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Journal articles on the topic 'Softener'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Rathinamoorthy, R. "Influence of repeated household fabric softener treatment on the comfort characteristics of cotton and polyester fabrics." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 31, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-06-2018-0076.

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Purpose The utilisation of softener after laundering of textile became one of the mandatory activities among the consumers. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to determine the influence of repeated rinse cycle softener treatment on the comfort characteristics of cotton and polyester woven fabric. Design/methodology/approach The selected cotton and polyester fabrics were treated using three different softeners types and three different numbers of rinsing times, namely 5, 10 and 15. The impact of repeated rinse cycle softener treatment on the comfort characteristics like absorbency, air permeability, wicking, thermal conductivity and flammability was analysed and the changes in the properties were confirmed using two-way ANOVA. Findings The number of rinse cycle softener treatment has a significant impact on the absorbency, air permeability and wicking ability of the cotton and polyester fabrics. The thermal conductivity and flammability characteristics of the fabrics mostly altered based on the type of fabric softener used. For all the type of fabric, the burning time reduced after the softener treatment. Social implications The consumer expects the softness and fragrance smell developed by the rinse cycle softener and they intend to use it more frequently after every laundry process to achieve that feel. This repeated the application of softener causes a negative impact on the fabric performances. This research result provides an evidence for the changes in physiological comfort aspects of textiles. Originality/value This analysis enlightens the negative impact of the repeated use of commercial fabric softener and their types on the common fabrics used in apparel endues.

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2

Vidrago, Cândida, Maria José Araújo Marques Abreu, Graça Soares, and Helder Carvalho. "Cost and Efficiency Analysis of Commercial Softeners in the Sewability Behavior of Cotton Fabrics." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 10, no. 2 (June 2015): 155892501501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501501000203.

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This paper reports a comparative case study on the use of different softening products for bed linen fabrics, specifically regarding the sewability of the fabrics. The market offers a wide variety of commercial formulations of softeners for this purpose, but the composition and price varies considerably. This work was aimed to assess the relationship between the cost and effectiveness of different softener formulations in home textiles finishing. Objectively, the effect of different softeners and their concentrations on sewability of the fabrics was studied. Non-ionic polyethylene dispersions and a cationic silicone softener micro-emulsion in different concentrations and combinations were considered in this investigation. It was found that a combination of silicone and polyethylene based softeners presents the most interesting cost/performance behavior.

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3

Azeem, Abdul, Sharjeel Abid, Noman Sarwar, Shahzaib Ali, Ahsan Maqsood, Rashid Masood, and Tanveer Hussain. "Optimization of the color fastness and mechanical properties of pigment dyed PC fabric." Pigment & Resin Technology 47, no. 5 (September 3, 2018): 396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-12-2017-0109.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to improve the mechanical properties and reduce the stiffness/harshness of fabric associated with the pigment dyeing of textiles. Design/methodology/approach The fabric was pigment dyed with the addition of three different softeners and binders. The fabric was then analyzed to have improved textile properties by measuring tear strength, bending length, crocking and washing fastness tests. Findings The conventional route of pigment dyeing (without any softener) imparted poor mechanical and rubbing fastness. The softener-added recipe provided better mechanical, rubbing and washing fastness, and the stiffness values were oppressed as well. Practical implications Because of reduced stiffness, increased fastness and mechanical properties, the use of softener with pigment dyeing can improve the market values and satisfaction of the dyed fabrics. The finished product would also have better life and endurance. The process can be modified easily to have a better end-product with a negligible cost addition in industrial process, as softeners are cheap and used in low (10-20 g/l) in industrial settings without affecting the required shades. Originality/value This is the first report, to the best of the author’s knowledge, on the optimization of pigment dyeing of PC fabric with the addition of Helizarin and perapret softeners in dyeing bath.

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4

Rathinamoorthy, R., K. Gayathri Shree, R. Vaijayanthi, M. Brindha, and A. Narmatha. "Effect of rinse cycle softener treatment on the low-stress mechanical properties of cotton-woven fabric." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 24, no. 3 (May 20, 2020): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-10-2019-0053.

