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Newman, James Kenneth. "Soil erosion prediction for shaping conservation policy and practice." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2010. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3403858.
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Pinsker, Nathan. "Phytoremediation of PCB Contaminated Soil: Effectiveness and Regulatory Policy." VCU Scholars Compass, 2011. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2404.
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The purpose of this paper was to combine available peer-reviewed literature on PCB phytoremediation and make direct comparisons using ANCOVA statistics in order to determine if and what plants are presently a viable option for the remediation of PCB contaminated soils. Pumpkin (Curbita pepo cv Howden) consistently had the top root and shoot concentrations, as well as total plant accumulation. Their consistency shows that they can be reliable in the field and the most viable option. Tall fescue and sedge were also top contenders. Due to the small sample size for many plants and accounting for several confounding variables, very few of plant species and groups showed to be significantly better at PCB accumulation. PCB phytoremediation can be used in conjunction with other technologies or as an early action plan to begin decreasing PCB concentration levels as well as contain the PCBs, thereby preventing any release.
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Green, Emma. "Pesticide policy changes in the European Union." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295879.
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Falconer, Katherine. "Environmental policy and the use of agricultural pesticides." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271974.
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Gershenson, Alexander. "Notes from the underground: the science and policy of soil carbon /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Russell, Fiona Jane. "Participation in the development of UK regulatory policy for pesticides." Thesis, Open University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314813.
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Tchale, Hardwick. "Agricultural policy and soil fertility management in the maize-based smallholder farming system in Malawi /." Frankfurt am Main [. a.] : Lang, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/516806971.pdf.
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Horrocks, Claire Alice. "Intensive agriculture to semi-natural grassland : evaluating changes in ecosystem service provision to help determine costs and benefits of agri-environment schemes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8285.
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Intensive agriculture has led to an increase in production; however this has often coincided with a decline in the provision of other Ecosystem Services (ES). ES affected include those regulated by soil chemical, physical and biological properties such as biodiversity provision and the regulation of nutrient cycling, water quality and rates of greenhouse gas emissions. A growing awareness of the value of nonproduction ES to human health and wellbeing has encouraged the funding of agrienvironment schemes in the UK, through which farmers receive funding to alter management practices to increase the provision of certain ES. One particular management change encouraged through agricultural payments is the creation of species rich grassland (SRG) on former intensively managed (IM) arable or grassland sites. Under these schemes farmers are required to carry out an extensification of management practices by reducing or ceasing fertiliser application, grazing and cultivation, or removing the existing crop or sward and sowing a specified seed mix of desired grassland species. Despite the commitment of substantial sums of money and land to extensification schemes, there has been little research into the extent to which they enhance provision of multiple ES and the potential for the legacy of intensive agriculture to limit ES provision and greatly reduce the value of extensification. This study aimed to: 1) compare soil properties between sites remaining under intensive management and those that had undergone extensification; 2) relate soil properties to; fluxes of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O), plant diversity, soil microbial diversity and concentrations of nutrients in leachate from intensively and extensively managed sites in order to determine potential benefits of extensification. Paired field plots were established on working farms in south east Scotland and at Rothamsted Research North Wyke in south west England. Each of the four plot pairs in Scotland consisted of a newly created SRG on former arable land and an adjacent IM plot. The SRG plots ranged in age from 3 to nine years old in 2010. Soil samples were collected from the Scottish sites twice yearly in 2010 and 2011, alongside regular measurements of N2O fluxes from soil and assessment of plant diversity. At North Wyke four replicated SRG plots, forming part of an existing experiment on former intensive grassland, were each paired with an IM plot. Soil samples were analysed for their chemical and physical properties and for the concentration of certain phospholipid derived fatty acids (PLFA) biomarkers to compare the composition and size of the soil microbial community. Soil N2O fluxes and the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations of soil water samples measured in 2010 and 2011. Results from more intensive N2O flux measurements, conducted in 2012, were compared to model output from the UK-DNDC model to assess its potential for predicting changes in N2O emissions following extensification. No significant difference was found in any soil chemical or physical properties between paired IM and SRG plots in Scotland, although soil bulk density tended to be lower in the older SRG plots relative to the paired IM plots. Nitrous oxide emissions were low from all plots with only an occasional emissions peak being recorded and overall there was no significant effect of management intensity on soil N2O fluxes. The UK-DNDC model outputs were generally of a similar order of magnitude but poorly correlated with measured N2O fluxes and soil water and available N content. Botanical diversity was enhanced in the SRGs compared to the IM plots, though plant species were mostly of low conservation value and indicative of a high nutrient environment and the diversity of the SRG plots was low, compared to long-established semi-natural grassland elsewhere in Europe. Total soil PLFA concentration was significantly higher in the IM plots but the fungal concentration and the ratio of Gram positive:Gram negative bacteria were no greater in the SRG, suggesting it had begun to resemble long-term unimproved grassland. Despite limited success at obtaining soil water samples, at North Wyke concentrations of mineral N in soil water were lower from the SRG plots than the IM plots, although there were no consistent differences in total P or organic N concentrations, organic N contributed over 80% of the total N in soil water samples from the SRG plots. This study has shown that the legacy of intensive agriculture continues to affect soil properties for at least 10 years following extensification. The results suggest that the potential for newly created SRGs to provide enhanced ES’ could be limited and may not justify the reduction in productivity and the financial input associated with shortterm extensification schemes.
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Piagentini, Nejma Danielle. "The science and policy that compels the wetland mitigation of phosphate-mined lands." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001803.
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Borregaard, Nicola. "An international environmental effect of the Common Agricultural Policy : soil erosion through soya bean production in Argentina." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259668.
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Johnson, Peter G. "The swap model : policy and theory applications for agent-based modelling of soil and water conservation adoption." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2015. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/807166/.
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As the use of agent-based models (ABMs) in policy making continues to expand, it is increasingly clear what a variety of uses ABMs can be put to. Using the development of the SWAP model of soil and water conservation (SWC) adoption in developing countries, this thesis explores how a non-predictive policy-focused ABM can be useful in policy and theoretical contexts. Policies designed to increase adoption of SWC have generally been unsuccessful due to poor calibration to farmers’ needs. This is understood to be a result of poor interaction between the various stakeholders working on SWC. The SWAP model is developed: (i) as an ‘interested amateur’ to be used as a discussion tool to improve the quality of interaction between policy stakeholders; and (ii) as an exploration of the theory on farmer behaviour in the SWC literature. This approach was underpinned by a set of semi-structured interviews with policy practitioners on their understanding, use, and evaluation of models used in policy. The model’s use as an ‘interested amateur’ was explored during a workshop with stakeholders in Ethiopia. Participants recognised the value of the model and it was successful in aiding discussion. However, participants described an inability to innovate in their work, and viewed stakeholders ‘lower-down’ the policy spectrum as being in more need of discussion tools. A pattern-oriented modelling approach showed that the theory used in the model is successful in recreating broad patterns of adoption, but is too generic to represent a variety of different contexts. This thesis develops and presents the first use of the ‘interested amateur’ approach for ABMs. The findings suggest it has value and could be applied in other policy domains. The performance of the SWC theory is also encouraging, suggesting it can be used as a basis for other ABMs exploring farmers’ SWC behaviour.
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De, Silva Radhika N. (Radhika Neelakshi) 1974. "Intercomparison of soil hydrology modules in the MIT Integrated Global System Model for analysis of climate issues." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50450.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Technology and Policy Program, 1998.<br>Vita.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-141).<br>The availability of water at or near the surface determines the way incident radiative energy is partitioned at the ground surface. The goal of this thesis is to determine if better hydrological representation in the MIT Integrated Global System Model will improve its climate prediction capability. This thesis compares the performances of the hydrological modules in the MIT Climate Model and the Natural Emissions Model (NEM) with the off-line National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Land Surface Model (LSM version 1.0) for Ecological, Hydrological, and Atmospheric Studies. The models are forced with the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE) data, and outputs are validated using FIFE Intensive Field Campaigns measurements. Validation and analyses include comparisons between daily and diurnal model outputs and FIFE measurements, and evaluations of diurnal root mean square errors (RMSE). All three models simulate FIFE conditions well. The NEM is particularly good at tracing the diurnal trend of most diagnostic parameters; but the large and numerous fluctuations in this model's outputs result in large diurnal RMSEs as well. Many of the errors in this model are due to deficient representation of soil moisture movement in its shallow soil column. The deep lower soil layer in the hydrological module in the Climate Model over-drains the thin upper soil layer; the dryness of the upper layer adversely affects energy partition at the land-atmosphere boundary. The NCAR LSM avoids many of the problems encountered with the other two modules and simulates FIFE conditions best; the doubled computational requirement is its main drawback. Hence, comprehensive hydrological representation in climate models will improve climate prediction capacity by providing consistent and more accurate hydrological inputs to all submodels<br>by Radhika N. de Silva.<br>S.M.
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Lawrence, Nathan David. "Soil Chemistry Analysis as an Effective Cultural Resource Management Tool: A Magical Mystery Tour." W&M ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626532.
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Kiesel, Konstantin Markus [Verfasser]. "Preparing the soil to make economic growth sustainable : insights into cultural factors and discretionary policy measures / Konstantin Markus Kiesel." Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1142232999/34.
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Kuiken, Todd. "Mercury air/surface exchange over terrestrial background surfaces of the eastern USA and its policy implications : a dissertation presented to the faculty of the Graduate School, Tennessee Technological University /." Click to access online version, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=76&did=1394664171&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1255093439&clientId=28564.
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Dankwah, Charles O. "Investigating an optimal decision point for probability bounds analysis models when used to estimate remedial soil volumes under uncertainty at hazardous waste sites." ScholarWorks, 2010. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/776.
