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Journal articles on the topic 'Softening'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Diani, Julie, Yannick Merckel, Mathias Brieu, and Julien Caillard. "COMPARISON OF STRESS–SOFTENINGS IN CARBON-BLACK FILLED NATURAL RUBBER AND STYRENE–BUTADIENE RUBBER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 4 (2013): 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87964.

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ABSTRACT The authors compared the mechanical behavior and, more precisely, the Mullins and the cyclic (post-Mullins) softenings of two filled rubbers. A crystallizing natural rubber and a noncrystallizing styrene–butadiene rubber of similar compositions resulting in similar cross-link densities and filled with 40 phr of N347 carbon-black fillers were tested in cyclic uniaxial tension at room temperature and at 85 °C. Crystallization in filled rubbers is known to increase stress at high stretch, stretch at break, cycle hysteresis, and fatigue lifetime and to reduce crack propagation. In this st

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2

KING, P. E. "Water Softening." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 34, no. 12 (2008): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1918.tb00992.x.

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3

CHAMBERS, E. V. "Water Softening." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 34, no. 12 (2008): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1918.tb00993.x.

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4

Smith, E. "The elastically equivalent softening zone size for an elastic-softening material: I. Power law softening behaviour." Mechanics of Materials 17, no. 4 (1994): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(94)90026-4.

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5

WU, YANG, JIANGANG ZHU, QIAN QI, and LINA CUI. "RESEARCH PROGRESS OF SOLID WOOD BENDING SOFTENING TECHNOLOGY. REVIEW." WOOD RESEARCH 67(6) 2022 67, no. 6 (2022): 1056–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/67.6.10561073.

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The softening process of wood bending has a very important influence on theperformance, forming shape, and yield of bentwood. The paper reviewed the typical softening processes in solid wood bending by analyzing the various softening mechanism and softening processes. Themain influencing factors of the softening technology on the bending properties were summarized based on the comparative analysisof the related research progress of wood softening. In view of the lack of systematic analyses of the cost and environmental factors associated with the softening process, this paper goes in detail an

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6

Ingle, Morris, and J. C. Morris. "Predicting Firmness Changes of ‘Rome’ Apples in Refrigerated Storage." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 1 (1989): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.1.90.

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Abstract The softening rates of ‘Rome’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) from 10 West Virginia orchards stored at two temperatures were compared in 1974, 1976, and 1978. The rate of softening at 20°C declined with time after harvest, and delaying harvest reduced the rate of softening at 20° but had little effect on softening at 0°. Site had little effect on rate of softening. In two of the three years, the rate of softening at 0° was found to be correlated with firmness at harvest and softening at 20°. Regression analysis provided formulas that can be used to predict softening rate in refrigerat

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7

Schreyer, Howard L., and Z. Chen. "One-Dimensional Softening With Localization." Journal of Applied Mechanics 53, no. 4 (1986): 791–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3171860.

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The relationship between material softening and structural softening is investigated through the use of a model problem in one dimension. If the size of the softening zone is large the structural softening response is stable under displacement-prescribed loading. For a small size, the softening response is unstable and the loading regime is sensitive to imperfections in stiffness. A nonlocal constitutive equation in which the limit stress is a function of strain and strain gradient is introduced to provide an approach for simulating softening with localization. Implications for the numerical m

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8

Meffe, Gary K. "Softening the Boundaries." Conservation Biology 12, no. 2 (1998): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.012002259.x.

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9

Shein, Esther. "Softening up robots." Communications of the ACM 63, no. 12 (2020): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3427942.

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10

Arnold, Diane. "Softening the blow." Practice Nursing 25, no. 5 (2014): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2014.25.5.216.

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11

Mills, A. J. "Modern Water Softening." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 49, no. 9 (2008): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1933.tb01771.x.

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12

Grant, Kevin. "Faith: “A Softening”." Journal of Disability & Religion 18, no. 4 (2014): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23312521.2014.966441.