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Purpose The application of rinse cycle softener after the household laundry process has become more common in recent times. This study aims to understand the effect of repeated rinse cycle softener treatment on the mechanical and frictional properties of the cotton fabric. Design/methodology/approach Cotton-woven fabric is treated with commercial rinse cycle softener repeatedly for 15 times. After treatment, the fabric was evaluated for the changes in mechanical properties using the Kawabata evaluation system. Findings The results of this study revealed that the softener treatment reduces the tensile properties (41.25%) and increases the overall extensibility of the fabric up to 20.89%. The shear (34.57%) and bending rigidity of the treated fabric are reduced considerably than the untreated fabric (58.02%). The increment in the fabric softness and fluffiness was confirmed with the increment in the compression and the difference between the initial and final thickness at maximum pressure. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) is noted only in the case of bending and surface friction properties (dynamic friction). Originality/value The usage of rinse cycle softeners in the household laundry has a significant influence on the comfort characteristics of the cotton-woven fabric. Repeated usage of rinse cycle softener increased the fabric softness and fluffiness of the fabric and also reduced the tensile properties significantly.

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5

Kontrovitz, Mervin, Jerry Marie Slack, and Zhao Yuhong. "On the use of some phosphates in the preparation of ostracod shells." Journal of Micropalaeontology 10, no. 2 (December 1, 1991): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.10.2.121.

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Abstract. Common preparation techniques for ostracods include the use of water-softeners containing sodium hexametaphosphate and/or sodium tripolyphosphate, to disaggregate sediments. Here, ostracod shells were treated with phosphatic water-softener in tap and distilled water. Concentrations as low as 2.5% in as little as six hours caused significant damage. The worst damage occurred in concentrations of water-softener at the middle of the range used (0 – 20%). Alteration could be misinterpreted as taphonomic. Taxa are not equally resistant and assemblages could be altered, leading to erroneous conclusions about diversity, dominance, and differential transport.

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6

Siddique, Amna, Tufail Hassan, Sharjeel Abid, Munir Ashraf, Azmat Hussain, Faizan Shafiq, Muhammad Qamar Khan, and Ick Soo Kim. "The Effect of Softeners Applications on Moisture Management Properties of Polyester/Cotton Blended Sandwich Weft-Knitted Fabric Structure." Coatings 11, no. 5 (May 15, 2021): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050575.

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Prolonged drying times of terry fabrics is a problem as they can not be re-used until completely dry. To resolve this issue, we have designed a sandwich polyester in the mid-layer with low moisture content that could reduce the drying time with excellent wicking properties. These fabrics are widely used as activewear and sportswear. The effect of different softeners on the moisture management properties of weft-knitted terry fabrics’ for various applications has also been studied. Terry knitted fabrics were prepared using a circular knitting machine. Six different softeners were applied with three different concentrations, i.e., 10 g/L, 15 g/L, and 20 g/L, on the fabric using the pad-dry-cure method. Moisture management tests and rubbing fastness tests were performed to analyze the applied softener’s effect on the fabric comfort and moisture management performance. Results revealed that softener type (i.e., cationic, anionic, and non-ionic) and concentration levels considerably affect the moisture management capability of terry knitted fabrics.

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7

Bolelli, L., Elida Nora Ferri, Stefano Sangiorgi, Giuseppe Novelli, and Stefano Girotti. "The pursuit of good microbiological conditions in domestic softeners: a new improvement." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 2 (March 12, 2020): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.136.

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Abstract Effective resin disinfection is mandatory to ensure the microbiological quality of water treated by domestic softeners. The wet and sometimes warm environment inside the softener is ideal for bacteria growth. Our research was focused on the evaluation of the microbial quality of water from softeners sanitized by chlorine solutions or by electrolytic systems. We employed the heterotrophic plate count and specific tests to monitor the presence of opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and coliforms). Completely new devices were equipped with a commercially available electrolytic system or with a newly patented one or sanitized by automatic or manual addition of chlorine solutions. In all cases, the contamination was reduced, not completely avoided. In particular, the patented electrolytic system significantly reduced bacterial proliferation in strongly contaminated devices. Our data confirm the difficulties encountered to solve the problem of microbiological quality of softened water and offer encouraging information on new possible solutions. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.