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Hazardous waste site remediation cost estimation requires a good estimate of the contaminated soil volume. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) currently uses deterministic point values to estimate soil volumes but the literature suggests that probability bounds analysis (PBA) is the more accurate method to make estimates under uncertainty. The underlying statistical theory is that they are more accurate than deterministic estimates because probabilistic estimates account for data uncertainties. However, the literature does not address the problem of selecting an optimal decision point from the interval-valued PBA estimates. The purpose of this study was to identify the optimal PBA decision point estimator and use it to demonstrate that because the PBA method also accounts for data uncertainties, PBA estimates of remedial soil volumes are more accurate than the U.S. EPA deterministic estimates. The research questions focused on determining whether the mean or the 95th percentile decision point is the optimal PBA estimator. A convenience sample of seven sites was selected from the U.S. EPA Superfund Database. The PBA method was used to estimate the remedial soil volumes for the sites. Correlation analyses were performed between the mean and 95th percentile PBA estimates and the actual excavated soil volumes. The study results suggest that the lower bound 95th percentile PBA estimate, which had the best R2-value of 89%, is the optimal estimator. The R2-value for a similar correlation analysis using the U.S. EPA deterministic estimates was only 59%. This confirms that PBA is the better estimator. The PBA estimates are less contestable than the current U.S. EPA deterministic point estimates. Thus, the PBA method will reduce litigation and speed up cleanup activities to the benefit of the U.S. EPA, corporations, the health and safety of nearby residents, and society in general.
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Braganza, Soumya. "Point-of-use soil diagnostics : an actionable information system for resource constrained farmers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104819.
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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2016.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 77-79).<br>During the mid-1960s, India came to the brink of an acute food crisis in the midst of heavy dependence on food imports. A period of rapid agricultural modernization that followed, known as Green Revolution, transformed India from a net importer of food into an exporter. Although an appropriate response for abating the impending starvation, the Green Revolution inflicted several unintended consequences. For example, regulatory structure and fertilizer subsidies for urea that were designed to stimulate growth instead resulted in a lock-in, which in turn incentivized vast over-fertilization across the country. Today, this is a well-recognized problem, and the Government of India has announced policies and schemes such as the National Soil Health Card Scheme to increase knowledge of soil condition and curb fertilizer use. In reality, however, the current need for information on soil health far exceeds the capacity for soil testing, highlighting the need for a radical approach to meeting this policy objective. This project, undertaken in collaboration with MIT Mechanical Engineering, takes a two-part approach to addressing this problem, with the design of a point-of-use soil testing sensor and an accompanying recommendation generation engine. This thesis presents the design of the latter based upon the answer to the following question: what constitutes an actionable information for resource constrained farmers? To answer it, we use a mixed methodology approach comprising (i) a combination of stakeholder interviews and design workshops to elicit user needs, and (ii) controlled experimentation with over 200 farmers covering an entire village to measure the actionability of information in soil health recommendations. The results of the analysis of experimental data reveal that the actionability of recommendations varies significantly within the population of farmers tested, and can be attributed to the level of information provided, the environment in which a farmer receives a recommendation, gender, and education level. Consequently, an effective point-of-use diagnostic system must adjust for these factors in order to maintain high actionability. To that end, we then use the experimental results to design a recommendation generation engine, the core of which is a soil health database that maximizes the actionability of information for a resource constrained farmer.<br>by Soumya Braganza.<br>S.M. in Technology and Policy
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Smith, Craig Matthew. "An analysis of alternative soil, nutrient, and water management strategies." Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/10723.
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Doctor of Philosophy<br>Department of Agricultural Economics<br>Jeffery R. Williams<br>The two topics addressed in this dissertation are both related to surface water quality. Reservoir sedimentation and water quality trading are examined from economic and environmental perspectives. Each topic and the resulting policy implications are relevant to stakeholders at the local, state, and federal levels.
Reservoir sedimentation has been recognized as a major environmental, social, and economic issue in much of the Midwestern US. There is an effort to focus public and private funds to achieve the greatest return on the investment from soil erosion and sediment reduction strategies. How can physiographical and economic relationships within the watershed be quantified in such a way to provide insights into the selection of alternative management strategies? This study focuses on answering that question by integrating a physically-based watershed model with an economic analysis of alternative sedimentation reduction strategies for the case of Tuttle Creek Lake located in northeastern Kansas.
Several key finding of this study are that both physiographical and economic factors must be considered for cost-effective conservation to occur. Considering these factors and targeting BMP implementation from 8 to 23 times more cost-effective than random implementation. If targeting cannot be done effectively or if “intangible” costs of BMP implementation are too large, dredging is likely to be more cost-effective. While this research compares the cost-effectiveness of various BMP implementation approaches in Kansas with dredging, the benefits associated with each of these strategies is not addressed.
While there is substantial evidence that nonpoint sources have lower nutrient reduction costs than point sources, experience with water quality trading (WQT) reveals a common theme: little or no trading activity. These outcomes suggest the presence of obstacles to trading that were not recognized in the design of existing programs.
To examine the ways that various market imperfections may impact the performance of a WQT market, an agent-based model is constructed, which simulates a hypothetical point-nonpoint market. This study first presents an overview of the concepts and simulation modeling technique used and then analyzes the effects of two prominent market impediments identified in the WQT literature: information levels and trading ratios.
The results imply that if market designers feel that only a limited number of trades will be consummated, creating an institution that provides accessible information about buyers’ prices is preferred to providing information about sellers’ prices. Overall, more information is always better, but it becomes less important with higher trading ratios.
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Deeks, Katherine Suzanne. "An investigation into farming practice and the maintenance or improvement of soil organic carbon levels." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17634.
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Due to growing global concern regarding climate change and CO2 emissions, the use of soil as a potential carbon (C) sink has become increasingly recognised as a potential mitigation measure. Global agricultural soil has the estimated capacity for sequestering C at around 20 to 30 Pg (Peta grams) of C over the next 50 to 100 years if correct land management practises are applied. The benefits on improving soil C levels are not limited to reduced CO2 emissions and climate change mitigation however. It is widely accepted that improved organic C levels provide an array of positive benefits, including enhanced soil fertility, soil structure and water holding capacity and generally improve soil biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. Therefore, the pursuit of increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) levels in agricultural soil could create a win-win-win scenario. To improve SOC levels in agriculture, there are two key components that need to be fully effective. The first being the scientific understanding of SOC and its responses to different farming practices and systems. Secondly, the policy and advisory environment needs to be effective and conducive, promoting those practices and systems which are proven to increase SOC levels. This research therefore, explores these two components by conducting a series of investigations into current on-farm practices for managing SOC, the current policy and legislation structure, the quality and extent of farm-facing SOC related advice, and the scope for improving SOC levels through farm management practices and agri-environmental policy. A critical review and synopsis of global, European and national policy and advice was conducted to identify those policies that encourage the improvement of SOC and to highlight those areas where SOC does not currently feature as a management issue. Whilst soil and SOC do not feature heavily at the European or national level, there are a number of mechanisms which have the potential to improve SOC levels through their ability to reach a large audience of farmers and via the promotion of suitable management practices. The review of current policy was supplemented by interviews with those responsible for providing advice to farmers and farmers themselves. The interviewed farmers and advisors were relatively engaged with the subject of SOC although the results demonstrated that there was scope to improve current levels of understanding and practice. The currently policy environment at the national level, was not, in general, creating changes in management practices with those interviewed, so any potential enhancement of SOC that the policy mechanisms had the ability to create, were being missed. A review of the scientific literature regarding SOC and data gathered from subsequent soil sampling under a range of farming practices has allowed for the exploration of the potential and realisation to increase SOC levels through various management approaches. Practices which promote an increased use of organic matter amendments, reduced tillage systems and organic farming systems were of particular focus; with all three demonstrating the potential in improve SOC levels. Combining the social and natural science aspects of the issue of SOC has allowed for an exploration of the potential approaches to improve SOC within English agriculture. Critically, research and development of the subject needs to be improved to further the scientific understanding of SOC in relation to farming practices and land use. Development is also required of current national policy, in particular agri-environment schemes (AES), which despite reaching a wide farming audience, would appear to create minimal management changes and therefore has minimal impact on improving SOC levels. The two sides of this issue, the social and the natural sciences, must be addressed together otherwise a full understanding and an appropriate approach forward cannot be reached. This is why an interdisciplinary approach has been viewed as a suitable research framework for this thesis. The concluding aim of this work is to present a ‘best practice approach’ in terms of physically improving SOC levels by enhancing current advisory pathways and developing an effective policy environment.
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Klaiber, Laura B. "Edge-Of-Field Water And Phosphorus Losses In Surface And Subsurface Agricultural Runoff." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/565.
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Quantifying effectiveness of soil management practices on surface and subsurface water quality at the field scale is becoming increasingly important in the Lake Champlain Basin and other agricultural watersheds. During 2012 and 2013, field plots (22.9 x 45.7 m) were established at the Lake Alice Wildlife Area in Chazy, NY to begin a long-term water quality monitoring study. Plots were established in a cool season grass field (1 ha) leased and managed by the William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute in Chazy, NY. The soil type transitions from an excessively drained outwash soil on the upslope to a very poorly drained silty clay series at the toeslope. Tile drainage lines were installed in each plot and drained to concrete manholes at the corner of each plot where water was sampled and measured. Plots were randomly assigned to a tile-drained (TD) or naturally-drained treatment (UD). Tile outlets were plugged in the UD treatment to enable natural drainage conditions. Surface runoff water was collected at the lower boundary of each plot by shallow PVC-lined trenches that outlet to the manholes. Continuous water flow from each hydrologic pathway was measured in 5-gallon buckets with v-notch weirs and pressure transducers. Total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus SRP), unreactive phosphorus (UP) and sediment (TSS) loads were estimated by multiplying the mean hourly runoff volume by the respective sample concentration for each hydrologic pathway.
