Journal articles: 'Sodium percentage'

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H. Ali, Alaa, and Mohammed M. Yassen. "Relationship Between Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP)." Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 29, no. 1 (2016): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33762/bagrs.2016.116190.

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Razali, Roslizayati, Nor Azizah Che Azmi, Diana Che Lat, Mazidah Mukri, and Farah Hafifie Ahamad. "The Significant Effect of Interface Shear Strength Between Soil Liner and Geotextile with Different Percentages of Bentonite and Sodium Bentonite with Geosynthetic." MATEC Web of Conferences 150 (2018): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815002009.

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This research focuses on the interface shear performance between geotextile and soil with various percentages of bentonite and sodium bentonite for landfill stability by using Direct Shear Test. Admixtures are mixed with clay to improve its performance as a liner material due to their ability to fill the voids between soil particles and also the most effective sealants. The aim of this study is focused on evaluating the effectiveness of bentonite and sodium bentonite on improving interface shear strength of fine soil. In this study, direct shear box was used to measure the interface shear strength of soil with different percentages of bentonite and sodium bentonite at optimum moisture content. Analysis shows that the most suitable percentage is of 5 % of bentonite and 2.5 % of sodium bentonite due to the highest interface shear strength of the mixture with geosynthetic. It is clearly shown that 2.5 % sodium bentonite is the most suitable percentage to be used as admixture for landfill stability as it gives higher interface shear strength.

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Vliet, Myrthe Van, Manfred Rauh, Liffert Vogt, Jens Titze, and Rik Olde Engberink. "RENAL POTASSIUM EXCRETION IS NOT A FIXED PERCENTAGE OF INTAKE." Journal of Hypertension 42, Suppl 1 (2024): e219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0001021684.49293.c3.

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Objective: Because of its blood pressure lowering effects, high potassium intake could help to reduce cardiovascular events. As a significant amount of potassium is lost via stool, the World Health Organization advices to multiply 24-hour renal potassium excretion by 1.3 for estimation of dietary intake. We analyzed whether this 1.3 factor varies over time in healthy volunteers and tested whether factors associated with tissue cation storage, namely sodium intake, aldosterone, cortisol and urine volume, affect the renal potassium excretion. Design and method: We performed a post-hoc analysis of the Mars sodium balance studies in which ten healthy male participants consumed a fixed salt (6, 9 and 12 grams/day for periods >29 days) and potassium intake (4 grams/day) for 105 (n=4) and 205 days (n=6). For the entire study period, all urine was collected in 24-hour aliquots. We calculated the percentage of potassium intake that was excreted in the corresponding 24-hour urine collection during steady-state. Using a multivariable mixed-effects model, we assessed whether this percentage was associated with sodium intake, potassium intake, urinary aldosterone, urinary cortisol and urine volume. Results: Overall, the median renal potassium excretion was 80% of potassium intake, but percentages ranged from 24% to 304%. Within participants the interquartile range of renal potassium excretion was 25% and between participants 21%. Increased sodium intake was associated with a higher percentage of renal potassium excretion (P<0.05), whereas increased potassium intake was associated with a lower percentage of renal potassium excretion (P<0.001). There was a significant positive interaction between the effects of sodium and potassium intake (P<0.001; figure A). Additionally, urinary aldosterone (figure B), urinary cortisol (figure C) and urine volume (figure D) were associated with a higher percentage of renal potassium excretion (P<0.001). Conclusions: The percentage of ingested potassium that is excreted in urine varies considerably within and among subjects. Sodium intake, potassium intake, urinary aldosterone and cortisol levels, and urine volume independently affect the fraction of the ingested potassium that is excreted by the kidneys during steady-state. Our results suggest that the WHO's standard 1.3 conversion factor may lead to inaccurate estimation of potassium intake.

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Al-Taie, Mohammed Yahya, and Wafaa Hameed Alsamaraee. "Effect of Different Levels of Aflatoxin B1 in Concentrated Livestock Diets on Some Characteristics of Rumen Fluid in Laboratory with Sodium Bentonite." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1262, no. 7 (2023): 072110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1262/7/072110.

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Abstract This study was conducted in the nutrition laboratory of the Department of Animal Production in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences at the University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya. The experiment lasted for 90 days to investigate the effects of adding sodium bentonite (SB) to a concentrated diet contaminated with aflatoxin B1 on some characteristics of rumen fluid in a laboratory setting. Four diets were prepared, each contaminated with different concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (0, 20, 40, 60 ppb), and four different percentages of sodium bentonite (0, 3, 5, 7%) were added to each ration. The results showed a significant increase in pH values among the different treatments, with the diet contaminated with 40 ppb aflatoxin B1 (T3) recording the highest acidity compared to the control treatment at 0% concentration. However, there were no significant differences in pH rates between the treatments. The pH rates of 7% sodium bentonite addition did not differ significantly from 5% and 0%, while 3% had the lowest pH rate. Regarding volatile fatty acids (VFA), there was a significant increase in their percentage with the increase in sodium bentonite concentrations. The second treatment contaminated with 20 ppb aflatoxin B1 recorded the highest VFA percentage among the treatments, while the fourth treatment (T4) at 0% concentration recorded the lowest VFA percentage. Significant differences in VFA percentages were observed among all the treatments, with the highest VFA percentage in T2, followed by T3 and T1, while T4 recorded the lowest percentage. The analysis of ammonia nitrogen values showed a significant increase among the different treatments, with T2 recording the highest value among the treatments, and T4 at 0% concentration recording the lowest ammonia nitrogen value. Significant differences in the average percentage of ammonia nitrogen were observed among all the experimental treatments, with the highest value in T2, followed by T1 and T3, while T4 recorded the lowest percentage. The total number of microorganisms showed a significant increase with the increase in sodium bentonite concentrations, with T2 at 7% concentration having the highest number of microorganisms, while T4 at 0% concentration recorded the lowest number. Significant differences in the average total number of microorganisms were observed among all the experimental treatments, with T2 having the highest number, followed by T1 and T3, while T4 had the lowest number.

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DeSutter, T., D. Franzen, Y. He, et al. "Relating Sodium Percentage to Sodium Adsorption Ratio and its Utility in the Northern Great Plains." Soil Science Society of America Journal 79, no. 4 (2015): 1261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2015.01.0010n.

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Mohamed, D. M., S. I. Ibrahim, and E. A. Elamin. "Variability and Correlation between Exchangeable Sodium Percentage and Sodium Adsorption Ratio in Vertisols of Sudan." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 39, no. 19-20 (2008): 2827–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620802432758.

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Li, Nan, Ehsan Zare, Muddassar Muzzamal, Michael Sefton, and John Triantafilis. "Improved prediction of soil exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) using wavelet." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 209 (June 2023): 107810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.107810.

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Mesgaran, M. Danesh. "Responses of lactating dairy cows to sodium bicarbonate or sodium bentonite in low forage diet." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200011224.

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Dietary sodium bicarbonate or sodium bentonite has been used in lactating cow diets to aid ration adjustment. Addition of sodium bicarbonate increased intake and milk production for cows fed high concentrate diets in the first two months after parturition (Erdman et al., 1980). Addition of dietary buffers such as sodium bicarbonate and sodium bentonite increased molar percentage of acetate and reduced propionate in dairy cows. Milk fat percentage was increased by sodium bicarbonate in dairy cows when fed low roughage diets (Erdman, 1988). The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of sodium bicarbonate or sodium bentonite in diets of high yielding dairy cows on milk yield, milk composition, and faecal pH.

