ammonia nitrogen value. Significant differences in the average percentage of ammonia nitrogen were observed among all the experimental treatments, with the highest value in T2, followed by T1 and T3, while T4 recorded the lowest percentage. The total number of microorganisms showed a significant increase with the increase in sodium bentonite concentrations, with T2 at 7% concentration having the highest number of microorganisms, while T4 at 0% concentration recorded the lowest number. Significant differences in the average total number of microorganisms were observed among all the experimental treatments, with T2 having the highest number, followed by T1 and T3, while T4 had the lowest number.
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DeSutter, T., D. Franzen, Y. He, et al. "Relating Sodium Percentage to Sodium Adsorption Ratio and its Utility in the Northern Great Plains." Soil Science Society of America Journal 79, no. 4 (2015): 1261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2015.01.0010n.
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Mohamed, D. M., S. I. Ibrahim, and E. A. Elamin. "Variability and Correlation between Exchangeable Sodium Percentage and Sodium Adsorption Ratio in Vertisols of Sudan." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 39, no. 19-20 (2008): 2827–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620802432758.
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Li, Nan, Ehsan Zare, Muddassar Muzzamal, Michael Sefton, and John Triantafilis. "Improved prediction of soil exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) using wavelet." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 209 (June 2023): 107810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.107810.
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Mesgaran, M. Danesh. "Responses of lactating dairy cows to sodium bicarbonate or sodium bentonite in low forage diet." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200011224.
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Dietary sodium bicarbonate or sodium bentonite has been used in lactating cow diets to aid ration adjustment. Addition of sodium bicarbonate increased intake and milk production for cows fed high concentrate diets in the first two months after parturition (Erdman et al., 1980). Addition of dietary buffers such as sodium bicarbonate and sodium bentonite increased molar percentage of acetate and reduced propionate in dairy cows. Milk fat percentage was increased by sodium bicarbonate in dairy cows when fed low roughage diets (Erdman, 1988). The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of sodium bicarbonate or sodium bentonite in diets of high yielding dairy cows on milk yield, milk composition, and faecal pH.
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Van Vliet, Anne Myrthe, Manfred Rauh, Liffert Vogt, Jens Titze, and Rik Olde Engberink. "O79 DAILY URINARY POTASSIUM EXCRETION IS NOT A FIXED PERCENTAGE OF DAILY POTASSIUM INTAKE." Journal of Hypertension 42, Suppl 3 (2024): e36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0001062756.94685.f3.
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Background and Objective: High potassium intake is associated with a lower blood pressure and lower incidence of cardiovascular events. For estimation of potassium intake, the World Health Organization advices to multiply the 24-hour renal potassium excretion by 1.3, considering the substantial fecal potassium loss. We examined the variation in the required conversion factor in healthy volunteers and evaluated the effect of factors associated with tissue cation storage on the renal potassium excretion. Methods: We performed a post-hoc analysis of the Mars long-term sodium balance studies. Healthy male participants consumed a fixed amount of salt (6, 9 and 12 grams/day for >29 days) and potassium (4 grams/day) for 105 (n=4) and 205 days (n=6). All urine was collected in 24-hour aliquots. We calculated the percentage of potassium intake that was excreted in the corresponding 24-hour urine collection during steady-state. A multivariable mixed-effects model was used to assess associations of this percentage with sodium intake, potassium intake, urinary aldosterone, urinary cortisol and urine volume. Results: The median renal potassium excretion was 80% of potassium intake (IQR 65-97%, range 24-304%), corresponding to a conversion factor of 1.25 (IQR 1.03-1.54). Within individual subjects we also observed a marked day-to-day variation in the percentage of renal potassium excretion: the average intraperson width of the IQR was 25%. Sodium intake (figure A), urinary aldosterone (figure B), urinary cortisol (figure C) and urine volume (figure D) were positively associated with the percentage of renal potassium excretion, whereas potassium intake showed a negative association (figure A). A significant positive interaction between the effects of sodium and potassium intake was present (P<0.001). Conclusions: The percentage of dietary potassium that is excreted via urine varies considerably. During steady-state, this percentage is independently affected by sodium intake, potassium intake, urinary aldosterone, urinary cortisol, and urine volume. Our results suggest that the WHO's fixed 1.3 conversion factor may lead to inaccurate estimations of potassium intake.
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Irvine, S. A., and D. J. Reid. "Field prediction of sodicity in dryland agriculture in Central Queensland, Australia." Soil Research 39, no. 6 (2001): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr00075.
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Field classification of Vertosols and Sodosols in Australia involves the calculation of an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of the subsoil to estimate sodicity. ESP has historically been determined by laboratory measurement of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable sodium. This often leads to a delay in field classification and mapping and missed extension opportunities with landholders. Recently, ion-specific electrode field meters have been developed that allow the determination of the sodium ion concentration within a soil solution. If field tests and/or calculation can estimate clay percentage and sodium concentration, there is potential for rapid field assessment of ESP. The field meter accurately predicted exchangeable sodium (R2 = 0.83). In addition CEC was related to clay percentage (R2 = 0.79). The estimated ESP calculated by the field tests compared favourably with the actual ESP measurement (R2 = 0.85).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sodium percentage"