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8

OGURA, Eiji. "Fabric Softener and Scent." Oleoscience 13, no. 11 (2013): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/oleoscience.13.533.

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9

Shallcross, Mike. "Focus on fabric softener." British Journal of Midwifery 6, no. 10 (October 1998): 670–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.1998.6.10.670.

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10

Nurdogan, Y., E. Goldman, and S. S. Dawes. "Optimizing chemical treatment of a power plant water softener." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1998): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0662.

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The Piñon Pine Plant of Sierra Pacific Power Company near Reno, Nevada is a zero discharge facility. To maintain zero discharge operation a side-stream softener is used to control circulating cooling water (circ-water) and discharge pond water quality. During plant startup, this softener was not performing to its design objectives, which specified maximums of 30 ppm calcium as Ca, 10 ppm magnesium as Mg, and 20 ppm silica as SiO2 in the softened water. Jar tests were conducted to determine the best chemicals and optimum dosages for the side-stream softener. The optimum pH range for softening was in the range of 11.3–11.5. Replacing the Polyaluminum Hydroxychlorosulfate (PAC) coagulant with 25–50 mg/L of Mg(OH)2 greatly improved flocculation. In addition to Mg(OH)2 solution, MgSO4 was required at a dosage of 50 mg/L as Mg to reduce the silica concentration to 20 mg/L as SiO2. The optimum dosage of Na2CO3 (soda ash) was 750 mg/L to reduce the calcium concentration to 30 mg/L as Ca. The optimum dosage of flocculent (a Polyacrylamide based anionic polymer) was 10–15 mg/L. Dispersant addition was adversely effecting the softening process.

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11

Ahagon, Asahiro, Toshio Kobayashi, and Makoto Mlsawa. "Friction on Ice." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 61, no. 1 (March 1, 1988): 14–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536173.

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Abstract The friction on ice is strongly dependent on temperature. At sufficiently low temperatures, the frictional resistance on ice is high comparable to those on wet or even dry solid surfaces. As temperature rises and approaches the melting point of ice, however, friction rapidly decreases. Differing from the friction of a rubber on ordinary dry or wet solid surfaces the energy loss processes in the rubber do not seem to be the direct source of the frictional resistance on ice. Although frictional melting of ice could occur at high sliding speeds, an ice surface is inherently lubricated with a persistent mobile fluid layer at relatively high temperatures, near the melting point of ice. When a rubber slides on an ice surface, the fluid layer is sheared and undergoes drag flow. The energy loss process necessary for the frictional resistance takes place primarily in the fluid layer, and not in the rubber. The frictional resistance on ice is primarily determined by the viscosity and the thickness of the lubricating fluid layer. What is required of a rubber for better traction under such a condition is that the rubber surface follows the topography of the ice surface as closely as possible, so that more patches of ice surface can be sheared. Therefore, the rubber has to be sufficiently soft to show high friction on ice. Further improvement of the friction could be obtained by making it more resilient. Thus, a rubber with high friction on ice must be compounded so that the polymer chains maintain a high level of mobility at moderately low temperatures. This can be achieved by using polymers with low glass-transition-temperatures. An increased softener loading level helps to improve friction, but to a limited extent. In order to take maximum advantage of softeners, the choice of softener system is important. A relation common to all the mixed softener systems, except the ones containing high-viscosity softeners, was found to exist between the friction on ice and the solubility parameter of the softener mixture in the rubber. The friction on ice was maximized by selecting a softener system with a solubility parameter near that of the polymers in the rubber. The solubility parameter dependence of the friction was consistent with those of softness and resilience.

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12

Sisodia, Nidhi, M. S. Parmar, and Sourabh Jain. "Effect of Softeners on Smoothness Behavior of Cotton Fabrics." AATCC Journal of Research 7, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.7.3.3.