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13

Dean, Elizabeth. "Softening the Sanctuary." American Journal of Medicine 136, no. 2 (2023): e34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2022.09.027.

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14

Yoshida, N., N. R. Morgenstern, and D. H. Chan. "Finite-element analysis of softening effects in fissured, overconsolidated clays and mudstones." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 28, no. 1 (1991): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t91-006.

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The softening process as observed in fissured, overconsolidated clays and mudstones is discussed in detail. Softening is classified into internal and external processes. The effect of softening is to decrease the shear strength of a material and its dilatant characteristics. This shear strength reduction is represented as a lowering of the failure envelope and a reduction in the degree of nonlinearity at low stress levels. There are some restrictions related to stress paths that affect the initiation of softening. The softening process may be formulated in terms of a time-dependent yield surfa

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15

Mshana, J. S., and A. S. Krausz. "Rate Dependent Constitutive Equations of Cyclic Softening." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 40, no. 7 (1985): 653–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1985-0701.

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Constitutive equations of cyclic strain and stress softening for materials with low internal stress levels are derived from the rate theory. The study shows that over the high stress and low temperature range where the description of plastic flow in cyclic softening can be approximated with activation over a single energy barrier, cyclic strain softening is well related to stress relaxation process while cyclic stress softening is related to creep process. The material structural characteristics for cyclic strain softening, cyclic stress softening and stress relaxation are identical. Subsequen

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16

Taylor, GB. "Effect of the environment in which seeds are grown and softened on the incidence of autumn seed softening in two species of annual medics." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 1 (1996): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960141.

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The incidence of autumn seed softening, which is believed to offer some protection against false breaks of season, was investigated under a range of environmental conditions in three medic cultivars over three years of softening. Newly ripened pods of burr medic (Medicago polymorpha L.) cvv. Serena and Santiago, and barrel medic (M. truncatula Gaertn.) cv. Cyprus, that were grown at three sites were transferred to four seed softening sites in December. Their progress of seed softening was determined in March, April and June. The seed softening process was also studied in a range of laboratory

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17

Lin, Y. C., Dao-Guang He, Ming-Song Chen, Xiao-Min Chen, Chun-Yang Zhao та Xiang Ma. "Study of Flow Softening Mechanisms of a Nickel-Based Superalloy With Δ Phase". Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, № 3 (2016): 1537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0251.

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AbstractThe flow softening behaviors of a nickel-based superalloy with δ phase are investigated by hot compression tests over wide ranges of deformation temperature and strain rate. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), optical microscopy (OM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are employed to study the flow softening mechanisms of the studied superalloy. It is found that the flow softening behaviors of the studied superalloy are sensitive to deformation temperature and strain rate. At high strain rate and low deformation temperature, the obvious flow softening behaviors occur. With

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18

Fang, Wei, Huijian Zhang, Shufeng Gao, Yuchao Zheng, and Liu Gongning. "Mechanical characteristics and deformation law of tunnel in diatomite considering various softening conditions." Stavební obzor - Civil Engineering Journal 31, no. 3 (2022): 504–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/cej.2022.03.0038.

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At present, the research considering multi-factor softening conditions is rarely performed, and the research on the deformation law and mechanical properties of the tunnel in diatomite is even rarer. Diatomite is easy to soften in water, and its physical and mechanical properties change greatly after softening. Therefore, take the high-speed railway tunnel that passes through the diatomite stratum in East China as an example, considering various softening conditions (including softening degree and softening position), the deformation law and mechanical characteristics of the tunnel are obtaine

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19

Voldřich, M., I. Horsáková, M. Čeřovský, H. Čížková, and H. Opatová. "Factors Affecting the Softening of Pickled Pasteurised Cucumbers." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, Special Issue 1 (2009): S314—S318. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1072-cjfs.