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Van Vliet, Anne Myrthe, Manfred Rauh, Liffert Vogt, Jens Titze, and Rik Olde Engberink. "O79 DAILY URINARY POTASSIUM EXCRETION IS NOT A FIXED PERCENTAGE OF DAILY POTASSIUM INTAKE." Journal of Hypertension 42, Suppl 3 (2024): e36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0001062756.94685.f3.

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Background and Objective: High potassium intake is associated with a lower blood pressure and lower incidence of cardiovascular events. For estimation of potassium intake, the World Health Organization advices to multiply the 24-hour renal potassium excretion by 1.3, considering the substantial fecal potassium loss. We examined the variation in the required conversion factor in healthy volunteers and evaluated the effect of factors associated with tissue cation storage on the renal potassium excretion. Methods: We performed a post-hoc analysis of the Mars long-term sodium balance studies. Healthy male participants consumed a fixed amount of salt (6, 9 and 12 grams/day for >29 days) and potassium (4 grams/day) for 105 (n=4) and 205 days (n=6). All urine was collected in 24-hour aliquots. We calculated the percentage of potassium intake that was excreted in the corresponding 24-hour urine collection during steady-state. A multivariable mixed-effects model was used to assess associations of this percentage with sodium intake, potassium intake, urinary aldosterone, urinary cortisol and urine volume. Results: The median renal potassium excretion was 80% of potassium intake (IQR 65-97%, range 24-304%), corresponding to a conversion factor of 1.25 (IQR 1.03-1.54). Within individual subjects we also observed a marked day-to-day variation in the percentage of renal potassium excretion: the average intraperson width of the IQR was 25%. Sodium intake (figure A), urinary aldosterone (figure B), urinary cortisol (figure C) and urine volume (figure D) were positively associated with the percentage of renal potassium excretion, whereas potassium intake showed a negative association (figure A). A significant positive interaction between the effects of sodium and potassium intake was present (P<0.001). Conclusions: The percentage of dietary potassium that is excreted via urine varies considerably. During steady-state, this percentage is independently affected by sodium intake, potassium intake, urinary aldosterone, urinary cortisol, and urine volume. Our results suggest that the WHO's fixed 1.3 conversion factor may lead to inaccurate estimations of potassium intake.

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Irvine, S. A., and D. J. Reid. "Field prediction of sodicity in dryland agriculture in Central Queensland, Australia." Soil Research 39, no. 6 (2001): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr00075.

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Field classification of Vertosols and Sodosols in Australia involves the calculation of an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of the subsoil to estimate sodicity. ESP has historically been determined by laboratory measurement of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable sodium. This often leads to a delay in field classification and mapping and missed extension opportunities with landholders. Recently, ion-specific electrode field meters have been developed that allow the determination of the sodium ion concentration within a soil solution. If field tests and/or calculation can estimate clay percentage and sodium concentration, there is potential for rapid field assessment of ESP. The field meter accurately predicted exchangeable sodium (R2 = 0.83). In addition CEC was related to clay percentage (R2 = 0.79). The estimated ESP calculated by the field tests compared favourably with the actual ESP measurement (R2 = 0.85).

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Samuel, A. E., U. Idris, S. D. Senchi, T. A. Alfa, and S.Y. Kamba. "Preparation and Characterization of Sodium Alginate-g-Polyacrylamide Copolymer." Chemistry Research Journal 8, no. 3 (2023): 67–75. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11351550.

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<strong>Abstract </strong>Grafting of vinyl monomers onto an alginate backbone can enhance the scope of its industrial applications. In this study, the graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto sodium alginate initiated by ceric ion-allyl alcohol redox pair was studied in aqueous media. The sodium alginate-g-polyacrylamide copolymer was characterized: mechanical, morphology and thermogravimetric properties. The graft copolymerization reactions showed optimal graft yield at 50 oC with calculated activation energy of 7.35kcal/mol for the copolymerization reaction. The graft yield showed an initial increase and thereafter, a negative dependence on allyl alcohol concentrations. The Pg/Pgo ratios (1.13-1.68) were greater than unity for all polymerization reactions. The copolymer presents a decrease in tensile strength with a corresponding greater elongation and extension compared to sodium alginate. The scanning electron micrograph shows evenly distribution of grafted polyacrylamide on the sodium alginate matrix.  Thermal studies showed a greater thermal stability of the graft copolymer. From this study, ceric ion-allyl alcohol redox pair was an effective initiator for graft copolymerization of the vinyl monomer onto sodium alginate in aqueous media with enhanced properties of the copolymer.

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Liu, Jia, Tingting Xue, and Yongbao Shen. "Effect of Nitric Oxide on Seed Germination and Dormancy in Empress Trees." HortTechnology 29, no. 3 (2019): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04250-18.

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Freshly harvested empress tree (Paulownia elongata) seeds have physiologic dormancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide (NO) on the dormancy and germination of empress tree seeds. After treatment with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (an NO-releasing compound) solution, the germination percentage of seeds under 12 h of continuous light was significantly greater. Seed germination percentage was promoted significantly by 10–4 M sodium nitroprusside plus cold stratification compared with seeds treated with cold stratification only. At different hours during imbibition, empress tree seeds treated with 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5- tetramethylimidazoline -1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt (c-PTIO), NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and sodium tungstate showed reduced seed germination percentages. During the early hours of imbibition, c-PTIO or sodium tungstate treatment inhibited seed germination significantly. The results showed that both exogenous and endogenous NO can release empress tree seed dormancy. Endogenous NO oxide was involved in dormancy release and germination of seeds during the early stages of imbibition. Wider application of NO may be used for breaking seed dormancy in other species.

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Shainberg, I., and M. J. Singer. "Drop Impact Energy-Soil Exchangeable Sodium Percentage Interactions in Seal Formation." Soil Science Society of America Journal 52, no. 5 (1988): 1449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1988.03615995005200050046x.

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Fernandes, Débora Cardoso, Ioná Carreno, André Anjos da Silva, Tais Battisti Guerra, and Fernanda Scherer Adami. "Relationship between pregestational nutritional status and type of processing of foods consumed by high-risk pregnant women." Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 19, no. 2 (2019): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042019000200006.

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Abstract Objectives: to relate pregestational nutritional status, maternal age and number of pregnancies to the distribution of macronutrients and micronutrients according to the type of processing offoods consumed by high-risk pregnant women. Methods: a retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out with data from medical records of 200 pregnant women served by a public outpatient clinic in Rio Grande do Sul from 2014 to 2016. Results: the mean percentages of lipids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and sodium intake were higher among ultra-processed foods. There was a significant inverse correlation between maternal age and total calorie intake (p=0.003) and percentage of carbohydrates (p=0.005) and proteins (p=0.037) from ultra-processed foods. There was also a significant association between pregestational nutritional status and total calorie intake (p=0.018) and percentage of carbohydrates (p=0.048) from ultra-processed foods. Conclusions: the mean percentages of lipids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and sodium intake were higher among ultra-processed foods. It was observed that the older the maternal age of high-risk pregnant women, the lower the intake of total calories and percentages of carbohydrates and proteins from ultra-processed foods. It was also observed that pregestational nutritional status was significantly associated with the intake of total calories and percentage of carbohydrates from ultra-processed foods.

