Academic literature on the topic 'Sodium sulphate solution'
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Journal articles on the topic "Sodium sulphate solution"
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Conic, Vesna, Branka Pesovski, Vladimir Cvetkovski, et al. "Lead sulphate leaching by sodium chloride solution." Chemical Industry 67, no. 3 (2013): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind120503096c.
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Bioleaching treatment of complex multi-metallic Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag-Au mineral concentrates leds to the formation, besides easily soluble zinc and cooper sulphates, of hardly soluble lead (II) sulfate (PbSO4) sludge. To determine the leaching parameters of PbSO4 with NaCl in the bioleaching residue, lead sulphate solution was synthetically prepared. The effect of process parameters, namely NaCl concentration, solid:liquid phase ratio, processing time, temperature and Cl ions was examined. It was found that 100% Pb by leaching can be achieved with NaCl concentration of 250 g/dm3, time 20 min, temperature 353 K and solid:liquid phase ratio =1:20.
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Pešata, Michal, Lukáš Procházka, and Jana Boháčová. "Possibilities of Using Pumice Concrete as Thermal Insulation Lining of Industrial Chimneys." Solid State Phenomena 321 (July 26, 2021): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.321.105.
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This paper deals with the possibility of using pumice concrete as thermal insulation lining of industrial chimneys. Two formulas were prepared, the first from sulphate resistant cement and the second as a reference mixture from Cem I 42.5R. The thermal insulating properties of the prepared recipes will be evaluated as well as the resistance to the action of sulphates in 5 % sodium sulphate solution. No significant decrease in strength was observed when samples were stored in 5% sodium sulfate solution for 60 days. Only the reference series reported a significant unexpected decrease in strength.
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Dołhań, Agnieszka, Anna Jelińska, and Marcelina Bębenek. "Stability of Ceftiofur Sodium and Cefquinome Sulphate in Intravenous Solutions." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/583461.
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Stability of ceftiofur sodium and cefquinome sulphate in intravenous solutions was studied. Chromatographic separation and quantitative determination were performed by using a high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-DAD detection. During the stability study, poly(vinylchloride) minibags were filled with a solution containing 5 mg of ceftiofur sodium or cefquinome sulphate and diluted to 0.2 mg/mL with suitable intravenous solution depending on the test conditions. The solutions for the study were protected from light and stored at room temperature (22°C), refrigerated (6°C), frozen (−20°C) for 30 days, and then thawed at room temperature. A comparison of results obtained at 22°C and 6°C for the same intravenous solutions showed that temperature as well as components of solutions and their concentration had an influence on the stability of ceftiofur sodium and cefquinome sulphate. It was found that ceftiofur sodium and cefquinome sulphate dissolved in intravenous solutions used in this study may be stored at room temperature and at 6°C for up to 48 h.
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Somrerk, Chandra Ambhorn, Wisarut Wachirasiri, and Gobboon Lothongkum. "Effects of Chloride and Sulphate Ions on the Experimental E-pH Diagrams of AISI 316L Stainless Steel in Deaerated Aqueous Solutions." Advanced Materials Research 813 (September 2013): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.813.443.
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A cyclic polarisation method was applied to construct the E-pH diagrams of AISI 316L stainless steel in deaearted solutions containing 1000 and 2000 ppm of sodium sulphate without and with 3550 ppm of sodium chloride. Addition of chloride ions to the sulphate solutions caused a region of imperfect passivation regime to appear, and its addition to the 1000-ppm sulphate solution considerably reduced the transpassive potential. Furthermore, the addition of sulphate ions to the 3550-ppm chloride solution enlarged the passivation regime, mainly by shifting the transpassive potentioal to the noble direction. However, the imperfect passivation regime also enlarged by the positive shift of that potential and by reduction of the protection potential. This negative role of sulphate is discussed in comparison with the role of sulphate on accelerating pit growth studied by the critical-pitting-temperature technique reported in literature.
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Borisov, Ivan M., Azamdzhon A. Nabiev, Alfia A. Mukhamedyanova, Lutfullo Soliev, Azamdzhon F. Toshov, and Jamila M. Musodzhonova. "ELECTROLYTIC DISSOCIATION OF SODIUM SULFATE IN AQUEOUS ETHANOL SOLUTIONS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 60, no. 6 (2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.2017606.5535.
