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Journal articles on the topic 'Soil analysis'
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1
Baldrian, P. "Microbial enzyme-catalyzed processes in soils and their analysis." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 9 (October 14, 2009): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/134/2009-pse.
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Currently, measuring enzyme activities in soils or other lignocellulose-based materials is technically feasible; this measurement is particularly suitable for evaluating soil processes of biopolymer (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, chitin and others) degradation by microbes and for assessing cycling and mobilization of principal nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. With some considerations, assay methods can provide reliable information on the concentration of enzymes in soil or the rates of enzyme-catalyzed processes. Enzyme analyses in recent studies demonstrated a high level of spatial variability of soil enzyme activity both in depth and in space. The vertical gradients of enzyme activities are most developed in forest soils. Furthermore, enzyme activity in soils is regulated by seasonally-dependent variables such as temperature, moisture and the input of fresh litter. While several enzymes are widely produced by different groups of soil microorganisms, some of them can be used as indicators of the presence or activity of specific microbial taxa.
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Saeed, Iftikhar Ahmed, Minjuan Wang, Yanzhao Ren, Qinglan Shi, Muhammad Hammad Malik, Sha Tao, Qiang Cai, and Wanlin Gao. "Performance analysis of dielectric soil moisture sensor." Soil and Water Research 14, No. 4 (October 9, 2019): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/74/2018-swr.
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Soil moisture (SM) varies greatly in the soil profile. We developed a low-cost sensor for SM monitoring at three vertical depths. The sensor function was based on dielectric theory to monitor SM. Three linear calibration models were established using different soils. The sensor for each depth showed acceptable statistics of validations. The linear fit coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) ranged from 0.95 to 0.99. Root mean square error (RMSE) ranged from 1.35 to 4.30. The sensor performed consistently for at least 4 months, and is suitable for continuous monitoring of in situ SM and irrigation scheduling.
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Šarapatka, B., M. Bednář, and P. Novák. "Analysis of soil degradation in the Czech Republic: GIS approach." Soil and Water Research 5, No. 3 (September 16, 2010): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/487-swr.
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In our work, we have evaluated the available data on the individual types of soil damage, which has been processed in the Czech Republic in recent decades. The individual types of degradation (water erosion, wind erosion, soil compaction, extreme soils (clay soils), loss of organic matter, acidification, dryness impact, and intoxication) were classified in one of three groups: physical degradation, desertification and chemical degradation. Each type of degradation was assigned a specific weight reflecting the importance of this kind of soil degradation. The maps of individual areas of degradation were processed by overlay and assigning weighting techniques in ArcView Spatial Analyst GIS environment to create the final maps for each class of the degradation threat. The same technique was used to create the final map showing the most troubled areas in the Czech Republic, threatened by soil damage.
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Ivanyuk, Halyna. "Analysis of “Systematics of Polish Soils”." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 44 (November 28, 2013): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.44.1210.
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The “Systematics of Polish Soils” (SgP, 2011) is very close to WRB and “Soil Taxonomy”. The morphological characteristics of the soils, investigated in the field, rather than soil genesis are diagnostic criteria. The main provisions of the new “Systematics”, properties of soils of higher taxonomic levels have been reviewed. Some diagnostic horizons, which were not borrowed from other classifications, have been described. We tried to find equivalents in the Ukrainian classification for some soils names. The correlation of Poland soils and WRB has been analyzed. Key words: Systematics of Polish Soils, classification, order, soil type, diagnostic horizon, WRB.
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Michal, Dohnal, Dušek Jaromír, Vogel Tomáš, and Herza Jiří. "Analysis of Soil Water Response to Grass Transpiration." Soil and Water Research 1, No. 3 (January 7, 2013): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6510-swr.
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This paper focuses on numerical modelling of soil water movement in response to the root water uptake that is driven by transpiration. The flow of water in a lysimeter, installed at a grass covered hillslope site in a small headwater catchment, is analysed by means of numerical simulation. The lysimeter system provides a well defined control volume with boundary fluxes measured and soil water pressure continuously monitored. The evapotranspiration intensity is estimated by the Penman-Monteith method and compared with the measured lysimeter soil water loss and the simulated root water uptake. Variably saturated flow of water in the lysimeter is simulated using one-dimensional dual-permeability model based on the numerical solution of the Richards’ equation. The availability of water for the root water uptake is determined by the evaluation of the plant water stress function, integrated in the soil water flow model. Different lower boundary conditions are tested to compare the soil water dynamics inside and outside the lysimeter. Special attention is paid to the possible influence of the preferential flow effects on the lysimeter soil water balance. The adopted modelling approach provides a useful and flexible framework for numerical analysis of soil water dynamics in response to the plant transpiration.
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Miltenyi, Gregory P. L., Malte C. Ebach, and John Triantafilis. "Assessing the Australian Soil Classification using cladistic analysis." Soil Research 53, no. 7 (2015): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14323.
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The Australian Soil Classification (ASC) has its roots in both the Handbook of Australian Soils and the Factual Key. The scheme’s use of mutually exclusive characteristics has led to Soil Orders containing a diverse range of soils, such as the Dermosols. The extent of these groupings has resulted in classes of soils sharing greater relationships with soils from other classes than they do with soils in the same class. Situations such as this arise from artificial classifications and highlight the need for natural classifications. Natural classifications accurately represent what is occurring in nature and are desirable because they represent evidence of a common history, process or mechanism. This study uses cladistics, a robust biological method that uncovers natural classifications, to assess the naturalness of the ASC. The analysis has the secondary aims of identifying natural soil orders and establishing which characters and tiers require revision. Two measures commonly used in cladistics, consistency index (CI) and retention index (RI), are used along with confidence levels generated by bootstrapping. The cladistic analysis undertaken consisted of coding 113 morphological and non-morphological characters used to identify 13 of the 14 Soil Orders in ASC into binary and multi-state matrices and analysis using a parsimony cladistic algorithm. The results suggest that, because of its low CI (0.196), the ASC is not a natural classification. However, certain Soil Orders of Organosols, Podosls and Vertosols, which all registered high CI, are natural. The analysis also indicated which soil morphological characters and Soil Orders require revision in order to make the ASC more natural, namely, soil colour and characters located in the Great Groups as well as Soil Orders such as Chromosols, Ferrosols and Dermosols. We conclude that cladistics offers a new avenue in discerning relationships between soils and in assessing the accuracy of, and identifying where improvements can be made in, the classifications used to identify them.