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Nurwidayati, Ratni, Intan Saniah, Nursiah Chairunnisa, and Ade Yuniati Pratiwi. "The Effect of Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Different NaOH Molarities on the Compressive Strength of Geopolymer Mortar." E3S Web of Conferences 476 (2024): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447601031.

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This study compared the compressive strength of the geopolymer mortar with different percentages of bottom ash as a replacement for fine aggregate. Fly ash from two sources was blended as raw materials. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used as alkaline solutions, with a ratio of 2.5 and two NaOH concentrations of 8M and 10M. The percentage of bottom ash was substituted up to 30%. The result indicated that the setting time was longer due to the higher molarity of NaOH. The compressive strength of mortar geopolymer at 10M of NaOH was higher than 8M. Higher percentages of bottom ash significantly decreased the compressive strength. However, at 10M NaOH, the compressive strength was decreased by only 11% (20% of substituting). Increasing the molarity of NaOH decreased the absorption of mortar geopolymer and increased the restrain to sodium sulfate.

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Tayade, Dr R. A., and Sushil D. Patila. "Effect of Sodium Gluconate on the Fluidity and Early Hydration of Cement Pastes Along with Polycarboxylate Ether." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (2022): 1624–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.48290.

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Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the effect of sodium gluconate (SG) along with Polycarboxylate Ether (PCE) on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) hydration behavior. The Pastes performances of ordinary portland cement, including mechanical strength, fluidity, the heat of hydration, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal analysis (TGA-DTA) are studied. The dispersion behaviour of Cement paste in the PCE with varying percentages of retarder such as Sodium Gluconate SG is presented in this paper. The correlation was aimed at quantifying the impact of the varying percentage of SG & constant percentage of PCE in the Cement paste. The instrument flow cone, Compressive testing machine & Isothermal Calorimeter were employed in the present study for evaluating the behavior of the Cement paste, which is found to show systematic changes in fluidity, compressive strength (CST), and Heat of hydration successfully. The workability & compressive strength of Cement paste improved by the addition of SG in the PCE up to certain a percentage

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Ayisha, V. A., T. G. Sakhi, and V. K. Brijesh. "Spatio-Temporal Variations of Hydrogeochemical Parameters and Qualitative Assessment of Groundwater in the Chellur Watershed, Malappuram District, Kerala, India." International Journal of Geology and Earth Sciences 2, no. 3 (2016): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1536389.

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The primary objective of this work is to examine the spatio-temporal variations of groundwater quality parameters of Chellur watershed in Kerala and to assess the suitability of groundwater for irrigation purposes. Groundwater samples were collected from 10 open wells and 2 bore wells during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The samples were analyzed for Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), major ions such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, etc. The spatial variation diagrams of various physico-chemical parameters were drawn using ArcGIS. The suitability of groundwater for irrigation purposes was assessed using the  parameters such as EC, SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio) and Sodium percentage (Na%). From Wilcox plot, it was observed that all the samples of both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons fall in the excellent to good category. The plot of USSL diagram showed that the groundwater samples from Chellur watershed belongs to C1-S1 (low salinity-low SAR) and C2-S1 (medium salinity-low SAR) categories in both seasons. It could be inferred that majority of groundwater samples in the study area fall within the permissible limits prescribed for irrigation.

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Abbas, Ahmed K., Huda Amer Mohammed, Duraid K. A. Al-Taey, Raghda’a Ali Al-Khafajy, Saad S. Mahmood, and Marwa Fadhil Alsaffar. "The Effect of NaCl Treatment on the Nutritional Balance of Wheat under Salt Stress Conditions." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1371, no. 5 (2024): 052090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1371/5/052090.

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Abstract A nutritional balance assessment of wheat seeds subjected to salt stress was the objective of the research, which was carried out in the autumn of 2022. The seeds were treated with sodium chloride solutions of varying concentrations. Wheat seeds treated with sodium chloride solutions of concentrations of 25, 50, and 75 mM exhibited a substantial increase in the uptake of calcium, sodium, and chloride ions, while potassium absorption decreased significantly (the study revealed that the application of water with varying salinity levels significantly affected the uptake of potassium, calcium, sodium, and chloride ions by the plants). Furthermore, it is more accurate to express the proportions of potassium and calcium ions to sodium as a percentage rather than their absolute quantities. This was demonstrated when varying and highly concentrated sodium chloride solutions (20 and 75 mM) were used to increase the percentage of potassium or calcium to sodium. Specifically, this led to an imbalance in the ratios of potassium and calcium ions to sodium.

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Gharaibeh, Mamoun A., Ammar A. Albalasmeh, Christopher Pratt, and Ali El Hanandeh. "Estimation of exchangeable sodium percentage from sodium adsorption ratio of salt-affected soils using traditional and dilution extracts, saturation percentage, electrical conductivity, and generalized regression neural networks." CATENA 205 (October 2021): 105466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105466.

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Calderón O., Yully Alexandra, Yenni Marcela Moreno G., and Diana Cristina Moncayo M. "Aplicación de recubrimientos a base de alginato para reducir la absorción de aceite en papa criolla (solanum phureja)." Cuadernos de Semilleros de investigación 4, no. 1 (2018): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33133/csi-4-2018-29.

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The frying process has become a mechanism of food transformation, improving organoleptic properties at the time of consumption. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of sodium alginate as an edible coating on slices of Creole potato (Solanum phureja), to reduce the percentage of oil absorption in the frying process, by evaluating the percentage of absorption of fat. The formulation that allows reducing the percentage of absorbed fat was that of sample 1,8% 50% sodium alginate glycerol.

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Paes, Jefferson Luiz de Aguiar, Hugo Alberto Ruiz, Raphael Bragança Alves Fernandes, Maria Betânia Galvão dos Santos Freire, Maria de Fatima Cavalcanti Barros, and Genelício Crusóe Rocha. "Hydraulic conductivity in response to exchangeable sodium percentage and solution salt concentration." Revista Ceres 61, no. 5 (2014): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-737x201461050015.

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Hydraulic conductivity is determined in laboratory assays to estimate the flow of water in saturated soils. However, the results of this analysis, when using distilled or deionized water, may not correspond to field conditions in soils with high concentrations of soluble salts. This study therefore set out to determine the hydraulic conductivity in laboratory conditions using solutions of different electrical conductivities in six soils representative of the State of Pernambuco, with the exchangeable sodium percentage adjusted in the range of 5-30%. The results showed an increase in hydraulic conductivity with both decreasing exchangeable sodium percentage and increasing electrical conductivity in the solution. The response to the treatments was more pronounced in soils with higher proportion of more active clays. Determination of hydraulic conductivity in laboratory is routinely performed with deionized or distilled water. However, in salt affected soils, these determinations should be carried out using solutions of electrical conductivity different from 0 dS m-1, with values close to those determined in the saturation extracts.

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Mahdi, Hawraa A., Khalid W. Hameed, and Abdul-Jabbar A. Ali. "Extraction of Bovine Serum Albumin by Aqueous Two-Phase System Using PEG4000/Sodium Citrate and PEG8000/Sodium Phosphate." Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal 19, no. 2 (2023): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/kej.2023.04.001.