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The reducing the degree of electrolytic dissociation of sodium sulphate with the increasing a proportion of ethanol in the hydroalcoholic solution was shown with the conductometric method. It was established that the dissociation constant of sodium sulfate decreases with the increasing a concentration of alcohol in the solution. Physico-chemical properties of sodium sulfate in water-alcohol solutions on salt solubility and dissociation were not studied. In this regard, in the present study we examined an electrolytic dissociation of sodium sulfate in water-ethanol solutions. Firstly, a saturated aqueous solution of sodium sulfate, sodium sulfate solubility process was observed with the aid of crystal optic method. For this purpose, a saturated aqueous sodium sulfate was added, and the calculated amount of alcohol measured on mass of precipitated sodium sulfate decahydrate after drying to constant weight. By weight difference between the original and the precipitate salt (calculated as sodium sulphate) dissolved salt mass was measured. It is generally recognized that the degree of dissociation of the electrolyte in the electrolytic solution depends on the dielectric constant of the solvent. Water (e= 78.53) and ethanol (e = 24.3) has vary large permittivity. Therefore, by varying the alcohol content in the mixture with water it may receive different solvents with a dielectric constant, affecting the equilibrium state in the salt solution. To find the degree of electrolytic dissociation used Na2SO4 conductometric method based on measuring the electrical conductivity of solutions with variable molar concentration of salt and alcohol was applied. The dependence of the molar conductivity of aqueous solutions of sodium sulphate is transformed to direct line in coordinate of Kohlrausch equation. It is known that the degree of electrolytic dissociation of the electrolyte depends not only on its nature, but on the dielectric constant of the medium. Therefore, in water-ethanol solutions sodium sulfate shows the properties of weak electrolyte. In this case, the dependence of conductivity on the molar concentration of sodium sulphate in water-ethanol solutions will have a different appearance.Forcitation:Borisov I.M., Nabiev A.A., Mukhamedyanova A.A., Soliev L., Toshov A.F., Musodzhonova Dzh.M. Electrolytic dissociation of sodium sulfate in aqueous ethanol solutions. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 6. P. 59-64.
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Kim, Hyun-Ho, Kyung-Ho Park, Chul-Woo Nam, and P. K. Parhi. "Oxidation-Precipitation of Cobalt (II) in Aqueous Sulphate Solution Using Sodium Persulfate." Korean Journal Metals and Materials 51, no. 12 (2013): 865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2013.51.12.865.
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Baciocchi, R., and A. Chiavola. "Ion exchange process in the presence of high sulphate concentration: resin regeneration and spent brine reuse." Water Supply 6, no. 3 (2006): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.791.
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This paper provides new insights on the regeneration step of an ion exchange process for the treatment of surface and ground water characterized by high sulphate concentration. Repeated regeneration of ion exchange resin with a sodium chloride solution (brine) did not alter the resin performances with respect to the fresh one. Besides, neither the sodium chloride concentration of the brine, which was varied between 1 and 3 M, nor the presence of sulphates at concentrations up to 20 g/L in the brine, did notably affect the regeneration efficiency. The brine was effectively treated by adding calcium or barium chloride, in order to remove the sulphates and re-establish the original chloride concentration. Calcium chloride was allowed to obtain up to 70% sulphate precipitation, whereas an almost 100% precipitation efficiency was obtained when barium chloride was used. The precipitation step was described by a model based on the mass action, coupled to the Bromley model for the description of the non-ideal behaviour of the electrolytic solution. This model was shown to give correct, or at least conservative, estimates of the equilibrium sulphate concentration when either calcium or barium chloride was used as precipitating agent.
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Moon, Han-Young, Seung-Tae Lee, and Seong-Soo Kim. "Sulphate resistance of silica fume blended mortars exposed to various sulphate solutions." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 4 (2003): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l03-024.
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The different performances of silica fume blended mortars placed in various sulphate-bearing exposure conditions were investigated. Experimental study was carried out on mortars immersed in 5% sodium sulphate, 5% magnesium sulphate, and mixed 5% sodium sulphate and 5% magnesium sulphate solutions for 270 d of sulphate exposure. Another variable was the replacement ratio of cement with silica fume (0, 5, 10, and 15% of the cement by weight). The results showed conclusively that silica fume should be given serious consideration for use in sulphate environments. In other words, in a sodium sulphate solution, silica fume showed a beneficial effect on mitigating compressive strength reduction and length change of mortars. However, the strength deterioration factor of the mortar specimen with some silica fume content (especially 15% of the cement by weight) was greater than that of the mortar specimen without silica fume under Mg2+ ion oriented attack. These different sulphate deterioration mechanisms are presented in the study. Microstructural investigations such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) were also used to support the explanation for these mechanisms.Key words: sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, silica fume, strength deterioration factor, length change.
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M. Uday Bhaskar, Ipsita Bose Roy Choudhury,. "Effect of Sulphate Attack on Self Compacting Concrete." Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 44, no. 3 (2023): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i3.278.
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Many current structures are characterized by the complexity of architecture (various shapes and bends) and a high concentration of reinforcement which often makes it difficult to use concrete with conventional plasticity. Recent researches have been conducted in order to adopt concrete to these structures. The resulting concrete formulations are characterized by better workability, while remaining stable with mechanical properties and durability. This new type of concrete can fit in place under the influence of gravity, hence the term self compacting concrete “SCC”.
 The external attack of sulphate salts is considered as one of the major problems affecting concrete durability. Sulphates are highly soluble salts in the form of sodium sulphate, calcium sulphate, potassium sulphate, and magnesium sulphate. Sulphate attack is a process in which sulphates react with various phases of hydrated cement paste leading to deterioration of the concrete matrix through spalling, softening, and mass loss, which may lead to expansion and loose strength and elasticity. It is recognized as a complex process due to the effect of The aim of this study to demonstrate the change in strength in SCC when the cement is replaced with lime powder and to determine the sulphate attack on the self compacting concrete.
 Compressive strength characteristics for 7days and 28days of the self compacting concrete are determined in which cement is partially replaced with lime powder (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) and cured in the sodium sulphate solution.