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Brammer, H., Francis D. Hole, and James B. Campbell. "Soil Landscape Analysis." Geographical Journal 155, no. 1 (March 1989): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/635403.
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Koeppel, H. W. "Soil landscape analysis." Landscape and Urban Planning 13 (January 1986): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(86)90047-2.
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Patil, Rohit, Ashwini Biradar, and Dinesh Nalage. "Soil microbiome analysis." Microenvironment and Microecology Research 5, no. 2 (2023): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.53388/mmr2023007.
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Janaki Rama Suresh, G., K. Sreenivas, and R. Sivasamy. "Hyperspectral analysis of clay minerals." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-443-2014.
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A study was carried out by collecting soil samples from parts of Gwalior and Shivpuri district, Madhya Pradesh in order to assess the dominant clay mineral of these soils using hyperspectral data, as 0.4 to 2.5 μm spectral range provides abundant and unique information about many important earth-surface minerals. Understanding the spectral response along with the soil chemical properties can provide important clues for retrieval of mineralogical soil properties. The soil samples were collected based on stratified random sampling approach and dominant clay minerals were identified through XRD analysis. The absorption feature parameters like depth, width, area and asymmetry of the absorption peaks were derived from spectral profile of soil samples through DISPEC tool. The derived absorption feature parameters were used as inputs for modelling the dominant soil clay mineral present in the unknown samples using Random forest approach which resulted in kappa accuracy of 0.795. Besides, an attempt was made to classify the Hyperion data using Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) algorithm with an overall accuracy of 68.43 %. Results showed that kaolinite was the dominant mineral present in the soils followed by montmorillonite in the study area.
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Jiang, Xinmei, Jiaye Lyu, and Hao Tang. "Differential Analysis of Biochar Effects on Soil Physicochemical Properties." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 26 (December 30, 2022): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v26i.3635.
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For a long time, because of China’s large population and small per capita resource occupancy, the use of natural resources is unreasonable. Soil degradation problem due to the long-term irrational utilization of land resources is becoming more and more serious, which seriously damaging the ecological environment and hindering China’s modernization process. Facing the problem of soil remediation, biochar technology has become a research hotspot because of its advantages of green environmental protection, low cost, high efficiency, and wide application. And black soil in northeast China and southern region of red soil as important soil types of agroforestry in China, over the years have experienced serious soil degradation crisis. In this paper, black soil and red soil are selected as research objects to explore the impact of biochar on the physical and chemical properties of the two soils. This paper intends to use the methods of investigation and analysis, and comparison in many aspects. Through the study, it was found that the application of biochar had the same trend of influence on the organic carbon content and C/N ratio of the two soils, but the index of black soil increased more significantly. The change trend of soil bulk density and pH was also consistent with the application of biochar, and the difference was not significant. The effects of biochar applied to the two soils on greenhouse gas emissions were quite different. The soil health of black soil and red soil is of great significance in China’s agricultural production and life. This paper expects to bring reference value to the improvement of the overall soil function and the promotion of ecological restoration process of China’s biochar modification work for different soil types in the north and south, by comparing the impact of biochar on the physical and chemical properties of the two soils. A better soil improvement program can be obtained after comparative analysis, so as to provide suggestions on sustainable development and comprehensively promote ecological construction.
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Neagu, Anisoara-Arleziana, Alina Soceanu, and Semaghiul Birghila. "Analysis of Soils Parameters in Correlation with Vegetation Period." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 9 (September 5, 2020): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.9.8331.
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Soil is a complex ecosystem whose functionality is related to the links that exist between chemical, physical, biological parameters and microbial communities. Our purpose was to carry out an analysis of variance of chemical properties of the soil in relation to the vegetation period. The analysis of the soil gives us knowledge about the fertility status of the soil, which is closely related to the nutritional status of plants. The analysis involved urban soil, agricultural soil and greenhouse soil from Dobrogea area. Soil samples come from the urban area: Constanta, agricultural area: Ciocarlia de Sus and greenhouse:Cumpana. To estimate the seasonal changes in the soil, three periods were studied: before vegetation (sowing), after the vegetation period (harvesting), relative rest period (winter). The chemical parameters evaluated were: soil reaction pH (acidity degree), conductivity - as an indicator of the nutrients available in the soil (soluble salts), ion exchange capacity (cations and anions), organic matter (humus), nitrogen content (total nitrogen and nitrites), the amount of extractable iron. The pH values were in the range corresponding to the weak acid-neutral soil for all three types of sample soils, with slight variations from one period to another while the recorded conductivity values indicate that the analyzed soils belong to the category of non-saline soils. The analyzed soil samples presented low concentrations of nitrites and the assimilable iron content was in the range 48.81 - 259.12 ppm.
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Prasanna, Shwetha. "Analysis of Hydraulic Properties of Indian Forest Soil." Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction 7, no. 1 (February 24, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jcec.2018.7.1.12.