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AragÃo, Ana Paula Bezerra. "Techno-economical analysis of the reclamation of a sodic soil in the Irrigated Perimeter Curu-Pentecoste-CE." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5281.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico<br>No Nordeste semi-Ãrido, as maiores incidÃncias de Ãreas salinizadas sÃo observadas nas terras intensamente cultivadas com o uso da irrigaÃÃo nos PerÃmetros Irrigados, sobretudo aqueles com o mÃtodo por superfÃcie. O experimento foi realizado no NÃcleo D do PerÃmetro Irrigado Curu-Pentecoste - CE. A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da subsolagem do solo associada com tratamentos quÃmicos e biolÃgicos, na melhoria das condiÃÃes de transmissÃo de Ãgua no perfil do solo, de atributos fÃsicos e quÃmicos do solo, na produtividade do feijÃo-de-corda [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cultivar Epace 11 alÃm dos indicadores de rentabilidade da recuperaÃÃo de um solo sÃdico irrigado por sulcos. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos inteiramente casualizados com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetiÃÃes. Os tratamentos foram T0: testemunha; T1: 40 t.ha-1 de matÃria orgÃnica; T2: 20 t.ha-1 de gesso; T3: 20 t.ha-1 (gesso) +40 t.ha-1 (M.O); T4: 10 t.ha-1 (gesso) + 20 t.ha-1 (M.O). Os resultados permitiram as seguintes conclusÃes: 1. A produtividade do feijoeiro com o uso de melhoradores quÃmicos foi superior em 120% à produtividade sem o uso destes melhoradores e inferior em 18% à produtividade da cultura em solos sem problemas de salinidade do PerÃmetro. 2. As maiores produtividades do feijoeiro estÃo associadas a maiores profundidades do lenÃol freÃtico. O incremento de produtividade do feijoeiro com a profundidade do lenÃol freÃtico ocorreu a uma taxa crescente. 3. A aplicaÃÃo de 20 t.ha-1 de gesso e 40 t.ha-1 de matÃria orgÃnica proporcionou jà no primeiro ano, a reduÃÃo da percentagem de sÃdio trocÃvel do solo, inicialmente de um valor mÃdio superior a 50% para um valor convergente de 2%. 4. LimitaÃÃo quanto à cota de saÃda dos drenos laterais orientam para a instalaÃÃo do sistema de drenagem subterrÃnea do tipo intercepÃÃo, embora os gradientes hidrÃulicos mÃdios do movimento de Ãgua subterrÃnea sejam bem inferiores a 1%. 5. A taxa relacionada entre o valor bruto da produÃÃo gerado exclusivamente pela cultura do feijoeiro e o custo da recuperaÃÃo do solo, demonstra que a renda gerada pela cultura contribui em 12% com o custo da recuperaÃÃo do solo sÃdico. 6. O processo de recuperaÃÃo demonstra uma boa viabilidade a uma taxa de 12% ao ano e alta viabilidade a uma taxa de juros de 6% ao ano, revelando que a essa taxa todo o investimento realizado serà recuperado e remunerada e ainda um lucro extra igual a R$ 5.328,85.<br>In the semi-arid part of Northeastern Brazil, the highest incidences of salinized areas are observed in land subjected to intense irrigated cultivation, in the âPerÃmetros Irrigadosâ (irrigated perimeters), particularly those where is used the surface method. The experiment was performed in the âNÃcleo Dâ (D Core) of the âPerÃmetro Irrigado Curu-Pentecoste - Ceâ. The research aimed at evaluating the effect of the subsoiling of the treated area combined with the application of chemical and biological treatments in the same area. Specifically, it aimed at evaluating the effect of the said combination (a) in the improvement of the hydraulic properties in the profile of the soil, (b) in the improvement of the productivity of the cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] of the Epace 11 cultivar and (c) in the indicators of profitability of the recovery of a sodic soil irrigated by furrows. We used a randomized complete block experimental design with five treatments and five replications. The treatments were T0: control, T1: 40 t ha-1 of organic matter, T2: 20 t ha-1 gypsum T3: 20 t ha-1 (gypsum) + 40 t ha-1 (MO) T4: 10 t ha-1 (gypsum) + 20 t ha-1 (MO). The results allowed the following conclusions: 1) The grain yield with the use of chemical enhancers was 120% higher than the productivity without those enhancers and 18% lower than the productivity (of the same cultivation) in soils without salinity problems. 2) The highest bean yields are associated with the largest values of water table depth, the increase in grain yield with the depth of the water table occurring at a rate increasing with the same depth. 3) The application of 20 t ha-1 gypsum and 40 t ha-1 Organic matter, no later than in the first year, reduced the percentage of exchangeable sodium in the soil, from an initial average above 50% to a convergent value of 2%. 4) The limitation on the elevation of the outflow of lateral drains indicate the necessity of the installation of an underground drainage system of the interception type, even if the average hydraulic gradient of the of groundwater flow is well below 1%. 5) The rate between the gross value of production generated by the cowpea crop and the cost of remediation of soil, shows that the the crop contributes with 12% of the cost of soil sodium remediation . 6) The recovery process shows a good feasibility at a rate of 12% per year and high viability at a rate of interest of 6% per year, revealing that at that rate all the investment will be recovered and paid, plus yelding an extra profit of R$ 5,328.85.
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Aragão, Ana Paula Bezerra. "Análise técnico-econômica da recuperação de um solo sódico no peímetro irrigado curu-pentecoste-CE." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2009. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/17436.
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ARAGÃO, Ana Paula Bezerra Aragão. Análise técnico-econômica da recuperação de um solo sódico no peímetro irrigado curu-pentecoste-CE. 61 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Fortaleza-CE, 2009<br>Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T13:52:15Z
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Previous issue date: 2009<br>In the semi-arid part of Northeastern Brazil, the highest incidences of salinized areas are observed in land subjected to intense irrigated cultivation, in the “Perímetros Irrigados” (irrigated perimeters), particularly those where is used the surface method. The experiment was performed in the “Núcleo D” (D Core) of the “Perímetro Irrigado Curu-Pentecoste - Ce”. The research aimed at evaluating the effect of the subsoiling of the treated area combined with the application of chemical and biological treatments in the same area. Specifically, it aimed at evaluating the effect of the said combination (a) in the improvement of the hydraulic properties in the profile of the soil, (b) in the improvement of the productivity of the cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] of the Epace 11 cultivar and (c) in the indicators of profitability of the recovery of a sodic soil irrigated by furrows. We used a randomized complete block experimental design with five treatments and five replications. The treatments were T0: control, T1: 40 t ha-1 of organic matter, T2: 20 t ha-1 gypsum T3: 20 t ha-1 (gypsum) + 40 t ha-1 (MO) T4: 10 t ha-1 (gypsum) + 20 t ha-1 (MO). The results allowed the following conclusions: 1) The grain yield with the use of chemical enhancers was 120% higher than the productivity without those enhancers and 18% lower than the productivity (of the same cultivation) in soils without salinity problems. 2) The highest bean yields are associated with the largest values of water table depth, the increase in grain yield with the depth of the water table occurring at a rate increasing with the same depth. 3) The application of 20 t ha-1 gypsum and 40 t ha-1 Organic matter, no later than in the first year, reduced the percentage of exchangeable sodium in the soil, from an initial average above 50% to a convergent value of 2%. 4) The limitation on the elevation of the outflow of lateral drains indicate the necessity of the installation of an underground drainage system of the interception type, even if the average hydraulic gradient of the of groundwater flow is well below 1%. 