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During the last three seasons the specific softening of pickled cucumbers was observed. The defective samples were analysed, but no microbial contamination was confirmed and no residual enzyme activity as well. The hypothesis of residual activity of microbial pectinases and cellulases as the most probable softening cause was proposed. The cellulolytic and pectolytic activities of nineteen strains of moulds and yeasts isolated from the samples of soils, cucumbers and cucumber plants rests were compared. The inactivation parameters (D and z values) of pectolytic enzymes of the most active strain

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20

Jonas, John J., Evgueni I. Poliak, and Abbas Najafizadeh. "The Strain Dependence of Post-Deformation Softening during the Hot Compression of 304H Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.100.

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Experiments were carried out in which the dependence of the fractional softening on temperature, time and strain rate was determined in a 304H stainless steel. Three prestrain ranges were identified pertaining to three different post-deformation softening behaviors: 1) prestraining to below the DRX critical strain: strongly strain dependent softening by SRX alone with softening kinetics controlled by growth rate of the nuclei; 2) prestraining to above the DRX critical strain: SRX + MDRX softening with weaker strain dependence of the kinetics but still controlled by grain growth; 3) at a prestr

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21

Smith, E. "The elastically equivalent softening zone size for an elastic-softening material: II. A simple piece-wise softening law." Mechanics of Materials 17, no. 4 (1994): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(94)90027-2.

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22

Abdualiev, N. Kh, and N. M. Egamov. "Harness softening roller for cotton cultivators." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1076, no. 1 (2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1076/1/012028.

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Abstract The article presents the technical means and technology of softening the areas formed after the germination of seeds in cotton farms. For this purpose, the designs of the existing softening devices are analyzed, and a softening device equipped with a softening coil with the most convenient structural solution is recommended. When using this device, the process of softening the dough reduces the labor consumption by 35% compared to the existing one, it allows to increase the productivity by 2-3 times.

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23

Liu, Zhen, Xinfu He, Jin Fan, and Cuiying Zhou. "Study on the Softening Mechanism and Control of Red-Bed Soft Rock under Seawater Conditions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 7 (2019): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7070235.

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Red-bed soft rock easily softens and disintegrates when it comes into contact with water, which is the main factor restricting the application of soft rock as an engineering filler. Therefore, research on the influence of seawater on soft rock softening has great significance for the application of soft rock in marine engineering. To examine the softening mechanism of soft rock under seawater conditions, two kinds of soft rock softening experiments, as well as ion inhibition tests of soft rock softening, were performed under seawater and pure water conditions, and the results were compared. Th

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24

Zhu, Xiaojing, Qingxin Qi, and Yonghui Xiao. "Theoretical study and application of energy extreme value discrimination method of softening zone for bursting hazard." Science Progress 105, no. 4 (2022): 003685042211458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504221145865.

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Considering the current situation that it's difficult to quantify the discrimination of rockburst hazard, an analytical solution for the softening zone energy of surrounding rock under rockburst in a circular roadway is obtained theoretically based on the elastoplastic softening model of a circular roadway. The critical softening zone energy, critical softening zone radius, critical roadway shrinkage displacement, and critical roadway shrinkage rate are determined. An energy extreme value discrimination method of softening zone for bursting hazard is proposed. The critical softening zone energ

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25

Mthembu, Sisanda Sibusiso, Lembe Samukelo Magwaza, Samson Zeray Tesfay, and Asanda Mditshwa. "Advancing Fruit Preservation: Ecofriendly Treatments for Controlling Fruit Softening." Horticulturae 10, no. 9 (2024): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10090904.

