Relevant bibliographies by topics / Softener

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Softener'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Softener"

1

Rathinamoorthy, R. "Influence of repeated household fabric softener treatment on the comfort characteristics of cotton and polyester fabrics." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 31, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-06-2018-0076.

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Purpose The utilisation of softener after laundering of textile became one of the mandatory activities among the consumers. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to determine the influence of repeated rinse cycle softener treatment on the comfort characteristics of cotton and polyester woven fabric. Design/methodology/approach The selected cotton and polyester fabrics were treated using three different softeners types and three different numbers of rinsing times, namely 5, 10 and 15. The impact of repeated rinse cycle softener treatment on the comfort characteristics like absorbency, air permeability, wicking, thermal conductivity and flammability was analysed and the changes in the properties were confirmed using two-way ANOVA. Findings The number of rinse cycle softener treatment has a significant impact on the absorbency, air permeability and wicking ability of the cotton and polyester fabrics. The thermal conductivity and flammability characteristics of the fabrics mostly altered based on the type of fabric softener used. For all the type of fabric, the burning time reduced after the softener treatment. Social implications The consumer expects the softness and fragrance smell developed by the rinse cycle softener and they intend to use it more frequently after every laundry process to achieve that feel. This repeated the application of softener causes a negative impact on the fabric performances. This research result provides an evidence for the changes in physiological comfort aspects of textiles. Originality/value This analysis enlightens the negative impact of the repeated use of commercial fabric softener and their types on the common fabrics used in apparel endues.
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Vidrago, Cândida, Maria José Araújo Marques Abreu, Graça Soares, and Helder Carvalho. "Cost and Efficiency Analysis of Commercial Softeners in the Sewability Behavior of Cotton Fabrics." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 10, no. 2 (June 2015): 155892501501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501501000203.

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This paper reports a comparative case study on the use of different softening products for bed linen fabrics, specifically regarding the sewability of the fabrics. The market offers a wide variety of commercial formulations of softeners for this purpose, but the composition and price varies considerably. This work was aimed to assess the relationship between the cost and effectiveness of different softener formulations in home textiles finishing. Objectively, the effect of different softeners and their concentrations on sewability of the fabrics was studied. Non-ionic polyethylene dispersions and a cationic silicone softener micro-emulsion in different concentrations and combinations were considered in this investigation. It was found that a combination of silicone and polyethylene based softeners presents the most interesting cost/performance behavior.
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Azeem, Abdul, Sharjeel Abid, Noman Sarwar, Shahzaib Ali, Ahsan Maqsood, Rashid Masood, and Tanveer Hussain. "Optimization of the color fastness and mechanical properties of pigment dyed PC fabric." Pigment & Resin Technology 47, no. 5 (September 3, 2018): 396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-12-2017-0109.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to improve the mechanical properties and reduce the stiffness/harshness of fabric associated with the pigment dyeing of textiles. Design/methodology/approach The fabric was pigment dyed with the addition of three different softeners and binders. The fabric was then analyzed to have improved textile properties by measuring tear strength, bending length, crocking and washing fastness tests. Findings The conventional route of pigment dyeing (without any softener) imparted poor mechanical and rubbing fastness. The softener-added recipe provided better mechanical, rubbing and washing fastness, and the stiffness values were oppressed as well. Practical implications Because of reduced stiffness, increased fastness and mechanical properties, the use of softener with pigment dyeing can improve the market values and satisfaction of the dyed fabrics. The finished product would also have better life and endurance. The process can be modified easily to have a better end-product with a negligible cost addition in industrial process, as softeners are cheap and used in low (10-20 g/l) in industrial settings without affecting the required shades. Originality/value This is the first report, to the best of the author’s knowledge, on the optimization of pigment dyeing of PC fabric with the addition of Helizarin and perapret softeners in dyeing bath.
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Rathinamoorthy, R., K. Gayathri Shree, R. Vaijayanthi, M. Brindha, and A. Narmatha. "Effect of rinse cycle softener treatment on the low-stress mechanical properties of cotton-woven fabric." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 24, no. 3 (May 20, 2020): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-10-2019-0053.

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Purpose The application of rinse cycle softener after the household laundry process has become more common in recent times. This study aims to understand the effect of repeated rinse cycle softener treatment on the mechanical and frictional properties of the cotton fabric. Design/methodology/approach Cotton-woven fabric is treated with commercial rinse cycle softener repeatedly for 15 times. After treatment, the fabric was evaluated for the changes in mechanical properties using the Kawabata evaluation system. Findings The results of this study revealed that the softener treatment reduces the tensile properties (41.25%) and increases the overall extensibility of the fabric up to 20.89%. The shear (34.57%) and bending rigidity of the treated fabric are reduced considerably than the untreated fabric (58.02%). The increment in the fabric softness and fluffiness was confirmed with the increment in the compression and the difference between the initial and final thickness at maximum pressure. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) is noted only in the case of bending and surface friction properties (dynamic friction). Originality/value The usage of rinse cycle softeners in the household laundry has a significant influence on the comfort characteristics of the cotton-woven fabric. Repeated usage of rinse cycle softener increased the fabric softness and fluffiness of the fabric and also reduced the tensile properties significantly.
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Kontrovitz, Mervin, Jerry Marie Slack, and Zhao Yuhong. "On the use of some phosphates in the preparation of ostracod shells." Journal of Micropalaeontology 10, no. 2 (December 1, 1991): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.10.2.121.

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Abstract. Common preparation techniques for ostracods include the use of water-softeners containing sodium hexametaphosphate and/or sodium tripolyphosphate, to disaggregate sediments. Here, ostracod shells were treated with phosphatic water-softener in tap and distilled water. Concentrations as low as 2.5% in as little as six hours caused significant damage. The worst damage occurred in concentrations of water-softener at the middle of the range used (0 – 20%). Alteration could be misinterpreted as taphonomic. Taxa are not equally resistant and assemblages could be altered, leading to erroneous conclusions about diversity, dominance, and differential transport.
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Siddique, Amna, Tufail Hassan, Sharjeel Abid, Munir Ashraf, Azmat Hussain, Faizan Shafiq, Muhammad Qamar Khan, and Ick Soo Kim. "The Effect of Softeners Applications on Moisture Management Properties of Polyester/Cotton Blended Sandwich Weft-Knitted Fabric Structure." Coatings 11, no. 5 (May 15, 2021): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050575.