5) The rate between the gross value of production generated by the cowpea crop and the cost of remediation of soil, shows that the the crop contributes with 12% of the cost of soil sodium remediation . 6) The recovery process shows a good feasibility at a rate of 12% per year and high viability at a rate of interest of 6% per year, revealing that at that rate all the investment will be recovered and paid, plus yelding an extra profit of R$ 5,328.85.<br>No Nordeste semi-árido, as maiores incidências de áreas salinizadas são observadas nas terras intensamente cultivadas com o uso da irrigação nos Perímetros Irrigados, sobretudo aqueles com o método por superfície. O experimento foi realizado no Núcleo D do Perímetro Irrigado Curu-Pentecoste - CE. A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da subsolagem do solo associada com tratamentos químicos e biológicos, na melhoria das condições de transmissão de água no perfil do solo, de atributos físicos e químicos do solo, na produtividade do feijão-de-corda [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cultivar Epace 11 além dos indicadores de rentabilidade da recuperação de um solo sódico irrigado por sulcos. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos inteiramente casualizados com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram T0: testemunha; T1: 40 t.ha-1 de matéria orgânica; T2: 20 t.ha-1 de gesso; T3: 20 t.ha-1 (gesso) +40 t.ha-1 (M.O); T4: 10 t.ha-1 (gesso) + 20 t.ha-1 (M.O). Os resultados permitiram as seguintes conclusões: 1. A produtividade do feijoeiro com o uso de melhoradores químicos foi superior em 120% à produtividade sem o uso destes melhoradores e inferior em 18% à produtividade da cultura em solos sem problemas de salinidade do Perímetro. 2. As maiores produtividades do feijoeiro estão associadas a maiores profundidades do lençol freático. O incremento de produtividade do feijoeiro com a profundidade do lençol freático ocorreu a uma taxa crescente. 3. A aplicação de 20 t.ha-1 de gesso e 40 t.ha-1 de matéria orgânica proporcionou já no primeiro ano, a redução da percentagem de sódio trocável do solo, inicialmente de um valor médio superior a 50% para um valor convergente de 2%. 4. Limitação quanto à cota de saída dos drenos laterais orientam para a instalação do sistema de drenagem subterrânea do tipo intercepção, embora os gradientes hidráulicos médios do movimento de água subterrânea sejam bem inferiores a 1%. 5. A taxa relacionada entre o valor bruto da produção gerado exclusivamente pela cultura do feijoeiro e o custo da recuperação do solo, demonstra que a renda gerada pela cultura contribui em 12% com o custo da recuperação do solo sódico. 6. O processo de recuperação demonstra uma boa viabilidade a uma taxa de 12% ao ano e alta viabilidade a uma taxa de juros de 6% ao ano, revelando que a essa taxa todo o investimento realizado será recuperado e remunerada e ainda um lucro extra igual a R$ 5.328,85.
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Haider, Syed. "Enhanced gel electrophoresis (GE) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) based methods for the identification and separation of proteins and peptides." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10279.
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The main focus of the PhD study was to develop new gel electrophoresis and ICP-MS based methods to analyze a wide variety of the bio-molecules such as proteins, phosphoproteins and metalloproteins etc. The tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (tricine-SDS-PAGE) method is commonly used to resolve low molecular mass proteins, however, it requires a high percentage gel and a very complicated procedure to achieve this separation. This study describes a modification to tricine-SDS-PAGE to make it more effective for the separation of smaller proteins and for coupling to ICP-MS. The modified method employs low percentage PAGE gels and low reagent concentrations that provide efficient separations, good quantitation and low matrix levels that are compatible with ICP-MS. This modified method was applied to analyze phosphopeptides. Phosphopeptides are very small in size and difficult to separate using the other techniques such as Laemmli SDS-PAGE, original tricine-SDS-PAGE, immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) etc. In this study a simplified procedure is described based on modifying the original tricine-SDS-PAGE method. A comparative study showed that this modified method successfully resolved a digest mixture of very low to high molecular mass phosphopeptides/peptides. In off-line coupling of this method with ICP-MS, much better recoveries of the peptides from the gel were obtained as compared to traditional methods which indicate the compatibility of this modified method for quantitative studies. An on-line coupling of the modified system with ICP-MS was also demonstrated and it was applied for the separation, detection and quantification of phosphopeptides. Another application of this modified system was the separation of serum proteins. Blood serum contains five major protein groups i.e., albumin, alpha-1 globulin, alpha-2 globulin, beta globulin and gamma globulin. The separation of these five major proteins in a single gel is difficult to achieve using traditional methods. The modified system was shown to be superior for the separation of these serum proteins in a 7% (m/v) native-PAGE gel and a cellulose acetate membrane. A further study was carried out into controlling the factors that cause metal loss and protein fragmentation in SDS-PAGE. Using a reducing sample buffer, and heating to high temperatures (90-100ºC) in alkaline or acidic conditions may cause protein fragmentation and decrease the metal binding affinity. 70ºC was found suitable to prepare the sample at neutral, alkaline or acidic pH as no fragmentation observed. To prevent metal loss, the binding constant (log K) values of metal-amino acids, play the major role. Those metals which have high binding affinities with the amino acids in proteins can also be affected by the variation of the pH so prior information about pH to maintain the binding constant values is essential to minimize metal loss. This was observed in the loss of zinc, and to a lesser extent copper from human serum albumin (HSA) as measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The method described above was applied for the separation and quantification of the serum proteins obtained from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients (where the AMD patients were from Moorfields Eye Hospital, London). Zn and Cu were quantified employing external calibration. Zn concentration showed variation whilst Cu did not show any significant variations in samples from AMD patients. A brief study of the interaction of cisplatin and oxaliplatin with HSA and transferrin was also performed. Cisplatin bound much faster than oxaliplatin with HSA. After 24 hours incubation, cisplatin showed a decrease in signal intensity which indicates that cisplatin binding decreases with time. Cisplatin binding with transferrin as compared to HSA was not significant, which could be the result of unstable Pt-transferrin complex formation. Oxaliplatin did not show high binding to either protein, perhaps due to the presence of the bulky, non polar DACH ligand.
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Udy, Sandra. "Assessing Amendment Treatments for Sodic Soil Reclamation in Arid Land Environments." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7670.