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Aqueous Two Phase System (ATPS) or liquid-liquid extraction is used in biotechnology to recover valuable compounds from raw sources. In Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, many factors influence the Partition coefficient, K, (which is the ratio of protein concentration in the top phase to that in the bottom phase) and the Recovery percentage (Rec%). In this research, two systems of ATPS were used: first, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000/Sodium citrate (SC), and the second, PEG8000/ Sodium phosphate (SPH), for the extraction of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). The behavior of Rec% and K of pure (BSA) in ATPS has been investigated throughout the study by the effects of five parameters: temperature, concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG4000 and PEG8000), the concentration of Sodium citrate or Sodium phosphate, pH, and the addition of sodium chloride as a supporting agent. The recovery percentage of BSA and its partition coefficient are significantly influenced by these factors to various degrees. The most influential variable in this study is PEG concentration for both systems. In addition to the PEG concentration, the stabilizing impact of NaCl is a crucial factor. The interaction between biomolecules and PEG gets more hydrophobic as the PEG concentration is raised. In the first system (PEG4000/SC), the maximum recovery percentage and partition coefficient were 98.99% and 97.69, respectively, at 31°C, PEG4000 concentration 1.5g/10 ml, Sodium citrate concentration 2.7 g/10 ml, pH 10, and 0.5 M NaCl concentration. While in the second system (PEG8000/SPH), the maximum recovery percentage and partition coefficient was 98.93% and 92.12, respectively, at 31oC, PEG8000 concentration 1.5 g/10 ml, Sodium phosphate concentration 2.4 g/10 ml, pH 10, and concentration of NaCl 0.5 M.

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Adistira, Ross Mellyana, Ramadhana Komala, Abdullah, and Alifiyanti Muharramah. "Hubungan Status Gizi, Persen Lemak Tubuh, RLPP, dan Asupan Natrium dengan Hipertensi pada Wanita Lansia." Jurnal Gizi 11, no. 2 (2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/jg.11.2.2022.60-67.

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With age, the ability of body tissues decreases gradually in maintaining normal functions. Hypertension or the “silent killer” is state of blood pressure ≥140/≥90 mmHg. The worst consequence is death. The purpose is to know correlation of nutritional status, body fat percentage, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and sodium intake with hypertension in elderly women at Posyandu Lansia Gading Rejo, Lampung. Design of research was cross sectional with Simple Random Sampling technique. The research subjects were 76 people. Height was measured using a microtoice, body weight and body fat percentage using Bioelectrical Impedance Analyze (BIA), WHR using met-line, sodium intake using the Semi Quantitative-Food Frequencies Questionnaire. The data that has been obtained then tested for normality of the data with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and continued with the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient test. Based on the Spearman Rank Correlation test, there was a significant relationship between; nutritional status with hypertension (p=0,000 r=0,425), body fat percentage with hypertension (p=0,001 r=0,376), WHR with hypertension (p=0,012 r=0,268), and sodium intake with hypertension (p=0,000 r=0,496). The conclusion is nutritional status, percent body fat, waist-tohip ratio, and sodium intake have a significant relationship with hypertension in elderly women.Keywords: body fat percentage, elderly of woman, hypertension, nutritional status, sodium intake, waist-to-hip ratio

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John, Katherine A., Mary E. Cogswell, Lixia Zhao, et al. "Change in US Adult Consumer Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Related to Sodium Intake and Reduction: SummerStyles 2012 and 2015." American Journal of Health Promotion 32, no. 6 (2016): 1357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117116679163.

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Purpose: To describe changes in consumer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to sodium reduction from 2012 to 2015. Design: A cross-sectional analysis using 2 online, national research panel surveys. Setting: United States. Participants: A total of 7796 adults (18+ years). Measures: Sodium-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Analysis: Data were weighted to match the US population survey proportions using 9 factors. Wald χ2 tests were used to examine differences by survey year and hypertensive status. Results: Despite the lack of temporal changes observed in respondent characteristics (mean age: 46 years, 67% were non-Hispanic white, and 26% reported hypertension), some changes were found in the prevalence of sodium-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. The percentage of respondents who recognized processed foods as the major source of sodium increased from 54% in 2012 to 57% in 2015 ( P = .04), as did the percentage of respondents who buy or choose low/reduced sodium foods, from 33% in 2012 to 37% in 2015 ( P = .016). In contrast, the percentage of self-reported receipt of health professional advice among persons with hypertension decreased from 59% in 2012 to 45% in 2015 ( P < .0001). Other sodium-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors did not change significantly during 2012 to 2015. Conclusion: In recent years, some positive changes were observed in sodium-related knowledge and behaviors; however, the decrease in reported health professional advice to reduce sodium among respondents with hypertension is a concern.

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C., Anitha Kumari, JohnsiChristobel G., and A.R.Sarika. "Biosorption of Heavy Metal Arsenic (AS) and Growth Promoting Efficacy of Marine Macroalga, Ulva fasiciata (L.) on Vigna radiata(L.) Seedlings." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 4, no. 2 (2019): 510–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2580208.

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The impact of heavy metal Sodium arsenate on the growth,yieldand biochemical characteristics of Vignaradiata (L.) was determined.The addition of high concentrations of heavymetal resulted in decrease in the growth, biochemical andyieldcharacters of Vignaradiata.The marine macroalga,Ulvafasciata(L.)as liquid fertilizer and algal biomasswas screenedfor its heavy metal biosorptionand growth promoting effect. The supplementation with Ulvafasciataextractincreases the percentage of growth, yield and biochemical contentof Vignaradiata(L.)compared with control treatedwith Sodium arsenate alone. Maximumincrease in percentage of growth and yield parameters were observed at 20%Liquid Fertilizer and 15g algal biomass of U.fasciata treated seedling. The results led to confirm that marine macroalgaecould be used to remove the toxicity of heavy metal inpolluted environmentfor sustainable agriculture. It is an economic, cost-effective and safe alternate to existing commercial adsorbents of heavy metal.

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Omoregie, Ujomonigho Edomo, Joseph Kwesi Mensah, and Beckley Ikhajiagbe. "Sodium azide and hydroxyl ammonium hydrochloride show affinity for different Oryza sativavarieties in mutation studies." Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research-DISCONTINUED 11 (January 25, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/safer-v11n1-art2814.

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The comparative effects of sodium azide (NaN3) and hydroxyl ammoniumhydrochloride (NH2OH.HCl) on the growth and yield parameters of therice varieties; FARO 44, FARO 52 and FARO 57 were investigated. The planting materials obtained from the National Cereal Research Institute, Badeggi, Bida, Niger State were treated with 0.004 % sodium azide and 0.25 % hydroxyl ammoniumhydrochloride at pH 3. Control seeds were treated with distilled water at neutral pH. Growth parameters recorded include percentage germination and length of plumule and radicle. Yield parameters include number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, onehundred grain weight. Results obtained includepercentage germination with sodium azide havingthe highest percentage germination in FARO 44 and FARO 52 while hydroxyl ammoniumhydrochloride had the highest percentage germination in FARO 57. For number of panicles per plant at harvest, sodium azide treated grains had the highest number of panicles harvested in FARO 44 and FARO 52 while hydroxyl ammoniumhydrochloride had the highest number of panicles harvested per plant at harvest in FARO 57.The observations from this research showed that sodium azide had more affinity forFARO 44 and FARO 52 while hydroxyl ammonium hydrochloridehad anaffinityFARO 57.

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Kapoor, A., R. Pal, and SR Poonia. "Prediction of exchangeable sodium percentage in soils by mechanistic and layer models." Soil Research 27, no. 2 (1989): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9890325.