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Prolonged drying times of terry fabrics is a problem as they can not be re-used until completely dry. To resolve this issue, we have designed a sandwich polyester in the mid-layer with low moisture content that could reduce the drying time with excellent wicking properties. These fabrics are widely used as activewear and sportswear. The effect of different softeners on the moisture management properties of weft-knitted terry fabrics’ for various applications has also been studied. Terry knitted fabrics were prepared using a circular knitting machine. Six different softeners were applied with three different concentrations, i.e., 10 g/L, 15 g/L, and 20 g/L, on the fabric using the pad-dry-cure method. Moisture management tests and rubbing fastness tests were performed to analyze the applied softener’s effect on the fabric comfort and moisture management performance. Results revealed that softener type (i.e., cationic, anionic, and non-ionic) and concentration levels considerably affect the moisture management capability of terry knitted fabrics.
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Bolelli, L., Elida Nora Ferri, Stefano Sangiorgi, Giuseppe Novelli, and Stefano Girotti. "The pursuit of good microbiological conditions in domestic softeners: a new improvement." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 2 (March 12, 2020): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.136.

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Abstract Effective resin disinfection is mandatory to ensure the microbiological quality of water treated by domestic softeners. The wet and sometimes warm environment inside the softener is ideal for bacteria growth. Our research was focused on the evaluation of the microbial quality of water from softeners sanitized by chlorine solutions or by electrolytic systems. We employed the heterotrophic plate count and specific tests to monitor the presence of opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and coliforms). Completely new devices were equipped with a commercially available electrolytic system or with a newly patented one or sanitized by automatic or manual addition of chlorine solutions. In all cases, the contamination was reduced, not completely avoided. In particular, the patented electrolytic system significantly reduced bacterial proliferation in strongly contaminated devices. Our data confirm the difficulties encountered to solve the problem of microbiological quality of softened water and offer encouraging information on new possible solutions. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.
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OGURA, Eiji. "Fabric Softener and Scent." Oleoscience 13, no. 11 (2013): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/oleoscience.13.533.

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Shallcross, Mike. "Focus on fabric softener." British Journal of Midwifery 6, no. 10 (October 1998): 670–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.1998.6.10.670.

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Nurdogan, Y., E. Goldman, and S. S. Dawes. "Optimizing chemical treatment of a power plant water softener." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1998): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0662.

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The Piñon Pine Plant of Sierra Pacific Power Company near Reno, Nevada is a zero discharge facility. To maintain zero discharge operation a side-stream softener is used to control circulating cooling water (circ-water) and discharge pond water quality. During plant startup, this softener was not performing to its design objectives, which specified maximums of 30 ppm calcium as Ca, 10 ppm magnesium as Mg, and 20 ppm silica as SiO2 in the softened water. Jar tests were conducted to determine the best chemicals and optimum dosages for the side-stream softener. The optimum pH range for softening was in the range of 11.3–11.5. Replacing the Polyaluminum Hydroxychlorosulfate (PAC) coagulant with 25–50 mg/L of Mg(OH)2 greatly improved flocculation. In addition to Mg(OH)2 solution, MgSO4 was required at a dosage of 50 mg/L as Mg to reduce the silica concentration to 20 mg/L as SiO2. The optimum dosage of Na2CO3 (soda ash) was 750 mg/L to reduce the calcium concentration to 30 mg/L as Ca. The optimum dosage of flocculent (a Polyacrylamide based anionic polymer) was 10–15 mg/L. Dispersant addition was adversely effecting the softening process.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Softener"

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Hogan, Patrick Lynn. "Changes in Septic Tank Effluent Due to Water Softener Use." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35332.

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The compatibility of home water softeners and septic tanks is of concern for the on-site wastewater treatment community. Research has shown that high sodium levels in activated sludge plants can lead to deflocculation and poor effluent quality. Therefore, it is logical to assume that high sodium levels that result from the exchange of calcium and magnesium for sodium in home softeners could give rise to poor effluent quality from septic tanks, leading to shortened lives of drain fields. Additionally, the release of regeneration discharges to the septic tank might further damage performance. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect home ion-exchange softeners have on septic tank performance. A column study was set up and varying levels of sodium were added to wastewater influent and these were fed to columns that contained solids collected from operating septic tanks. In addition, slug influent solutions, which mimic regeneration flow, with varying amounts of excess sodium were investigated. To reinforce the lab column experiments, data were obtained from private septic tanks to determine the effluent quality from septic tanks both diverting and receiving the regeneration flow. Also utilized were graduated cylinder experiments, where the effect of sodium on grease flocculation was determined, and batch anaerobic digestion studies, which determined the effect sodium has on the production of gases and the degradation of solids.

The study showed that the addition of sodium to septic tanks is likely to impact the effluent quality of sewage discharged from a septic tank to a drain field. The common way of measuring ion concentrations for comparison in this study was to obtain the monovalent to divalent ratio (M/D Ratio). This is simply the concentration of the sodium ions in solution divided by the concentrations of magnesium and calcium, on an equivalent weight basis (all other monovalent and divalent ions were negligible). Slug solutions of high levels of salts (Septic Tank Effluent M/D = 11), mimicking regeneration wastes from water softeners with an inefficient regeneration cycle, increased the effluent solids, COD and BOD. However, if the regeneration wastes contained the same amount of calcium and magnesium, but a smaller amount of sodium (Septic Tank Effluent M/D = 5), the negative effect on these effluent characteristics was greatly lessened. In an optimum case with a regeneration solution containing a minimal amount of excess sodium (Septic Tank Effluent M/D = 3), the effluent characteristics were often actually more favorable than in similar situations where the regeneration wastes were diverted (Septic Tank Effluent M/D = 2). The case studies reinforced these data, showing that sodium concentrations correlated with an increased discharge of solids to the drain field. The studies on grease flocculation as well as anaerobic digestion suggest that these processes are not affected by the sodium level. Overall, it appears that the use of home softeners with septic tanks may have an effect on solids discharge to the drain field and the level of impact will depend on the level of hardness in the water, whether the regeneration waste is discharged to the septic tank, and the amount of excess sodium present in regeneration wastes.
Master of Science