 To attain the planned objectives of the present investigation, M20 grade self compacting concrete is taken and values of cement replaced with limestone at the percentages of 0%,10%,20%,30% were considered. The total of 48 cubes,48 cylinders were casted.24 cubes and 24 cylinders are cured in normal water and 24 cubes and 24 cylinders are cured in sodium sulphate solution. and determined the compressive strength and split tensile strength values. The developments of compressive and tensile strengths of self compacting concrete at the age of 7and 28 days are investigated. Under the influence of external sulphate attack. The parameters comparing the SCC with normal concrete are increased at the 20% of lime powder replacement after that the parameters decreases gradually.
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Pan, Bing Suo, and Yang Yang. "A High-Speed Nickel Plating Bath for Manufacture of Diamond Tools." Key Engineering Materials 359-360 (November 2007): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.359-360.68.
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To increase the manufacture efficiency of electroplated diamond tools, a nickel plating solution containing ammonium sulphate and sodium formate was investigated. The effects of concentration of ammonium sulphate, sodium formate and pH value on throwing power, covering power, ability to resist Cu2+ contamination and deposit microhardness were studied. Surface topography of deposits was also observed by SEM. Compared to watts bath, the plating solution studied is advantageous in terms of the performance of plating solution, deposit hardness and diamond bit behavior. Ammonium sulphate can refine deposit crystal grains and result in crystal form change.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sodium sulphate solution"
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Nyakiamo, Anthony P. "Crystallization kinetics of sodium sulphate from 9N sulphuric acid solution." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30029.
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The crystallization kinetics of sodium sulphate from 9N sulphuric acid was studied under cooling conditions. The crystal growth and nucleation rates were determined using the Population Balance concept in a continuous mixed-suspension mixed-product-removal (MSMPR) crystallizer. The effects of supersaturation, crystal suspension density and temperature on the crystallization kinetics were all investigated. The study was conducted at crystallizer temperatures of 45, 50, 55, and 60 °C.
The crystal growth rate data were correlated to the supersaturation with a power-law, G = KGSg. The crystal nucleation rate data were fitted to both primary (B° = KBSb) and secondary (B° = KNMTjSu) nucleation models. Growth and nucleation rate data were correlated according to the primary (B° = KbGi) and secondary (B° = KnMTjGv) relative kinetic models.
The study determined that the growth rate data fit the expression, (G = KGS⁰‧⁸⁷ ), and that secondary nucleation was the dominant mode of nuclei generation (B° = KNMT⁰‧⁸⁴S¹‧²⁷). The sodium sulphate crystallizes from solution as the acid salt, sodium sesqui-sulphate (Na₃HSO₄) . The rate constants, KG and KN, were both functions of temperature and were fitted to Arrhenius type expressions : [formula omitted]<br>Applied Science, Faculty of<br>Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of<br>Graduate
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Iruthayaraj, Joseph. "Poly (ethylene oxide) based bottle-brush polymers and their interaction with the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate : solution and interfacial properties /." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Kemi, Chemistry, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4680.
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Obey, T. M. "The configuration of sodium poly(styrene sulphonate) at polystyrene/solution interfaces." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376486.
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De, Ranjit. "Solution properties of sodium polystyrene sulphonate in 2-ethoxyethanol-water mixed solvent media." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1435.
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Deodhar, Anirudh M. "Computational Study of Adiabatic Bubble Growth Dynamics from Submerged Orifices in Aqueous Solutions of Surfactants." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337100942.
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Teshima, Paul. "Fouling rates from a sodium sulphate : water solution in supercritical water oxidation reactors." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/7666.
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Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a process for destruction of hazardous
organic compounds in aqueous waste streams, and does not produce the environmental
and/or publicity problems produced by the air emissions of waste incinerators. The
process dissolves organics and an oxidizer into high pressure (25 MPa) and high
temperature (300 - 400 °C) water. In a reactor, the temperature is increased (above 400
°C) and the hazardous compounds oxidize, and are converted to carbon dioxide, ash and
water. Supercritical water oxidation has been proposed as a treatment technique for pulp
sludges, United States Department of Energy special wastes, metabolic byproducts and
specialized chemical waste streams. A number of practical difficulties prevent widespread
commercialization of SCWO. An important problem is that salts dissolved in the waste
streams become insoluble at supercritical conditions and precipitate out of solution in the
reactor. These salts then deposit on the reactor tube wall leading to a flow restriction.
The fundamental aspects of salt deposition are not understood. The solubility of common
salts in supercritical water is not well documented, and the factors that influence
deposition rates are not known. In order to design SCWO systems to handle fouling from
salts, both solubility and deposition studies must be investigated.
A computer program was written to aid in examining the deposition mechanisms
of fouling from sodium sulphate, and their influences on friction and heat transfer. The
program assumed fully developed flow in a horizontal tube, in which buoyancy was
neglected, with Reynolds numbers in the range of 33000 - 180000. Four salt deposition
models were incorporated into the computer program which examined the deposition rates
from molecular diffusion compared to particle fouling. In each of the deposition models,
it was assumed that there was no surface resistance to the attachment of salt molecules
and/or particles. In one of the models, it was assumed that particles would nucleate and
grow rapidly to a diameter of 2 urn. Another of the models assumed that nucleation was
inhibited.