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Plugged and abandoned well pads throughout the Uintah Basin face reclamation challenges due to factors including a harsh climate, invasive species, and high salt loads. Finding ways to alleviate soil sodicity could improve soil reclamation success. Gypsum, sulfur, activated carbon, and Biochar are being applied to improve soil parameters negatively impacted by sodicity, but the direct impact of these amendments on Uintah Basin soils is still largely unknown. The aim of this study was two-fold. (1) Evaluate the effectiveness of gypsum, sulfuric acid, Biochar, activated carbon, and combinations of these amendments in reducing the impact of soil sodicity of the Desilt and Conglomerate soils by measuring amendment impact on percent dispersion, saturated hydraulic conductivity, crust bulk density, infiltration, and crust formation. (2) Compare a crust bulk density method using ImageJ to the clod wax density method and a modified linear extensibility percent equation to the linear extensibility percent equation to assess whether the novel methods can be used to accurately measure and calculate soil crust bulk density and shrink swell potential while reducing human error and analysis time.
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França, Sara Amorim. "The influence of the irrigating solution on the percentage of dentinal tubule sealer penetration: evaluation with Rhodamine B." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/36676.
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Trabalho final do 5º ano com vista à atribuição do grau de mestre no âmbito do ciclo de estudos de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Dentária apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra.<br>Introduction: The main objectives of endodontic therapy are the complete removal of
residual pulpal tissue, the elimination of bacteria from the root canal system and the
prevention of recontamination after the treatment that could lead to unsuccessful outcomes.
Chemical irrigants such as Sodium Hypochlorite or Chlorhexidine are needed to aid in the
debridement of the root canals. Furthermore, the use of chelating agents has been
advocated. Sealer penetration into the dentinal tubules could influence the sealing ability of
the root filling considering that an increase of the contact surface between dentin and filling
material is accompanied by an improvement of sealability. Additionally, sealer penetration
can contribute to an antimicrobial effect in the tubules. In search for endodontic sealers that
combined the ideal properties, new materials have been proposed such as MTA Fillapex.
Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the percentage of sealer
penetration into dentinal tubules using different endodontic irrigating solutions under in vitro
conditions.
Methods: twenty-nine extracted human single-rooted teeth were divided into 3 groups
according to the main irrigating solution used: (1) the Sodium Hypochlorite group: 3,0%
Sodium Hypochlorite + 17% Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, (2) the Chlorhexidine group:
2,0% Chlorhexidine + 17% Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and (3) the Control group:
Saline Solution + 17% Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. All teeth were obturated using cold
lateral condensation technique with gutta-percha and MTA Fillapex sealer labeled with
rhodamine B. The teeth were sectioned at the apical and middle thirds. Total percentage of
sealer penetration was measured using confocal laser scanning microscopy.
Results: The Kruskal-Wallis analysis results showed that there was no significant difference
in the percentage of sealer penetration among all groups in all sections (p < 0,05). The
Group G1 and the Control Group obtained a higher mean percentage of sealer penetration in
the apical section (Graphic 4). The Group G2 obtained a higher mean percentage of sealer
penetration in the middle section.
Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that there appears to be no significant
difference in the percentage of sealer penetration between the irrigants tested, when smear
layer was removed with 17% EDTA (p = 0.05).
Book chapters on the topic "Sodium percentage"
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Mukri, M., A. Azmi, S. Hashim, S. Aziz, F. H. Ahmad, and N. Khalid. "The Study of Interface Shear Strength Between Geotextile and Soil Liner Containing Different Percentage of Sodium Bentonite." In InCIEC 2014. Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-290-6_51.
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Gatica-Arias, Andrés, and Jorge Rodríguez-Matamoros. "Chemical Mutagenesis of Zygotic Embryos of Coffea arabica L. var. Catuaí Using EMS and NaN3." In Mutation Breeding in Coffee with Special Reference to Leaf Rust. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67273-0_9.
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AbstractThe genetic improvement of C. arabica L. is challenged by its low genetic diversity and autogamous reproductive biology. Induced mutagenesis offers an alternative approach to conventional cross-breeding to increase genetic variability in wild and cultivated Arabica coffee germplasm for further use in breeding programs and genetic studies. Here protocols are described for the preparation of zygotic embryos from C. arabica seed and for toxicity testing of zygotic embryos using two chemical mutagens, sodium azide (NaN3) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Zygotic embryos were immersed for 10 min in a solution of NaN3 (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 and 20. 0 mM) and for 2 h in a solution of EMS (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4 and 6 % v/v). The percentage survival was evaluated and the LD values for NaN3 and EMS were determined at 12.5 mM (51.6%) and 1 % v/v (48.3%), respectively. Our protocols indicate that coffee zygotic embryos are suitable propagules for NaN3 and EMS mutagenesis and expand the types of propagules suitable for induced mutagenesis, breeding and genetic studies in Arabica coffee.
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"exchangeable sodium percentage." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_51991.
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Das, Abhijeet. "River Water Quality Assessment in Baitarani River Basin, Odisha Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Geographical Information System (GIS)." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3233/atde241050.
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Surface water is the main justification for drinking in many regions of our nation. However, it becomes inappropriate for use in different home and irrigation applications because to contamination from hazardous chemicals contained in rocks. A total of thirteen locations along with nine surface water samples were collected and analysed using standard methods, for a duration of 2-year (2022–2024) in pre-monsoon mode. The above mentioned nine parameters were employed to evaluate the suitability of surface water for household and agricultural uses by contrasting them with the World Health Organizations (WHO). However, in this study, we utilized three models—Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Geographical Information System (GIS), to predict surface water irrigation suitability in Baitarani River Basin, Odisha. From the findings, it is evident that all water quality (WQ) indicators were found to be within acceptable ranges for environmental and agricultural purposes. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed strong correlations among components. Subsequently, the surface water was deemed suitable for irrigation, in regards with the sodium absorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (%Na), Kelly’s ratio (KR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), and potential salinity (PS). Modelling efforts highlighted ANN, that often acts as a superior mechanism in predicting irrigation suitability, based on RMSE, MAPE, and R2 metrics. However, the current study adds significantly to our understanding of the geographical variability in surface water quality and is thought to provide a baseline for further research. Future research should consequently focus on examining the basin’s water quality’s temporal fluctuations.
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Hamem, Manal NK, PV Sangeeta Guruvelli, Sony Priya Kurati, and Murali Krishna Kumar Muthyala. "Identification, Modelling and Docking Studies on Sert Like Mycobacterial Protein as a Possible Anti TB Drug Target." In Current Trends in Drug Discovery, Development and Delivery (CTD4-2022). Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781837671090-00123.