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Cotton woven fabrics were treated with three different silicone softeners. These softeners were applied on the fabric using the pad- dry-cure method. The hand value of treated fabrics was analyzed by determining bending length, crease recovery angle, and surface roughness and smoothness properties. With increased silicone softener concentration, an improvement in surface smoothness of the fabric was observed at a certain level, beyond which there were no significant changes in smoothness. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) was carried out to establish a relationship between the application of softeners at different concentrations on the bending length, smoothness, and crease recovery angle properties. A correlation was established between subjective and Kawabata analyses.

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13

Kim, KyoungOk, Kaori Shimizu, Takako Igarashi, Koichi Nakamura, and Masayuki Takatera. "Effect of fabric softener on crossing torque and compression properties of cotton yarn." Textile Research Journal 91, no. 13-14 (January 18, 2021): 1523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517520986513.

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The effect of a fabric softener treatment on the properties of the crossing torque–intersecting angle behavior of yarns and the transverse compression properties of single and crossing yarns, which are related to the shear properties of a fabric, is investigated. The crossing torque required to change the intersecting angle between two yarns, the hysteresis in the crossing torque–intersecting angle curve (i.e., crossing torque hysteresis), and the compression properties of cotton yarns after water treatment with and without softener were measured. To measure those properties, the drying condition was varied after the treatment to comprise crossed yarns with an applied load and parallel yarns in a bundled state. The average crossing torque value of the sample with a softener treatment was less than that with a water treatment for yarns from a bundle. For yarns dried while crossed, the average crossing torque value of the sample with a softener treatment was somewhat less than that with a water treatment. For both drying conditions, the average crossing torque hysteresis value decreased after a softener treatment. The compressional resilience value of the sample with a softener treatment was greater (bouncier) than that with a water treatment for yarns dried while crossed. The results suggest that the softener treatment reduces the crossing torque and increases the compressional resilience of yarns. This is due to the reduction of hydrogen bonding between surface fibers via the softener. The softener treatment also decreased the crossing torque hysteresis, corresponding to decreased friction between fibers.

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14

Murphy, Dennis S. "Fabric Softener Technology: A Review." Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 18, no. 2 (December 10, 2014): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11743-014-1658-2.

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15

Bao, Li-hong, and Lan Yun-Jun. "Silicone Softener for Stain Repellent Stain Release and Wrinkle Resistance Fabric Finishing." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 13, no. 3 (September 2018): 155892501801300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501801300301.

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In this paper a modified silicone softener was used on the finishing of stain repellent stain release and wrinkle resistance fabrics. The concentrations of silicone softener, durable press resin CTA-705 and process conditions on the properties of treated fabrics were investigated. In analyzing the results, the fabric's softness rating, smoothness and wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) increased with the increase of softener concentration. The use of softener has little effect on the fabrics soil release and oil repellency. Wrinkle recovery angle increased remarkably and softness rating decreased steadily with the increase of CTA-705 concentration. Soil release, oil repellency and softness rating of the treated fabrics increased steadily when the cured temperature was raised from 140°C to 170°C.

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16

SELTZER, RICHARD. "Softener Yields Model for Skin Structure." Chemical & Engineering News 63, no. 28 (July 15, 1985): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v063n028.p024.

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17

Rosalind C. Anderson, Julius H. And. "RESPIRATORY TOXICITY OF FABRIC SOFTENER EMISSIONS." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 60, no. 2 (May 26, 2000): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/009841000156538.

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18

Tzanov, TZ, R. Betcheva, I. Hardalov, and L. Hes. "Quality Control of Silicone Softener Application." Textile Research Journal 68, no. 10 (October 1998): 749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759806801008.

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19

Orriss, Isabel R. "Extracellular pyrophosphate: The body's “water softener”." Bone 134 (May 2020): 115243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2020.115243.

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20

Cloyd, Raymond A., Karen A. Marley, Richard A. Larson, and Bari Arieli. "Bounce® Fabric Softener Dryer Sheets Repel Fungus Gnat, Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila (Diptera: Sciaridae), Adults." HortScience 45, no. 12 (December 2010): 1830–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.12.1830.