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An experiment was conducted in Plexiglass columns ( i d . 5.6 cm) to study depth distribution of adsorbed Na+ in Ca-saturated loamy sand, sandy loam and clay loam soils on percolating different volumes of 0.1M NaCl solution. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) decreased gradually with depth and increased with increase in volume of solution percolated. The depth development of ESP of the soils was computed by using a numerical solution of a one-dimensional convective-dispersive partial differential equation (model I) and a conceptual layer model (model II). To account for the effect of adsorption on cation flow, the slopes of the nonlinear adsorption functions fitted to the normalized adsorption isotherms of Na+ were employed in model I , and the Gapon equation was employed in model II. As the Gapon selectivity coefficient (Kg) is dependent on Na saturation, its values were calculated from the regression equation: Kg = 0.22 + 0.0043SAR (where SAR is the sodium adsorption ratio). Model I overpredicted ESP of loamy sand and sandy loam soils throughout the column depth; the overprediction was more pronounced in the former. The coefficient of determination, calculated on the basis of pooled data of three soils and two solution volumes showed that the accuracy of prediction of model II was considerably higher (r2 = 0.80) than that of model 1 (r2 = 0.54).

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Gunawan, Yuspian, La Hasanuddin, Raden Rinova Sisworo, et al. "Percentage Analysis Mixed of CPO, Phosphic Acid and Sodium Hydroxide as a Replacement for Diesel Engine Oil Fuel Using a Calorize Test." International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science 9, no. 09 (2020): 25189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijecs/v9i09.4529.

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One of the researches being developed is to produce methyl esters from CPO through transesterification reaction of vegetable oil (triglycerides) with methanol. Biodiesel from crude palm oil is a new hope for answering some of the energy needs. know the rate of combustion of the biodiesel produced. Biodiesel that is produced from a mixture of CPO, phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide, with a percentage of I. 98% CPO, 1% Phosphoric Acid, 1% Sodium Hydroxide: II. 95% CPO, 2% Phosphoric Acid, 3% Sodium Hydroxide: III. 95% CPO, 3% Phosphoric Acid, 2% Sodium Hydroxide. The results showed that the most effective mixture was 95% CPO, 3% acid phosphate and 2% sodium hydroxide with a burning rate of 0.309 g / minute in 30.42 minutes with a final temperature of 57 (oC).

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Hill, Alla, DeAnna Nara, Sarah Sorscher, Aviva A. Musicus, and Peter Lurie. "How Salty Is Too Salty? Designing Sodium Warning Label Policies to Identify High-Sodium Items on Restaurant Menus in the United States." Nutrients 16, no. 12 (2024): 1797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16121797.

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Two U.S. cities require chain restaurants to label menu items that exceed 100% of the Daily Value (DV) for sodium, informing consumers and potentially prompting restaurant reformulation. To inform policy design for other localities, this study determined the percentage of the top 91 U.S. chain restaurants’ menu items that would be labeled if a warning policy were established for menu items exceeding the thresholds of 20%, 33%, 50%, 65%, and 100% of the sodium DV for adults. We obtained U.S. chain restaurants’ nutrition information from the 2019 MenuStat database and calculated the percentage of items requiring sodium warning labels across the food and beverage categories at all the restaurants and at the full- and limited-service restaurants separately. In total, 19,038 items were included in the analyses. A warning label covering items with >20%, >33%, >50%, >65%, and >100% of the sodium DV resulted in expected coverage of 42%, 30%, 20%, 13%, and 5% of menu items at all the restaurants, respectively. At each threshold, the average percentage of items labeled per restaurant was higher among the full-service restaurants than the limited-service restaurants. These results suggest that restaurant warning policies with a threshold of 100% of the sodium DV per item would cover a minority of high-sodium menu items and that lower thresholds should be considered to help U.S. consumers reduce their sodium consumption.

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Mirza, Shafique, S. E. Mahamune, and S. B. Thorat. "The Optimal LD50 Gamma Ray and Sodium Azide-Induced Mutagenesis in the PBNS-86 Variety Safflower." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 3, no. 2 (2024): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.3.2.19.

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Safflower has been grown for millennia all over the world, making it one of the most important and ancient oil-producing crops. In this work, we use gamma rays and sodium azide at LD50 levels to target high-yielding and desirable characters. The safflower variety PBNS-86 seeds were subjected to varying quantities of sodium azide (0.005%, 0.010%,0.015%,0.020% and 0.025%) and gamma-ray treatments at levels of 100Gy, 200Gy, 300Gy, 400Gy and 500Gy. The carcinogenic administrations of sodium azide and gamma rays had a detrimental dose-dependent association with the plant survival percentage in the PBNS-86 variety. The anticipated LD50 value was calculated using probit values and fatality percentages. For gamma rays and sodium azide, the LD50 value of PBNS-86 was set at 296.2 Gy and 0.1513%, respectively. The greatest reduction in the proportion of plants that survived was induced by gamma rays and sodium azide treatments. It is determined that both mutagens are capable of causing notable changes in safflower, which may be investigated further for the purpose of mutation mapping.

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Adrogué, Horacio J., Sreedhar Mandayam, Hocine Tighiouart, and Nicolaos E. Madias. "Osmotic and Nonosmotic Sodium Storage during Acute Hypertonic Sodium Loading." American Journal of Nephrology 50, no. 1 (2019): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000501190.

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Background: The Edelman equation has long guided the expected response of plasma [Na+] to changes in sodium, potassium, and water balance, but recent short-term studies challenged its validity. Plasma [Na+] following hypertonic NaCl infusion in individuals on low-sodium diet fell short of the Edelman predictions supposedly because sodium restriction caused progressive osmotic inactivation of 50% of retained sodium. Here, we examine the validity of this challenge. Methods: We evaluated baseline total body water (TBW) and Na+ space following acute hypertonic NaHCO3 infusion in dogs with variable sodium and potassium stores, including normal stores, moderate depletion (chronic HCl feeding), or severe depletion (diuretics and dietary NaCl deprivation). Results: TBW (percentage body weight) averaged 65.9 in normals, 62.6 in HCl-induced metabolic acidosis and moderate sodium and potassium depletion, and 57.6 in diuretic-induced metabolic alkalosis and severe sodium and potassium depletion (p < 0.02). Na+ space (percentage body weight) at 30, 60, and 90 min postinfusion averaged 61.1, 59.8, and 56.1, respectively, in normals (p = 0.49); 70.0, 74.4, and 72.1, respectively, in acidotic animals (p = 0.21); and 56.4, 55.1, and 54.2, respectively, in alkalotic animals (p = 0.41). Absence of progressive expansion of Na+ space in each group disproves progressive osmotic inactivation of retained sodium. Na+ space at each time point was not significantly different from baseline TBW in normal and alkalotic animals indicating that retained sodium remained osmotically active in its entirety. However, Na+ space in acidotic animals at all times exceeded by ∼16% baseline TBW (p < 0.01) signifying an early, but nonprogressive, osmotic inactivation of retained sodium, which we link to baseline bone-sodium depletion incurred during acid buffering. Conclusions: Our investigation affirms the validity of the Edelman construct in normal dogs and dogs with variable sodium and potassium depletion and, consequently, refutes the recent observations in human volunteers subjected to dietary NaCl restriction.