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Recent discovery of potent anti TB activity in sertraline, a popular antidepressant drug which acts via selective serotonin reuptake inhibiton, enthused us to search for possible presence of related proteins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We used bioinformatic tools and we used Serotonin Reuptake Receptor of 5-HT protein sequence as query and search the Mycobacterium tuberculosis database using protein blast tool. The mycobacterial protein SGC57945.1, a sodium dependant transporter, is selected based on score (identical percentage-25%; similarity-45%) and pursued for homology modelling and binding site prediction. It is interesting to note that, the binding site amino acids of the query were matching with the alignment region. The modeled protein is used for docking simulation to verify binding interactions and also to find possible hits in the DrugBank database. The drugs with highest score were selected and screened against MtbH37rv.
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Jayasingha Pathmakumara, Pitawala A., Dharamagunawardhane H.A., Welagedara A.S., and Jayathilaka Kanchana. "Applications of GIS and Remote Sensing for Sustainable Use and Management of Groundwater: A Case Study from the Northwestern Coastal Area of Sri Lanka." In Surface and Sub-surface Water in Asia. IOS Press, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-540-1-72.
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Presently, Sri Lankan coastal groundwater resources is threatened due to various anthropogenic activities and becoming a vulnerable source of water in the country. Northwestern coastal area of the country is characterized by unconfined sandy aquifers such as Kalpitiya Peninsula and Mannar Island. This study focuses on application of GIS and remote sensing techniques in assessing the present situation of coastal groundwater with reference to Kalpitiya Peninsula and Mannar Island in view of introducing a suitable monitoring and management plan for conservation of coastal groundwater. Thirteen hydrogeochemical parameters of 150 locations in both Kalpitiya and Mannar areas were analyzed for the samples both collected from dug wells and shallow tube wells in September, 2013. Groundwater Quality Index, Sodium Absorption Ratio, Soluble Sodium Percentage and DRASTIC methods were used to infer the groundwater vulnerability and resistivity imaging technique were also applied to access the groundwater contamination due to seawater intrusion. GIS was applied to integrate and analyze the spatial data obtained from the above techniques. This unconfined coastal sandy aquifer system which is highly specific and productive is a very good freshwater storage and can be considered as a national heritage of the country. Its inherent characters quite dissimilar to the other coastal aquifers can help us infer the potential of easy contamination and vulnerability. Since the Kalpitiya Peninsula (and Mannar Island in future) is subjected to intense vegetable cultivations, groundwater based irrigation and fertilizer applications, groundwater is at risk and already contaminated with regard to few chemical parameters. Thus, an immediate attention is needed for the future sake of existence of those fresh groundwater storages. Remediation measures for Kalpitiya and sound planning for Mannar Island is a must. Understanding the present situation with the application of GIS and remote sensing techniques favours effective data handling and utilization.
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Mal Meena, Pooran, R. K. Aggarwal, Ramu Meena, and Madhurjit Singh Rathore. "Soil Contamination, Risk Assessment, and Remediation." In The Future of Risk Management [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1005045.
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Soil amendment” refers to the alteration of soil properties driven by human activities. This includes actions such as spreading, compaction, erosion and fertility loss, which reshape the land and necessitate qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods to address associated risks. Soil pollution, resulting from the excessive use of agrochemicals, waste materials, and toxic elements, disrupts soil organisms and fertility. Agrochemicals can contaminate soils through agricultural practices, impacting soil health. Irrigation water quality, indicated by salinity and soluble sodium percentage, also plays a crucial role in soil contamination. Additionally, emerging concerns arise from microplastics due to their persistence and potential ecological impacts. Remediation strategies for heavy metal-contaminated soils involve. Physical methods like soil replacement and thermal desorption address contamination by removing or treating soil on-site or off-site. Chemical fixation immobilizes contaminants using specific chemicals, while biological remediation, such as phytoremediation and bioremediation. Risk assessment, crucial for understanding the extent and severity of soil contamination, aids in effective remediation by considering factors such as contaminant concentrations, exposure pathways, and potential ecological and human health impacts. Overall, safeguarding soil health against pollution, erosion, and urbanization is essential for maintaining food and grazing resources.
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El-Dieb Amr S. and Shehab Ehab E. "Cementless concrete using ceramic waste powder." In Construction Materials and Structures. IOS Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-466-4-487.
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Concrete is the main construction material worldwide. The cement production is well known to significantly contribute to the world carbon dioxide emission, around 7% of the global green-house gas produced annually. Worldwide the replacement of cement by supplementary cementing materials has been used as a step to reduce the consumption of cement quantities in concrete mixtures. Geopolymer concrete represents a new alternative in making concrete by utilizing materials mainly composed of silica and alumina which could be alkali-activated to form a CaO-free alumino-silicate binder. Different materials were used in producing geopolymer concrete such as fly ash, metakaolin and slag. The ceramic industry produces significant amount of ceramic waste powder. The ceramic waste powder is characterized by its high percentage of silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3), which is more than 70%. It represents a potential material to be utilized in making geopolymer concrete. In this study, ceramic waste powder was used in a preliminary investigation to produce geopolymer concrete. The study investigated the effect of using sodium hydroxide as alkali activation solution, the pH concentration of the alkali solution (i.e. 8M, 10M, 12M, 14M and 16M) and applying curing temperature of 60oC. Compressive strength, water absorption, electrical resistivity and microstructure of the produced geopolymer were investigated. Preliminary results showed that ceramic waste powder represents a very good potential to be used in producing cementless concrete.
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Armstrong, R. F., W. Aveling, and E. M. Grundy. "General medical." In Anaesthetic Algorithms. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192625960.003.0004.
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Abstract There is an increase in cardiac output and stroke volume in the obese patient. This may lead to LVH. Right ventricular malfunction may result from pulmonary vasoconstriction caused by chronic hypoxia. Hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, CVAs, acute Mis, cardiac arrhythmias, and sudden deaths are also more common in this group of patients. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide excretion are both increased. Lowcompliance leads to increased respiratory work. Intra-operatively the FRCcan fall to such low levels that it is within the closing capacity thus causingV/Q mismatch, increased shunting, and hypoxia. Post-operatively there isprolonged hypoxaemia and a high percentage of patients developrespiratory complications. There is a high incidence of hiatus hernia and gastro-oesophageal reflux.This is compounded by high intra-abdominal pressure. Because of highresting gastric volumes and low gastric pH, anti-aspiration prophylaxis(ranitidine 150 mg p/o) should be prescribed the night before surgeryand repeated 2 hours before surgery. Metoclopramide may be addedpre-operatively and 30 ml sodium citrate (0.3 molar) drunk 3 minutes beforeinduction. A rapid sequence induction is recommended. Ensure a comprehensive pre-operative assessment is carried out including ECG, blood gases, CXR, and respiratory function tests. Exclude medical illnesses associated with obesity. Be prepared for difficult airway problems. Avoid opiates as premedication. Positioning the patient is important. Head down, supine, or prone positions may not be tolerated. Lateral or head and shoulders up will allow better respiratory function.