A SCWO facility with a design water flow of 1 kg/min was constructed to study
the salt deposition problem. Initial experiments discovered that solubilities of sodium sulphate at 25 MPa, and 380 to 500 °C appeared to match higher and lower temperature
measurements by other researchers. Within the temperature error (± 1°C) of the solubility
measurements, a rapid decrease in the solubility occurred at the pseudo-critical
temperature (385.0 °C at 25 MPa). In the present work, salt deposition studies used
outside surface temperatures of a fouled, heated tube as a method of inferring salt
thickness profiles.
Model predictions of fouling rates were reasonably close to the measurements.
Predicted and measured peak salt layer heights were within a factor of two, but the
location was not accurately predicted. The model predictions were most sensitive to the
temperature error in the solubility equation derived from the experiments and the
estimation of the properties of sodium sulphate used in calculation of the mass transfer
coefficient. Additionally it was discovered that particle deposition was not important for
the experimental conditions of this study, as the molecular diffusion rate kept the salt
solution below saturation as it was heated. Comparing measured pressure drops with
friction calculations, it was apparent that the salt deposit roughness was much less than the
thickness itself.
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Mnyandu, Elizabeth. "Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 on tomatoes using sodium dodecyl sulphate, levulinic acid and sodium hypochlorite solution." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1274.
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Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Food Science and Technology, Durban University of Technology, 2015.<br>Listeria monocytogenes have been implicated as a public health concern worldwide. The study explored the survival of non-adapted, heat adapted and chlorine adapted L. monocytogenes on tomatoes; as well as the survival of non-adapted, heat adapted and chlorine adapted biofilms after exposure to sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), levulinc acid, sodium hypochlorite solution. Contact time of 1, 3 and 5 minutes was used. The survival of L. monocytogenes was monitored at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours. The sanitizers were used individually or combined as follows; 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate individually; 0.5% levulinic acid individually; 200 ppm sodium hypochlorite solution individually and 0.5% levulinic acid/0.05% sodium dodecyl sulphate in combination (mixture). The samples were kept at 4 °C throughout the period of assessment. The effect of these sanitizers on pH, total soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA) was also determined. Furthermore, the attachment of L. monocytogenes on tomatoes was investigated using a scanning electron microscope.
Highest log reduction of non-adapted L. monocytogenes were observed on tomatoes treated with 1% SDS and least log reduction was achieved when tomatoes were treated with sodium hypochlorite solution. Though the log reduction achieved by 0.5% levulinic acid was higher that sodium hypochlorite solution, it was lower than log reduction achieved when 0.05% SDS / 0.5% levulinic acid mixture was used for all contact times. Using non-adapted L. monocytogenes, SDS was able to destroy all L. monocytogenes at 1, 3 and 5 minutes contact time. The trend was the same when heat adapted and chlorine adapted L. monocytogenes were used. There was no significant log reduction observed with biofilms. More favourable results were observed as contact time was increased from 1 to 5 minutes. Though there was a decrease in surviving bacteria from 1 to 3 minutes contact time, this decrease was not significant.
The study investigated if exposure to sanitizer has an effect on pH, titratable acidity (TA) and total soluble solids (TSS) of the tomatoes. It was revealed that levulinic acid and mixture can have detrimental effect on pH, TA and TSS of tomatoes. The TA and TSS of samples treated with levulinic acid and mixture varied significantly (P ≤ 0.05) compared to the control sample. Although the TA and TSS of samples treated with SDS and sodium hypochlorite solution were different from the control, the differences were not significant.
As much as sanitizers have the potential to reduce the bacterial population in fresh produce they may not completely destroy pathogens. Chlorine based sanitizers such as sodium hypochlorite though frequently used in the fresh produce industry, are not the best sanitizer to be used against food borne pathogens. Other sanitizers such as SDS used alone or in combination with another sanitizer can achieve better results than the widely used sodium hypochlorite solution as observed in this study. Stress adapted pathogens become less responsive to sanitizers during subsequent treatments. Through this research, it was established that biofilms are resistant to sanitizers. Though application of sanitizers in fresh produce is cheaper and simpler to apply, there is need to monitor varying concentrations of sanitizers, contact time and minimise contact with sub-surfaces as this could lead to sensory quality losses.
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McCanna, David. "Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic Products." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4338.
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The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes.
The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations.
Books on the topic "Sodium sulphate solution"
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Vapor Pressure of Water and of Aqueous Solutions of Magnesium Sulphate, Magnesium Chloride and Sodium Chloride. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2023.
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Vapor Pressure of Water and of Aqueous Solutions of Magnesium Sulphate, Magnesium Chloride and Sodium Chloride. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2023.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Sodium sulphate solution"
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Leal, J. Sánchez, X. Domingo, F. Comelles, M. T. García, and A. Casaña. "Interaction of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and Dimethyl-Dodecyl-Amine Oxide in Aqueous Solutions." In Surfactants in Solution. Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7984-7_29.
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Anand, P. S., K. A. Reddy, and B. D. Dasare. "Uptake Of Sodium Lauryl Sulphate By Acrylonitrile And Methyl Methacrylate Based Porous Polymeric Adsorbents." In Surfactants in Solution. Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0839-3_32.