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M. Mousa, Khalid, and Safa K. Kouba. "Study on Vanadium Recovery from Spent Catalyst Used in the Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 11, no. 2 (2010): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2010.2.6.

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Spent catalysts for sulfuric acid production have large amount of vanadium and due to environmental authority it is required to reduce the vanadium contain of the spent catalyst. Experimental investigation was conducted to study the vanadium recovery from spent catalyst via leaching process using sodium hydroxide to study the effect of process variables (temperatures, sodium hydroxide molarities, leaching time and particle size) on vanadium recovery. The effect of process variables (temperature, particle size,molarities of sodium hydroxide and leaching time) on the percentages of vanadium recovery were investigated and discussed .It was found that the percentage of vanadium recovery increased with increasing temperature up to 100 , increasing sodium hydroxide molarity from 2 to 4M, increasing leaching time, decreasing particle size from mesh 150, 100 and 65. A complete vanadium recovery was achieved at the following conditions: temperature (100˚c), particle size (150 mesh ) molarity of Na OH(4 molar) and leaching time(5 h).

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Rodrigues Filho, Josinei, Idalina Tereza de Almeida Leite Perin, Viviana Borges Corte, and Marina Reis Pires. "SNP alleviates ferric and salt stress in Phaseolus vulgaris seeds." Brazilian Journal of Development 10, no. 11 (2024): e74588. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv10n11-025.

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Seed germination and early development are delicate events often influenced by various environmental factors. Among these factors, the accumulation of salts and heavy metals in the soil is noteworthy. This study aimed to observe the effect of priming with solutions of sodium nitroprusside, polyethylene glycol 6000, and potassium nitrate on the germination of Phaseolus vulgaris seeds exposed to toxic conditions of iron and sodium chloride. Seeds were germinated on plates placed in a growth chamber at a constant temperature of 25°C and a 12-hour photoperiod. The percentage of germination, germination speed, root and shoot lengths, catalase, peroxidase activities, and malondialdehyde content were evaluated. Exposure to high concentrations of sodium chloride and iron reduced germination percentage, germination speed, root and shoot lengths of treated plants. Only sodium nitroprusside treatment mitigated the effects of stressors. No increase in malondialdehyde content was observed in any treatment, suggesting no lipid peroxidation of membranes. However, all treatments showed increased catalase activity, possibly indicating oxidative stress and metabolic damage. Sodium nitroprusside stands out as a stress alleviator for sodium chloride and iron accumulation during the germination phase.

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Bennett, John McL, Alla Marchuk, and Serhiy Marchuk. "An alternative index to the exchangeable sodium percentage for an explanation of dispersion occurring in soils." Soil Research 54, no. 8 (2016): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15281.

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With the introduction of the cation ratio of soil stability (CROSS) to replace the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) on the basis of differential effects of K and Mg to Na and Ca, respectively, there is a requirement for a similar index involving these cations to replace the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). The exchangeable dispersive percentage (EDP) is derived and proposed to replace ESP. This paper uses two datasets, one where exchangeable K concentration is relatively high and exchangeable Na low, and a further dataset where Mg dominates the cation exchange capacity. EDP is validated against these datasets and further mathematical investigation of the contribution of Mg to dispersion is undertaken. Mineralogy appears to affect turbidity results at a given dispersive index, and an improved criterion for assessment of Mg effect on dispersivity is presented.

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Zhang, X. H., D. M. Cao, S. Y. Zhao, P. Gong, D. Q. Hei, and H. Q. Zhang. "Gamma radiolysis of ceftriaxone sodium for water treatment: assessments of the activity." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 12 (2011): 2767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.485.

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As large quantities of antibiotics have been misused in human and veterinary medicine, many different classes of antibiotics with low concentration have been detected in the environmental water. This existence may cause severe ecosystem alterations. Ceftriaxone sodium was employed as the targeted antibiotic to evaluate gamma radiolysis of antibiotics based on the primary elimination test and activity assay. The decomposition percentage of ceftriaxone sodium (20 µg/ml) in purified water increases with increasing doses and reaches 98% under 5 kGy of gamma radiation. The residual activity after gamma radiation does not follow the corresponding decomposition percentage of ceftriaxone sodium. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was subsequently employed to analyze possible structures of radiolytic products relating to the activity. Different degrees of the residual activity may attribute to different cleavage pathways of ceftriaxone sodium produced by radiation with different doses. The results indicate that the radiolytic treatment is a highly-effective means for degradation of ceftriaxone sodium, and the activity status of ceftriaxone sodium after primary elimination should be taken into consideration for selecting a degrading dose. Three kGy is the appropriate dose for radiolysis of ceftriaxone sodium in purified water.

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KHAN, RUBINA, S. S. PUNIA, DALIP, et al. "Determination of lethal dose (LD50) and sensitivity of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) to sodium azide for induction of mutation." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 94, no. 4 (2024): 440–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v94i4.134877.

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The present experiment was conducted in the year 2021 at Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Rajasthan, to determine the optimum dose (LD50) and duration of the chemical mutagen treatment for the induction of desirable mutation. A set of 100 pre-soaked fenugreek seeds were treated with 12 different concentrations of sodium azide, viz. 0.3 mM, 0.6 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, 4 mM, 5 mM, 6 mM, 7 mM, 8 mM, 9 mM and 10 mM for three different durations, viz. 3 h, 6 h and 9 h. Results showed that a dose-dependent decreasing tendency was observed in germination percentage, survival percentage, root length and shoot length with increasing concentration and duration of sodium azide treatment. Almost all the mutagenic treatments resulted in decrease in germination percentage, survival percentage and seedling height (root and shoot length) with increasing concentrations and duration of mutagen in laboratory conditions. Also, the LD50 value was observed as an 8 mM sodium azide concentration for 6 h in fenugreek. The mutagen treatments given at 9 h duration were detrimental for fenugreek. They cannot be used for mutation induction as they are utterly lethal after a 3 mM sodium azide concentration. So, lower treatments of mutagens have influenced less biological damage and would be suitable for inducing desirable mutations.

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Cook, Garry D., and Warren J. Muller. "IS EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM CONTENT A BETTER INDEX OF SOIL SODICITY THAN EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM PERCENTAGE?: A REASSESSMENT OF PUBLISHED DATA." Soil Science 162, no. 5 (1997): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199705000-00004.

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CHI, Chun-Ming, Chang-Wei ZHAO, Xiao-Jing SUN, and Zhi-Chun WANG. "Estimating Exchangeable Sodium Percentage from Sodium Adsorption Ratio of Salt-Affected Soil in the Songnen Plain of Northeast China." Pedosphere 21, no. 2 (2011): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0160(11)60127-6.

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Rizal, Muhammad, and Muhammad Thahir. "DAYA HIDUP SPERMATOZOA KAMBING PERANAKAN ETAWA YANG DIPRESERVASI DENGAN BERBAGAI JENIS PENGENCER." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Tropis 3, no. 3 (2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/jitro.v3i3.2572.