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This study was conducted to assess the repellency of Bounce® original brand fabric softener dryer sheets against fungus gnat, Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila (Diptera: Sciaridae), adults. For all five experiments conducted under laboratory conditions, fungus gnat adults collected in the sample compartments that included Bounce® original brand fabric softener dryer sheets ranged between 12% and 18% compared with the mean proportion of fungus gnat adults recovered from sample compartments that excluded dryer sheets, ranging in mean proportion from 33% to 48%. Chemical analysis using a steam distillation procedure to isolate volatile constituents found linalool as one of the major volatiles detected in the Bounce® original brand fabric softener dryer sheets. Additional constituents isolated were benzyl acetate, beta-citronellol, and hedione. Based on the results from our study, under laboratory conditions, Bounce® fabric softener dryer sheets do in fact repel B. sp. nr. coprophila adults.

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21

Amanuel, Lami. "Palm leaf sheath fiber extraction and surface modification." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 15 (January 2020): 155892502095072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925020950724.

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The influence of softening on tensile strength, elongation at break, moisture regain and microscopic morphology of Palm Sheath fiber extracted by chemical degumming using 80% sodium hydroxide; bleached by hydrogen peroxide and softened by silicone emulsion softener was studied. The softened and unsoftened fibers were characterized for their longitudinal view, tensile strength and elongation at break of single fiber by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The single fiber tensile strength and elongation at break were 19.6% and 10.22% respectively. The calculated value of moisture regain and moisture content of the softened fibers was 12.65% and 11.23% respectively. The tensile strength, elongation at break, moisture management of the softened palm sheath fiber was significantly higher. As a result of surface modification microscopic morphology, the treated fiber was also found different. The study result had drawn the significant influence of the surface modification on the forth mentioned properties of the extracted palm leaf sheath fiber.

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22

Igarashi, Takako, and Koichi Nakamura. "Mechanism of Softening Effect of Fabric Softener." Journal of Materials Science Research 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v8n1p35.

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The mechanism of softening effect for fabric softeners has been explained as lowering of friction between the fibers. This explanation, however, has not been verified. The trend date of B-value of KES-FB2 and the result of perfect drying cotton threads indicate that the increase of hardness of cotton threads after the process of wetting by water and drying is caused by the cross-linking by the bound water between the cotton fibers. Thus, the softening effect of fabric softeners can mainly be discussed as the prevention of the formation of this cross-linkage.

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23

IGARASHI, Takako, and Koichi NAKAMURA. "Mechanism of Softening Effect of Fabric Softener." Oleoscience 13, no. 11 (2013): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/oleoscience.13.521.

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24

Gamble, Ryan G. "Ion-Exchange Water Softener Use and Eczema." Archives of Dermatology 147, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2011.249.

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25

Dumskii, Yu V., G. M. Butov, G. F. Cherednikova, S. Yu Dumskii, E. V. Kostrubina, and N. A. Kuznetsova. "New Effective Oligomer Softener for Tyre Rubbers." International Polymer Science and Technology 41, no. 6 (June 2014): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1404100604.

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26

Lucas, Henry F. "Radium removal by a home water softener." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 5, no. 5 (January 1987): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0265-931x(87)90010-5.

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27

Chen, Kun, and Xiangdong Zhou. "Synthesis of a Block Silicone Softener by Alkali Method and Its Application on Cotton Fabric." Polymer Korea 44, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2020.44.2.146.

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28

Badr, Alaa Arafa. "Performance of Knitted Fabrics Finished with Different Silicone Softeners." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 13, no. 1 (March 2018): 155892501801300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501801300106.

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Silicone softeners make fabric soft, brilliant, greasy and more elastic, resulting is acceptable handle. In this research work, the effect of using different silicone softeners on pilling resistance and on some physical and mechanical properties of knitted fabrics was evaluated. Industrially applied silicone softeners of three different types (macro, semi-micro, micro) were used on fabrics knitted from different fiber materials (Egyptian cotton, Tencel LF, Tencel STD, bamboo, Modal and Micro-modal). The influence of using different silicone softeners on fabric pilling resistance, seam hole, air permeability, color strength, fastness to rubbing in wet and dry states and fastness to washing was investigated. Results have shown that the pilling performance of micro-modal fabrics finished with micro silicone is better than those finished with macro silicone. The higher number of fibers per cross-section for the micro modal yarns creates weak bonds between micromodal fibers and macro silicone particles. The macro silicone fabric has the greatest air permeability, while the micro silicone reduces the porosity of the yarn and increases air resistance. The macro silicone softener method has more fastness to color than the other finishing methods investigated.