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F. Suma, M., and M. Santhanam. "Influence of Specimen Size on the Expansion of Portland Cement Mortars Immersed in Sodium Sulphate Solution." In RILEM Bookseries. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20331-3_7.
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van Diggelen, J., J. Rozema, and R. Broekman. "Growth and mineral relations of salt-marsh species on nutrient solutions containing various sodium sulphide concentrations." In Vegetation between land and sea. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4065-9_20.
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E.Hill, S., J. R.Mitchell, and H. J.Armstrong. "The production of heat stable gels at low protein concentration by the use of the Maillard reaction." In Gums and stabilisers for the Food industry 6. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199632848.003.0059.
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Abstract A range of globular proteins show gelation when aqueous solutions are heated at temperatures above 100°c in the presence of reducing sugars. The phenomena has been studied in some detail for bovine serum albumin. The gel strength follows the Maillard series for sugar reactivity (xylose &gt; sorbose &gt; mannose &gt;fructose&gt; lactose) and correlates with the degree of browning which develops. It is shown that the primary mechanism is a pH fall, however a change in the net protein charge due to the Maillard reaction is suggested from reduction in the pH at which the denatured protein precipitates from solution. In contrast to gels prepared at a similar pH by the use of glucono-.s-lactone and heat, the Maillard gels are not completely solubilised in mixtures of sodium dodecyl sulphate and B-mercaptoethanol suggesting that Maillard cross-linking is also important. Gel formation in this way is compared with heating in the presence of glucono-li-lactone.
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challacombe, S. "The surface shear rheology and surface tension of carboxymethylcellulose solutions in the presence of NaCl, sodium lauryl sulphate and phosphate buffer pH 1.9." In Gums and stabilisers for the Food industry 6. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199632848.003.0062.
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Abstract surface films on ageing. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of lM NaCl, phosphate buffer, and sodium lauryl sulphate on the surface properties of 1% and 2% carboxymethyl cellulose solutions. The surface shear modulus was determined using an oscillating ring surface shear rheometer and the surface tension using a Kruss tensiometer Kl2. Results suggest that carboxymethyl cellulose solutions formed elastic films the strength of which were decreased by addition of NaCl, sodium lauryl sulphate or use of a phosphate buffer, pH 1. 9. The failure of NaCl to increase the surface shear modulus of solutions, as has previously been demonstrated for gum acacia, may be due to alterations in the 6 point of the carboxymethyl cellulose solutions.
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Ekolu Stephen O. and Ngwenya Adam. "Sulphate resistance of concrete made with moderately high alumina slag." In Construction Materials and Structures. IOS Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-466-4-797.
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This paper reports findings of ongoing investigation into the effect of high alumina ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) on sulphate resistance of concrete. Slags used in most countries contain low alumina contents and provide high resistance to sulphate attack among other durability improvements. It is however known that slags of high alumina contents do not necessarily improve sulphate resistance but may otherwise adversely influence concrete performance. South African slags have moderately high alumina contents but hardly any studies have been conducted to determine its influence on sulphate resistance of concretes. In this investigation, commercially available slag widely used in South Africa was used. Mortar prisms 25 x 25 x 285 mm of 0.5 water-binder ratio incorporating 30%, 50%, 70% GGBS were prepared and immersed in sodium sulphate solutions of different concentrations of 28 g/L and 50 g/L as SO4.
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Ekolu Stephen O. and Ngwenya Adam. "Sulphate corrosion behaviour of high volume slag concrete." In Construction Materials and Structures. IOS Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-466-4-788.
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Concrete mixes of water-cementitious ratio (w/c's) = 0.45, 0.5, 0.65 were used to prepare 100 mm cubes and 75 x 75 x 285 mm prisms. Moderately high alumina slag was incorporated in proportions of 50 or 70% and the specimens immersed in sodium sulphate or magnesium sulphate solutions of 50 g/L as SO4. Emphasis in the study was to assess sulphate resistance using concrete samples and other non-conventional methods. Expansion measurements, mass loss and corrosion attack or physical deterioration of concrete were monitored for 69 weeks. It was found that the results of expansion, mass gain and corrosion were consistent for Na2SO4solution, showing improved sulphate resistance with increase in ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) incorporation. The expansion observations under MgSO4, while showing increased resistance with use of GGBS, gave conflicting results between expansion on one hand and, mass gain and corrosion on the other with the most severe corrosion occurring in concrete containing the high 70% GGBS. The corrosion test method appears to give a more realistic indicator of physical damage under MgSO4attack compared to expansion measurement.
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Ekolu Stephen. "Simple criteria for evaluating sulphate attack in concrete." In Construction Materials and Structures. IOS Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-466-4-806.
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This paper attempts to analyse results from the standard test methods employed for sulphate attack and evaluates their correlations, consistency and contrasts, as well as physical observations. Data from expansions and mass change of 25 x 25 x 285 mm mortar prisms and 75 x 75 x 285 mm concrete prisms were used. Mortar mixtures consisted of 1: 2.25: 0.5 cement to sand to water while concrete mixtures were of water-cementitious ratio (w/cm) of 0.45, 0.50, 0.65. Mixtures were made using CEM I 42.5N with or without 30, 50, 70% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and stored in sodium sulphate solutions of 28 g/L and 50 g/L as SO4. Results show that ASTM C 1012 mortar expansion criteria of 0.10% corresponds to 1.2% mass gain. Similarly, concrete prism expansion criteria of 0.05% is equivalent to 0.75% mass gain. It is proposed that in the absence of expansion monitoring, the use of mass gain criteria of 1.2% mass in mortar prisms or 0.75% in concrete prisms may be sufficient for evaluating sulphate attack.