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The purpose of this research was to examine the effectivity of Tris, sodium citrate, and lactose extenders in maintaining viability of etawa crossbreed (EC) goat spermatozoa preserved at 3–5oC. Semen was collected using artificial vagina once a week for six times as replicate. Fresh semen was divided into three tubes then diluted with Tris, sodium citrate, and lactose extenders, respectively. Diluted-semen were stored in refrigerator at 3–5oC. Quality of diluted-semen including percentages of motile spermatozoa (MS) and live spermatozoa (LS) were evaluated every day during storage at 3–5oC for four days. Data were analyzed using completely randomized design with three treatments and six replicates. Results of this study showed that mean volume, colour, consistency, pH, mass activity, spermatozoa concentration, MS, LS, and spermatozoa abnormal of PE goat fresh semen were 1.05 ml, cream, thick, 6.9, ++ – +++, 3,756.67 million cell/ml, 76.67%, 85.83%, and 4.5%, respectively. Tris, sodium citrate, and lactose extenders have same ability in maintaining viability of EC goat spermatozoa during preserved at 3–5oC. At day-4 storage, percentages of MS and LS for Tris (44.17 and 57.83%) was no difference significant with sodium citrate (43.33 and 56.67%), and lactose (43.33 and 54.17%). In conclusion, Tris, sodium citrate, and lactose extenders have same ability in maintaining viability of EC goat spermatozoa during preserved at 3–5oC. Tris, sodium citrate, and lactose extenders could be maintaining 40% in percentage of motile spermatozoa for three days after preserved at 3–5oC, and suitable for use in artificial insemination (AI) programKeywords: Tris, sodium citrate, lactose, spermatozoa viability, PE goat.

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Ibeh, Adaugo Gift, Chidozie Dennis Udechukwu, and Jecinta Nneka Gozie Ofoegbu. "Evaluating the Lethal Dose (LD50) and Mutagenic Effects of Sodium Azide on Germination and Quality Traits in Two Varieties of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)." UMYU Scientifica 3, no. 4 (2024): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.56919/usci.2434.006.

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Study’s Excerpt Lethal dose (LD50) of sodium azide for two distinct tomato varieties, Beefsteak and San Marzano was quantified. The optimal mutagen doses that can be leveraged for enhancing quality traits in tomatoes is determined. Sodium azide has potential to improve crop resistance and productivity in tomato breeding programs. Full Abstract Sodium azide is a chemical mutagen that has been used to produce resistance in various susceptible crops to improve their yield and quality traits against harmful pathogens. The lethal dose and mutagenic effects of sodium azide on the germination percentage of two varieties of tomatoes (Beefsteak and San Marzano) were investigated with the aim of optimizing a suitable mutagen concentration with variability that could be exploited in the improvement of quality traits in Tomato plants. This study was carried out in the Green House at the Department of Biotechnology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State (AE-FUNAI). The two varieties of tomato seeds were collected locally as fresh seeds from the taxonomic department and were treated with sodium azide at different concentrations of 0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% w/v. The seed was sown and monitored for 30 days with everyday documentation of germination percentage, survival percentage, and lethal dose. Statistical analysis using significant difference (LSD) at 95% probability level was employed to analyze the effects. The results obtained from this study show that there is a steady decrease in germination and survival percentage with increased concentration of sodium azide in both varieties of tomatoes when compared with the control. The lethal dose (LD50) was determined upon germination and survival of the tomato varieties. The highest LD50 was calculated by linear regression to be 0.950 for the beefsteak variety, which was significantly higher than 0.794 for the san marzano variety at 50% germination was recorded under treatment 0.6% NaN3. These concentrations are therefore considered as the LD50 values. Sodium azide via mutation at low concentrations improves some important quality traits of tomatoes.

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K., Rekha Rani Y. Navya Reddy R. Mohana Priya G.Anusha and T. Spurthi. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ORAL DISINTEGRATION TABLETS OF OMEPRAZOLE." indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 05 (2017): 1391–97. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.804918.

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Omeprazole fast disintegrating tablets were prepared by using different superdisintegrants like crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium and Sodium starch glycolate by direct compression. Precompression parameters were conducted for all formulations blend and were found to be satisfactory. The prepared tablets were evaluated for various parameters like content uniformity, hardness, friability, wetting time, water absorption ratio, disintegration time and In-vitro dissolution. The results indicated that the tablets complied with the official specifications. The disintegration studies shown that the all formulations disintegrated in less than 1 minute. The formulation F3 shown less disintegration time of 15 seconds. The croscarmellose sodium and sodium starch glycolate shown more disintegration time than crospovidone. In the present study, three Superdisintegrants representing each of the three main classes of superdisintegrants differed in their ability to disintegrate model tablet into their primary particles when used at the same w/w percentage concentration. Key words: Omeprazole, crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium and Sodium starch glycolate

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Novika, Dheani Sepalia, Riska Ahsanunnisa, and Dwi Fitri Yani. "Uji Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) Terhadap Penghambatan Denaturasi Protein." Stannum : Jurnal Sains dan Terapan Kimia 3, no. 1 (2021): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/jstk.v3i1.2117.

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Inflammation is a cell breakdown caused by bacteria, chemical substances, mechanical trauma and physical trauma. Testing of such anti-inflammatory activity can be done in-vitro with the method of protein denaturation using natural materials starfruit leaf (Averrhoa Oxalidaceae L.). This research aims to determine the comparison of the activity of ethanol extract in the strafruit leaf and sodium diclofenac. strafruit Leaf Ethanol extract is made with a concentration of 1 ppm, 10 ppm and 100 ppm with the comparator of sodium diclofenac. Antiinflammatory resistance is obtained by calculating the percentage of inhibition of protein denaturation. The result of a test of strafruit leaf ethanol extract (Averrhoa Oxalidaceae L.) with a value of IC50 of 20.20 μg/mL indicates an inhibitory percentage of more than 20% at the lowest concentration of 1 ppm, while IC50 sodium diclofenac of 14.93 μg/mL with an inhibitory percentage of more than 20% at 5 ppm .

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Ramadhan, Usama H. "Study the effect of Peganum harmala L. Alkaloids Extract in-vivo as Anti-Inflammatory Agent." University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science 3, no. 4 (2013): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v3i4.515.

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The Peganum harmala (L.) have some activities, the alkaloids are from indole series expected have antiinflammatory activity. The alkaloids were extracted by two methods first by ethanol, the second by acidify water with acetic acid. The extracts were tested for anti-inflammatory test by carrageenan induced inflammation test on mice, and the percentage of inflammation inhibition was calculated. The drug (diclofenac sodium) was used as standard drug. The alkaloids extracted by acidify method shows significant activity (p < 0.01) at 2 and 3 hours. The percentages of inhibition were approximated to that were estimated of diclofenac sodium drug. The results indicated the alkaloids that were extracted as salts according to second method were more potent towards inflammation redaction

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Al-Rubaiee, Fadhil Alaywe Atiyah. "Mitigation of Salinity Stress Effects in Tomatoa (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ) by Using Calcium Chloride." Nabatia 12, no. 1 (2024): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/nabatia.v12i1.1636.

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In the world, salinity has become an increasing danger for agricultural production. A factorial pot experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) was conducted in the present research, aimed to look at how growth, yield parameters, and biochemical contents were influenced by the exogenous application of calcium chloride (CaCl2, 0, 5, and 10 mM) of tomato exposed to salt stress (NaCl, 0, 25, and 75 mM), Growth was slowed and Both the sodium percentage and proline content increased under salt stress. However, the growth, yield, and biochemical content characteristics were improved by the application of Ca, enhanced plant height, dry weight of the shoots and roots, the number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, the percentage of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, relative water content (RWC), and increased proline content, moreover a significant reduction in the sodium percentages, when compared to the control. Lastly, exogenous Ca use improves resistance to salt stress. Moreover, the use of 10 mM CaCl2 caused the beneficial effects of Ca, which has been suggested to enhance tomato performance in salinized conditions.