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Loiola, Adonay Rodrigues. "DiagÃnese sped up of kaolinm to the zeolite NaA (LTA)for use in the water softener." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1513.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Zeolite NaA (LTA) has been successfully synthesized by hydrothermal route, in which kaolim was used as silicon and aluminum source. The obtained zeolite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption, thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared absorption spectroscopy (IR), luminescence and granulometry. The X-ray diffraction data refinement by Rietveld method and software DBWS9807 has made possible the confirmation of only one crystallographic phase on the synthesis process and the particle size measurements. Particle sizes vary from 48 nm to 74 nm. Zeolite A morphologic properties were observed by scanning electron microscopy analysis, in which one could observe crystals with different sizes but with the same cubic shape. Na+ ions have been replaced for NH4 +, in a simple ion exchange process. This way, zeolite A has acquired its ammoniac state. The efficiency of this process has been confirmed by infrared analysis, with the appearance of bands in 1402 cm-1 and 1450 cm-1 after ion exchange, and by acid titillation. Zeolite thermal stability, either on Na+ or NH4 + states, has been determined by thermogravimetry. Activation energies for the thermogravimetric process related to weigh loss through volatilization caused basically by water and ammonia liberation from zeolite surface, were from 71,7 kJ.mol-1 to 205,7 kJ.mol-1. Luminescence analysis has indicated that Eu3+, used as probe, is not located in a symmetric center and the sites in which the abovementioned ion is located is not homogeneous. The particle size obtained from granulometric analysis was around 10 m, what indicates agglomerations formed by zeolite crystals. According to calcium removal analyses by zeolite A, it appears as na excellent water softener and as a potential substitute for polyphosphates, frequently used in detergents.
A zeÃlita NaA (LTA) foi eficientemente obtida atravÃs de sÃntese hidrotÃrmica, onde o caulim foi usado como fonte de silÃcio e alumÃnio. A zeÃlita obtida foi caracterizada pelas tÃcnicas de difraÃÃo de raios-X, absorÃÃo de raios-X, termogravimetria (TG), calorimetria diferencial exploratÃria (DSC), microscopia eletrÃnica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de absorÃÃo na regiÃo do infravermelho (IV), luminescÃncia e granulometria. O refinamento dos dados obtidos nas anÃlises de difraÃÃo de raios-X, atravÃs do mÃtodo de Rietveld e do uso do software DBWS9807, possibilitou a confirmaÃÃo de uma Ãnica fase cristalogrÃfica obtida no processo de sÃntese, e o cÃlculo do tamanho das partÃculas, as quais variam de 48 nm a 74 nm. As caracterÃsticas morfolÃgicas desta zeÃlita foram evidenciadas atravÃs da microscopia eletrÃnica de varredura, onde cristais de diferentes tamanhos apresentaram forma cÃbica. Os Ãons Na+ foram substituÃdos por Ãons NH4 +, em processo de troca iÃnica simples, fazendo com que a zeÃlita adquirisse assim a forma amoniacal. A eficiÃncia deste processo foi confirmada pelas anÃlises de infravermelho, com o aparecimento de bandas em 1402 cm-1 e 1450 cm-1 apÃs a troca iÃnica, e por titulaÃÃo de neutralizaÃÃo. A estabilidade tÃrmica da zeÃlita nas duas formas iÃnicas foi analisada atravÃs de termogravimetria. As energias de ativaÃÃo para os processos termodegradativos relacionados Ãs perdas de massa por volatilizaÃÃo, as quais se referem basicamente à eliminaÃÃo de Ãgua e amÃnia presentes na estrutura zeolÃtica, variaram de 71,7 kJ.mol-1 a 205,7 kJ.mol-1. As anÃlises de luminescÃncia mostraram que o Ãon Eu3+, usado como sonda, nÃo està localizado em um centro simÃtrico e que os sÃtios onde o referido Ãon se encontra nÃo sÃo homogÃneos. O tamanho de partÃcula obtido atravÃs da granulometria foi em torno de 10 m , mostrando que os cristais da zeÃlita formam aglomerados. A zeÃlita NaA mostrou-se extremamente eficiente no abrandamento de Ãguas duras e, desta forma, apresentase como um substituinte em potencial dos polifosfatos, comumente usados em detergentes.
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Loiola, Adonay Rodrigues. "DiagÃnese acelerada de caulim à zeÃlita NaA para uso no abrandamento de Ãguas." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2665.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
A zeÃlita NaA (LTA) foi eficientemente obtida atravÃs de sÃntese hidrotÃrmica, onde o caulim foi usado como fonte de silÃcio e alumÃnio. A zeÃlita obtida foi caracterizada pelas tÃcnicas de difraÃÃo de raios-X, absorÃÃo de raios-X, termogravimetria (TG), calorimetria diferencial exploratÃria (DSC), microscopia eletrÃnica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de absorÃÃo na regiÃo do infravermelho (IV), luminescÃncia e granulometria. O refinamento dos dados obtidos nas anÃlises de difraÃÃo de raios-X, atravÃs do mÃtodo de Rietveld e do uso do software DBWS9807, possibilitou a confirmaÃÃo de uma Ãnica fase cristalogrÃfica obtida no processo de sÃntese, e o cÃlculo do tamanho das partÃculas, as quais variam de 48 nm a 74 nm. As caracterÃsticas morfolÃgicas desta zeÃlita foram evidenciadas atravÃs da microscopia eletrÃnica de varredura, onde cristais de diferentes tamanhos apresentaram forma cÃbica. Os Ãons Na+ foram substituÃdos por Ãons NH4 +, em processo de troca iÃnica simples, fazendo com que a zeÃlita adquirisse assim a forma amoniacal. A eficiÃncia deste processo foi confirmada pelas anÃlises de infravermelho, com o aparecimento de bandas em 1402 cm-1 e 1450 cm-1 apÃs a troca iÃnica, e por titulaÃÃo de neutralizaÃÃo. A estabilidade tÃrmica da zeÃlita nas duas formas iÃnicas foi analisada atravÃs de termogravimetria. As energias de ativaÃÃo para os processos termodegradativos relacionados Ãs perdas de massa por volatilizaÃÃo, as quais se referem basicamente à eliminaÃÃo de Ãgua e amÃnia presentes na estrutura zeolÃtica, variaram de 71,7 kJ.mol-1 a 205,7 kJ.mol-1. As anÃlises de luminescÃncia mostraram que o Ãon Eu3+, usado como sonda, nÃo està localizado em um centro simÃtrico e que os sÃtios onde o referido Ãon se encontra nÃo sÃo homogÃneos. O tamanho de partÃcula obtido atravÃs da granulometria foi em torno de 10 m , mostrando que os cristais da zeÃlita formam aglomerados. A zeÃlita NaA mostrou-se extremamente eficiente no abrandamento de Ãguas duras e, desta forma, apresentase como um substituinte em potencial dos polifosfatos, comumente usados em detergentes.
Zeolite NaA (LTA) has been successfully synthesized by hydrothermal route, in which kaolim was used as silicon and aluminum source. The obtained zeolite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption, thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared absorption spectroscopy (IR), luminescence and granulometry. The X-ray diffraction data refinement by Rietveld method and software DBWS9807 has made possible the confirmation of only one crystallographic phase on the synthesis process and the particle size measurements. Particle sizes vary from 48 nm to 74 nm. Zeolite A morphologic properties were observed by scanning electron microscopy analysis, in which one could observe crystals with different sizes but with the same cubic shape. Na+ ions have been replaced for NH4 +, in a simple ion exchange process. This way, zeolite A has acquired its ammoniac state. The efficiency of this process has been confirmed by infrared analysis, with the appearance of bands in 1402 cm-1 and 1450 cm-1 after ion exchange, and by acid titillation. Zeolite thermal stability, either on Na+ or NH4 + states, has been determined by thermogravimetry. Activation energies for the thermogravimetric process related to weigh loss through volatilization caused basically by water and ammonia liberation from zeolite surface, were from 71,7 kJ.mol-1 to 205,7 kJ.mol-1. Luminescence analysis has indicated that Eu3+, used as probe, is not located in a symmetric center and the sites in which the abovementioned ion is located is not homogeneous. The particle size obtained from granulometric analysis was around 10 m, what indicates agglomerations formed by zeolite crystals. According to calcium removal analyses by zeolite A, it appears as an excellent water softener and as a potential substitute for polyphosphates, frequently used in detergents.
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4