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"State-of-the-Art Materials for Adsorptive Heat Energy Conversion." In Technology Development for Adsorptive Heat Energy Converters. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4432-7.ch001.
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The chapter is focused on state of the art of materials for adsorptive heat energy conversion basic principles for substantiation of working pair choice. Types of heat storage materials based on heat storage mechanism were compared. Sensible heat mechanism of thermal energy is based on increasing the temperature of the material. Phase-change mechanism of heat energy storage concerns with alternating reversible processes of phase-changing. As a rule, they are mainly melting-crystallization. Thermo-chemical heat energy storage mechanism is based on reversible chemical reactions. Limitations of conventional sensible heat storage are shown to lowest density of heat energy storage determined by sensible heat of materials, which led to large mass storage units and additional needs of large areas and building volumes, calculated according to heat storage density, constant changing the temperature when discharged, the need for a large overheating of heat storage media. The main defects of phase-change materials are instability of properties of heat-accumulating substances in multiple cycles of crystallization – melting, degradation in time, corrosion activity, the need for developed surfaces of heat exchange and environmental danger. Commercilisation of thermal chemical storage materials is strongly limited by high operating temperatures of thermal chemical storage materials, which are unacceptable for systems of district heating and decentralized heat supply due to sanitary regulations, impropriety for multifold cycling because of irreversibility of a wide range of chemical reactions. Perspective of adsorptive heat energy storage and conversion is shown. Interval of operating temperatures and heat storage density of conventional adsorptive materials are shown to be intermediate between phase-change and thermal chemical heat storage materials. Properties of probable adsorptive heat storage materials were analysed according with literary data. Low adsorptive capacity of conventional adsorbents results in low heat of adsorption and heat energy storage density. Salts forming crystalline hydrate occur to exhibit rather high energy storage density of 1.9–2.7 GJ/m3 of crystalline hydrate, but their application is strongly inhibited not only by physical and chemical instability along with the corrosive activity of these salts at high temperatures, but instability in multifold cycling, degradation in time, and an underdeveloped heat exchange surface. As engineering solution, modification of conventional adsorbents with salt can be considered. Composites ‘salt inside porous matrix' is shown to be promising alternative to conventional adsorbents. Main advantages of these materials are low regeneration temperature and high adsorptive capacity. Crucial impediments of industrial introduction of composite adsorbents ‘salt inside porous matrix' is shown to be complex technology of their production based on rather expensive dry and wet impregnation of porous media by crystalline hydrate solutions. As an alternative, sol gel method for obtaining composite adsorbents ‘silica gel – crystalline hydrate' developed by authors is suggested. The adsorption properties of the obtained composite adsorbents ‘silica gel – sodium sulphate' and ‘silica gel – sodium acetate' are shown to be non-linear combinations of characteristics of silica gel and massive salt. The key distinction of kinetics of adsorption of water vapor with massive salts and composites obtained with sol gel method is shown to be difference limitative stage of process. The adsorption of water with massive crystalline hydrates is shown to be complicated by kinetic limitations. For composite adsorbents limiting stage is water transport through the pore system. Composites ‘slilica gel – crystalline hydrate' are shown to be a promising material for adsorptive heat energy storage and conversion.
Conference papers on the topic "Sodium sulphate solution"
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Pomeroy, M. J., P. Byrne, and R. Ramesh. "Oxidation and Alkali-Metal Sulphate Corrosion Processes in Silicon Nitride - Based Materials." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98198.
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Abstract β-sialon materials (Si(6-z)AlzOzN(8-z)) densified with a YSiAlON glass and having z-values of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 have been subjected to oxidation and hot corrosion experiments. From the results obtained, the process by which oxidation occurs at a temperature of 1350°C involves direct solution of β-sialon grains by an aluminosilicate liquid. This liquid forms by the preferential diffusion of yttrium and/or aluminium from the bulk of the ceramic into the scale - ceramic interface. In the case of higher z-value materials (≥1.0), liquid formation is also facilitated by the reaction of yttrium aluminium garnet, formed by the devitrification of the YSiAlON glass during oxidation, and silica formed as an oxidation product. Hot corrosion experiments carried out using a crucible testing technique at 1150°C showed that only the z=0.2 and 3.0 materials do not undergo catastrophic corrosion by molten sodium, potassium sulphate. The z=0.2 material is partially protected by a high viscosity surface film, whilst the z=3.0 material is protected by the formation of a nepheline (RAlSiO4 [R= alkali - metal]) scale layer. Corrosion morphologies for these two materials show that the reaction interface is at the scale - ceramic interface and that a liquid phase is in direct contact with the ceramic. Accordingly, the mechanism by which hot corrosion occurs, like oxidation at the higher temperature, is by solution of β-silaon grains. Whilst the z=3.0 material is protected by the formation of nepheline, the five to six fold difference between the coefficients of thermal expansion for this phase and the z=3.0 material results in significant mechanical damage to the scale during thermal cycling. Accordingly, the nepheline phase may have only limited protective ability.