Data were collected April 21, 2014 through June 30, 2015. Loading rates were unable to be calculated from February 22, 2015 through April 9, 2015 due to freeze/thaw cycles preventing accurate water flow data collection. Event-based loading for TP, SRP, UP, TSS, and water yield were calculated in addition to cumulative losses over the study duration. No significant differences in cumulative TP exports were found between treatments (UD = 230.9 g ha-1; TD = 233.9 g ha-1). Approximately 55% more SRP and 158% more TSS was exported by UD (130.8 g ha-1; 168.8 kg ha-1) than TD (84.2 g ha-1; 65.5 kg ha-1). Unreactive P exports from TD (149.7 g ha-1) were 50% greater than UD (100.1 g ha-1). Two runoff events dominated the treatment response. An intense rain storm on May 16, 2014 generated the greatest sediment losses in both treatments during an individual event, contributing 65 and 67% of the cumulative losses from TD and UD, respectively. This event was also responsible for 40% of UP losses from TD. A 3 d rain/snowmelt event beginning on December 24, 2014 resulted in 61 and 84% of all SRP losses for TD and UD, respectively. The results of this study indicate that tile drainage may not have a negative impact on water quality relative to a naturally drained field. However, additional years of data are needed to develop more robust conclusions as different management strategies and weather conditions could result in different outcomes.
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Luginbuhl, April M. "The Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program agricultural-environmental policy and its impact on land use and county discretion in northwest Ohio /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2002. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1029334414.
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Zuckerman, Shlomit. "The Expansion of Newborn Screening In Israel: Ethical and Social Dimensions." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=case1247156923.
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Barbin, Nicia Beatriz Cruz Barduchi 1975. "A lei de política nacional de meio ambiente e o princípio da racionalização do uso do solo." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286637.
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Orientador: Luci Hidalgo Nunes<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T08:30:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2013<br>Resumo: A Lei nº 6.938/1981, que dispôs sobre a Política Nacional de Meio Ambiente, em vigor há mais de trinta anos, foi fundamental para a formação do Direito Ambiental Brasileiro. O presente trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar as influências dos dispositivos dessa lei na formação do Direito Ambiental e sua contribuição no tratamento que passou a ser dispensado às questões ambientais, tendo como foco principal o uso do solo, eis que nele é que ocorre a maioria dos impactos ambientais. Essa legislação trouxe ao sistema jurídico positivo nacional os ideais gravados na Declaração de Estocolmo de 1972, dentre os quais constava o planejamento racional, que passou a integrar a PNMA como princípio da racionalização do uso do solo. O uso e a ocupação do solo decorrem de conjunturas sociais e históricas que até recentemente não contemplavam o fator ambiental, o que tem resultado em certas situações colidentes com o rigor excessivo que, com frequência, se pretende na proteção ambiental, cuja solução, muitas vezes, depende da compreensão dos fundamentos do Direito, especialmente dos princípios. O princípio da racionalização do uso do solo, previsto na PNMA, servia à orientação das ações governamentais mas não auxiliava na solução desses conflitos. Com a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988, que recepcionou a Lei nº 6.938/81, seus valores passaram a estruturar a construção do Direito Ambiental. Através da análise do sistema jurídico de proteção ambiental brasileiro compreendendo a PNMA, os Princípios Ambientais e demais normas relativas ao uso do solo, associada à metodologia de pesquisa bibliográfica envolvendo a literatura publicada sobre o assunto, buscou-se a identificação do princípio da racionalização do uso do solo. Como resultado, verificou-se a coerência desse princípio com as normas constitucionais e sua capacidade de servir à compreensão, harmonização e integração do ordenamento jurídico. Procura-se, assim, contribuir cientificamente com esse estudo na construção e consolidação da proteção ambiental, de modo que possa haver harmonia entre o desenvolvimento e o uso do solo e nas relações sociais e jurídicas deles dependentes<br>Abstract: The Law nº 6.938/1981, which regulate the National Environmental Policy - PNMA, existing 30 years ago, was crucial for the development of the Brazilian Environmental Law.The objective of this work was to assess the influences of the terms of this law, in the development of Environmental Law and its contribution to the way the environmental issues started to be addressed, with its main focus on the land use, because the majority of the environmental impact happens on the soil.This legislation brought to the legal national juridical system the ideals registered in the 1972 Stockholm Declaration, amongst which the rational planning was part, and it was included in the PNMA as the principle for the rationalization of the usage of the land.The use and occupation of the soil are a consequence of social and historical conjunctures that until recently didn¿t take into account the environmental aspect, which has resulted in some clashing situations with the excessive rigor which, frequently, is intended in the environmental protection, which solution, often times depend on the comprehension of the Law, specially the principles.The principle of the rationalization of the use of the soil, as predicted at PNMA, was used to guide the governmental actions but didn¿t support the resolution of these conflicts. With the promulgation of Federal Constitution of 1988, that has received the Law No. 6938/81, the respective values started to build the Environmental Law.Through the analysis of the Brazilian juridical system environmental protection including the PNMA, the Environmental Principles and the other relative norms regarding the use of the soil, associated with the bibliographic research methodology including the published literature regarding the subject, the identification of the principle of the rationalization of the use of the soil was aimed. As a result, the coherence of this principle with the constitutional rules and its ability to serve as the comprehension, harmonization and integration of the juridical commandment has been verified. This way, it's possible to offer a scientific contribution with this study in the development and consolidation of the environmental protection, in a way that will allow for harmony between the development and the use of the soil and in the social and juridical relationships which depend upon them<br>Doutorado<br>Geologia e Recursos Naturais<br>Doutora em Ciências
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Hirsch, Merilynn Carol. "Process_Based Management of Downy Brome in Salt Desert Shrublands: Assessing Pre- and Post-Rehabilitation Soil and Vegetation Attributes." DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1032.
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A number of technical approaches had to be employed within the planner, namely, 1) translating expected reward into a probability of goal satisfaction criterion, 2) monitoring belief states with a Rao-Blackwellized particle, and 3) employing Rao-Blackwellized particles in the McLUG probabilistic conformant planning graph heuristic. POND-Hindsight is an action selection mechanism that evaluates each possible action by generating a number of lookahead samples (up to a xed horizon) that greedily select actions based on their heuristic value and samples the actions' observation; the average goal satisfaction probability of the end horizon belief states is used as the value of each action.
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Tyree, Kendall. "Understanding Collaboration Among Political Subdivisions of State Government: Examining the Perceptions and Use of Collaboration by Virginia's Soil & Water Conservation Districts." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3314.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the definitions, benefits, challenges, methods and perceived levels of current collaboration of Virginia’s 47 Soil and Water Conservation Districts, each a political subdivision of state government. The study was guided by the following questions (1) What is collaboration and how is it used by political subdivisions of state government? (2) What collaborative strategies are used specifically by soil and water conservation districts? (3) At what level are districts currently collaborating? (4) At what level do districts prefer to collaborate? A mixed methods research survey was used. The quantitative section measured current perceptions of collaboration based on six indicators of successful collaborations as determined and tested by the Amherst Wilder Foundation—environment, membership, process and structure, communication, purpose, and resources—through use of its Collaborative Factors Inventory. The qualitative portion allowed further exploration into how districts are utilizing collaboration at a grassroots level. Desired levels of collaboration were also captured. The entire district population—district directors, associate directors, and staff—was surveyed and responses analyzed to better understand collaborative efforts. The results indicate that collaborations occur because of both the resource benefits received and the support of a greater cause—or a mix of relational exchange and resource dependency theories. Of the six collaborative indicators, resources proved the greatest area of concern. The process and structure variable was found to be a second needed area of growth. Trust issues with key partners, a component of the membership variable, were also identified as hindering collaboration. Overall, current perceived levels of collaboration occur between coordination and coalition, or a three to four on a five point scale. However, districts identified a desire to operate more often at the coalition level. By focusing on improvement to process and structure needs as well as resource issues, trust will improve and desired levels of collaboration can be reached. This study will enrich the existing literature by expanding on the use of collaboration as it relates to political subdivisions. Findings will be of value to all conservation districts, with greatest value to Virginia. Partner agencies, policymakers, and public administrators will further benefit by gaining insights into the collaborative process.
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Schweitzer, Na'ama. "Greening the Streets: A Comparison of Sustainable Stormwater Management in Portland, Oregon and Los Angeles, California." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/85.
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Stormwater runoff is one of the main sources of pollution for urban waterways. Stormwater has traditionally been managed through concrete-based storm drainage systems, but the past twenty years have introduced an alternative in the form of green infrastructure. Green infrastructure for stormwater management involves the use of low impact development (LID), often vegetated facilities to mimic natural hydrologic systems that capture and allow infiltration of rainwater where it falls and from impervious surfaces upstream, before entering the drainage system. Portland, Oregon and Los Angeles, California have adopted green infrastructure into their stormwater management plans. For this project, bioswales, a form of vegetated LID facility, were tested in each city to determine their pollutant retention capabilities. Results from Portland show that bioswales filter out heavy metals effectively, and results from Los Angeles show that bioswales accumulate heavy metals in the soil over the course of the year (also due to filtering out metals from the stormwater). These results raise the question of whether accumulation can reach dangerous levels or saturate the soil with pollutants so that removal efficiency is diminished, indicating a need for further monitoring. However, the success of bioswales up to this point is encouraging and indicates that this method should continue to be employed.
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Huckett, Steven P. "A Comparative Study to Identify Factors Affecting Adoption of Soil and Water Conservation Practices Among Smallhold Farmers in the Njoro River Watershed of Kenya." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/656.
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Natural resource conservation is important for human well-being, especially in fragile environments of developing countries. This study occurred in 2006 among 6,500 smallhold farmers residing along a 25-km segment of a heavily utilized river. Research objectives were to determine use and adoption constraints for 14 soil and water conservation practices (SWCPs). Farms were reportedly contributing to a decline in river water quality via soil erosion. Recent occupation of the upper watershed by immigrants magnified concerns that resource degradation could escalate. A multi-method approach incorporating quantitative surveys, qualitative interviews, and participant observation was used to interpret constraining factors within the biophysical and historical context of the watershed. Adoption rates for SWCPs were expected to be low (less than 20 percent). Increased formal education, income, access to information, and security of land tenure and soil characteristics, were expected to positively influence adoption. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and use of classification and regression trees. Results indicated that all sampled farms had adopted at least two SWCPs, with an average of six per farm. Favored practices were those that were easier to implement and more effective for resource protection and food production. Years in residence (tenure security) and income emerged as primary explanatory variables for adoption of SWCPs, while soil quality and formal education were secondary. Only 27 percent of surveyed farmers held title deeds, but the others perceived that land occupation conferred "ownership" and hence implemented SWCPs. A follow-up visit in 2009, after the region had endured a year of highly publicized ethnic conflict, immigration and farm expansion continued with SWCPs being adopted. Njoro communities mostly remained intact and appeared resilient. While small farms likely contribute to watershed-scale problems and declines in quality and quantity of water in the River Njoro, farmers have made remarkable strides--largely on their own--to conserve natural resources. Future research should examine how a general lack of infrastructure off-farm and study-site context contributes to reduced watershed-resource quality. Further protection of soil and water is best served by a more aggressive policy and extension education framework that links food security, household well-being, and natural resource management.