Agarwal, Gaurav. "Interaction of textile parameters, wash-ageing and use of fabric softener during the laundry with mechanical properties of the knitted fabrics and correlation with textile hand." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10001/document.

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Dans cette thèse, l'influence de lavage répétés et l'utilisation d'assouplissant sur les propriétés sensorielles, mécaniques et physico-chimiques pour la bonneterie ont, a été étudiés Différentes conditions de remplissage de la machine à laver ont été étudiées : soit avec des tricots comportant tous des fibres de même nature, soit avec des tricots de nature différentes. La quantité d’adoucissant déposée sur le textile a été mesurée, l’uniformité du dépôt a été quantifiée par analyse d’image. Le potentiel zéta des fibres et la capacité d’absorption des textiles expliquent les écarts de quantité déposées sur les tricots. L'évaluation sensorielle des tissus a été réalisée par un groupe de panélistes entrainés en utilisant la méthode de comparaison par paire. En outre, un système intelligent basé sur la logique floue pour corréler les paramètres physiques et sensoriels a été développé afin de prédire les performances d'un tricot aprés un grand nombre de cycles de lavage
In this thesis, the simultaneous influence of repeated machine laundry and use of the fabric softener on sensory, mechanical and physico-chemical properties of the knitted textiles was investigated. The deposition of softener was characterised by amount of deposition in different load conditions (mixed fibre load and individual fibre load) and level of uniformity of the deposition. The softener deposition was explained by zeta-potential of the fibres and liquid-absorption capability of the knitted fabrics. The non-uniformity of the softener deposition was quantified by image processing method. The sensory evaluation of the fabrics was carried out by a trained panel using pair-comparison method. Furthermore, an intelligent system based on Fuzzy logic for correlating the physical and sensory parameters was developed in order to predict the performance of a knitted fabric which has gone through number of laundry cycles
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Castro, Jordana Rodrigues de. "Reprodução e caracterização de manchamentos causados por desodorante antitranspirante em malha de algodão buscando melhorar o desempenho de remoção." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100133/tde-23072015-140834/.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo a reprodução, avaliação e caracterização de manchamentos provocados por desodorante antitranspirante, suor, produtos do processo de lavagem como detergente em pó, amaciante, temperatura de passadoria em camisetas de malhas de algodão. Buscando uma melhor caracterização destes manchamentos, foram realizados três grupos de estudo com indivíduos selecionados, propensos à obtenção de manchas na região das axilas. Os indivíduos fizeram uso de desodorante com e sem perfume e utilizaram camisetas por um período de onze dias, sendo que um dos indivíduos fez uso apenas da camiseta sem desodorante e, uma das camisetas foi submetida ao desodorante sem uso por indivíduos. Ao final de cada dia, as camisetas foram lavadas com detergente em pó, amaciante, secas em secadora e passadas, simulando uma condição de uso doméstico. As camisetas manchadas foram submetidas às avaliações instrumentais de espectrofotometria (colorímetro), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), análise por Dispersão de Energia (EDS) e medição da efusividade e condutividade térmica e Espectrometria de Emissão Atômica por Plasma Acoplado Indutivamente (ICP-OES). Essas camisetas também foram submetidas a dois processos de remoção: por lavagem a seco (LS) e por agentes químicos (RAQ). Após o processo de remoção, as camisetas foram submetidas à avaliação colorimétrica instrumental, condutividade e efusividade térmica, MEV, resistência à ruptura. As análises colorimétricas para todas as camisetas utilizadas pelos participantes dos grupos de estudo mostraram valores de E* de (0,87 a 32,43), indicando uma alteração de cor perceptível visualmente na região das axilas. As microscopias das amostras também mostram um acúmulo de alguns materiais nessa região que pode ter influenciado a troca de calor do material com o ambiente, como mostraram os resultados de efusividade e condutividade. Este material acumulado, analisado pela técnica de ICP-OES, mostrou que a camiseta manchada apresentou 99,7% de alumínio a mais do que na camiseta original na região da axila, o que pode ser oriundo do contato com o desodorante que também apresenta elevados teores de alumínio em sua formulação. Os métodos utilizados para remoção apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, promovendo a remoção dos manchamentos nas camisetas, observado através da diminuição dos valores de E* e nos índices da Escala Cinza de Alteração da Cor, na avaliação colorimétrica instrumental. Entretanto, o processo de remoção por agentes químicos apresentou melhores resultados, tendo cerca de 70% de eficácia quando comparados ao método de lavagem a seco, podendo ser um método mais efetivo na remoção deste tipo de manchamento.
This work was carried out to reproduction, evaluation and characterization of staining caused by antiperspirant deodorant, sweat, products of the washing process and detergent powder, fabric softener, temperature ironing shirts in cotton knits. Searching for a better characterization of these staining, three groups of studies selected, prone to getting stains on the underarm area individuals, were performed. Individuals made use deodorant and fragrance with shirts and used for a period of eleven days, and one of the subjects only used the shirt without deodorant and one of the shirts was submitted to without deodorant use by individuals. At the end of each day the shirts were washed with detergent powder, fabric softener, dryer dried and pressed, simulating a condition of household. The stained shirts were subjected to instrumental evaluations spectrophotometry (colorimeter), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive analysis (EDS) and measuring the effusivity and thermal conductivity and Atomic Emission Spectrometry by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES). These shirts were also subjected to two processes: removal by cleaning (LS) and chemicals (RAQ). After the removal process tees instrumental colorimetric evaluation, conductivity and thermal effusivity, SEM, tensile strength were submitted. colorimetric analyzes for all t used by the participants of the study groups showed values of E * (0.87 to 32.43), indicating a change of color visually noticeable in the underarm area. The microscopy of the samples also showed an accumulation of some materials in this region that may have influenced the heat exchange material with the environment as showed the results of effusivity and conductivity. This accumulated material, analyzed by ICP-OES technique, showed that the stained shirt showed 99.7% more aluminum than the original shirt, which can be derived from contact with the deodorant that also has a high concentration of aluminum in its formulation. The methods used for removal showed satisfactory results, promoting the removal of staining tees, observed by decreasing the values of E * and indexes of Gray Scale Change Colors, instrumental colorimetric evaluation. However, the process of removal by chemical agents showed better results, about 70% efficiency when compared to the method of cleaning, may be a more effective method in removing this type of stain.
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Magee, James. "Phase behaviour of core-softened particles." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12542.