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Owen, Joshua, Richard Barker, Francois Ropital, et al. "Modified Magnetite Surface Layers on Carbon Steel in Aqueous CO2 Environments." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19127.
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Abstract Through implementation of electrochemical and surface analytical techniques, we investigate the behavior of magnetite (Fe3O4) and mixed metal (M) magnetite (MxFe3-xO4) layers on carbon steel surfaces in CO2 environments. Initially, Fe3O4 layers formed naturally at 250°C are evaluated, to fully characterise the behaviour of Fe3O4 layers and their role in carbon steel corrosion across a range of CO2-saturated conditions. Gravimetric measurements were performed to determine corrosion rates, complemented by the implementation of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to shed further light on the influence of Fe3O4 layers on carbon steel corrosion. To simplify the evaluation of metal dopants, Fe3O4 and MxFe3-xO4 layers were formed on carbon steel by electrodeposition (in sodium hydroxide, metal sulphate solutions at 80°C for 30 min) with similar characteristics to natural layers. The layered coupons were then immersed in a CO2-saturated, pH 5, 50°C solution at atmospheric pressure (aggressive conditions for Fe3O4 survival). EIS measurements were implemented to evaluate the corrosion behaviour of the underlying steel, whilst galvanic corrosion was measured using zero resistance ammetry by coupling the layered coupon to a bare carbon steel coupon. The addition of magnesium and zinc to the Fe3O4 layer enhanced galvanic interaction but showed similar corrosion protection to Fe3O4 layers. The addition of manganese reduced galvanic currents marginally but dramatically reduced the corrosion protection provided by the layer.
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Singbeil, Douglas, and Andrew Garner. "Anodic Protection for the Prevention of SCC of Pressure Vessel Steels in Alkaline Sulphide Solutions." In CORROSION 1986. NACE International, 1986. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1986-86136.
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Abstract Slow strain rate and fracture mechanics experiments were used to determine the effectiveness of anodic protection in preventing stress corrosion cracking of pressure vessel steels in simulated kraft pulping liquors. The boundaries of electrochemical potential for SCC were found for liquors containing a range of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide concentrations at temperatures of 110 and 140 C. No stress corrosion cracking occurred when the potential of the steel was maintained in the passive region, at potentials 100 mV or more positive than the active-passive transition of the steel. Results from corrosion and SCC coupons mounted in anodically protected digesters are reported, as are laboratory calibration results for stainless steel and silver reference electrodes used for control of anodic protection systems in kraft digesters.
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Kish, J. R., D. L. Singbeil, J. R. Keiser, and F. R. Jetté. "Assesment of Molten Na2S●xH2O/NaOH Solutions as a Cause of Composite Tube Corrosion in Kraft Recovery Boilers." In CORROSION 2006. NACE International, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2006-06236.
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Abstract Cladding/overlay thickness measurements were made on several primary air ports fabricated from alternative composite tubes installed in a kraft recovery boiler to document the fireside corrosion. Laboratory corrosions tests were then conducted to reproduce the relative corrosion rates determined by the field thickness measurments. It was found that all of the major available composite tube systems are suceptible to corrosion. Hydrated sodium sulphide and oxygen in combination with sodium hydroxide are implicated as major components in the liquid environment that causes the corrosion. Prevenative measures discussed include the need for a well-sealed port, and the likely need to avoid having black liquor droplets contacting the port tubes while dehydration is incomplete.
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Tunnicliffe, Matthew. "The Effect of Extractives on the Passivation of Carbon Steel in Synthetic Black Liquor Environments." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11374.
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Abstract Not all kraft mills have corrosion concerns in black liquor environments despite operating with similar temperatures, sulphidity and caustic content. There is reason to believe this change in liquor corrosivity is due to the presence of softwood extractives. This study used a synthetic solution to simulate weak black liquor environments (5 g/L sodium hydroxide and 20 g/L sodium sulphide) at 160°C to perform laboratory experiments. These experiments used a K02700 (A516 grade 70 carbon steel) working electrode to perform potentiodynamic, open circuit potential and immersion experiments to determine how liquor corrosivity changes in the presence of 1 or 5 g/L catechol, tannic acid or sodium citrate. These experiments were repeated in the presence of 1 g/L chloride in an attempt to increase the kinetics of corrosion. The catechol and tannic acid increased liquor corrosivity; however, the influence of 1 g/L chloride in the presence of an extractive was less clear. The reduced corrosion rate measured in the immersion studies in the presence of catechol, tannic acid and chloride is thought to do with the chloride interfering or binding with the chelates in solution rendering it less corrosive.
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Grau, L. M. Rivera, M. Casales, D. M. Ortega-Toledo, et al. "Evaluation of the Corrosion Inhibition by a Coco-Modified Imidazoline in CO2-H2S." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01700.