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Soils are a product of the factors of formation and continuously change over the earth’s surface. The analysis of the spatial variability of soil properties is important for land management and construction of an ecological environment. Soils are characterized by high degree of spatial variability due to the combined effect of physical, chemical or biological processes that operate with different intensities and at different scales. The spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties helps us to find the subsurface flux of water. The most frequently used hydraulic properties are soil water retention curve and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Both these hydraulic properties exhibit a high degree of spatial and temporal variability. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the spatial variability of hydraulic properties of forest soils of Pavanje river basin. Correlation analysis technique has been used to analyze various soil properties. Spatial variability of the forested hillslope soils at different depths varied considerably among the soil hydraulic properties. The spatial variability of water retention at all the different pressure head is low at the top layers, and increases towards the bottom layers. The saturated hydraulic conductivity is almost same in the top layers, but more in the bottom layers of forest soil.
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Zhou, Yu-feng, Nan Zhang, Weizheng Han, Qing-qing Li, Cheng-ya, and Na Li. "Analysis of Onshore and Offshore Soils in the Lower Xiangjiang River." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2224, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2224/1/012072.
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Abstract The soil on the west bank of the Xiangjiang River in the main urban area of Changsha, Hunan Province is referred to as shore soil, and the soil on the mid-levels of the Yuelu Mountains in Changsha is referred to as offshore soil. To stabilise the heavy metals in the soils, which do not readily migrate by pyrolysis, these soil samples were heated at 450°C for 3 hours in a muffle furnace and removed after natural cooling. These heated and stabilised soils were analysed by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), scanning electron microscopy (EMS) and XRD diffractometry respectively. It can be found that: (1) There is a difference in the heavy metal content between the shoreline soil and the offshore soil of the Xiangjiang River. (2) The scanning electron microscope shows that the microstructure of the soil is altered by prolonged river water infiltration and washing. (3) Both onshore and offshore soils are a mixture of crystalline and non-crystalline materials, with less non-crystalline material in the onshore soil compared to the offshore soil. (4) The main crystalline material in both onshore and offshore soils is SiO2.(5) Soil samples containing metallic elements are mostly in non-crystalline form.
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Kim, Bogyung, Jiin Jeong, and Taeseon Yoon. "Analysis of Soil-Borne Wheat Mosaic Virus and Soil-Borne Cereal Mosaic Virus using Datamining." International Journal of Pharma Medicine and Biological Sciences 6, no. 1 (2017): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijpmbs.6.1.11-15.
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Bořivoj, Šarapatka, Bednář Marek, and Netopil Patrik. "Multilevel soil degradation analysis focusing on soil erosion as a basis for agrarian landscape optimization." Soil and Water Research 13, No. 3 (July 2, 2018): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/118/2017-swr.
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The article demonstrates a multilevel method of soil degradation analysis on land within South Moravia (Czech Republic (CZ)), in the Hodonín region, which is among the highest producing agricultural regions in CZ. The analysis takes a top-down approach, from a regional scale, through cadastres, to individual blocks of land. In the initial (rough) phase, selection was based on the Soil Degradation Model created for the Czech Republic, which classifies the extent of soil degradation to a cadastral level. Within the chosen region, the Čejkovice cadastre is the most burdened in terms of the combination of various degradation factors, and was therefore chosen for a further level of analysis in the form of remote sensing. The results of remote sensing and image classification identify areas with a high level of water erosion, which is the most significant degradation factor within CZ. Pedological research was then carried out in these identified areas. The results of both approaches were compared, and showed significant differences between erosional areas and depositional areas of slopes, which confirms their suitability for the given form of research and analysis. A combination of the given general (Degradation Model) and more detailed methods (erosion modelling, image classification and soil sample analysis) can find practical application in the optimization of farm production in the rural landscape.
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Hedley, Carolyn, Pierre Roudier, and Lionel Maddi. "VNIR Soil Spectroscopy for Field Soil Analysis." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 46, sup1 (December 8, 2014): 104–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2014.988582.
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Rosalina, Febrianti, and Sukmawati Sukmawati. "Soil Fertility Analysis with Soil Microorganism Indicators." Bioscience 6, no. 2 (November 29, 2022): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/0202262116811-0-00.
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Švec, O., L. Bílek, J. Remeš, and Z. Vacek. "Analysis of operational approach during forest transformation in Klokočná Range, Central Bohemia." Journal of Forest Science 61, No. 4 (June 3, 2016): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/102/2014-jfs.
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Afforestation of agricultural lands may be in many cases a positive step. Especially, it is a beneficial with waterlogged soils, stony soils or for soils which are for any other reason less fertile and unsuitable for farming. Even too in the agricultural landscape, afforestation can be very important by the breaking of large farm blocks by windbreakers and bio-corridors. The value, quality and fertility of soil can be assessed in different ways. The aim of this study is to determine the criteria for the identification of agricultural land suitable for afforestation. This evaluation process is based on Evaluated Soil Ecological Units (BPEJ) that are publicly available and already processed for all agricultural land. The results are represented by complete list of Evaluated Soil Ecological Units that are suitable for afforestation with stating the reason why they were chosen.
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Haskevych, Oksana. "ANALYSIS OF SOIL COVER MEZOSTRUCRURES OF AGROLANDSCAPES OF PASMOVE POBUZHZHYA." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 84-85 (2022): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2022.85.4.