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Textural softening is a major factor that limits the storage potential of fruit. Fresh produce markets incur severe financial losses due to excessive fruit softening. The application of preservation strategies aimed at mitigating fruit softening is crucial for optimising the marketability of fruit. Proposed preservation strategies include ecofriendly treatments, namely, hexanal, edible coatings, heat treatments, ozone and UV-C irradiation. These treatments optimise firmness retention by targeting the factors that affect fruit softening, such as ethylene, respiration rates, enzymes and pathogen

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26

Belytschko, T., Xiao-Jun Wang, Z. P. Bazant, and Y. Hyun. "Transient Solutions for One-Dimensional Problems With Strain Softening." Journal of Applied Mechanics 54, no. 3 (1987): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3173062.

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Closed-form solutions are presented for the transient response of rods in which strain softening occurs and the stress-strain laws exhibit nonvanishing stresses after the strain-softening regime. It is found that the appearance of any strain softening results in an infinite strain rate if the material is inviscid. For a stress-strain law with a monotonically decreasing stress the strains are infinite also. If the stress increases after the strain-softening portion, the strains remain finite and the strain-softening point moves through the rod.

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27

Thumdee, S., A. Manenoi, and R. E. Paull. "ACTIVITY OF PAPAYA FRUIT HYDROLASES DURING NATURAL SOFTENING AND MODIFIED SOFTENING." Acta Horticulturae, no. 740 (March 2007): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.740.39.

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28

Park, Hyeonjin, Sojeong Yoon, Hyangyeon Jeong, et al. "Softening Point Test of Dammar Gum Using Various Softening Point Methods." Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 52, no. 12 (2023): 1319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2023.52.12.1319.

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29

Hayama, H., T. Shimada, H. Fujii, A. Ito, and Y. Kashimura. "Ethylene-regulation of fruit softening and softening-related genes in peach." Journal of Experimental Botany 57, no. 15 (2006): 4071–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erl178.

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30

Bergman, Robert A. "Membrane softening versus lime softening in Florida: A cost comparison update." Desalination 102, no. 1-3 (1995): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(95)00036-2.

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31

Wang, W. M., L. J. Sluys, and R. de Borst. "Viscoplasticity for instabilities due to strain softening and strain-rate softening." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40, no. 20 (1997): 3839–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0207(19971030)40:20<3839::aid-nme245>3.0.co;2-6.

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32

Wang, Wanyu, Guojie Huang, Wenjing Zhang, et al. "Microstructure and softening resistance of Cu-Cr-Ag alloy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2256, no. 1 (2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2256/1/012013.

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Abstract In this paper, Cu-0.5Cr and Cu-0.5Cr-0.1Ag alloys were used as experimental materials to test the softening resistance of the alloys. The results show that the addition of Ag can improve the hardness and softening temperature of the Cu-Cr alloy, and has little effect on the conductivity. The softening resistance temperature of Cu-0.5Cr-0.1Ag alloy is 575 °C, which is 25 °C higher than that of Cu-0.5Cr alloy. The softening process of the alloy is accompanied by grain recovery, recrystallization and coarsening. Ag atom improves the recrystallization activation energy of copper alloy and

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33

Choi, Dong Geun, and Song Joong Yun. "Reduced Cell Size and Cell Wall Components of Apple Softening before Ripening on the Tree." HortScience 39, no. 6 (2004): 1227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.6.1227.

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The softening of fruit dramatically reduces its market value, especially when this occurs on the tree before ripening. The causes of fruit softening, before ripening, were examined through anatomical and phytochemical comparative analyses between normal fruit, fruit softened on the tree, and stored fruit. The typical morphological changes that occurred with the fruit included early senescence and decreased firmness. The decrease in firmness of softening fruit was due to smaller cell sizes but larger intercellular spaces. The water and free sugar content of the fruit flesh, as well as the weigh

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34

Kweon, J. H., and D. F. Lawler. "Effects of characteristics of softening as a pretreatment for ultrafiltration." Water Supply 3, no. 5-6 (2003): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0199.