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In this thesis, we have made an extended study of a particular core-softened system in two dimensions (originally studied in Sadr-Lahijany et al. Physical Review Letters 81, p.4895 [1]). Whereas most studies have only examined single facets of the phase behaviour for a given model, we have systematically studied both liquid and solid state phase behaviour, using a combination of analytic and state of the art simulation methods. Our aim has been to gain a greater understanding of the key features behind the unusual phase behaviour associated with core softened systems. After an introduction, we review previous work on the phase behaviour of core-softened systems, in which we see that these apparently “simple” potentials can give rise to a range of unusual and exotic behaviours. We then briefly study the behaviour of a simple one-dimensional core softened model. This demonstrates liquid state anomalies and a zero temperature transition point, as well as illuminating the dangers of generalising between potentials and across dimensionality. We then move onto the two dimensional system. We study the solid state using a combination of the harmonic approximation, Lattice Switch Monte Carlo (a recently developed simulation technique which allows Monte Carlo moves between structures), and Gibbs-Duhem integration. We find two triangular lattice phases, separated by a region of stable square lattice phase at intermediate pressure; we also find evidence for an isostructural transition (with possible critical point) between the triangular phases at densities metastable with respect to the square lattice phase. To study the liquid state, we use Lennard-Jones Devonshire cell theory and extensive Monte Carlo simulation. We reevaluate the cell theory model, and find strong evidence that Lennard-Jones and Devonshire’s original results were misinterpreted, as were the cell theory results for the system at hand [1]. Our liquid state simulation results confirm the presence of reentrant melting and liquid-state anomalies in the system. We find that, contrary to previous suggestions, these anomalies do not originate from a liquid-liquid transition, but instead from a continuous or near-continuous melting transition, a phenomenon only possible in two dimensions.
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7

Voronets, Julia. "Controlled toothbrush abrasion of softened human enamels /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000279103.

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Castellanos, Bernardo Antonio. "Use and Measurement of Fully Softened Shear Strength." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56631.