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Under the influence of anthropogenic stress, soil cover undergoes significant transformations, which become apparent in its structure changes. The analysis of the mesostructured contrast of the soil agrarian landscape will allow us to duly detect the areas of agrogenic heterogeneity intensification and introduce measures to prevent soil mantle deterioration, which today is a necessary condition for the sustainable use of soils. The object of research is soil mesocombinations of the Pasmove Pobuzhzhia agro landscapes – the region of intensive agricultural use. The study was conducted in an attempt to establish the reasons for the contrast formation of the soil cover mesocombinations, determine the partial coefficients and the integral contrast index, and group the soil combinations according to these indicators. Comparative geographical, field-map metric, and calculation methods were used for the research. A soil map on a scale of 1:10,000 was taken as the cartographic base for the research. The soil cover of Pasmove Pobuzhzhia is formed by automorphic (grey forest, dark grey podzols, sod-carbonate), semi-hydromorphic (meadow), and hydromorphic (swampy, swampy-meadow, peatland) soils. In the structure of the soil landscape under study, the variations, combinations, soil associations, and mosaics are highlighted. The main factors determining the formation of the soil mantle contrast of mesocombinations are the genetic heterogeneity of the soils, the different granulometric composition and the level of denuded soil. The division of soil combinations into groups according to the degree of contrast and the number of factors determining it is proposed. It has been established that the soil variations are characterized by a minimum integral contrast index (45.25-49.6 %). This type of soil combinations contrast is formed almost exclusively due to the development of erosion processes and the formation of denuded to different extent soils (single-factor contrast). The combinations and soil associations contrast is much higher than that of variations. Soil combinations, it is formed under the influence of erosion processes and the genetic heterogeneity of soils. It has been stated that as for the combinations, the partial coefficients of genetic contrast fluctuate within wider limits (7.9¬29.2 %) than the coefficients according to the degree of soil erosion (53.6-66.1 %). For soil associations, contrast is formed due to genetic heterogeneity and granulometric composition. According to the number of factors, it is proposed to consider the contrast of combinations and soil associations as two-factor. Even though mosaics are classified as medium-contrast combinations, the value of the integral contrast index approaches the range of high-contrast combinations. Their contrast is multifactorial, i.e. caused by all the listed factors. Regarding the findings of the study, it has been stated that water erosion processes are the main factor in the soil cover contrast formation in the agro-landscapes of Pasmove Pobuzhzhia. The temporal dynamics analysis of the soil cover contrast indicators will allow us not only to identify the areas of the most important implementation of soil protection measures but also to evaluate their effectiveness.
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Zádorová, T., L. Brodský, and M. Rohošková. "Soil-terrain modelling and erosion analysis at field scale level, a case study." Soil and Water Research 4, No. 2 (June 16, 2009): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/45/2008-swr.
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Pedometrical methods and digital soil mapping represent a progressive approach to the evaluation of various terrain-related soil processes. A detailed digital terrain model was used for the analysis of erosion – sedimentation situation and description of specific soil properties at meso-relief scale. A study plot in Central Bohemia (area 4 ha) with highly diversified geological conditions was chosen for the study combining digital modelling with a detailed terrain survey and laboratory analysis. The curvature and topographic wetness index values were the main features for the accumulation and soil loss areas evaluation. The terrain survey and DTM results corresponded in the case of the soil cover structure and soil depth, showing a vast impact of accelerated water erosion and direct tillage erosion on the soil redistribution. In the concave and base slope positions, colluvial soils were identified, while Regosols with A–C profile stratigraphy form in the upper convex parts of the study plot. Particular soil properties distribution (pH, organic carbon content, texture) is, besides erosion, significantly influenced by parent rock variation and the relation to the terrain characteristics is less distinctive. The study showed a significant impact of the terrain properties on the general material redistribution and the possibility of soil cover structure prediction in areas with complicated geological conditions.
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Budianto, Eko, Dina Limbong Pamuttu, Simon Tatai, Daud Andang Passalli, and Hairulla Hairulla. "Analysis of Unconfined Compressive Strength in Clay Mixed with Sand." E3S Web of Conferences 328 (2021): 10009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132810009.
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Clay soils are soils that have high shrinkage potential and have good carrying capacity in water unsaturated conditions but poor in water-saturated conditions. Clay soil has a low carrying capacity, so to increase the carrying capacity of the soil it needs to be stabilized by using an added material which is sand. Land used for 100% disturbed soil, 95% disturbed soil + 5% sand, 90% disturbed soil + 10% sand, 85% disturbed soil + 15% sand, with curing time 3,7,14, and 28 days. The mixture was tested using aunconfined compressive strength test instrument with SNI 03-6887-2002 method. The results of the unconfined compressive strength test showed that the increase in maximum soil strength occurred in the addition of 90% disturbed soil + 10% sand at the age of 28 days curing, which reached 1,194 kg/cm2. But the results of unconfined compressive strength increased when the mixture of 85% disturbed soil + 15% of sand reaching 1,348 kg / cm2. Based on testing that the more amount of sand is added, the higher the value of unconfined compressive strength obtained.
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Gunarti, Anita Setyowati Srie, and Fajar Prihesnanto. "Micro-analysis Tanah Ekspansif yang Diperbaiki Secara Kimiawi." Borneo Engineering : Jurnal Teknik Sipil 1, no. 1 (April 23, 2023): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35334/be.v1i1.3078.
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Road construction on expansive soil faces many problems such as deflection, longitudinal cracks, circular cracks and spreading cracks in road construction due to the large nature of swelling and shrinkage. This study aims to identify changes in the mineralogy microstructure and chemical properties of the soil in chemically corrected expansive soils so that solutions for expansive soil improvement are obtained by utilizing local materials based on industrial waste, namely Fly ash and Waste Foundry Sand. The research method is in the form of laboratory experiments, namely Structure Electron Microscope and XRD tests on native soil and soil stabilized with Fly ash and Waste Foundry Sand to analyze mineral structure and chemical changes. The results of the analysis found that the effect of the two types of additives on expansive soils was descriptively significant. The addition of fly ash and WFS to the soil makes the pores and cracks filled with fly ash particles and some form of hydration. After the addition of Fly ash and WFS, ion exchange and pozzolanic reactions from fly ash occur to make the flake and flocculant structure of the soil cement into a crystal or block structure, thereby increasing the compactness and integrity of the soil sample.