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Softening was proposed as a pretreatment for ultrafiltration, which reduces foulants prior to membrane processes. The objectives of this research were to understand the nature of the fouling mechanisms for ultrafiltration when used for waters that either require softening or have been softened, and to use that understanding to determine promising options for the use of softening as a pretreatment before ultrafiltration (UF). Several characteristics of softening, including extent of softening, precipitation kinetics, and hydrophobicity of membrane materials, were investigated as independent var

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35

Bylya, O. I., M. K. Sarangi, N. Rohit, A. Nayak, R. A. Vasin, and P. L. Blackwell. "Simulation Of The Material Softening During Hot Metal Forming." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 3 (2015): 1887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0322.

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Abstract Deformation softening is quite often observed during hot working of different alloys. Steels, aluminium, titanium or nickel alloys can demonstrate a decrease in flow stress under active deformation at constant temperatures and strain rates. Though the background microstructural mechanisms as well as the softening rates can be quite different, the treatment of such processes requires special attention. Deformation softening can cause significant non-uniformity of the metal flow resulting in flow localization, formation of shear bands and variation of the microstructure across the workp

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36

Cao, Yicheng, Wei Luo, Zhen Yang, et al. "Investigation of the Softening Resistance Behavior and Its Mechanism in Cu-Ni-Si Alloys with Discontinuous Precipitates." Materials 17, no. 21 (2024): 5323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17215323.

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In this study, isothermal annealing experiments were conducted on copper-nickel-silicon alloys containing continuous precipitates (CP) and discontinuous precipitates (DP) to investigate the effects of different types of precipitate phases on the microstructural evolution and softening temperature during annealing, as well as to analyze the differences in softening mechanisms. The experimental results revealed that the softening temperature of the CP alloy, subjected to 75% cold deformation, was 505 °C. In contrast, the DP alloy achieved softening temperatures of 575 °C and 515 °C after 75% and

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37

Iwanami, Hiroshi, Shigeki Moriya, Nobuhiro Kotoda, Sae Takahashi, and Kazuyuki Abe. "Estimations of Heritability and Breeding Value for Postharvest Fruit Softening in Apple." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 133, no. 1 (2008): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.133.1.92.

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Progenies from 38 unbalanced crosses using 20 apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) cultivars/selections as parents were evaluated for changes in flesh firmness after harvest in two seasons to determine the mechanism of inheritance of fruit softening. The change in firmness was fitted by linear regression, and the softening rate (N·d−1) expressed as the regression coefficient was used as the phenotypic value of softening after harvest. Fruit were stored under 20 °C and 85% relative humidity after harvest for up to 40 days. The softening rates in the progeny populations were distributed continuously

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38

MIAO, CHENGLIANG, and CHENGJIA SHANG. "THE SOFTENING BEHAVIOR OF HIGHER NIOUBIUM CONTENT X80 PIPELINE STEEL." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 06n07 (2009): 1751–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209061573.

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In this paper, the softening behavior of higher Nb content X80 pipeline steel was investigated by means of the stress relaxation curve. Deformed above 1050°C, the softening of the steel is fast and controlled by static recrystallization. Although the softening at 1000°C is slower obviously, it was also controlled by static recrystallization, no more than the grain growth rate was declined because of the drag effect of solute Nb . Moreover, the pinning effect of precipitation is more effective to retarding the softening at relatively lower temperature and that can be revealed by the softening c

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39

LUO, ALBERT C. J., and JIANZHE HUANG. "ASYMMETRIC PERIODIC MOTIONS WITH CHAOS IN A SOFTENING DUFFING OSCILLATOR." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 23, no. 05 (2013): 1350086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127413500867.

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In this paper, asymmetric periodic motions in a periodically forced, softening Duffing oscillator are presented analytically through the generalized harmonic balance method. For the softening Duffing oscillator, the symmetric periodic motions with jumping phenomena were understood very well. However, asymmetric periodic motions in the softening Duffing oscillators are not investigated analytically yet, and such asymmetric periodic motions possess much richer dynamics than the symmetric motions in the softening Duffing oscillator. For asymmetric motions, the bifurcation tree from asymmetric per

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40

Abramova, A. A., A. I. Gainanova, D. V. Belyaeva, M. Yu Dyagelev, and E. V. Grakhova. "Analysis of water softening methods and an algorithm of choosing the best method for using in production cycle." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 839, no. 4 (2021): 042065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/839/4/042065.