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29

Yuniari, Arum. "Pemanfaatan ter sebagai softener dalam pembuatan karet riklim." Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik 22, no. 1 (December 19, 2006): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20543/mkkp.v22i1.332.

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30

Sharjeel, Ahmed, Shafiq Anwar, Abdul Nasir, and Haroon Rashid. "DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF OPTIMUM WATER SOFTENER." Earth Sciences Pakistan 3, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/esp.01.2019.23.28.

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31

Parvinzadeh, M. "Ultrasonic Assisted Finishing of Cotton with Nonionic Softener." Tenside Surfactants Detergents 46, no. 6 (November 2009): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/113.110038.

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32

Bresee, Randall R., and Patricia A. Annis. "Fiber Transfer and the Influence of Fabric Softener." Journal of Forensic Sciences 36, no. 6 (November 1, 1991): 13193J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs13193j.

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33

Krishnamurthy, Satish, and Stephen K. Powers. "The Use of Fabric Softener in Neurosurgical Prosections." Neurosurgery 36, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199502000-00029.

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34

Sánchez-Aldana, Daniela, Noe Ortega-Corral, Beatriz Rocha-Gutiérrez, Lourdes Ballinas-Casarrubias, Eneidy Pérez-Domínguez, Guadalupe Nevárez-Moorillon, Luis Soto-Salcido, Salvador Ortega-Hernández, Guadalupe Cardenas-Félix, and Guillermo González-Sánchez. "Hypochlorite Generation from a Water Softener Spent Brine." Water 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2018): 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121733.

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Industries that require water with low hardness consume large amounts of NaCl for water softening. In this work, water softener spent brines were recovered and used as raw material in an electrolysis cell with cationic exchange membrane (CEM) to yield both sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide amounts, which are the most common disinfectants used to sanitize production areas. Spent brines contained mainly an average of 4.5% NaCl, 650 mg L−1 Ca2+, and 110 mg L−1 Mg2+, the last two cations adversely affect the CEM and must be treated prior to the electrolytic process. Two hardness removal methods were evaluated separately—lime-soda ash and sodium hydroxide-soda ash softening—the last one being the most effective as total hardness was decreased by 99.98%. This pretreated spent brine was then introduced into the electrolysis cell. Experimental design comprised five level variations for current intensity, % NaCl, and time. The best operation conditions yielded 2800 mg L−1 NaOCl for a 5% NaCl solution. By incorporating chlorine gas trap to increase OCl− concentration a maximum of 7400 mg L−1 NaOCl was achieved. Finally, biocidal activity was tested following sanitation protocols (NaOCl dilution level) on workbenches and a decrease in bacterial count of at least 5 logs under laboratory-controlled conditions.

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35

Krishnamurthy, Satish, and Stephen K. Powers. "The Use of Fabric Softener in Neurosurgical Prosections." Neurosurgery 36, no. 2 (February 1995): 420???424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199502000-00029.

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36

Frisoli, Tiberio M., Daniel G. Swistel, Harikrishna Makani, and Mark V. Sherrid. "Wretched Excess: Stool-softener Abuse and Cardiogenic Shock." American Journal of Medicine 126, no. 9 (September 2013): 773–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.04.013.

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37

Park, Jung Yoon, Lili Melani, Hyeonggyu Lee, and Hyoung Jin Kim. "Effect of chemical additives on softness components of hygiene paper." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 34, no. 2 (May 26, 2019): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2019-0002.