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Edmondson, Jill L., Zoe G. Davies, Sarah A. McCormack, Kevin J. Gaston, and Jonathan R. Leake. "Are soils in urban ecosystems compacted? A citywide analysis." Biology Letters 7, no. 5 (April 20, 2011): 771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0260.
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Soil compaction adversely influences most terrestrial ecosystem services on which humans depend. This global problem, affecting over 68 million ha of agricultural land alone, is a major driver of soil erosion, increases flood frequency and reduces groundwater recharge. Agricultural soil compaction has been intensively studied, but there are no systematic studies investigating the extent of compaction in urban ecosystems, despite the repercussions for ecosystem function. Urban areas are the fastest growing land-use type globally, and are often assumed to have highly compacted soils with compromised functionality. Here, we use bulk density (BD) measurements, taken to 14 cm depth at a citywide scale, to compare the extent of surface soil compaction between different urban greenspace classes and agricultural soils. Urban soils had a wider BD range than agricultural soils, but were significantly less compacted, with 12 per cent lower mean BD to 7 cm depth. Urban soil BD was lowest under trees and shrubs and highest under herbaceous vegetation (e.g. lawns). BD values were similar to many semi-natural habitats, particularly those underlying woody vegetation. These results establish that, across a typical UK city, urban soils were in better physical condition than agricultural soils and can contribute to ecosystem service provision.
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Hu, Yafei, and Hung Q. Vu. "Analysis of soil conditions and pipe behaviour at a field site." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48, no. 6 (June 2011): 847–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t11-010.
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Water main pipes buried in expansive soils are often subjected to severe distress subsequent to installation. Excessive stresses may be induced due to either differential movement of the soils or swelling pressures from the soils along the pipes, impairing their performance or even breaking them. Field monitoring is an important means for understanding soil behaviour and its interaction with water mains. For this purpose, field instrumentation was successfully installed to monitor the performance of a section of water main placed in a well-developed area of a city neighbourhood where more frequent pipe breakage had occurred in recent years. The instrumentation included sensors to measure pipe wall strains, pipe displacement, in situ soil water content, soil pressure, and temperature. The instruments were installed in both the soil backfill and native soil around the backfill. This paper presents the analyses of monitoring data collected during the first 3 years after instrument installation. It was observed that the soil and pipe behaviour was affected significantly by soil properties and seasonal changes and correlated closely with the change pattern of the local meteorological conditions.
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Kim, Jin-Wook, Young-Kyu Hong, Hyuck-Soo Kim, Eun-Ji Oh, Yong-Ha Park, and Sung-Chul Kim. "Metagenomic Analysis for Evaluating Change in Bacterial Diversity in TPH-Contaminated Soil after Soil Remediation." Toxics 9, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9120319.
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Soil washing and landfarming processes are widely used to remediate total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH)-contaminated soil, but the impact of these processes on soil bacteria is not well understood. Four different states of soil (uncontaminated soil (control), TPH-contaminated soil (CS), after soil washing (SW), and landfarming (LF)) were collected from a soil remediation facility to investigate the impact of TPH and soil remediation processes on soil bacterial populations by metagenomic analysis. Results showed that TPH contamination reduced the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) number and alpha diversity of soil bacteria. Compared to SW and LF remediation techniques, LF increased more bacterial richness and diversity than SW, indicating that LF is a more effective technique for TPH remediation in terms of microbial recovery. Among different bacterial species, Proteobacteria were the most abundant in all soil groups followed by Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Firmicutes. For each soil group, the distribution pattern of the Proteobacteria class was different. The most abundant classed were Alphaproteobacteria (16.56%) in uncontaminated soils, Deltaproteobacteria (34%) in TPH-contaminated soils, Betaproteobacteria (24%) in soil washing, and Gammaproteobacteria (24%) in landfarming, respectively. TPH-degrading bacteria were detected from soil washing (23%) and TPH-contaminated soils (21%) and decreased to 12% in landfarming soil. These results suggest that soil pollution can change the diversity of microbial groups and different remediation techniques have varied effective ranges for recovering bacterial communities and diversity. In conclusion, the landfarming process of TPH remediation is more advantageous than soil washing from the perspective of bacterial ecology.
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Silveira, Érico Leandro da, Rodrigo Matheus Pereira, Denilson César Scaquitto, Eliamar Aparecida Nascimbém Pedrinho, Silvana Pómpeia Val-Moraes, Ester Wickert, Lúcia Maria Carareto-Alves, and Eliana Gertrudes de Macedo Lemos. "Bacterial diversity of soil under eucalyptus assessed by 16S rDNA sequencing analysis." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 41, no. 10 (October 2006): 1507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2006001000008.
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Studies on the impact of Eucalyptus spp. on Brazilian soils have focused on soil chemical properties and isolating interesting microbial organisms. Few studies have focused on microbial diversity and ecology in Brazil due to limited coverage of traditional cultivation and isolation methods. Molecular microbial ecology methods based on PCR amplified 16S rDNA have enriched the knowledge of soils microbial biodiversity. The objective of this work was to compare and estimate the bacterial diversity of sympatric communities within soils from two areas, a native forest (NFA) and an eucalyptus arboretum (EAA). PCR primers, whose target soil metagenomic 16S rDNA were used to amplify soil DNA, were cloned using pGEM-T and sequenced to determine bacterial diversity. From the NFA soil 134 clones were analyzed, while 116 clones were analyzed from the EAA soil samples. The sequences were compared with those online at the GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses revealed differences between the soil types and high diversity in both communities. Soil from the Eucalyptus spp. arboretum was found to have a greater bacterial diversity than the soil investigated from the native forest area.