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Abstract This article presents advantages and disadvantages of the most widespread water softening methods, such as reagent method, cation exchange softening, thermal method, reverse osmosis and electromagnetic softening. According to the application features and characteristics of each method, there was developed an algorithm that helps to choose water softening method in case of given specified parameters (turbidity, color, hardness) and the desired level of water hardness after treatment.

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41

Lan, Chenchen, Qing Lyu, XiaoJie Liu, Yana Qie, and Shuhui Zhang. "Effect of Cl on Softening and Melting Behaviors of BF Burden." High Temperature Materials and Processes 38, no. 2019 (2019): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2017-0186.

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AbstractThe high-temperature simulation tests of softening and melting zone under different w(Cl-) were carried out, and based on the density functional theory, the influence mechanisms of chlorine on softening and melting behaviors of BF burden were analyzed. The results show that with the increase of w(Cl-) which bring in by sinter, the softening start temperature and softening end temperature of BF increase, and the softening temperature range becomes small, the melting start temperature increases, the dropping temperature decreases, the melting temperature range becomes small too. The soft

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42

Zhang, Xin, and Danny Reible. "Theoretical Analysis of Constant Voltage Mode Membrane Capacitive Deionization for Water Softening." Membranes 11, no. 4 (2021): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11040231.

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Water softening is desirable to reduce scaling in water infrastructure and to meet industrial water quality needs and consumer preferences. Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) can preferentially adsorb divalent ions including calcium and magnesium and thus may be an attractive water softening technology. In this work, a process model incorporating ion exclusion effects was applied to investigate water softening performance including ion selectivity, ion removal efficiency and energy consumption in a constant voltage (CV) mode MCDI. Trade-offs between the simulated Ca2+ selectivity and Ca2+

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43

Kong, Xiaoxue, Haibo Luo, Yanan Chen, et al. "Elucidating Softening Mechanism of Honey Peach (Prunus persica L.) Stored at Ambient Temperature Using Untargeted Metabolomics Based on Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry." Horticulturae 9, no. 11 (2023): 1210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9111210.

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Peach fruit softening is the result of a series of complex physiological and biochemical reactions that influence shelf life and consumer acceptance; however, the precise mechanisms underlying softening remain unclear. We conducted a metabolomic study of the flesh and peel of the honey peach (Prunus persica L.) to identify critical metabolites before and after fruit softening. Compared to the pre-softening profiles, 155 peel metabolites and 91 flesh metabolites exhibited significant changes after softening (|log2(FC)| > 1; p < 0.05). These metabolites were mainly associated with carbohyd

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44

Yamada-Kaneta, Hiroshi, Hajime Watanabe, Yuta Nagai, et al. "Low-Temperature Elastic Softening due to Vacancies in Boron-Doped FZ Silicon Crystals." Solid State Phenomena 156-158 (October 2009): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.156-158.135.

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We confirm the following findings obtained in our previous experiment for the low-temperature elastic softening by the vacancies in boron-doped silicon crystals: (1) the steep softening that suddenly starts at 2-4 K in the cooling process, and (2) the complete disappearance of the softening by a weak magnetic field of 4 T applied along [111] direction. We further investigate in detail how the low-temperature softening at a fixed temperature responds to the applied magnetic field, to find the following characteristic anisotropy: The manner of disappearance of the softening strongly depends on t

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Zhao, Zhigang, and Zhifang Zhao. "The Inverse Analysis of Concrete Fracture Property Based on Evolutionary Algorithm." Open Civil Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (2015): 616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501509010616.