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Abstract A corrosion inhibitor formulation based on coconut oil modified imidazolines has been evaluated as carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) corrosion inhibitor for UNS G10180(1) using a sodium chloride (NaCl) 3% solution. Testing techniques included potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In absence of the inhibitor, steel was susceptible to uniform corrosion in presence of CO2, to blistering when H2S was present, and blistering and pitting corrosion when both CO2 and H2S were added to the 3% NaCl solution. The maximum inhibitor efficiency was found for the CO2-saturated NaCl 3% solution. Corrosion was also mitigated when both CO2 and H2S were added to the solution, although some pitting was found in steel. For comparison, the same tests were conducted employing a reference imidazoline; and the corroded surfaces were characterized employing scanning electronic microscopy (SEM).
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Folena, Mariana Costa, and José Antônio da Cunha Ponciano Gomes. "Effect of Iron Sulphide Film Formation on Hydrogen Embrittlement of an API 5L X80 Steel in H2S Solutions." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-10849.
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Abstract With the growing application of high strength steel, as API 5L X80, for pipelines in the oil industry, and related geothermal energy generation plants, comes the concern about the risks involving hydrogen diffusion and hence, embrittlement due to severe operational conditions and corrosive environment containing hydrogen sulphide (H2S). Although many efforts have been made to predict and understand those phenomena, the mechanisms involving H2S corrosion combined with applied strain are still not entirely understood. In addition, the growth of iron sulphides scales can influence on the diffusion process. This study investigates the behaviour of the API X80 steel in relation to hydrogen absorption in solutions with different concentrations of H2S, at static and tensile test conditions. It aims to evaluate hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of the steel by means of hydrogen permeation and slow strain rate tests. Furthermore, the present work seeks out to evaluate, particularly in this embrittlement process, the conditions of iron sulphide layer forming and stability in different solutions of sodium thiosulphate, as well as the film influence as a protective barrier to hydrogen entry. Investigations using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and surface analysis by SEM, EDS and XRD indicated that exists a relationship between different concentrations of H2S, scale formation and its barrier protectiveness to hydrogen generation and uptake.
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Christensen, Curt, and R. T. Hill. "Characterizing Acceptable Weld Heat Affected Zone Hardness in Low Alloy Steels." In CORROSION 1985. NACE International, 1985. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1985-85241.
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Abstract A series of tests have been undertaken to establish a correlation between weld heat-affected zone local hardness and sulfide stress cracking using four point bend tests and modified step loaded compact tension specimens. In total three steels were welded with varying heat inputs to obtain a wide variation of hardness. Vickers hardness testing showed the range to be between 200 and 350 HV 10. All sulphide stress cracking tests were conducted in a 5% sodium chloride -.5% acetic acid solution saturated with H2S. Testing procedures and conditions were as outlined in NACE TM-01-77. It appeared that only at high loads equaling 150% of the yield stress did the four point bend specimens with peak hardnesses around 300 HV10 crack. The compact tension specimens with fatigue precrack positioned in the HAZ showed no selective crack path through local hard zones, but generally the obtained stress intensity for crack initiation was lower with increasing uniformity and value of hardness.
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Gatne, Kalpak P., Raj M. Manglik, and Milind A. Jog. "Molecular-Scale Reagent Transport-Induced Modification of Low Weber Number Droplet Impact Dynamics." In ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32087.
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Effect of surfactant molecular mass transport on the normal impact and spreading of a droplet of its aqueous solution on dry horizontal substrates is investigated for a range of Weber numbers (We = 20 – 100). The impact dynamics, spreading and recoil behavior are captured using a high-speed digital video camera at 4000 frames per second. Digital image-processing software was used to determine the drop spread and height of the liquid film on the surface from each frame. Experiments were performed with water and with two different aqueous solutions of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS), one at its half critical micelle concentration (CMC) and another at twice CMC, on a hydrophilic surface (glass) and a hydrophobic surface (Teflon). It is seen that surfactant concentration, its dynamic surface tension behavior, and surface wettability govern the transient impact-spreading-recoil phenomena. A droplet of SDS solution exhibits higher maximum spread and weaker surface oscillations compared to a pure water drop colliding with the same velocity. On a hydrophobic (Teflon) surface, the drop rebound is inhibited by the presence of the surfactant. These effects are more pronounced at surfactant concentration of twice CMC compared to that at half CMC.
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"Feasibility Study on the Utilization of Manufactured Sand as a Partial Replacement for River Sand." In Recent Advancements in Geotechnical Engineering. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901618-27.
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Abstract. Continuous extraction of sand is having a huge impact on the natural river beds which has resulted in lowering of water table and a decrease in the amount of sediment supply. Despite the quantity of sand used in our day-to-day activities, our dependence on sand is significantly increasing. The use of manufactured sand as a fine aggregate in concrete draws the attention of many investigators and researchers. The present investigation includes the study of soundness and EDAX .The test results depicted that for M-sand substituted concrete the loss of weight, when subjected to alternate cycles of freezing and thawing when tested with magnesium and sodium sulphate solution was found to be less when compared with natural sand. The important observation is that the inclusion of manufactured sand in concrete reduces the pores present in concrete resulting in matrix densification and makes the concrete impermeable and substantially reduces the rate of oxygen diffusion and reduces the corrosion process as well. This paper also focuses on the effect of manufactured sand as a fine aggregate in the elastic and bond characteristics of concrete.