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Joseph, Joshua Allen Jr. "Computational Tools for Improved Analysis and Assessment of Groundwater Remediation Sites." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28458.
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Remediation of contaminated groundwater remains a high-priority national goal in the United States. Water is essential to life, and new sources of water are needed for an expanding population. Groundwater remediation remains a significant technical challenge despite decades of research into this field. New approaches are needed to address the most severely-polluted aquifers, and cost-effective solutions are required to meet remediation objectives that protect human health and the environment.
Source reduction combined with Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) is a remediation strategy whereby the source of contamination is aggressively treated or removed and the residual groundwater plume depletes due to natural processes in the subsurface. The USEPA requires long-term performance monitoring of groundwater at MNA sites over the remediation timeframe, which often takes decades to complete. Presently, computational tools are lacking to adequately integrate source remediation with economic models. Furthermore, no framework has been developed to highlight the tradeoff between the degree of remediation versus the level of benefit within a cost structure.
Using the Natural Attenuation Software (NAS) package developed at Virginia Tech, a set of formulae have been developed for calculating the TOR for petroleum-contaminated aquifers (specifically tracking benzene and MTBE) through statistical techniques. With the knowledge of source area residual saturation, groundwater velocity, and contaminant plume source length, the time to remediate a site contaminated with either benzene or MTBE can be determined across a range of regulatory maximum contaminant levels.
After developing formulae for TOR, an integrated and interactive decision tool for framing the decision analysis component of the remediation problem was developed. While MNA can be a stand-alone groundwater remediation technology, significant benefits may be realized by layering a more traditional source zone remedial technique with MNA. Excavation and soil vapor extraction when applied to the front end of a remedial action plan can decrease the amount of time to remediation and while generally more expensive than an MNA-only approach, may accrue long-term economic advantages that would otherwise be foregone.
The value of these research components can be realized within the engineering and science communities, as well as through government, business and industry, and communities where groundwater contamination and remediation are of issue. Together, these tools constitute the Sâ ªEâ ªEâ ªPâ ªAGE paradigm, founded upon the concept of sound science for an environmental engineering, effectual economics, and public policy agenda. The TOR formulation simplifies the inputs necessary to determine the number of years that an MNA strategy will require before project closure and thus reduces the specialized skills and training required to perform a numerical analysis that for one set of conditions could require many hours of simulation time. The economic decision tool, that utilizes a life cycle model to evaluate a set of feasible alternatives, highlights the tradeoffs between time and economics can be realized over the lifetime of the remedial project.<br>Ph. D.
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McKean, Vanessa. "The role of expectations and visions of the future in the development of target-based environmental policies : the case of the UK Air Quality Strategy." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2015. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/58039/.
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Increasingly, policy-makers rely on forecasts to set targets for environmental and health protection. I examine the UK Air Quality Strategies (AQS) for particulate matter (1997-2007). Here policy-makers select and articulate visions for technological and policy developments in order to set targets and policies to achieve them. Despite growing evidence for adverse health effects of particulates, challenging targets in 1997 were followed by two revisions of Objectives without introducing measures for reducing pollution. In 2007 more challenging targets were resumed. This thesis is a study of the formation and evolution of a policy framework: of the interactions and contrasting roles of scientific expertise, wider political discourse, and the ‘futures' presented by actors involved in the policy process. Sociology of Expectations has previously examined the roles of visions in innovation processes. I extended this framework to examine dynamics of visions in the policy-making process. My findings were based on analysis of visions and discourses identified in texts, model data, and interviews. Whilst none of the explanatory factors alone accounted the developments in the AQS, together they provide an explanation of change which highlights the role of learning by policy-makers . Visions for technological development articulated in each version of the AQS were in line with the dominant visions articulated in central government, but over time policy-makers responsible for the Strategy used them to present options for taking action on pollution. Co-construction of the AQS and modelled forecasts enabled policy-makers responsible for the Strategy to articulate visions for technologies and policies to promote taking action to reduce pollutants, and this led to the more action-oriented Strategy in 2007. This thesis proposes that visions can change more quickly than wider political discourses, and as such can provide opportunities for the introduction of new discourses.
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Cole, Timothy. "Physical Properties of Tar Sand Tailings that Influence Their Ability to Sustain Plant Growth." TopSCHOLAR®, 1985. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1900.
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The mining of bituminous sandstone rock for the purpose of extracting bitumen has created a need for reclamation. One such mine is located in northern Logan County. Their mining operation involves removing large sections of sandstone, which is impregnated with bitumen, and crushing it to sand-sized material. The sand-sized material is then mixed with organic solvents which extract the bitumen. Once separated, the bitumen is stored for future refinement and the spent sand is stockpiled for later disposal.
The spent sands or waste material are referred to as tar sand tailings. These tailings have particular properties which make reclamation efforts difficult. One restrictive property is the 30 percent swell factor, which prevents replacement of the tailings into their respective mined area. Another property is the tailings’ hydrophobicity. This water repellence prevents merely spreading the tailings onto the surface.
Experiments were conducted at Western Kentucky University during 1984 and 1985 to determine methods to lessen the hydrophobic tendencies and allow for reclamation. These experiments included mixing the tailings with the existing soil and adding surfactants to the tailings. Water holding capacities, infiltration rates, and the ability to sustain plant life were determined and evaluated.
It appears that the residual bitumen not removed by the extraction process causes the hydrophobic tendencies of the tailings. This conclusion was based on a comparison of pure tailings and tailings which were subjected to 500°C temperatures for 24 hours which could destroy all organic material, specifically the residual bitumen. The pure tar sand tailing held 0.44 percent moisture and the tailings with the organic material removed held 27.48 percent moisture.
Mixtures of tailings and Zanesville soil were also evaluated and compared to the tailings with and without organic material. The percent moisture of the soil was not significantly different from the tailings without organic material. All mixtures were significantly lower than the soil or the tailings without organic material and significantly higher than the pure tar and tailings. However, the mixtures apparently can hold sufficient moisture for plant growth.
Water infiltration rates through various mixtures of tailings and soil with and without surfactants were also evaluated. It was concluded that a tailings/soil mixture of 75/25 percent with and without surfactant and 90/10 percent mixture with surfactant allowed the fastest water infiltration. The rate of infiltration is important since the Logan County topography is favorable for runoff erosion.
Rye (secale cereale) was grown in various mixtures of tailings and soil with and without surfactants to determine phytotoxic effects. Visual observations of the growing plants indicated no phytotoxic effects due to the bitumen or surfactants. However, dry matter yields of the plants differed significantly. The lower yield of some plants could be attributed to a lack of moisture since the lowest yields were in the pure tailings with and without surfactant.
In conclusion, the results of this study revealed that tar sand tailings do have hydrophobic tendencies apparently due to residual bitumen. These tendencies can be buffered by mixing the waste material with an existing soil or by complete combustion of the residual organic material. Also it was concluded that vegetation could be established on the mixtures of tailings and soil and thus, the land reclaimed.
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Zhang, Lulu. "Impact of Land Use and Climate Change on Hydrological Ecosystem Services (Water Supply) in the Dryland Area of the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-183409.
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Driven by many factors, the water supply services (streamflow and groundwater) of many rivers in the dryland area of China have declined significantly. This aggravates the inherent severe water shortages and results in increased severity in the water use conflicts that are threatening sustainable development in the region. Innovative strategies towards more water-efficient land management are vital for enhancing water quantity to ensure water supply security. A key step in the successful development and implementation of such measures is to understand the response of hydrological processes and related services to changes in land management and climate. To this end, it was decided to investigate these processes and responses in the upper reaches of the Jing River (Jinghe), an important meso-scale watershed in the middle reaches of the Yellow River on the Loess Plateau (NW China).
It has been shown that vegetation restoration efforts (planting trees and grass) are effective in controlling soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. Shifts in land cover/use lead to modifications of soil physical properties. Yet, it remains unclear if the hydraulic properties have also been improved by vegetation restoration. A better understanding of how vegetation restoration alters soil structure and related soil hydraulic properties, such as water conductivity and soil water storage capacity, is necessary. Three adjacent sites, with comparable soil texture, soil type, and topography but contrasting land cover (Black locust forest, grassland, and cropland), were investigated in a small catchment in the upstream Jinghe watershed (near Jingchuan, Gansu province). Seasonal variations of soil hydraulic properties in topsoil and subsoil were examined. Results revealed that the type of land use had a significant impact on field-saturated, near-saturated hydraulic conductivity, and soil water characteristics. Specifically, conversion from cropland to grass or forests promotes infiltration capacity as a result of increased saturated hydraulic conductivity, air capacity, and macroporosity. Moreover, conversion from cropland to forest tends to promote the formation of mesopores that increase soil water storage capacity. Tillage in cropland temporarily created well-structured topsoil, but also compacted subsoil, as indicated by low subsoil saturated hydraulic conductivity, air capacity, and plant available water capacity. An impact of land cover conversion on unsaturated hydraulic conductivities was not identified, indicating that changes in land cover do not affect functional meso- and microporosity. Changes in soil hydraulic properties and associated hydrological processes and services due to soil conservation efforts need to be considered, should soil conservation measures be implemented in water-limited regions for sustaining adequate water supply.