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As the softening constitutive relation of concrete basic fracture properties (softening curve), limited by the current level of experimental techniques, the test methods of softening curve such as direct tension tests and so on are difficult, high cost and different outcomes, so the study is difficult to move forward. In recent years, the inverse analysis study which uses numerical methods to determine the softening curve based on simple fracture test has emerged. The author combines concrete direct tensile test and the whole process of inverse analysis by numerical method, which is engaged in

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Masai, Hirokazu, Masahide Takahashi, Yomei Tokuda, and Toshinobu Yoko. "Gel-melting method for preparation of organically modified siloxane low-melting glasses." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 5 (2005): 1234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0151.

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Softening or melting behavior of the organically-modified siloxane hybrid gels and glasses in the system of RSiO3/2 and R2SiO2/2 (R: methyl and phenyl) has been investigated to obtain a new family of low-melting glasses. The RSiO3/2 and RSiO3/2–R2SiO2/2 gels showed softening temperatures around 50–100 °C. The softening temperature of RSiO3/2 single-component glasses, which were obtained by melting the corresponding gels at a temperature above the softening temperature, increased by heat-treatment at 200 °C, and finally showed no softening behavior. On the other hand, in the PhSiO3/2–Ph2SiO2/2

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Dmitriev, Andrey N., Elena A. Vyaznikova, Galina Yu Vitkina, and Roman V. Alektorov. "Study of Softening Temperature Range of Agglomerate Depending on its Structure and Phase Composition." Defect and Diffusion Forum 429 (December 12, 2023): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-36aetf.

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The initial and final softening (melting) temperatures of redesigned iron ore agglomerates with basicities from 1.2 to 3.0, obtained under laboratory conditions, were investigated. The chemical and phase compositions of the laboratory agglomerates, their microstructures and local chemical compositions, the temperatures at the beginning and end of softening (melting), and the temperature interval of softening were studied. Dependencies of the influence of the basicity of iron ore agglomerates on their softening temperature interval, depending on the proportion of phase components, were obtained

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Bakshi, Baishali, Elise M. Doucette, and Scott J. Kyser. "Centralized softening as a solution to chloride pollution: An empirical analysis based on Minnesota cities." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (2021): e0246688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246688.

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Chloride is a key component of salt, used in many activities such as alkali production, water treatment, and de-icing. Chloride entering surface and groundwater is a concern due to its toxicity to aquatic life and potential to degrade drinking water sources. Minnesota being a hard-water state, has a high demand for water softening. Recent research has found that home-based water softeners contribute significantly to chloride loading at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Because of this, many WWTPs would now require water quality based effluent limits (WQBELs) to comply with the sta

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Taylor, GB. "Incidence and measurement of autumn seed softening within Medicago polymorpha L." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 4 (1996): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960575.

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Softening of hard seeds during autumn rather than summer is a desirable characteristic for reducing seed losses in annual legumes from false breaks of season in Mediterranean environments. The incidence of this characteristic in Medicago polymorpha L. was determined in 34 lines grown at Toodyay, Western Australia, in 1993 and collected in December. Patterns of seed softening during summer and autumn 1993-94 were studied in pods placed on the soil surface in the field at Merredin, and in laboratory and glasshouse simulations at Perth. Summer seed softening was simulated in the laboratory by the

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Zadghaffari, Ramin, and Saeid Saati Asr. "Water softening using caustic soda: privileges and restrictions." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 15, no. 2 (2013): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2013-0033.

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The aims of the current study is to investigate the constraint of using caustic soda in water treatment and evaluating its performance in water softening, compared to the other chemical group, including lime and sodium carbonate. Based on mass balance of reactants in the caustic softening process, a mathematical relation for expressing the constraint of using caustic soda in water softening was derived. To evaluate caustic soda performance in water softening and prove the derived relation as well, some experimental works on some water sources including well water and clarifi er’s inlet water i

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