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Tahir, Mr Abu. "Pharmaceutical Calculations." In Edited Book of Pharmaceutics – I [According to Latest Syllabus of B. Pharm-I Semester of Pharmacy Council of India]. Iterative International Publishers, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/nbennurepch6.
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Pharmaceutical calculations are essential skills for pharmacists, ensuring accurate preparation and dispensing of medications. One fundamental aspect is understanding weights and measures, using both the Imperial and Metric systems. The Imperial system includes units like pounds and ounces, while the Metric system, preferred in pharmaceuticals, uses grams and milliliters for precision. Calculations involving percentage solutions are common in pharmacy practice. For example, to prepare a 10% w/v (weight/volume) solution, one would dissolve 10 grams of a solute in enough water to make 100 milliliters of solution. This ensures the correct concentration for therapeutic efficacy. Allegation is a method used to mix solutions of different concentrations to achieve a desired concentration. For instance, mixing a 20% w/v solution and a 5% w/v solution to make 100 ml of a 15% w/v solution can be calculated using the allegation method, determining the precise volumes needed from each concentration. Proof spirit calculations are used in the preparation of alcoholic solutions. Proof spirit is a term used to describe a mixture of alcohol and water, typically 50% alcohol by volume. To determine the amount of 95% ethanol needed to prepare 500 ml of proof spirit, specific calculations are applied to adjust for the desired concentration. Isotonic solutions are vital for preparing medications that match the osmolarity of body fluids. Calculations based on freezing point depression help achieve this. For example, to prepare an isotonic solution of sodium chloride, one can use the known freezing point depression of 0.52°C for a 0.9% NaCl solution. By adjusting concentrations, pharmacists ensure the solution will not cause cellular damage upon administration
Conference papers on the topic "Sodium percentage"
1
Huang, Yuhui, Yuqing Ouyang, Linghua Luo, and Fu-zhen Xuan. "Effect of Slow Strain Rate on Stress Corrosion Cracking of CrNiMoV Weld Joint in Sodium Chloride Solution at 180 °C." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11112.
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Abstract The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of 30Cr2Ni4MoV rotor steel welded joint in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at 180 °C was investigated using slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests at different strain rates. The result revealed a significant reduction of ductility with slower strain rates, but little effect of strain rate on tensile strength was observed. The reduction in area decreased and the percentage of SCC area on the fracture surface increased with the strain rate decreasing, which indicated higher SCC susceptibility. Although the strain rates greatly influenced the SCC behavior in the welded joint, all the specimens fractured in nearly the same position of the weld metal (WM). This is likely to be ascribed to the lowest strength limit in WM among the welded joint and the SSRT tests with the strain rate of 10−7 s−1 are still dominated by mechanical factor.
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Wells, D. B., J. Stewart, A. W. Herbert, P. M. Scott, and D. E. Williams. "The Use of Percolation Theory to Predict the Probability of Failure of Sensitised, Austenitic Stainless Steels by Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking." In CORROSION 1988. NACE International, 1988. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1988-88289.
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Abstract A quantitative description of the degree of sensitisation in austenitic stainless steels has been developed based on percolation theory. This is used to predict the likelihood of failure of sensitised stainless steel by intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC). The underlying premise is that, for a component to fail by IGSCC, a continuous pathway of susceptible (sensitised) grain boundaries must exist through the grain structure. Calculation of the percentage of sensitised grain boundaries necessary to form a continuous pathway provides a criterion for predicting IGSCC. The theoretical result, obtained using a computer model (which takes no account of the anisotropy induced by the applied strain) is that material with less than 23.8% of sensitised grain boundaries will not fail by IGSCC. A range of sensitised structures has been examined experimentally using the electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation method (EPR). An accurate estimate of the degree of sensitisation in terms of the percentage of sensitised grain boundaries was obtained using quantitative image analysis on micrographs of specimens from the EPR test. Slow strain rate IGSCC experiments in which the cracking was induced by very dilute solutions of sodium thiosulphate were used to test the predictions of the percolation model. These have demonstrated that the modified examination method provided a more reliable means of determining susceptibility to IGSCC than the conventional interpretation of EPR data.
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Snopoli, David, Georges Devilliers, and Patricia Dias. "Corrosion Prediction for Helicopter Application for Maintenance." In Vertical Flight Society 80th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0080-2024-1273.
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Corrosion occurs in diverse environments mainly on metallic parts. Helicopters are made of a huge percentage of metallic parts and need to have several maintenance steps to guarantee its functioning and its durability. The military helicopters are flying in different kinds of environment, which cover large spectrum of severity of the atmospheric corrosion [1]. In maritime conditions, the most influencing factor is the Time of Wetness, which is a direct result Relative Humidity and Salt loading. The main material used for aircraft and that is suffering from corrosion is aluminium. There are plenty of data to follow the corrosion as a function of the environmental conditions, mainly on the sensitivity with sodium chloride, Relative Humidity, film thickness, etc... [2][3]. The maintenance efficiency on helicopters is dependent on the environmental severity. The U.S. armed forces estimate $10.2 billion in corrosion costs for their aviation and missile fleets during 2016 [4] [5] [6]. The aim of the present analysis consists of defining the Condition Based Maintenance related to corrosion risk to better apply a maintenance program when it is really needed.
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Okeniyi, Joshua Olusegun, Abimbola Patricia Idowu Popoola, and Elizabeth Toyin Okeniyi. "Cymbopogon Citratus and Na2Cr2O7 Performance on Reinforcing-Steel Corrosion in Industrial/Microbial Simulating-Environment: Prospect on Environmentally Friendly Inhibitor." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-10808.