To differentiate between the impacts of land management and climate change on streamflow, the variation of annual streamflow, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and climatic water balance in a small catchment of the upstream Jinghe watershed (near Pingliang, Gansu province) was examined during the period of 1955 – 2004. During this time the relative contributions of changes in land management and climate to the reduction of streamflow were estimated. A statistically significant decreasing trend of -1.14 mm y-1 in annual streamflow was detected. Furthermore, an abrupt streamflow reduction due to afforestation and construction of terraces and check-dams was identified around 1980. Remarkably, 74% of the total reduction in mean annual streamflow can be attributed to the soil conservation measures. Among various conservation measures, streamflow could be considerably reduced by afforestation and terracing (including damland creation), due to their low contribution to water yield. In contrast, slope farmland and grassland can maintain a certain level of water supply services due to higher runoff coefficients. According to a meta-analysis of the published studies on the Loess Plateau, the impact of changes in land management on annual streamflow appears to diminish with increasing catchment size while the impact of climate change appears uniform across space. This means that there is a dependency between the catchment size and the response of hydrological processes to environmental change. At least at the local scale, it appears that well-considered land management may help to ensure the water supply services.
Due to limited surface water availability, groundwater is an essential water source for supporting ecosystem and socio-economic development in the dryland region. However, the groundwater process is susceptible and vulnerable to changes in climate and landscape (i.e., land cover and form) that in turn can result in profound adverse consequences on water supply services in water-limited regions. In addition, an improved understanding of the response of groundwater related processes to natural and artificial disturbances is likely to ensure more secure and more sustainable governance and management of such regions, as well as better options for adapting to climate change. Yet, this topic has seldom been researched, especially in areas that have already experienced large-scale alteration in landscape and are located in dryland regions, such as the Loess Plateau. Therefore, an investigation of the baseflow variation along the landscape change was conducted. The average annual baseflow has significantly decreased at catchment scale during the period of 1962 – 2002 without any obvious significant change in climate. At decadal scale, the reduction accounts for approximately 9% in the 1970s, 48% in the 1980s, and 92% in the 1990s, while the baseflow index declines averaging 5%, 16% and 67%, respectively. All of the monthly baseflow levels dropped at varying rates except in January, among which July was the most severe in terms of both magnitude (-4.17) and slope (-0.09 mm y-1). In perspective of landscape change, landform change (terrace and check-dam) tends to reduce baseflow by reallocation of surface fluxes and retention for crop growth causing limited deep drainage in other areas. Land cover change (i.e., afforestation) reduced the baseflow to a larger extent by enhanced evapotranspiration and thus hampered deep drainage as suggested by the soil moisture measurement underneath. The study indicates that knowledge about baseflow formation on catchment scale needs further improvement. Integrated soil conservation and water management for optimizing landscape structure and function in order to balance soil (erosion) and water (supply) related hydrological ecosystem services is vital.
The governing processes to the changes of water-supply-services-related hydrological process (e.g., streamflow) are assumed to be different across space. To this end, the factors controlling streamflow were investigated on both a small and large scale. Streamflow in small catchments was found to be mainly controlled by precipitation and land cover type. On a larger scale, evaporative demand was found to be another additional major driving force. Hydrological modeling is a frequently used tool for the assessment of impacts of land use and climate change on water balance and water fluxes. However, application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in the upstream Jinghe watershed was unsuccessful due to difficulties in calibration. The inability of the SWAT model to take the influence of terraces on steep slopes into consideration and the method how to calculate lateral flow were the main reasons for unsatisfactory calibration, at least for the current version of SWAT used in this study. Alternatively, Budyko’s frameworks were applied to predict the annual and long-term streamflow. However, the effect of changes in land management (e.g., afforestation) on streamflow could not be assessed due to a lack of vegetation factors. Therefore, an empirical analysis tool was derived based on an existing relationship for estimation. This method was found to be the most effective in reproducing the annual and long-term streamflow. The incorporation of temporal changes in land cover and form in the approach enables the estimation of the possible impact of soil conservation measures (e.g., afforestation or terracing). The importance of adaptive land management strategies for mitigating water shortage and securing the water supply services on the Loess Plateau was highlighted.
A cross-sectoral view of the multiple services offered by managed ecosystems at different spatial scales under changing environments needs to be integrated to improve adaptive land management policy. In a water limited environment, such as the Loess Plateau, multiple ecosystem services including hydrological services need to be balanced with minimum trade-offs. This can only be achieved when management is based on a holistic understanding of the interdependencies among various ecosystem services and how they might change under alternative land management.
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Moulton, Ashley. "Short-term Effects of Nutrients on a Barrier Island Grassland Community." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4859.
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Increased nutrient availability globally has the potential to affect community functional composition of plants in nutrient limited environments, such as coastal grassland systems. Stability of these systems are threatened worldwide by urbanization, as well as effects of sea level rise and increased frequency and intensity of storms, and atmospheric N deposition, associated with climate change. Annual net primary productivity (ANPP), species composition, and functional traits (community weighted specific leaf area (CWSLA), leaf area index (LAI), growth form and photosynthetic pathway) were measured across four treatments to assess multiple resource limitation of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and functional community response in a coastal grassland on Hog Island, VA within the Virginia Coast Reserve, Long Term Ecological Research Network (LTER) applied at a rate of 10 g m-2 yr-1 Nutrient enrichment did not alter species diversity or richness. ANPP was highest in plots receiving any type of nitrogen enrichment, and was higher than expected of low nutrient systems. CWSLA was significantly higher in NP plots, and was lower than other grasslands. P treatments were not significantly different from controls. Graminoid species, specifically C4 species responded with higher ANPP than C3 forbs or graminoids within treatments. Evidence of synergistic NP effects were seen on community level resource allocation and leaf construction, but no significant species changes occurred over a 1-year time span. These results have expanded the knowledge of functional response to increased nutrient availability in an understudied, coastal grassland, which are at high risk to being lost to sea level rise and anthropogenic development and inform community assembly processes in stressful environments.
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Krispi, Eli M. "Go Farm, Goleta: Urban Agriculture Protection for Eastern Goleta Valley." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/575.
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This paper explores two potential land use planning strategies that can be used to preserve and enhance the economic viability of agricultural operations surrounded by suburban development in Santa Barbara County’s Eastern Goleta Valley: buffers between agriculture and other land uses, and agritourism. In the case of buffers, academic literature is examined to determine how effective buffers are at various tasks (filtering runoff, mitigating dust and wind, providing habitat, etc.) and how to construct buffers to maximize their effectiveness. Land use plans and codes from several California jurisdictions are studied to see how buffers are put to use. Academic literature is then reviewed to discover the benefits and potential drawbacks of agritourism to agricultural operations and the larger area. The zoning codes from the top five agritourism counties in California are evaluated to see how effective they are at facilitating five common agritourism uses; these best practices are then compared to the current zoning in Santa Barbara County. This paper concludes by summarizing the applicability of the literature and case studies to Eastern Goleta Valley, and proposes a new zoning designation and other policies to help maintain the urban agriculture operations. This new zoning designation includes a 30-foot minimum width for buffers and a three-tier categorization of land uses capable of promoting agritourism.
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Wilson, Phillip J. "Surface Mining in Van Buren County, Iowa: History and Consequences." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1332357832.
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Bertrand, Murielle. "La protection des sols dans le cadre de l'Union européenne." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3007.
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La protection des sols dans le cadre de l’Union européenne est loin d’être un thème insignifiant. Il est prétexte à une juste remise en cause des paradigmes qui structurent l’édifice politique et juridique de l’Union et qui, au fur et à mesure que les crises écologiques se précisent, se révèlent anachroniques. La protection des sols interroge, en premier lieu, notre rapport à l’espace, dans une Union morcelée par les frontières administratives, elle suggère un renforcement des solidarités écologiques entre les territoires et la reconnaissance de nouvelles responsabilités qui dérivent de l’exercice de la souveraineté, de l’usage du droit de propriété et de l’organisation des espaces et des zones environnementales. La protection des sols questionne notre rapport au temps, à plus forte raison, notre capacité à décider dans une perspective à long terme et non à court terme pour satisfaire des intérêts politiques, économiques ou sociaux immédiats. La protection des sols invite prestement à reconsidérer le postulat de la rationalité économique lequel sous-tend la plupart des politiques de l’Union. Enfin, la thématique Sol place l’Union face à l’un de ses plus grands défis, la sauvegarde des sols en tant que patrimoine naturel commun, et l’oblige à composer avec des réalités écologiques variées, une multitude de territoires et divers usages du sol sans jamais être tentée de renoncer à son engagement en faveur de la protection des sols<br>Soil protection within the European Union framework is far from being a minor issue. It is used as a justification to rightly reconsider paradigms which structure the political and legal edifice of the European Union and are proving to be anachronistic, as ecological crisis become more and more apparent. Soil protection first questions our relationship to space, and because the European Union is fragmented into administrative borders, it suggests a reinforcement of ecological solidarities between territories and acknowledgment of new responsibilities driven from the power of sovereignty, the right of ownership and the organization of space and environmental zones. Soil protection questions our relationship to time and even more so, our ability to make decisions within a long-term perspective - and not short-term perceptive - to satisfy political, economical or immediate social interests. Soil protection calls to quickly reconsider the economic rational assumption which underlies most politics of the European Union. Finally, the Soil thematic exposes the European Union to one of its biggest challenges; soil safeguarding as a common natural heritage and it forces the European Union to compose with varied ecological realities, a multitude of territories and diverse soil uses without ever being tempted to give up its commitment towards soil
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Siqueira, José Edson Oliveira. "Financeirização da economia e capital imobiliário no espaço agrário da Colônia Treze - Lagarto/SE." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2016. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5523.