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Spanos, Th, V. Simeonov, S. Tsakovski, and D. Thiokas. "Chemometric study of soil analysis data." Open Chemistry 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 402–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bf02475582.
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AbstractThe present paper deals with chemometric interpretation of soil analysis data collected from 31 sampling sites in the region of Kavala and Drama, Northern Greece. The determination of 16 different chemical and physicochemical characteristics is principally needed for prognosis of the land treatment and fertilizing. The study carried out indicates that the application of multivariate statistical approaches could reveal new and specific information about sampling sites. It has been found that they could be divided into four general patterns: pattern 1 contains dominantly inorganic and alkaline soil samples from semi-mountainous regions in close proximity to the seacoast; pattern 2 indicates the same soil sample type and regional location as pattern 1 but is far from the coastal line; pattern 3 includes samples from sites from the plains with organic and alkaline soils with close proximity to the coast; pattern 4 resembles pattern 3 as soil type but involves samples from sites far from the shore. Further, six latent factors were identified, conditionally named “structural”, “acidic”, “nutritional”, “salt”, “microcomponents” and “organic”. Finally, an apportioning procedure was carried out to find the source contributions in the measured analytical values. In this way the routine estimation of the soil quality could be improved.
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Karaulov, A. M., K. V. Korolev, L. A. Bartolomey, and E. P. Bragar. "TO THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL SHEAR TESTS RESULTS." Construction and Geotechnics 11, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2224-9826/2020.3.01.
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The result of any shear tests, which are the most popular laboratory methods for determination the strength characteristics of soils, is a set of values of the ultimate shear resistance and the corresponding normal pressure along the shear section. The theoretical background for the analysis of the soil shear tests results is the theory of probability and mathematical statistics. At the same time, we have questions about the determination of the calculation values of soil strength parameters. So, during the processing of shear tests results according to a consolidated-drained scheme for sandy soils the calculation values of soil specific cohesion are often negative, which is incorrect. The article considers an example of processing of shear tests data of sandy loam for various normal pressures, and analyzes the results of statistical processing of soil tests. The normative methods for probabilistic assessment of soil strength characteristics are based on using of normal distribution law of a random variable. It is assumed that the valuesof a random variable can vary from -¥ to +¥, while the soil strength parameters can vary in a limited range, i.e. accept only positive valuesfrom 0 to +¥. This circumstance does not matter for the majority of clayed soils, which strength parameters are far enough from zero. However, it has a significant effect on the result for small sought-for values, particularly, in assessing of specific cohesion for sandy soils. Therefore, for such cases, the article presents a variant of the statistical processing of the shear tests results with using the reduced normal distribution law of a random variable.
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Bless, Aplena E. S., François Colin, Armand Crabit, and Stéphane Follain. "Soil Aggregate Stability in Salt-Affected Vineyards: Depth-Wise Variability Analysis." Land 11, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11040541.
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Soil aggregate stability is an ideal integrative soil quality indicator, but little is known about the relevance of such an indicator with soil depth for salt-affected soils. The objective of this study was to determine soil aggregate stability and identify preponderant aggregation factors, both in topsoil and subsoil horizons in salt-affected conditions. We conducted field investigations by describing soil profiles in pedological pits and by collecting soil samples from different field units. Soils were sampled within different soil horizon types, from superficial tilled organo-mineral horizons to mineral horizons. For all soil samples, we determined the mean weight diameter (MWD) as an indicator of soil aggregate stability and also determined associated physical and chemical properties in some samples. The measured MWD value from 0.28 mm to 1.10 mm could be categorised as unstable, with MWD values and variability decreasing drastically from the topsoil to the deepest mineral horizons. Analysis of MWD in relation to physical and chemical properties suggested that the variability in the MWD value of A-horizons was influenced by both clay fraction abundance and soil organic carbon (SOC) content and the nature of the agricultural practices, while at deeper B-horizons, the decrease in SOC content and the variability in other soil properties with soil depth could be used to explain the overall low aggregate stability. In this study, investigations of soil pits coupled with measurements of soil aggregate stability indicated that it could be possible to restore soil structure quality by limiting deep soil profile compaction in order to improve salt leaching and exportation.
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Hilman, Yusdar, Anuar Abdul Rahim, Mohamed Hanafi Musa, and Azizah Hashim. "PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF FACTORS DETERMINING PHOSPHATE ROCK DISSOLUTION ON ACID SOILS." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 1 (October 25, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v8n1.2007.10-16.
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Many of the agricultural soils in Indonesia are acidic and low in both total and available phosphorus which severely limits their potential for crops production. These problems can be corrected by application of chemical fertilizers. However, these fertilizers are expensive, and cheaper alternatives such as phosphate rock (PR) have been considered. Several soil factors may influence the dissolution of PR in soils, including both chemical and physical properties. The study aimed to identify PR dissolution factors and evaluate their relative magnitude. The experiment was conducted in Soil Chemical Laboratory, Universiti Putra Malaysia and Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development from January to April 2002. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to characterize acid soils in an incubation system into a number of factors that may affect PR dissolution. Three major factors selected were soil texture, soil acidity, and fertilization. Using the scores of individual factors as independent variables, stepwise regression analysis was performed to derive a PR dissolution function. The factors influencing PR dissolution in order of importance were soil texture, soil acidity, then fertilization. Soil texture factors including clay content and organic C, and soil acidity factor such as P retention capacity interacted positively with P dissolution and promoted PR dissolution effectively. Soil texture factors, such as sand and silt content, soil acidity factors such as pH, and exchangeable Ca decreased PR dissolution.