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The fully softened shear strength was defined by Skempton (1970) as the peak drained shear strength of a clay in a normally consolidated state. All the experience available on the applicability of the fully softened shear strength for slopes is based on back-analyses. Back-analyses of first-time failures in cuts in stiff-fissured clays and embankments constructed of fat clays have shown that, over a long period of time, the shear strength gets reduced from what is measured in the laboratory using undisturbed samples to the fully softened shear strength. These back-analyses require knowledge or assumption of pore pressures in the slope, which will have a significant influence on the shear strength obtained. Karl Terzaghi, in 1936, was the first person that qualitatively explained the behavior of cut slopes in stiff-fissured clays. According to Terzaghi (1936), a softening process is initiated by the water percolating into the fissures causing swelling and decreasing the overall shear strength of the clay mass. Investigations presented later by Skempton and his colleagues showed that the controlling shear strength for cuts in stiff-fissured clays was equal to the fully softened shear strength and recommended this shear strength to be used for design (Skempton 1970; Chandler and Skempton 1974; Chandler 1974; Skempton 1977). Skempton (1977) concluded that displacements caused by progressive failure decrease the shear strength of stiff clays toward the fully softened shear strength. At first, it was believed that only stiff-fissured clays were subjected to softening and that intact clays should be designed using the peak shear strength measured using undisturbed samples (Skempton and Brown 1961; Skempton 1964, 1970). Recent publications have showed that the likelihood of a clay experiencing softening is more dependent on the plasticity of the clay rather than the fissures (Bjerrum 1967; Chandler 1984a; Mesri and Abdel-Ghaffar 1993). Fat clays, when compared to lean clays, tend to be more brittle. This means that fat clays have a more pronounced decrease in shear strength after the peak shear strength is achieved and for this reason are more susceptible to progressive failure. First-time failures in stiff clays usually occur a long period of time after construction. For this reason, steady state seepage was used in the back-analyses of the case histories presented by Skempton and his colleagues. They found that a pore pressure ratio of 0.3 was applicable to first-time failures in cuts in stiff-fissured clays (James 1970; Vaughan and Walbancke 1973; Chandler 1974; Skempton 1977). Investigations presented by Professor Steve Wright and his colleagues of the University of Texas at Austin showed, based on back-analyses, that the fully softened shear strength is also the controlling shear strength of compacted embankments constructed of highly plastic clays (Green and Wright 1986; Kayyal and Wright 1991; Wright 2005; Wright et al. 2007). Steve Wright and his colleagues concluded that weathering, expressed in cycles of wetting and drying, was the main mechanism decreasing the shear strength of compacted clay embankments toward the fully softened shear strength. Failures in this type of projects were found to be shallow (less than 10 ft deep) and to occur numerous years after construction (USACE 1983; Stauffer and Wright 1984; Kayyal and Wright 1991; Wright et al. 2007). A pore pressure ratio ranging from 0.4 to 0.6 was found to be applicable for the case histories analyzed by Wright and his colleagues. Day and Axten (1989) recommended the use of the infinite slope method with seepage parallel to the slope face for slope stability analyses. This same recommendation was presented by Lade (2010). A seepage parallel to the slope face corresponds to a pore pressure ratio ranging from 0.4 to 0.5 for slopes with ratios of 2H:1V to 5H:1V. Failures on compacted clay embankments related to softening have been reported in Texas (Stauffer and Wright 1984; Kayyal and Wright 1991; Wright 2005; Wright et al. 2007), and Mississippi (USACE 1983). According to McCook (2012), softening of this type of structures also occur in Louisiana To perform slope stability analyses using fully softened shear strength parameter, the type of soils, type of projects, and depths where this shear strength is applicable, and the pore pressures and factor of safety to be used in design should be determined. As stated above, the fully softened shear strength has been found to be the controlling shear strength of cuts in stiff clays and compacted embankments constructed of highly plastic clays. Steady state seepage conditions should be used to design cuts in stiff clays, and a pore pressure ratio ranging from 0.4 to 0.6 or a phreatic surface at the surface of the slope should be used to design compacted embankments made of fat clays. In cuts in stiff clays, both shallow and deep failures related to fully softened shear strength have been observed. For this type of project, the recommended methodology for design is to assign a curved fully softened failure envelope to the whole slope, search for the critical failure surface, and obtain the factor of safety. This approach will provide the correct factor of safety but the critical surface obtained might not be what is expected to occur in situ. Pore pressures corresponding to steady state seepage should be used for design. It should be emphasized that the recommendation to use fully softened shear strength in first-time failures in stiff clays is based on the back-analyses of case histories. Research is required to better understand progressive failure and its influence on the shear strength mobilized in situ. In compacted embankments constructed of fat clays, only shallow failures related to fully softened shear strength have been observed. For this type of projects, the recommended methodology for design is to assign a curved fully softened failure envelope to the whole embankment, search for the critical failure surface, and obtain the factor of safety. If for any reason deep failures are to be considered in designing compacted embankments constructed of fat clays, based on the fact that failures in this type of projects are usually shallow, the first 10 ft below the surface of the slope should be assumed to have a shear strength equal to the fully softened shear strength. Pore pressures should be calculated based on a water table coincident with the slope face. The fully softened shear strength should not be used in the foundation soil. If any softening occurred in the foundation soil, this should be reflected in the shear strength measured using undisturbed samples. Softening of the foundation soil is not expected to occur after the embankment is constructed. The consequences of shallow and a deep failures are usually not the same. For this reason, is reasonable that the same factor of safety should not be required for both cases. A shallow failure may be considered by some agencies solely as a maintenance issue. The factor of safety should be based on the uncertainties in the parameters being used for design and the consequences of failure of the structure (Duncan and Wright 2005). The parameters that have more impact on the factor of safety obtained for slope stability are shear strength and pore pressures. The fully softened shear strength is the lowest shear strength expected to be mobilized in first-time slides. This shear strength, coupled with a conservative assumption of pore pressure gives a low uncertainty in the parameters that have the most influence in the factor of safety. For shallow failures, the consequences of failure are very low. For this reason, if the fully softened shear strength is used, coupled with a water table corresponding to the worst case scenario possible, a factor of safety as low as 1.25 can be used. For deep failures, the consequences of failure will vary depending on the structure. The pore pressure for this type of analyses should be based on the worst seepage condition expected throughout the life of the project. In this case, for structures with low to mid consequences of failure, a factor of safety of 1.35 can be used. For structures with a high consequence of failure, a factor of safety of 1.50 can be used. These factors of safety are based on the recommendations presented by Duncan and Wright (2005) for factors of safety based on uncertainties in the parameters and consequences of failures. The fully softened shear strength should be measured using normally consolidated remolded specimens as recommended by Skempton (1977). Soil samples should be hydrated for two days using distilled or site-specific water. The soil sample should then be washed or pushed through a No. 40 (425 µm) sieve. To achieve the desired water content, the soil sample cab be air-dried or more water should be added. Water contents equal to or higher than the liquid limit should be used to prepare test specimens for fully softened shear strength measurements. The direct shear device is recommended for fully softened shear strength measurements. The Bromhead ring shear device does not provide accurate values of fully softened shear strength. The triaxial device requires more time and effort to measure the fully softened shear strength and provides about the same fully softened shear strength as the direct shear device. The fully softened shear strength failure envelope can be estimated using the correlation presented in Figure 6.59 for the parameters required for Equation 4.1. This correlation is only intended to be used in preliminary design or if better information is not available. Laboratory determination of fully softened shear strength is always recommended for final designs. If this is not possible, the confidence limits presented in Figure 6.59 should be used to determine the fully softened shear strength parameters.
Ph. D.
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Gibson, Helen May. "Studies of the phase diagrams of core-softened fluids." Thesis, University of Bath, 2007. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436878.

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Guo, Jiangman. "The Effects of Household Fabric Softeners on the Thermal Comfort and Flammability of Cotton and Polyester Fabrics." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32307.