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The crises which contemporary capitalism goes by reveal its contradictory face that is made in the midst of its own condition of existence as a system that reproduces itself through the accumulation of wealth. To think of crisis emerged from overaccumulation or capital surplus is to understand that there are contradictions that are deeply rooted in the very model of structure that it creates. The economic crisis in the United States in 2008 affected the real estate sector, raising new interests among the different agents of capital in the era of financialization of the economy - financial capital. It can be seen from then on that housing policy assumes an important role in capturing new spaces and, consequently, profit in order to remedy the impacts of the crisis. In this context, the rural environment of Colony Treze Village, located in the municipality of Lagarto, Sergipe state, has received housing projects to benefit the low income population through the Residential Lease Program through state action. The social use of land has received new contours, which influences the social use of agricultural land and its exchange value. We have the configuration of new spatial rearrangements in the region through the suppression of the rural habits and the entrance of urban equipment, once that the supranational organs need these rearrangements for the so called financialization of the economy. The land structure and land use in Brazil have been demostrated as structural components of the unequal distribution of social classes and configures the interests of the owners of the means of production as an instrument of socio-territorial control and maintenance of the economic system, supported by the contribution of the state machinery. Nowadays, the investments of the capital approach the countryside and the city, as a way to guarantee its amplified reproduction with the metamorphosis of the rural spaces, synthesis of the change in the use of the soil. The present research intends to reflect on the impacts of the 2008 crisis, through the current public housing policies; To analyze how these policies remodel the space of the referred Colony and how they affect the social use of the land. In order to fulfill these and other objectives, the specialized literature on the state of the art was read, associated to the critical reading of the empirical reality of the municipality of Lagarto; interviews; Photographic record of the study area. The collection of quantitative data was made at IBGE, at Ministry of Labor and Ministry of Agriculture, at the Municipal Health Secretariat and at Coopertreze (Mixed Cooperative Farmers of Treze Ltda). It can be seen that the housing policy, symbol of the financial capital in the midst of the crisis, has caused changes in the organizational structure of the place: change in the municipal legislation - creation of the area of urban expansion - to attend to the dictates of the real estate capital; Land valuation; Greater power of action of the financing bodies - banks; Change in work profile, less linkage to agricultural land and greater dependence on the secondary and tertiary sectors.<br>As crises por que passa o capitalismo contemporâneo revela sua face contraditória que se faz em meio a sua própria condição de existência como sistema que se reproduz através da acumulação de riqueza. Pensar em crise advinda da superacumulação ou do excedente de capital é compreender que existem contradições fortemente enraizadas no seio do próprio modelo de estrutura por ele criado. A crise econômica ocorrida nos Estados Unidos no ano de 2008 afetou o setor imobiliário, suscitando novos interesses entre os distintos agentes do capital na era da financeirização da economia - capital financeiro. Constata-se a partir de então que a política habitacional assume papel importante na captação de novos espaços e, consequentemente, de lucro para sanar os impactos da crise. Nesse contexto o meio rural do Povoado Colônia Treze, situado no município de Lagarto, estado de Sergipe, tem recebido projetos habitacionais para beneficiar a população de baixa renda pelo Programa de Arrendamento Residencial através da ação do Estado. O uso social da terra tem recebido novos contornos, o que influi no uso social da terra agrícola e no seu valor de troca. Tem-se a configuração de novos rearranjos espaciais na região a partir da supressão dos hábitos rurais e a entrada de equipamentos urbanos, como necessidade dos órgãos supranacionais com a chamada financeirização da economia. A estrutura fundiária e o uso da terra no Brasil tem se pautado como componentes estruturais da desigual distinção de classes sociais e configura os interesses dos proprietários dos meios de produção como instrumento de controle socioterritorial e manutenção do sistema econômico, tendo como aporte a máquina estatal. Atualmente as investidas do capital aproximam campo e cidade, como forma de garantir sua reprodução ampliada a partir da metamorfose nos espaços rurais, síntese da mudança no uso do solo. A presente investigação pretende refletir sobre os impactos da crise de 2008, através das atuais políticas públicas de habitação; analisar como tais políticas remodelam o espaço da referida Colônia e como afetam o uso social da terra. Para o cumprimento desses e de outros objetivos foram realizadas leitura da literatura especializada sobre o estado da arte, associados à leitura crítica da realidade empírica do município de Lagarto; entrevistas; registro fotográfico da/na área de estudo. A coleta de dados quantitativos fez-se junto ao IBGE, Ministério do Trabalho e Ministério da Agricultura, na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde e na Coopertreze (Cooperativa Mista dos Agricultores do Treze). Percebe-se que a política habitacional, símbolo do capital financeiro em meio a crise, tem causado mudanças na estrutura organizacional do lugar: mudança na legislação municipal – criação da área de expansão urbana - para atendimento aos ditames do capital fictício imobiliário; valorização fundiária; maior poder de atuação dos órgãos financiadores - bancos; alteração no perfil do trabalho, menor ligação com a terra agrícola e maior dependência do setor secundário e terciário.
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Cooper, Amanda. "Soil conservation policy in South Africa, 1910-1992 : the human dimension." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8664.
Full textAbstract:
The overwhelming focus of documentary sources indicate that traditional approaches to
land degradation and soil erosion in South Africa have focussed on the physical
dimension of the problem and the development of practical solutions to its reduction.
This study was undertaken from the viewpoint that this emphasis has resulted in the
neglect of other (for example, socio-political) aspects of soil erosion and that such
neglect has exacerbated the soil erosion problem manifest in South Africa. An
examination of the 'human dimension' of soil erosion in South Africa was therefore
undertaken through an analysis of soil conservation policy and legislation promulgated
to effect policy objectives between 1910 and 1992. Acknowledging that the policy
environment is influenced by factors within the economic, political, historical and
perceptual (all human) environments, as well as the natural environment, this study
attempts to integrate information relating to each of these parameters within the overall
framework of South African soil conservation policy. Particular emphasis is placed on
the role of environmental perception in the decision-making process, together with the
critical influence of intervening variables found to be operative within the perceptual
environment as represented in the South African context.
In the absence of substantive empirical data, this study posits a number of a priori
assumptions regarding the extent and causes of soil erosion, support for which was
initially derived from the extensive literature sources reviewed for the study. The basic
premise of this study is that soil erosion persists in South Africa, and despite
considerable government and public inputs and participation, and the existence of a
legislative machinery created specifically to address the problem, progress in promoting
soil conservation through implementation of specific measures has been slow.
Following a review of soil conservation policy and legislation up to 1992, it is further
submitted that factors other than legislative inadequacies could account for this problem
and therefore warrant particular and thorough investigation.
To this end, this work firstly describes the physical context within which South African
soil erosion occurs, followed by a brief appraisal of socio-economic and political
variables which together have shaped contemporary perceptions regarding the nature,
extent and causes of soil erosion in the country. A comprehensive review of relevant
policy and legislation in the period 1910-1992 was then undertaken by reference to
published and unpublished sources. The evolution of soil conservation policy in the
country was charted through reference to relevant legislation and parliamentary debate.
The temporal variation in the relative success of the policy and legislative enactments
was measured by reference to relevant indicators.
The adequacy of South African soil conservation (as indicated by four key legislative
enactments formulated to specifically address soil erosion) was evaluated using key
elements of the World Soils Policy as a baseline. Analysis of the Forest and Veld
Conservation Act of 1941, the Soil Conservation Act of 1946, the Soil Conservation
Act of 1969 and the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act of 1983, revealed a
clear evolutionary progression in which successive acts sought to build upon successes
and minimise the weaknesses of previous efforts. This analysis reveals marked
temporal variability in the extent to which each element is addressed and explores the
multi-environmental (political, social, historical, economic and perceptual) constraints
on attainment of all goals. This assessment permitted the compilation of, what the
author has termed the South African Policy Environment Model, which takes the form
of a working hypothesis.
This hypothesis was subsequently tested utilising the 103 responses obtained from a
postal questionnaire survey directed at 242 scientists, policy developers and
extensionists (representing a 43 per cent return), that is, those persons who either
currently or during the study period, were actively involved in the development of soil
erosion research and/or the implementation of conservation policy objectives.
In spite of the apparent effort by the South African government to address soil
conservation, contemporary opinion (according to documentary evidence) suggests that
the policies formulated have failed to attain soil conservation goals and reduce the
manifest extent and rate of land degradation in the country. This study broadly
concludes that such inefficacy of policy may be ascribed to:
1. lack of importance ascribed to soil
2. national level control
3. non-uniformity in application of law
4. inadequacies in the implementation of policy
5. paucity of information on real nature and extent of problem
6. perceptions in an uninformed environment.
The study furthermore submits that images concerning the realities of soil erosion are
shaped by perceptual filters and the value systems of individuals active in the soil
conservation arena, or more specifically, key players' perceptions regarding the causes,
extent and nature of the soil erosion problem, are what underpin and ultimately give rise
to the relative effectiveness of soil conservation strategies.
This study identifies a multiplicity of factors which operate within five dynamically
interative environments (the political, economic, historical, perceptual and natural
environments) considered influential in shaping the temporal (and spatial) variation in
the policy environment represented in this study. This examination of the
multidimensionality of soil erosion has led to the conclusion that in addition to the
problems broadly outlined above, soil erosion is also a problem of:
1. accountability;
2. focus;
3. priorities and government commitment;
4. situational incompatibility;
5. misinformed perceptions; and
6. timing.
It is submitted that lack of recognition of these inter- and intra-environment dynamics
could account for the relative inefficacy of soil conservation policy to promote the
sustained adoption of conservation practices. Such factors will in the past have been
overlooked due to the neglect of the 'human dimension' of the problem in South Africa
in the period under review.
It is believed that the measure of consensus derived from the results of this study,
reflects contemporary realities concerning the status of soil conservation in the country,
at least amongst those individuals most intimately involved in the development,
formulation and administration of soil conservation policy. As such it provides an
appropriate foundation upon which to base future policy decisions and more
importantly, to derive optimum compliance with conservation norms and standards of
practice amongst land users.
Only by recognising the multidimensionality of the soil conservation policy
environment and its components, can the past inefficacies be overcome. It is submitted
therefore that for South Africa to meet its challenges of the 21st century concerning the
conservation and sustainable utilisation of soil, the priority of policy developers must
be - the expedient adoption of a multi- and interdisciplinary approach to agricultural
resource management, with particular emphasis on its 'human dimension' .<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1996.
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Ko, Yung-Chuan, and 柯勇全. "Policy Implementation Analysis of the Designated Soil and Water Conservation Area." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20666641439948190767.