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Abstract Electrochemical measurements were obtained from steel-reinforced concrete samples immersed in 0.5 M H2SO4 medium, for simulating industrial/microbial environment, to assess the corrosion-inhibition effects of two admixtures. Cymbopogon citratus (C. citratus) leaf-extract was used in comparison with the well-known but toxic inhibitor, Na2Cr2O7 (sodium dichromate) as a reference. Equal mass fractions, as percentage by mass/weight of cement (wt%) for concrete mixing, of the plant-extract and Na2Cr2O7 were admixed separately in steel-reinforced concrete samples immersed in the industrial/microbial simulating-environment. From these, corrosion-rate by linear polarization-resistance (LPR) and corrosion-potential as per ASTM(1) C876-15 were measured and statistically analyzed as per ASTM G16-13. Corrosion-potential results showed that both admixtures reduced corrosion risk as per ASTM C876-15 criteria. However, high concentrations of C. citratus leaf-extract surpassed the highly effective performance of Na2Cr2O7 at inhibiting reinforcing-steel-corrosion in the test-medium. The 0.417 wt% C. citratus leaf-extract exhibited optimal inhibition efficiency, η = 92.36% in the study. In comparison, the 0.250 wt% Na2Cr2O7 exhibited the highest inhibition effectiveness performance of η = 83.96% among the concentrations of Na2Cr2O7 chemical inhibitor. These indicate prospects on the suitability of C. Citratus leaf-extract as an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor in the industrial/microbial service environment that are discussed in the study.
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Diaz, Joshua, Spencer Swartzbaugh, and Vilupanur Ravi. "Corrosion and Erosion Studies of Ceramic Matrix Composites." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-15202.
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Abstract Ceramic-ceramic composites can be engineered to have high erosion and wear resistance as well as high compressive strengths. Potential applications include pump components, bearings and other applications where a combination of corrosion and erosion resistance are required. In this project, ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) were fabricated using a novel melt approach in which aluminum alloys with varying Mg contents were grown into a SiC-reinforcement, producing alumina-silicon carbide CMCs. The corrosion behavior of the composites were characterized electrochemically in accordance with ASTM standards in a 3.5 wt% sodium chloride solution. Optical and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to characterize the microstructures. Image analysis was performed to determine volume percentages of the reinforcement material and the matrix. The erosion behavior of these materials was evaluated using microhardness profiles and abrasive testing per ASTM standards.
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Mansoori, Hamed, David Young, Bruce Brown, Srdjan Nesic, and Marc Singer. "Investigations on the CO2 Corrosion of Mild Steel in the Presence of Magnesium and Calcium Ions." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-14914.
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Abstract Oilfield brine contains magnesium (Mg2+) and calcium (Ca2+) ions. Although carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion of mild steel and its corrosion products has been extensively studied, the effect of Mg2+ and Ca2+ are frequently overlooked by researchers. Usually, a simple test electrolyte with various percentages of dissolved sodium chloride (NaCl) has been employed to study the mechanism of CO2 corrosion to avoiding complications relating to the water chemistry. The current paper is a continuation of a series of publications aimed at investigating the effect of water chemistries associated with Mg2+ and Ca2+ on the CO2 corrosion mechanism. A combination of electrochemical methods, weight loss technique, and surface characterization tools were employed over the course of long-term experiments with a controlled water chemistry and well-defined mass transfer conditions. The presence of Ca2+ in the electrolyte and the formation of a uniform calcium carbonate (CaCO3) layer on the steel surface facilitated precipitation of a protective iron carbonate (FeCO3) adjacent to the substrate. Localized corrosion was observed in the presence of high concentration of Mg2+ but was not detected in the simultaneous presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ with a typical concentration ratio observed in oilfields (Ca2+/Mg2+=7).
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Kasim, Nur Aisyah, Nor Azizah Che Azmi, Mazidah Mukri, and Siti Nur Aishah Mohd Noor. "Effect on physical properties of laterite soil with difference percentage of sodium bentonite." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON APPLIED PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING (ICAPE2016): Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Applied Physics and Engineering. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4998374.
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Rodriguez, G., and O. Gastaldi. "Sodium Carbonatation Process Development in a View of Treatment of the Primary Circuit of Liquid Metal Fast Reactor (LMFR) in Decommissioning Phases." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1304.
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Abstract As soon as the decision of the final shutdown of SUPERPHENIX was taken, studies linked to the final shutdown and the decommissioning of this reactor were taken into considerations. Amongst all this studies, one concerns the final treatment of the remaining sodium of the primary vessel of the reactor (estimated to a maximum of six tons after a fully draining of the sodium). The process envisaged is an in situ treatment called the carbonatation process. This papers describes the principle of this process and presents CEA experimentations done to precise the kinetic of this process as a function of different parameters (temperature, percentage of carbon dioxide, percentage of water, etc).
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OLUREMI, Johnson R. "Consistency and strength indices of geopolymerized crude oil-contaminated soil using alkaline activated blast furnace slag." In Advances in Cement and Concrete. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2025. https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903537-18.
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Abstract. Crude oil contamination has been proven to adversely alter soil's geotechnical properties, which normally renders it unsuitable for use as road construction materials. Although researchers have extensively studied various ways of remediating and improving the properties of crude oil-contaminated soils (COCS), the differing results still make it a subject of interest. This study investigated the performance evaluation of the effects of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) activated with a mixture of Sodium silicate and Sodium hydroxide on the strength of crude oil-contaminated soil (COCS) at different percentages by weight for safe reuse in highway construction applications. Particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, strength characteristics and microstructural and elemental study of crude oil contaminated soil obtained from Baranyowa Dere village of Ogoni land, Gokana Local Government Area, River State, Nigeria, and admixed with alkaline activated slag was studied. The interaction between COCS - GGBFS – Activator (NaOH+Na2SiO3) led to the reduction in the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) increase in the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) of the samples. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) also increased for soaked and unsoaked conditions, respectively. The percentage of silica in the admixtures reduced with increasing percentage of the additives. It was concluded that the use of alkaline-activated GGBFS is a promising stabilizer for improving the COCS's engineering properties for use in highway pavement construction.
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Ahmad, Shamsad, Ibrahim N. A. Al-Duais, and Mohammed A. Al-Osta. "NON-CARBONATE ALKALI-ACTIVATED BINDERS UTILIZING NATURAL POZZOLAN, LIMESTONE POWDER, SILICOMANGANESE FUME, AND RED MUD." In Sixth International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies. Coventry University, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18552/2024/scmt/125.