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Abstract Chemical additives are used singly or in combination to impart functionality to hygiene paper (suggested). In particular, in the hygiene paper making process, dry strength agent, wet strength agent, softener, and other are widely used. The effects of chemical additives on the softness components were evaluated. In the case of surface softness, there was no change in MMD according to the addition of dry and wet strength agents. The MMD (mean deviation from the average friction of coefficient) was decreased by adding a softener, which is the purpose of its addition to the hygiene paper making process. The softness and wet strength were improved when the wet strength agent was added before the softener. In addition, lotion treatment was applied to the surface of tissue paper. The surface softness component of non-silicone-based lotion was similar or improved, which may overcome the problems of silicon-based lotion.

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Zięba, Małgorzata, Anna Małysa, Tomasz Wasilewski, and Marta Ogorzałek. "Effects of Chemical Structure of Silicone Polyethers Used as Fabric Softener Additives on Selected Utility Properties of Cotton Fabric." Autex Research Journal 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2018-0009.

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Abstract The study addressed the effect of the structure of silicone polyethers on selected functional properties of cotton fabric rinsed in conditioners containing the additives under study. Fabric softener formulations containing two comb-structured compounds (PEG/PPG-14/0 Dimethicone and PEG/PPG-20/20 Dimethicone) and one block-structured compound (Bis-PEG/PPG-20/20 Dimethicone) were developed. Cotton fabric rinsed in conditioners containing silicone glycols was not found to be affected by yellowing. However, differences were noted in the softening ability and re-wettability of rinsed fabrics due to diverse structures of the additives used. The most desirable soft hand effect was observed after cotton rinsing in fabric softeners containing the block-structured compound Bis-PEG/PPG-20/20 Dimethicone. In contrast, the highest fabric re-wettability was shown for the conditioner enriched with a comb-structured compound (PEG/PPG-20/20 Dimethicone). The study results demonstrate that the prototypical fabric softeners containing silicone derivatives have a potential to provide quality characteristic required by consumers of this product group.

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Pettersson, A., M. Adamsson, and G. Dave. "Toxicity and detoxification of Swedish detergents and softener products." Chemosphere 41, no. 10 (November 2000): 1611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00035-7.

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Ayar, Murat, Alper Dalkiran, Utku Kale, András Nagy, and Tahir Hikmet Karakoc. "Investigation of the Substitutability of Rubber Compounds with Environmentally Friendly Materials." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 7, 2021): 5251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095251.

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Rubber is one of the rare materials that can be used in many sectors and for multiple purposes. It can be used in a wide range of frameworks, from very simple coating materials to very complex spacecraft parts. Apart from natural rubber, compounds are also used for different purposes in rubber production. For a product with such a wide range of uses, the sustainability of its compounds is particularly important. The objective of this study is to investigate environmentally friendly and sustainable alternatives for rubber and some compounds, such as fillers and softeners. By doing this research with an academic method, the most suitable option is determined by taking the weights of the factors affecting this decision into consideration. As a result, the most suitable rubber, filler, and softener options are presented.

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Pu, Dong Jie, Qi Zhong, and Ji Ping Wang. "A Novel Softening Finishing of Cotton Fabrics by Silicone Softener/D5 Dispersion System." Key Engineering Materials 671 (November 2015): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.671.186.

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Due to the cumbersome emulsification process and water pollution, the traditional softening finishing by silicone softener in aqueous bath can not fulfill the acquirements of energy saving and emission reduction during the production of cotton fabrics. For this reason, a novel water-free system containing silicone softener and decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane (D5) is introduced to the softening finishing. Compared to the traditional softening finishing in aqueous bath, the novel softening finishing system can obtain almost the same softening finishing effect and the adsorption rate of silicone softener is about 75%. In the meanwhile, the finishing can be processed at a lower temperature. Simultaneously the water pollution can be prevented due to the fact that D5 can be recycled after finishing. The finishing conditions including mangle expression, bath ratio of D5, finishing temperature and finishing time were optimized by evaluating the curve area value and softness score of PhabrOmeter3 fabric evaluation system. The result indicated that simple preparation and eco-friendly finishing could be realized by applying the novel D5 softening finishing system. From the investigation, the novel system with silicone softner/D5 dispersion can be a promising candidate for the softening finishing in future, as it is environmental friendly.