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This study examined the effects of household fabric softeners on the thermal comfort and flammability of 100% cotton and 100% polyester fabrics after repeated laundering. Two fabric properties related to thermal comfort, water vapor transmission and air permeability, were examined. A 3 X 2 X 3 experimental design (i.e., 18 experimental cells) was developed to conduct the research. Three independent variables were selected: fabric softener treatments (i.e., rinse cycle softener, dryer sheet softener, no softener), fabric types (i.e., 100% cotton, 100% polyester), and number of laundering cycles (i.e., 1, 15, 25 cycles). Three dependent variables were tested: water vapor transmission, air permeability, and flammability. The test fabrics were purchased from Testfabrics, Inc. To examine the influence of the independent variables and their interactions on each dependent variable, two-way or three-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests were used to analyze the data. Results in this study showed that both the rinse cycle softener and the dryer sheet softener significantly decreased the water vapor transmission of test specimens to a similar degree. The rinse cycle softener decreased the air permeability of test specimens most and was followed by the dryer sheet softener. The rinse cycle softener increased the flammability of both cotton and polyester fabrics, but the dryer sheet softener had no significant effect on the flammability of both fabric types. Statistical analysis also indicated that the interactions were significant among the independent variables on water vapor transmission, air permeability, and flammability of the test specimens. For example, the rinse cycle softener significantly decreased the water vapor transmission and air permeability of cotton fabric but had no effect on polyester fabric. The dryer sheet softener also decreased the water vapor transmission of cotton fabric but had no effect on polyester fabric, and it had no effect on the air permeability of both cotton and polyester fabrics. In addition, the air permeability of cotton specimens treated with the rinse cycle softener continuously reduced after repeated laundering, but that of polyester fabrics treated with the rinse cycle softener only reduced after 15 laundering cycles and showed no continuous decrease when laundering cycles increased. When the influence of fabric softener treatments on flammability was examined, the results showed that the more the specimens were laundered with the rinse cycle softener, the greater the flammability of the test specimens. However, the dryer sheet softener did not have a significant effect on the flammability of the test fabrics even after repeated laundering. For the polyester fabric, all specimens treated with the dryer sheet softener or no softener passed the standard of childrenâ s sleepwear even after 25 laundering cycles, but those treated with the rinse cycle softener did not pass the standard. In conclusion, fabric softener treatment had a significant influence on the thermal comfort (i.e., water vapor transmission and air permeability) and flammability of 100% cotton and 100% polyester fabrics after repeated laundering cycles and the effects were significantly different among the three independent variables (i.e., fabric softener treatments, fabric types, and number of laundering cycles). The applications of these results were also discussed.
Master of Science
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Books on the topic "Softener"

1

Bolton, Melvin. The softener. Bath: Chivers, 1985.

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Bolton, Melvin. The softener: A novel. New York: F. Watts, 1986.

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A softer strength. Lake Mary, Fla: Charisma House, 2011.

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Coipel, Monique. Softenon: Nous avons tué par amour. Paris: Jourdan Éditions, 2011.

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To soften the blow. United States]: Judybird Publishing, 2012.

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Gownley, Jimmy. Speak Softee to me. Edina, Minn: Spotlight, 2011.

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Clunan, Anne L. Ungoverned spaces: Alternatives to state authority in an era of softened sovereignty. Stanford, Calif: Stanford Security Studies, 2010.

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Sorg, Thomas J. Leaching of metals from household plumbing materials: Impact of home water softeners. Cincinnati, OH: National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998.

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Clunan, Anne L. Ungoverned spaces: Alternatives to state authority in an era of softened sovereignty. Stanford, Calif: Stanford Security Studies, 2010.

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Sorg, Thomas J. Leaching of metals from household plumbing materials: Impact of home water softeners. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Softener"

1

Gooch, Jan W. "Softener." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 675. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_10844.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "cuticle softener." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 137. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_2575.

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Koutnik, Michelle R. "Softened Crater." In Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms, 1–8. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_357-1.

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Koutnik, Michelle R. "Softened Crater." In Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms, 2005–11. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_357.

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Hargitai, Henrik, and Ákos Kereszturi. "Softened Terrain (Mars)." In Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms, 1–3. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_587-1.

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Hargitai, Henrik, and Ákos Kereszturi. "Softened Terrain (Mars)." In Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms, 2011–12. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_587.

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Kirby, Jill A., Stacy L. Klausing, and Hugh Hoagland. "An Evaluation of the Effects of Bleach Products and Fabric Softener on Properties of a Common Flame-Resistant Cotton-Nylon Fabric." In Performance of Protective Clothing and Equipment: 10thVolume, Risk Reduction Through Research and Testing, 63–77. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp159320160015.

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Ellis, J. "Scouring, enzymes and softeners." In Chemistry of the Textiles Industry, 249–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0595-8_8.

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Brasser, Franz Ferdinand, Sven Bugiel, Atanas Filyanov, Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi, and Steffen Schulz. "Softer Smartcards." In Financial Cryptography and Data Security, 329–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32946-3_24.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "soften(ing)." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 519. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_9783.

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Conference papers on the topic "Softener"

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Ruznan, W. S., N. J. M. Yusof, M. K. M. Yusoh, M. I. A. Kadir, M. I. Misnon, W. Y. W. Ahmad, M. R. Ahmad, D. H. Azmi, and N. A. Ahmad. "The effect of household fabric softener on flame resistance of cellulosic fabrics." In 2012 IEEE Symposium on Humanities, Science and Engineering Research (SHUSER). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/shuser.2012.6268991.

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Al-Hobaib, A. S., and Q. K. Al-Jaseem. "Application of weak-acid cation softener in radium removal from ground water." In SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sdp090872.

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Mark Gross and Terry Bounds. "The Effect of Water Softener Backwash Brine in Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems." In Eleventh Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems Conference Proceedings, 20-24 October 2007, Warwick, Rhode Island. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.24025.

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ADEELA, AUFA, and NUR AIN. "Potential of Geranium From Pelargonium Graveolens As Natural Mosquito Repellent Agent In Fabric Softener." In Fifth International Conference On Advances in Applied Science and Environmental Engineering - ASEE 2016. Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-086-6-07.

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Rahmaniar, Aprillena Tornadez Bondan, and Tri Susanto. "Curing characteristics and mechanical properties of wasted crumb rubber-styrene butadiene rubber binary blends using bio based softener." In THE 14TH JOINT CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY 2019. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0005226.

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Mitra, Abhishek, Marcello Lajolo, and Kanishka Lahiri. "SOFTENIT." In the 15th ACM Great Lakes symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1057661.1057748.

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Castellanos, Bernardo, Thomas L. Brandon, Isaac Stephens, and Lucas Walshire. "Measurement of Fully Softened Shear Strength." In Geo-Congress 2013. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412787.024.

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Prakash, Prakhar, Reid Concienne, Trevor Demayo, and Kirsten Towne. "Efficient Water Softening for Avoidance of Scales in Heavy Oil Steam Floods." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206115-ms.