Full textAbstract:
博士<br>中興大學<br>水土保持學系所<br>95<br>Policy of “Designated Soil and Water Conservation Area, (DSWC Area)” Management has been carried out over 10 years since 1996. Today the authority has approved 2 “DSWC Area” for reservoir, 44 sites for debris flow, and 22 sites for landslide. However, due to the strict regulation on development activities in the “DSWC Area”, there are tremendous obstacles to the policy implementation. According to the experiences of other countries, the mitigation project along with the land-use regulation is the trend of the natural hazard mitigation. Coincidently policy of “DSWC Area” management is one of the very few policies which have the concept of the risk management.
This paper reviewed the policy of “DSWC Area” management via viewpoint of policy implementation. Firstly, based on the analytic approach of first generation policy implementation, we developed the analytic model for policy of “DSWC Area” management. We found 8 variables might affect the implementation of policy including the “policy target or activities can be categorized”, “clear goal”, “adequate causal theory”, “Hierarchical integration within and among implementating institutions”, ‘’social-economic conditions”, “public support”, “target group attitude and resources”, and “commitment and skills of the implementing officials”.
We also referred the experience of the hazard zone management in Austria and Japan, together with the theory of the natural hazard risk management, and developed the concept model of land-use management for natural hazard. The results showed the boundary of “DSWC Area” simultaneously covers the “natural hazard sensitive area” and “hazard zone” in spatial aspect. This would lead to the confusion in policy goal, risk responsibility and share. We suggested the authority should modify the spatial misuse via delimiting approach in short-term and amendment in long-term.
We also illustrated that the lack of the inducement and sanctions in the implementing process couldn’t diminish the zero-action and incomplete action. Therefore, the policy output might differ from the policy purpose. However, our survey showed agencies outside the implementing institutions demand the boundary of “DSWC Area” than the institutions which carried out the policy.
The field survey illustrated the general public believe that land-use regulation for natural hazard mitigation, but the target group who were regulated by policy showed the lower support on the same topic. This result was similar to the current social conditions. Moreover, public opinion believed that government should manage all the natural hazard mitigation issues.
We also carried out the field investigation in 41 “DSWC Area” which were not approved. According to the investigation, we developed the method for checking the protected targets, possibility of hazard, and tractability of control measures.
Finally, we believed that the proper definition of “DSWC Area” management is “the area may cause the hazard due to human or nature factors and harm to the public safety; and need mitigation project urgently” which is the concept similar to the natural hazard sensitive area. Because of the regulatory taking of the private property, the policy has to compensate to the loss of the property. However, we suggested amendment to “Soil and Water Conservation Act” should focus on a clear goal of “DSWC Area”. Nevertheless, we also indicated that the policy must request certain mitigation responsibility from beneficiary via the way of insurance or sharing the cost of mitigation project to avoid the “moral risk” in hazard zone.
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Benavides, Francisco. "Policy alternatives for balancing conservation and agricultural expansion in the tropics." 2005. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/umi-okstate-1541.pdf.
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40
HUANG, CHIN-SHAN, and 黃金山. "The Regulatory Policy and Policy Implementation of Designated soil and water conservation area in Taiwan:Case-study of Jhonggang River in Miaoli County." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/qv4p7y.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>中華大學<br>行政管理學系碩士班<br>101<br>Based on theories of new institutionalism, regulatory and public interest, literature survey, and in-depth interview, this research investigates four cases of the effect of policy compliance of the regulatory policy of “Designated Soil and Water Conservation (DSWC) area” in the Jhonggang River basin in Maioli. Three of the cases of the DSWCs are in Nanzhuang Township, and the fourth one is with a drinking water source quality protection area in Sanwan Township, Miaoli. Regulatory policy has its aims and procedure to enforce its mechanism, as well as to de-regulatory the specific area. The purposes of the target regulatory policy are to conserve soil and water resources, to reduce the possibility of disaster, to promote the reasonable land use, and to enhance people’s welfare.
This study found that consistence of the law, public interest, procedure to implement the policy, and policy compliance are important. Studying different case and the same case with different approach are recommended for future research.
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Lin, Hsin-Hua, and 林信華. "Discussion on the issue of police and Soil Conservation affairs." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21225731388939494266.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>水土保持學系所<br>103<br>Forest soil and water resources protection is everyone''s responsibility, the police authority with the implementation and Water Conservation Act related matters are also relevant norms, however, such laws and regulations can be corrected more complete, will enable to maintain the natural ecological environment and promote the welfare of mankind. Although the open mountain roads can be easily accessible, but also makes it more vulnerable to forest mountain offenders inappropriate development, such as land cleared for farming overrun use discovery, deforestation, excessive construction, excessive and indiscriminate abandoned burial and other violations of Soil and Water Conservation, hillside land that text, hydrological conditions and characteristics of the occurrence of great changes, when heavy rain occurs easily in water and soil and Hajime disaster, not only endanger the lives and property of the people, and caused the loss of state and the general public.
In recent decades, due to the extreme weather, resulting in increasingly frequent natural disasters, the threat of disaster scale and people''s lives and property suffered by the also growing. Because of gravel trucks play an important role in land development and coastal or river training works and even the formation of the black gold has been economic, but gravel trucks belong to the higher load carrying capacity and means of transport, earth and rock in the handling process, it could easily lead to speeding, overloading, leakage, severe pressure loss pavement, dusty roads and pollution, often resulting in major traffic accidents, resulting in very huge proportion of casualties, how to reduce the aforementioned issues, is currently the subject of urgency.
In this study, the implementation of existing laws and investigate surface found 2 paragraph 4 of Article 29 of the Road Traffic Regulations on Administrative Penalties "... car loaded with a cargo passing through the one kilometer road weighbridge premises and may force it to weigh ..." provisions of the non-existent, especially in if the platform from the downtown station 1 km to 3 km, it would be more realistic and the feasibility of implementing it have.
This provision has serious flaws because of its one kilometer and enforce its provisions have to weigh it and unreasonable, and because of a serious shortage of law enforcement equipment, and there is no statute mandated legal platform with the industry, often make gravel industry has drilled to find legal loopholes the opportunity, resulting in difficulties in the implementation of the law enforcement units, besides the above provisions nor the principle of proportionality. Nevin then for like as analysis on soil and water conservation and police affairs and responsibilities of the Executive "mountain inventory" and to explore the use of case studies, and then to make recommendations and to amend the relevant laws and regulations as the.
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Kambauwa, Gertrude J. "A policy implementation analysis of soil conservation practices by shallholder farmers in the Blantyre agricultural development division of Malawi." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4165.
Full textAbstract:
Agriculture contributes about 70 percent of Malawi's Gross Domestic Product and sustains the livelihood of over 85 percent of the rural population. Soil erosion, which has reached alarming proportions, is threatening this resource base. Despite being rated the most serious environmental problem, soil erosion research lags behind in the listing of agricultural research priorities, particularly with regard to factors influencing the implementation of soil conservation policy and legislation. This study aimed to assess the impact of such policy implementation on smallholder farmer soil conservation practices. A postal, self administered, structured questionnaire was used to interview twenty-three farmers and fourteen agricultural extension staff members. The questions were designed to assess the influence of their perceptions of soil erosion as a problem and its causes. They also sought to assess how effectively relevant policy had been implemented before and after independence. Socio-economic information was additionally elicited from the farmers. After preliminary
analysis of these questionnaires, ten days was spent in the field verifying data collected. A Spearman's Rank correlation analysis at 95 percent confidence level was carried out between various components of the farmers' socioeconomic profile data and their responses to the perception questions. Perceptions regarding different aspects of soil erosion and conservation were found to be influenced by the sex, age and educational level of respondents. The study revealed that both farmers and extension staff perceived soil erosion as a problem, had a sound knowledge of the mechanics of the process and attributed it to anthropogenic factors. While both farmers and extension staff attributed declining yields and fertility to accelerated soil erosion, they appeared to have difficulty in identifying physical indicators of such activity
in the field. The study also revealed that both believed the top-down approach of the pre-independence period and the post-independence to 1990 period, had been partially effective. Since 1990, policy implementation has become more effective as a result of a more democratic governance and increased extension staff awareness of sustainability concepts which stress the need to incorporate the aspirations of farmers in a bottom-up implementation. This awareness led to the formulation of a new soil and water conservation policy in 1996 which ensures the voices of decision makers are taken into account in policy review. Once legislated, this policy bodes well for further improvements in soil conservation efforts in Malawi. However, the study also revealed that effective implementation of this policy will be dependent on the government providing adequate support and skills to both extension staff and farmers.<br>Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
43
Cowan, Jennifer Sunshine Ponder. "Environmental justice after hurricane Katrina a Delphi approach to determining the ethics and future of public housing polices in New Orleans /." 2009. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/Cowan_okstate_0664D_10433.pdf.
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"COSTS, BENEFITS, AND BARRIERS TO THE ADOPTION AND RETENTION OF SHELTERBELTS IN PRAIRIE AGRICULTURE AS IDENTIFIED BY SASKATCHEWAN PRODUCERS." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2014-12-1903.
Full textAbstract:
The role of shelterbelts within prairie agriculture is changing. In the past, shelterbelts have been promoted and adopted for soil stabilization and their ability to protect farmsteads and livestock from harsh prairie climates. In today’s agricultural landscape advances in production technology, an increase in farm size, and changes to policy have changed the circumstances in which decisions related to shelterbelts are made. The objective of this research is to identify the costs, benefits and the barriers to adoption and retention of shelterbelts that influence agricultural producers and landowners’ management decisions related to shelterbelts in the Canadian Prairies. In the summer of 2013, surveys of producers and landowners from throughout the province of Saskatchewan (and several from Alberta) were conducted. Using the information collected in the surveys, the costs and benefits (both economic and non-economic), and potential barriers to adoption and retention of shelterbelts that influence producer’s management decisions were identified and analyzed. This research identified that overall shelterbelts removal is increasing and that there are many barriers to adoption and retention for agricultural producers related to the economic costs. In addition, it was found that many of the benefits of shelterbelts are non-economic and more difficult for producers and landowners to recognize within their operations. Going forward, shelterbelts have the potential to play a major role in climate change mitigation by sequestering significant amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) into the soil and as biomass carbon in aboveground and belowground parts of planted shelterbelt trees or shrubs within the agricultural landscape. In addition, shelterbelts provide many ecological goods and services to landowners and society. In conclusion, understanding the context in which producers are making decisions related to shelterbelts within their operations is important from an agricultural production, climate change, and policy perspective.