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Kumar, Bijender, Ruchir Priyadarshi, Sauraj, et al. "Nanoporous Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose-g-poly (Sodium Acrylate)/FeCl3 Hydrogel Beads: Synthesis and Characterization." Gels 6, no. 4 (2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels6040049.

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Novel sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-g-poly (sodium acrylate)/Ferric chloride (CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl3) nanoporous hydrogel beads were prepared based on the ionic cross-linking between CMC-g-PNaA and FeCl3. The structure of CMC and CMC-g-PNaA were elucidated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and the elemental composition was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The physicochemical properties of the CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl3 hydrogel beads were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The swelling percentage of hydrogel beads was studied at different time periods. The obtained CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl3 hydrogel beads exhibited a higher nanoporous morphology than those of CMC-g-PNaA and CMC beads. Furthermore, an AFM image of the CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl3 beads shows granule type topology. Compared to the CMC-g-PNaA (189 °C), CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl3 hydrogel beads exhibited improvement in thermal stability (199 °C). Furthermore, CMC-g-PNaA/FeCl3 hydrogel beads depicted a higher swelling percentage capacity of around 1452%, as compared to CMC-g-PNaA (1096%). Moreover, this strategy with preliminary results could be useful for the development of polysaccharide-based hybrid hydrogel beads for various potential applications.

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A.R. Mohammed, Muhannad. "Effect of Additives on the Properties of Different Types of Greases." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 14, no. 3 (2013): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2013.3.2.

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The aim of this research is to study the influence of additives on the properties of soap greases, such as lithium, calcium, sodium, lithium-calcium grease, by adding varies additives, such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide, carbon black, corrosion inhibitor, and extreme pressure.These additives have been added to grease to obtain the best percentages that improve the properties of grease such as load carrying, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, drop point, and penetration.The results showed the best weight percentages to all types of grease which give good properties are 1.5% extreme pressure additive, 3% graphite, 1% molybdenum disulfide, 2.5% carbon black.The other hand, the best weight percentage for corrosion inhibitor is 1% to lithium-calcium grease, 2% to lithium grease, and 3% to sodium grease. It was concluded that there is no need to add corrosion inhibitor to calcium grease

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Gavat, Cristian Catalin, Leonard Vasile Vasilescu, and Afrodita Doina Marculescu. "Visible Spectrophotometric Analysis Method of Sodium Metamizole in Tablets." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 2 (2019): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.2.6938.

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The aim of this research was to exactly quantify pure sodium metamizole from tablets , using a spectrophotometric analysis in Visible range. The method applied has been subjected to a validation protocal which consisted in analyzing the following parameters: linearity of the method, detection limit (LD) , quantitation limit (LQ), Sandell�s sensitivity, interference of excipients, stability of prepared solutions, method and system precision, accuracy of the method. Following actual dosing, pure sodium metamizole amount in tablet of pharmaceutical was found to be 477.477 mg assigned to a percentage content of 95.495 %, very close to official declared amount (500 mg), with an maximum average percentage deviation of only 4.505 % from the official declared active substance content. This value was situated below the maximum admissible percentage deviation from stated active substance content (� 5%), established by Romanian Pharmacopoeia, X-th Edition rules.

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48

Mazumder, Sumon. "Determination of Weight Loss Percentage After Bleaching of Cellulose Fabrics With Various Bleaching Agents." DIU Journal of Science & Technology 5, no. 2 (2024): 63–67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13731544.

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Good preparation on textile materials is very much needed for successful coloration. Natural or synthetic chemicals in the fibres can interfere with wetting and dyeing performance. Hence preparation is the series of processes used to remove these chemicals for the effective coloration and finishing of textile materials. By the good preparation of a material it is possible to produce an even and regular colour on the material with facing least difficulties. The aim of this paper is to determine the weight loss percentage after bleaching of different cellulose fabrics with various bleaching agents. For this investigation commercially available three types of cellulose fabrics such as plain weave, single jersey and (1x1) rib have been chosen. Weights of these fabrics were calculated before and after bleaching with two different bleaching agents such as sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen per oxide. From the weight variations, weight loss percentages of these three fabrics have been calculated and after the completion of this investigation weight loss percentages were found to be less after using hydrogen peroxide as compared to sodium hypochlorite.

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Zhu, Zhi Fang, Jian Zhong Zhu, Jian Biao Chen, and Chun Yan Yang. "Preparation of a Multi Media Ceramsite Containing Magnetic Powder." Advanced Materials Research 834-836 (October 2013): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.229.

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Recently, using biological ceramsite to treat wastewater has received wide attention. In this study, use of fly ash, cement, calcium oxide, gypsum, expanded perlite as main components, magnetic powder and sodium bicarbonate as complex additive and sodium silicate solution as binder, a novel biological ceramsite was developed by steam curing method. Density, piled density, apparent density and void fraction of the biological ceramsite were tested. The optimal percentage of main components was obtained through the orthogonal experiments. In addition, the main affecting factors were also analyzed on the properties of the biological ceramsite. The results showed that the optimal percentage of magnetic powder, sodium bicarbonate, cement and expanded perlite was 10%, 10%, 10% and 5% respectively.The analysis of the results disclosed that the affecting factors of the density, the piled density, the apparent density and the void fraction were the expanded perlite, magnetic powder, cement (and magnetic powder), sodium bicarbonate, respectively.

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Maola, Maha, Shatha Ayied, and Mohamed Jaber. "The Role of Sodium Chloride, Putrescine, and Melatonin on The Chemical Markers of Green Beans." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1158, no. 4 (2023): 042037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1158/4/042037.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of salt stress using four different concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 40, 20, 60) mmol. L-1 and four different concentrations of the growth regulators putrescine and melatonin (0, PUT 0.2, MEL 0.2, MEL 0.4) mmol. L-1 and their overlap in some chemical markers of a green bean plant. The experiment was carried out using the complete random design (CRD) as a factorial experiment with two factors and ten repetitions. The results showed that the effect of salt stress led to a significant decrease in most of the chemical traits as it resulted in a concentration of 60 mmol. L-1 led to a decrease in the percentage of nutrients, Nitrogen Potassium, and a significant increase in sodium percentage in shoots compared to the control treatment (no growth regulator was added). While the percentage of phosphorous in the shoots was decreased by a concentration of 40 mmol. L-1 compared to a concentration of 20 mmol. L-1 which gave the highest percentage. The results showed that the addition of melatonin led to a significant increase in most of the studied traits when using concentrations 0.2 and 0.4 mmol. L-1, in the percentage of nutrients nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium content in shoots, compared with the cultures grown under the influence of putrescin at a concentration of 0.2 mmol. L-1, which gave the lowest rate. As it gave the interaction treatment without adding sodium chloride with melatonin at a concentration of 0.4 mmol. L-1 had the highest percentage of nitrogen in the shoots. The treatment gave 20 mmol. L-1 NaCl with melatonin at a concentration of 0.4 mmol. L-1 had the highest percentage of phosphorus in the shoots. While the concentration was recorded at 60 mmol. L-1 NaCl with 0.4 mmol Melatonin. L-1 has the highest level of sodium content.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sodium percentage'

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