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Hilman, Yusdar, Anuar Abdul Rahim, Mohamed Hanafi Musa, and Azizah Hashim. "PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF FACTORS DETERMINING PHOSPHATE ROCK DISSOLUTION ON ACID SOILS." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 1 (October 25, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v8n1.2007.p10-16.
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Many of the agricultural soils in Indonesia are acidic and low in both total and available phosphorus which severely limits their potential for crops production. These problems can be corrected by application of chemical fertilizers. However, these fertilizers are expensive, and cheaper alternatives such as phosphate rock (PR) have been considered. Several soil factors may influence the dissolution of PR in soils, including both chemical and physical properties. The study aimed to identify PR dissolution factors and evaluate their relative magnitude. The experiment was conducted in Soil Chemical Laboratory, Universiti Putra Malaysia and Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development from January to April 2002. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to characterize acid soils in an incubation system into a number of factors that may affect PR dissolution. Three major factors selected were soil texture, soil acidity, and fertilization. Using the scores of individual factors as independent variables, stepwise regression analysis was performed to derive a PR dissolution function. The factors influencing PR dissolution in order of importance were soil texture, soil acidity, then fertilization. Soil texture factors including clay content and organic C, and soil acidity factor such as P retention capacity interacted positively with P dissolution and promoted PR dissolution effectively. Soil texture factors, such as sand and silt content, soil acidity factors such as pH, and exchangeable Ca decreased PR dissolution.
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Korcak, R. F. "Adaptability of Blueberry Species to Various Soil Types: II. Leaf and Soil Analysis." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111, no. 6 (November 1986): 822–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.111.6.822.
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Abstract A range of soils, with or without the addition of peatmoss, and seedlings of blueberry progenies were used in an outdoor pot study to examine the adaptability of blueberries to upland soil conditions with controlled fertilizer additions and trickle irrigation. Blueberry progenies ranged from essentially pure highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) to interspecific hybrids containing varying amounts of evergreen (V. darrowi Camp), lowbush (V. angustifolium Aiton), black highbush (V. atrococcum Heller), and rabbiteye (V. ashei Reade) blueberry germplasm. The soils represented the 3 physiographic regions of the eastern United States with Berryland sand used as a comparative control. Leaf analysis for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg showed significant effects of soil, but no consistent effect of peatmoss addition or fertilizer source in the 2 years of the experiment. There were significant differences among progenies. Foliar Fe, B, Al, Zn, and Cu concentrations varied independent of soil material, progeny, or fertilizer source. Leaf Mn was significantly increased from solid 10N-4P-8K fertilizer and a significant soil by progeny interaction existed. Those progenies containing some V. angustifolium tended to have increased foliar Mn levels. The reduced vigor of the blueberry progenies grown on soils other than the Berryland sand was tentatively ascribed to induced nutrient imbalances, involving Ca, Fe, and Mn, possibly being governed by soil cation exchange capacity and organic matter reactivity.
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Nizamutdinov, Timur, Azamat Suleymanov, Evgenia Morgun, Natalia Dinkelaker, and Evgeny Abakumov. "Ecotoxicological Analysis of Fallow Soils at the Yamal Experimental Agricultural Station." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 52, no. 2 (July 6, 2022): 350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2022-2-2369.
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The agricultural use of soils is limited by their contamination with various compounds and low contents of nutrients. We aimed to study the unique soils of the Yamal Experimental Station to determine their contamination with heavy metals and assess their potential fertility.
Established in 1932, the Yamal Experimental Station (Salekhard, Russia) has bred new varieties of vegetable crops in open and protected ground. In August 2021, we made a soil section and 40 pits in a 0–10 cm layer. X-ray fluorescence was used to determine 11 metals and oxides. The qualitative assessment was based on the total soil pollution, soil pollution, and geoaccumulation indexes. Finally, we determined the contents of nutrients.
The metals and metal oxides showed regressive-accumulative distribution along the soil profile. The concentrations of all ecotoxicants (except for arsenic) were within the maximum/approximate permissible values. Since arsenic has a high regional background content, its elevated concentrations make the soil suitable for agricultural use if proper quality control is in place. The total soil pollution index classified the level of pollution as “acceptable”. The geoaccumulation index showed the soils as mostly “unpolluted” with metals. The soil pollution index had values below 1, which indicated the absence of pollution.
The fallow soils of the Yamal Experimental Station have a high level of potential fertility and are suitable for agricultural reuse according to the soil quality indexes applied. They can also serve as a local geochemical standard that has a long history of agrogenic transformation in cryogenic ecosystems. Taking into account increased concentrations of arsenic, we recommend primary quality control of agricultural products to identify its possible migration in the soil-plant system.
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Maduka,, C. M., and Udensi, Chukwuma Great. "Comparative analysis of the effect of some organic manure on soil microorganisms." Bionatura 4, no. 3 (August 15, 2019): 922–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2019.04.03.8.
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This study showed that the abundance of different microbial groups was general in soil with amendments in comparison to soils without amendments. It was discovered that soils with organic manures were rich in bacteria and fungi diversity when compared with soil without organic manure, which recorded low microbial counts. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were widely distributed in this study. The soil treatment which had Cow dung showed highest microbial count and heights for growth of maize seeds, and the compost manure soil treatment followed this, and the poultry manure soil treatment was next. This suggests that the higher the fertility in amended soils is revealed in the heights of the maize plant grown and colony counts. Plant height recorded under various amendments showed significant differences (p<0.05).
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Ankeny, Mark D. "Soil Analysis: Physical Methods." Journal of Environmental Quality 21, no. 2 (April 1992): 290–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1992.00472425002100020027x.