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Lunter, Sheila M. "The uptake of science into policy-making : a case study of salt risk mapping and its influence on the National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151177.
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Pena, Edília Maria Almeida. "O ordenamento do território e a revisão dos Planos Diretores Municipais : execução e equidade." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/11797.
Full textAbstract:
Orientação: Fernanda Paula Oliveira<br>A problemática da execução de planos municipais e o desfasamento existente entre o planeado e o executado é uma realidade que caracteriza o sistema de planeamento em Portugal. Os planos municipais, designadamente os Planos Diretores Municipais, não se podem limitar a meros instrumentos de natureza normativa nos quais temos inevitavelmente que enquadrar as dinâmicas territoriais em constante mutação. Constituem-se antes como importantes instrumentos de ordenamento e análise prospetiva, no desenvolvimento de um território que se quer capaz de antecipar mudanças de paradigma, equacionar e dar resposta às profundas transformações de natureza económica, social ou tecnológica.
Reconhecendo-se a importância de uma intervenção territorial planeada e processando-se a realidade a um ritmo cada vez mais acelerado, para o sucesso de implementação do plano, evidencia-se premente a necessidade de alinhar os instrumentos de gestão territorial com o ritmo dessas transformações, promovendo simultaneamente uma proposta de ordenamento mais equitativa. Neste âmbito assume particular relevância a salvaguarda de aspetos relativos à estratégia, os critérios de classificação do solo enquanto substrato base, bem como a adoção de soluções que preconizem ajustes do modelo de ordenamento, numa perspetiva menos rígida e mais flexível.
Quase duas décadas passaram após a introdução da perequação no enquadramento legal, com o propósito de promover a justa repartição de benefícios e encargos decorrentes da proposta de planos territoriais. Os Planos Diretores Municipais recentemente publicados têm recorrentemente remetido a execução para Planos de Pormenor, Planos de Urbanização ou Unidades de Execução. Mas serão estes mecanismos de execução ou instrumentos à espera de intervenção? Serão instrumentos capaz garantir a equidade no ordenamento do território à escala municipal? A abordagem é efetuada a partir da análise crítica ao quadro legal, às propostas de PDM recentemente publicados e ao estudo de caso do PDM de Sintra.
A legislação tem vindo reforçar os instrumentos equitativos abrindo a possibilidade de estabelecer mecanismos destinados a compensar a proteção de interesses gerais, como seja o contributo dos ecossistemas, prevendo neste âmbito a transferência de edificabilidade. A análise ao estudo de caso releva os possíveis impactos que tal opção pode representar, num território heterogéneo, considerando-se indispensável o papel regulador do município. Conclui-se que para tornar o ordenamento do território na revisão dos PDM mais exequível e equitativo tem de existir flexibilidade e alargamento da abrangência dos instrumentos equitativos, integrando na equação as questões da remuneração dos ecossistemas.<br>The problematic of municipal plans execution and the gap between the planned and the executed is a reality that characterizes the planning system in Portugal. Municipal plans, such as the Municipal Master Plans, can´t be limited to mere instruments of a normative nature in which we inevitably have to frame the ever-changing territorial dynamics. Rather, they are important instruments of planning and prospective analysis, in the development of a territory that is capable of anticipating paradigm changes, equating and responding to the profound transformations of an economic, social or technological nature.
Recognizing the importance of a planned territorial intervention and the increasingly accelerated pace at which reality is processed, it is urgent for the successful implementation of the plan to align the instruments of territorial management with the pace of these transformations, while promoting a more equitable planning proposal. In this context, it is particularly important to safeguard aspects of the strategy, the soil classification criteria as the base substrate, and the adoption of solutions that recommend adjustments of the planning model, in a less rigid and more flexible perspective.
Almost two decades have passed since the introduction of equalization in the legal framework, with the purpose of promoting the fair distribution of benefits and burdens arising from the proposed territorial plans. The recently published Municipal Director Plans have repeatedly resubmitted execution for detailed plans, urbanization plans or execution units. But are these real mechanisms of execution or instruments waiting for intervention? Are these instruments capable of guaranteeing fairness in the planning of the territory at the municipal level? The approach is based on a critical analysis of the legal framework, the recently published PDM proposals and the Sintra PDM case study.
Recent legislation also strengthens the focus of equitable instruments, opening up the possibility of establishing mechanisms to compensate the protection of general interests, such as the contribution of ecosystems, providing for the transfer of buildability. The analysis to the case study highlights the possible impacts that such an option may represent in a heterogeneous territory, considering that the regulatory role of the municipality is indispensable. It is concluded that in order to make land-use planning in the PDM review more feasible and equitable, there must be flexibility and widness the equitable instrument’s scope, integrating the issues of ecosystem remuneration into the equation.
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KULICH, Petr. "Zpracování studie revitalizace malého vodního toku." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-320510.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is to prepare a design for the revitalization measures of Biřkovský stream including a design for polders "Karlovka and Niva". The designed measures should protect the village Biřkov from flash floods and enhance further increase of both water management and ecological stability of the basin. The solution is based on the assessment of hydrological, pedological, hydrogeological and vegetation docementation as well as the results of a detailed field survey of the area which is also reported in this thesis.
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Alves, Demétrio Carlos. "Práticas de Ordenamento do Território na Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (AML) - Vicissitudes e Limitações." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/99216.
Full textAbstract:
Existem na Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (AML) problemas de ordenamento do
território e da urbanização dos territórios, caracterizáveis por excessos, carências,
explosões, disfuncionalidades, agravos ambientais e iniquidades socioeconómicas
sobretudo quanto à edificação e promoção habitacional. Problemas que têm sido alvo de
nominação critica durante muitas décadas. Estabeleceu-se a ideia que aponta para uma
pertinaz incapacidade das administrações públicas, central e municipal, para atuarem
corretivamente.
Na investigação agora materializada em tese, pretendeu-se clarificar as raízes de
tão arrastada ineficácia e colocar o acento naquilo que se considera ser uma insuficiência
de diagnóstico, e que, por isso, vem determinando terapêuticas ineficazes. Recorreu-se a
uma metodologia mista, por aplicação de técnicas quantitativas (homologias estruturais)
e instrumentos qualitativos (métodos funcionais ou weberianos).
As causas explicativas dos problemas têm-se centrado numa designada
insuficiência de planeamento territorial, bem como na ineficiência da administração/
gestão urbanística. Contudo, o (des)ordenamento e o mau urbanismo, em particular
quando é a questão habitacional que se analisa, terão no seu cerne a forma de propriedade
do solo, a exploração insustentável deste recurso vital e a apropriação privada das maisvalias
derivadas dos usos dos territórios, em particular nos espaços urbanos.
Tem abundado a aparência regulamentadora e falha a capacidade de regulação
socioeconómica da edificação e promoção imobiliária. Houve habitação social, mas
inexistiu uma política social para a habitação. Num setor económico com evidentes falhas
de mercado e nuclear interesse público, é fundamental, para além das técnicas de
planeamento, uma vertente de regulação socioeconómica forte.
A clara definição dos deveres e direitos, públicos e privados, quanto ao modo de
ocupar territórios e fazer a cidade, devem estar a montante, implicando um competente
conhecimento objetivo da situação fundiária. Querendo falar-se em planeamento e gestão
territorial, então, estes instrumentos serão eficazes na medida que estejam integrados em
coerentes políticas públicas para o solo e para as vertentes fiscais, financeiras e
infraestruturais correlacionadas. E, do ponto de vista aqui defendido, encimadas pelo
interesse público e pelo direito à Habitação constitucionalmente consagrado no Art.º 65º,
sem esquecer os direitos e deveres relativos ao Ambiente e Qualidade de Vida (Art.º 66º)
e o direito à propriedade privada (Art.º 61º).<br>In the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon (AML) there are problems with spatial
planning and urbanization of territories, characterized by excesses, deficiencies,
explosions, dysfunctionalities, environmental problems and socioeconomic inequities,
especially regarding housing construction and promotion. Problems that have been the
target of critical nomination for many decades. The idea was established that points to a
pertinent inability of the public administrations, central and municipal, to act correctly.
The investigation, now materialized in a thesis, intends to clarify the roots of such
a long-standing ineffectiveness and to place the accent on what is an insufficiency of
diagnosis, which, therefore, has determined ineffective therapies. A mixed methodology
was used, using quantitative techniques (structural homologies) and qualitative
instruments (functional or Weberian methods).
The explanatory causes of the problems have centered on a so-called
insufficiency of territorial planning, as well as on the low level of public urban
administration/management. However, (un) planning and bad urbanism, particularly
when it is the housing issue that is being analyzed, will have at its heart the form of
land ownership, the unsustainable exploitation of this vital resource and the private
appropriation of the capital gains derived from uses of territories, particularly in urban
spaces.
The regulatory appearance has abounded and the capacity for socio-economic
regulation of building and property development has failed. There was social housing,
but there was no social policy for housing. In an economic sector with evident market
failures and nuclear public interest, in addition to planning techniques, a strong socioeconomic
regulation aspect is fundamental.
The clear definition of duties and rights, public and private, as to how to occupy
territories and make the city, must be upstream, implying a competent objective
knowledge of the land situation. Wanting to talk about planning and territorial
management, then, these instruments will be effective insofar as they are integrated in
coherent public policies for the soil and for the related fiscal, financial and
infrastructural aspects. And, from the point of view defended here, surmounted by the
public interest and the right to housing constitutionally enshrined in Art. 65, without
forgetting the rights and duties relating to the Environment and Quality of Life (Art.
66) and the right to property private (Art. 61).