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Safdar, Faiza, Tanveer Hussain, Ahsan Nazir, and Kashif Iqbal. "Improving Dimensional Stability of Cotton Knits through Resin Finishing." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 9, no. 3 (September 2014): 155892501400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501400900304.

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The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of three different types of resin finishes for improving the dimensional stability of 100% cotton honeycombed pique knitted fabrics. After application of each resin at five different concentrations, it was found that the fabric shrinkage could be effectively controlled by using a suitable type and concentration of the resin. However, the cellulose crosslinking by the resin resulted in some loss in the fabric bursting strength. In a second set of experiments, three different types of softeners were applied, at three different concentrations, in combination with the optimized type and concentration of the resin. It was found that the loss in fabric bursting strength due to cellulose crosslinking by the resin could be minimised with a suitable type and concentration of softener without any deterioration in the fabric pilling properties.

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Juraev, Fazliddin, Yarash Rajabov, Nozim Farmonov, and Azamat Jo'raev. "Development of technology and equipment for improving the reclamation state of saline soils." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 04018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126404018.

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This article develops techniques and technologies for improving the reclamation of lands. It is based on the parameters of the working bodies of the chisel softener for softening the birch and gypsum layer and the parameters of the device that creates hole drainage before the autumn saline wash in saline soils and their application technologies. Due to the use of devices, porous drainage is created compared to the traditional method, and the duration of saline washing is reduced by 15 days when plowing and saline washing. The annual economic efficiency of the chisel softener is 11645758.8 soums. The annual economic efficiency due to the use of the unit for the creation of perforated drainage amounted to 12678675.5 soums.

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Kim, Hee-Won, Yoon-Taek Oh, Sang-Hyup Lee, Hyung-Jin Kim, Young-Chan Ko, and Jong-Moon Park. "Analysis of Tissue Softness Change by the Addition of Softener." Journal of Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry 50, no. 4 (August 31, 2018): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7584/jktappi.2018.08.50.4.25.

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Nelubova, Viktoriya Viktorovna, Valeria Valerievna Strokova, Nataliya Igorevna Altynnik, and Iliya Igorevich Podgorniy. "Influence of Softener on Rheological Characteristics of the Nanostructured Modifier." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 454–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.454.

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Article is devoted to studying of influence of additives on rheology of the nanostructured modifier on the basis of silica-containing raw materials. Optimum technological combinations of the plasticizer were defined, which allow to change flow character of a suspension and to give to a material necessary properties. Basic possibility to use additives on a melamine-formaldehyde basis for plasticization of the nanostructured modifiers of silicate structure is proved.

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SHIGEHISA, Makiko, and Yoshimasa OKAMOTO. "Development of the Fabric Softener with Scent Enhanced by Moisture." Oleoscience 19, no. 8 (2019): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/oleoscience.19.331.

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Zhao, Xin, and Wen Ying Zhu. "The Synthesis Characterization and Application of Amino-Modified Polymethylhydrosiloxane Softener." Advanced Materials Research 331 (September 2011): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.331.390.

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Abstract. Amino-silicone Softener Was Synthesized by the Hydrosilylation Reaction, with Dimethylaminoethyl Acrylate, Polymethylhydrosiloxane as the Raw Materials, and Chlorioplatinic Acid as the Catalyst. the Copolymer Was Analyzed Using Ir Spectroscopy, then Emulsified it and Used in the Linen Fabric. the Results Showed that the Amino Group Can Be Introducted to Silicone Side Chains through Hydrosilylation that Dimethylaminoethyl Acrylate Grafted with Polymethylhydrogensiloxane, Obtained with the Softness of the Amino-modified Silicone Oil.

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EFTIMIE, Dorin. "3D Modeling and Numerical Simulation of a Water Softener Device." Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science 42, no. 3 (September 15, 2019): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mms.2019.3.07.

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Robati, D. "Synthesis of Silicone Softener and its Characteristics on Cotton Fabric." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 1, 2007): 676–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2007.676.678.

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Yu, Jiwon, Hyung-Kyu Lim, and Sangheon Lee. "Transition-Metal Softener for High-Durability Hydrogen Separation Silica Membranes." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 123, no. 42 (October 9, 2019): 25761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b08068.

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