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Abstract Pigging of Once Through Steam Generators (OTSGs) indicated various types of scales, the most predominant of these being silicates of hardness causing ions. It was noted that scaling propensity can potentially go up with higher Steam Quality (SQ) as the reject stream gets concentrated with ions. However, models suggested that there are benefits of higher SQ in enhancing fuel savings (8%) and electricity savings (2%) when SQ was increased by 20%. The challenges of higher SQ were noted in terms of increased scaling tendency and therefore the need for improved softening. In Field D, the service cycle, the backwash cycle, and the brining cycle were optimized leading to a gain in throughput and reduction in salt consumption. Service cycle improvement gained 30 % to 130 % in throughput between two regenerations, backwash cycle improvement by fluidizing the bed to nearly 35% helped gain 10% in throughput, and reduction of brining cycle from 75 minutes to 48 minutes helped reduce salt consumption by 56% without impacting the throughput. In Field B, a six month pilot revealed that shallow shell resins where ion-exchange is more efficient due to inert core (better intra particle diffusion control) can enhance the throughput by 30% - 80% and simultaneously reduce the number of regenerations by 15 – 30%. Resin fouling is still a major challenge to contend with as oil can foul the resin and throughput can decline by 0.5 – 3 folds. In a plant operation, where there are multiple softener and brine vessels, there is a need to optimize them as a system. Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) Models are used in Field C to a) Address equipment configuration optimization with impact on capital capacity expansion project scope b) Understand how net softwater delivery capacity was affected by increases in inlet hardness and c) Assess through a comparison scenario, if the large cost of addressing the valve issue in an upstream nutshell filter was worth the lost production opportunity related to unplanned downtime.
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Laskar, Arghadeep, Jun Wang, Thomas T. C. Hsu, and Y. L. Mo. "Cyclic Softened Membrane Model for Prestressed Concrete." In 18th Analysis and Computation Specialty Conference at Structures Congress. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41000(315)41.

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Lin, Yutian, Lingxi Xie, Yu Wu, Chenggang Yan, and Qi Tian. "Unsupervised Person Re-Identification via Softened Similarity Learning." In 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr42600.2020.00345.

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Reports on the topic "Softener"

1

Hall, S. H., and E. A. Jenne. Sizing a water softener for aquifer thermal energy storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6722749.

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Hall, S. H., and E. A. Jenne. Sizing a water softener for aquifer thermal energy storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10134624.

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Singhvi, Punit, Javier García Mainieri, Hasan Ozer, and Brajendra Sharma. Rheology-Chemical Based Procedure to Evaluate Additives/Modifiers Used in Asphalt Binders for Performance Enhancements: Phase 2. Illinois Center for Transportation, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-020.

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The increased use of softer binders in Illinois over the past decade is primarily attributed to the increased use of recycled materials in asphalt pavement construction. The shift in demand of using PG 58-28 over PG 64-22 has resulted in potential alternative methods to produce softer binders more economically using proprietary products. However, there are challenges in using these proprietary products for asphalt modification because of uncertainty in their long-term performance and significant variability in binder chemistry. The current SuperPave performance grading specification for asphalt binders is insufficient in differentiating binders produced from these modifiers. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of various softener-type asphalt binder modifiers using a wide array of rheological and chemistry tests for their integration into the Illinois Department of Transportation’s material specifications. The small-strain rheological tests and their parameters allowed for consistent grouping of modified binders and can be used as surrogates to identify performing and nonperforming asphalt binders. A new parameter, Δ|G*|peak τ, was developed from the linear amplitude sweep test and showed potential to discriminate binders based on their large-strain behavior. Chemistry-based parameters were shown to track aging and formulation changes. The modifier sources were identified using fingerprint testing and were manifested in the modified binder chemical and compositional characteristics. The two sources of base binders blended with the modifiers governed the aging rate of the modified binders. Mixture performance testing using the Illinois Flexibility Index Test and the Hamburg Wheel-Track Test were consistent with the rheological and chemical findings, except for the glycol amine-based modified binder, which showed the worst cracking performance with the lowest flexibility index among the studied modifiers. This was contrary to its superior rheological performance, which may be attributed to lower thermal stability, resulting in high mass loss during mixing. According to the characterization of field-aged binders, laboratory aging of two pressurized aging vessel cycles or more may represent realistic field aging of 10 to 15 years at the pavement surface and is able to distinguish modified binders. Therefore, an extended aging method of two pressurized aging vessel cycles was recommended for modified binders. Two different testing suites were recommended for product approval protocol with preliminary thresholds for acceptable performance validated with field-aged data.
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4

Seybold, Patricia. Lands’ End Brings the Softer Side to Sears. Boston, MA: Patricia Seybold Group, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1571/bp12-12-02cc.

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5

Aldridge, Richard T. Emotional Intelligence: Advocating for the Softer Side of Leadership. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada589117.

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6

Peterson, Dahlia. Designing Alternatives to China’s Repressive Surveillance State. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200016.

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China has built a surveillance state that has increasingly incorporated AI-enabled technologies. Their use during the COVID-19 pandemic has softened the image of China’s surveillance system, presenting unique challenges to preventing the spread of such technologies around the globe. This policy brief outlines core actions the United States and its allies can take to combat the spread of surveillance systems that threaten basic human rights.
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Lippert, David, Marshall Thompson, and Charles Wienrank. Performance of Interstate Rubblization in Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-005.

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In Illinois, hot-mix asphalt overlaid concrete pavements typically exhibit reflective cracking of joints and cracks from the pavement below, resulting in shortened life and maintenance issues. Over the years, various patching, fabric, and crack and seat techniques were attempted with few positive results. This led to more aggressive techniques to eliminate the slab action of the concrete pavement where the pavement would be broken or rubblized into pieces typically less than 12 inches. Since the first rubblizing project in 1990, policy, procedures, and specifications have evolved to the point that rubblization is the mainstream option in dealing with problematic concrete pavements. This report summarizes the performance of several interstate rubblizing projects in Illinois by analyzing available data in Illinois Department of Transportation’s pavement management system. Condition rating survey data allowed the serviceability of these projects to be evaluated by surface mix types and asphalt performance grades. Traffic in the form of 18,000 lb equivalent single axle loads was determined for the projects to evaluate fatigue and rutting as well as compare section performance to the design procedure. The research team reviewed plans, design procedures, and specifications to determine best practices and identify where improvements might be made. Data showed that the use of stone matrix asphalt surface mixtures and mixes using PGXX-28 asphalt binders provides improved performance. Overall, rubblizing has shown good to excellent performance. To provide additional life with improved performance, recommendations include adopting softer asphalt grades, increasing the use of stone matrix asphalt, and improving procedures for protecting culverts.
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