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This study aimed to develop non-carbonate alkali-activated binders utilizing natural and industrial waste materials in addition to small quantity of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as precursor materials. Precursor materials were activated using the mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions. Initial trials were carried out to optimize the proportioning of the precursor materials and the levels of activation parameters and to select suitable curing regimes. Using three combinations of natural pozzolan and OPC and keeping percentages of other precursors and activation parameters invariant at their optimum levels and two selected curing regimes, six mixtures of alkali-activated concrete (AAC) were prepared. The AAC mixtures were tested to determine their microstructural and mechanical properties, drying shrinkage, and durability characteristics. Test results exhibited the significant effects of the percentage of OPC and curing regime on the properties of AAC with optimum performance at an OPC content of 20% and curing using steam.
Reports on the topic "Sodium percentage"
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Miyamoto, Seiichi, and Rami Keren. Improving Efficiency of Reclamation of Sodium-Affected Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570569.bard.
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Sodium affected soils, along with salt-affected soils, are distributed widely in irrigated areas of the arid and semi-arid region of the world. Some of these soils can and must be reclaimed to meet the increasing demand for food, and existing irrigated lands must be managed to reduce salinization and alkalization associated with deteriorating irrigation water quality. This project was conducted for examining ways to reduce the use of chemical amendments and large quantities of leaching water for reclaiming sodic soils or for preventing soil sodification, We hypothesized that sodicity of calcareous soils irrigated with moderately sodic irrigation water can be controlled by maximizing dissolution of soil CaCO3. The work performed in Israel has shown that dissolution of CaCO3 can be enhanced by elevating the CO2 partial pressure in soils, and by increasing pore water velocity. The concentration of Ca in pore water was at an order of 1.5 mmolc L-1 at a CO2 partial pressure of 5 kPa, which is sufficient to maintain SAR below 4 at salinity of irrigation water of 0.5 dS m-1 or less. Incorporation of crop residue at a flesh weight of 100 Mg ha-1 reduced the exchangeable Na percentage from 19 to 5%, while it remained 14% without crop residue application These findings indicate a possibility of preventing soil sodification with appropriate crop rotation and residue management without chemical amendments, provided that soils remain permeable. In the case of highly sodic soils, dissolution of CaCO3 alone is usually insufficient to maintain soil permeability during initial leaching. We examined the effect of salinity and sodicity on water infiltration, then developed a way to estimate the amendments required on the basis of water infiltration and drainage characteristics, rather than the traditional idea of reducing the exchangeable Na percentage to a pre-fixed value. Initial indications from soil column and lysimeter study are that the proposed method provides realistic estimates of amendment requirements. We further hypothesized that cultivation of salt-tolerant plants with water of elevated salinity can enhance reclamation of severely Na-affected soils primarily through improved water infiltration and increased dissolution of CaCO3 through respiration. An outdoor lysimeter experiment using two saline sodic Entisols sodded with saltgrass for two seasons did not necessarily support this hypothesis. While there was an evidence of increased removal of the exchangeable Na originally present in the soils, the final salinity and sodicity measured were lowest without sod, and highest when sodded. High transpiration rates, coupled with low permeability and/or inadequate leaching seemed to have offset the potential benefits of increased CaCO3 dissolution and subsequent removal of exchangeable Na. Although vegetative means of reclaiming sodic soils had been reported to be effective in sandy soils with sufficient permeability, additional study is needed for its use in saline sodic soils under the high evaporative demand. The use of cool season grass after initial salt leaching with CaCl2 should be explored. Results obtained from this project have several potential applications, which include the use of crop residues for maintaining sodium balance, the use of CaCl2 for initial leaching of poorly permeable clayey sodic soils, and appraisal of sodicity effects, and appropriate rates and types of amendments required for reclamation
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Viksna, Ludmila, Oksana Kolesova, Aleksandrs Kolesovs, Ieva Vanaga, and Seda Arutjunana. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients (Latvia, Spring 2020). Rīga Stradiņš University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/fk2/hnmlhh.
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Data include following variables: Demographics, epidemiological history, comorbidities, diagnosis, complications, and symptoms on admission to the hospital. Also, body’s temperature and SpO2. Blood cells: white cells count (WBC), neutrophils (Neu), lymphocytes (Ly), eosinophils (Eo) and monocytes (Mo), percentages of segmented and banded neutrophils, erythrocytes (RBC), platelet count (PLT), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (HCT); Inflammatory indicators: erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP); Tissue damage indicators: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and troponin T (TnT); Electrolytes: potassium and sodium concentration; Renal function indicators: creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (GFR); Coagulation tests: D-dimer, prothrombin time, and prothrombin index on admission to the hospital.
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Cram, Jana, Mary Levandowski, Kaci Fitzgibbon, and Andrew Ray. Water resources summary for the Snake River and Jackson Lake Reservoir in Grand Teton National Park and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway: Preliminary analysis of 2016 data. National Park Service, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285179.
Full textAbstract:
This report summarizes discharge and water quality monitoring data for the Snake River and Jackson Lake reservoir levels in Grand Teton National Park and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway for calendar year 2016. Annual and long-term discharge summaries and an evaluation of chemical conditions relative to state and federal water quality standards are presented. These results are considered provisional, and may be subject to change. River Discharge: Hydrographs for the Snake River at Flagg Ranch, WY, and Moose, WY, exhibit a general pattern of high early summer flows and lower baseflows occurring in late summer and fall. During much of 2016, flows at the Flagg Ranch monitoring location were similar to the 25th percentile of daily flows at that site. Peak flows at Flagg Ranch were similar to average peak flow from 1983 to 2015 but occurred eleven days earlier in the year compared to the long-term average. Peak flows and daily flows at the Moose monitoring station were below the long-term average. Peak flows occurred four days later than the long-term average. During summer months, the unnatural hydro-graph at the Moose monitoring location exhibited signs of flow regulation associated with the management of Jackson Lake. Water Quality Monitoring in the Snake River: Water quality in the Snake River exhibited seasonal variability over the sampling period. Specifically, total iron peaked during high flows. In contrast, chloride, sulfate, sodium, magnesium, and calcium levels were at their annual minimum during high flows. Jackson Lake Reservoir: Reservoir storage dynamics in Jackson Lake exhibit a pattern of spring filling associated with early snowmelt runoff reaching maximum storage in mid-summer (on or near July 1). During 2016, filling water levels and reservoir storage began to increase in Jackson Lake nearly two weeks earlier than the long-term average and coincident with increases in runoff-driven flows in the Snake River. Although peak storage in Jackson Lake was larger and occurred earlier than the long-term average, minimum storage levels were similar to the long-term average.