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Nevels, James B. "Soil Moisture Deficit Analysis." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1874, no. 1 (January 2004): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1874-12.
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Bork, Hans-Rudolf. "Methods of soil analysis." CATENA 15, no. 1 (February 1988): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(88)90020-3.
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Rayment, GE. "Soil analysis: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 8 (1993): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9931015.
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This paper reviews most aspects of soil analysis, with particular emphasis on soil chemical testing in Australia. Water quality, sample contamination, and the effects of soil drying, soil storage, and particle size are recognised as important components in the laboratory preparation of soil samples for analysis. The subsequent effects of choice of soil to solution ratio, leaching v. equilibration, soil shaking equipment, and the choice of extracting and digesting solutions are reviewed with examples.The review includes an overview of key chemical soil tests including pH, electrical conductivity, chloride, phosphate, sulfur, exchangeable cations, and cation exchange capacity. There is an examination of field v. laboratory tests and comment on analytical quality assurance. The recent release of the Australian Laboratory Handbook of Soil and Water Chemical Methods and the emerging activities of the Australian Soil and Plant Analysis Council should ensure the direction of soil testing in Australia remains positive.
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Goulding, K. "Soil analysis — Physical methods." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 29, no. 2 (January 1992): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0964-8305(92)90016-h.
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Sheppard, Petra J., Eric M. Adetutu, Tanvi H. Makadia, and Andrew S. Ball. "Microbial community and ecotoxicity analysis of bioremediated, weathered hydrocarbon-contaminated soil." Soil Research 49, no. 3 (2011): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr10159.
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Bioremediated soils are usually disposed of after meeting legislated guidelines defined by chemical and ecotoxicity tests. In many countries including Australia, ecotoxicity tests are not yet mandatory safety requirements. This study investigated the biotreatment of weathered hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in 12-week laboratory-based microcosms. Monitored natural attenuation resulted in ~43% reduction of total petroleum hydrocarbon contaminant to 5503 mg/kg (C16–C35), making the soil suitable for disposal as waste under current guidelines (pesticide and metal contents within safe limits). 16S rDNA (universal and AlkB) and ITS-based DGGE fingerprints showed stable and adapted microbial communities throughout the experimental period. However, ecotoxicology assays showed 100% mortality of earthworms (Eisena fetida) in potting soils containing ≥50% (≥2751 mg/kg, legally safe in situ concentrations) contaminated soil over 14 days. Up to 70% reduction in radish (Raphanus sativus) seed germination was observed in potting soils containing ≥10% contaminated soil (≥550 mg/kg, legally safe ex situ concentrations for soil disposal into residential areas). The results indicate the toxicity of these soils to soil biota despite meeting legislated Australian safe levels and guidelines for disposal or use in residential areas.
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Yong, Raymond N., Rosa Galvez-Cloutier, and Yuwaree Phadungchewit. "Selective sequential extraction analysis of heavy-metal retention in soil." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30, no. 5 (October 1, 1993): 834–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t93-074.
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The selective sequential extraction method of analysis is used in this study to determine the distribution of heavy metals in some clay soils, to assist in evaluation of the role of the various clay soil solids (clay minerals, organics, amorphous materials, and carbonates) in heavy-metal retention capability as a function of acidity of the leachate. The chemical speciation model MINTEQ (metal speciation equilibrium model for surface and groundwater) is used to calculate the probable percent distribution of different species of heavy metals present in the leachate used. The selective sequential extraction method is based on the fact that different forms of heavy metals that are retained in soil (e.g., as oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, bound with organic matter) can be extracted selectively by using appropriate reagents. The results show that heavy metals can be retained in the four clay soils studied by several soil phases or mechanisms such as exchangeable, carbonate, hydroxide, and organic phases. The retention of heavy metals in any phase depends on soil solution pH, soil constituents, and the type of heavy metal. At high soil solution pH values, retention of heavy metal by precipitation mechanisms prevails, whereas at low soil solution pH, retention by cation exchange mechanisms becomes dominant. The results from the selective sequential extraction analysis support the conclusion of the significance of soil buffer capacity with regard to heavy-metal retention. The capacity of the soils to retain high amounts of heavy metals as they receive increasing amounts of acid (i.e., as the pH is reduced) depends directly on the soil initial pH values and on their buffer capacities. Key words : selective sequential analysis, exchangeable cations, heavy metals, equilibrium models, oxides.
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Fox, Garey A., and Roopa Metla. "Soil Property Analysis using Principal Components Analysis, Soil Line, and Regression Models." Soil Science Society of America Journal 69, no. 6 (November 2005): 1782–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.0362.
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段, 正锋. "Application of Path Analysis on Soil Organic Carbon and Soil Aggregate Analysis." Hans Journal of Soil Science 01, no. 01 (2013): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/hjss.2013.11002.
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Mustafa, Yassir Mubarak Hussein, Mohammad Sharif Zami, Omar Saeed Baghabra Al-Amoudi, Mohammed A. Al-Osta, and Yakubu Sani Wudil. "Analysis of Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rammed Earth Mixes Based on Artificial Neural Network and Statistical Analysis." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 17, 2022): 9029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15249029.
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Earth materials have been used in construction as safe, healthy and environmentally sustainable. It is often challenging to develop an optimum soil mix because of the significant variations in soil properties from one soil to another. The current study analyzed the soil properties, including the grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, etc., using multilinear regression (MLR) and artificial neural networks (ANN). Data collected from previous studies (i.e., 488 cases) for stabilized (with either cement or lime) and unstabilized soils were considered and analyzed. Missing data were estimated by correlations reported in previous studies. Then, different ANNs were designed (trained and validated) using Levenberg-Marquardt (L-M) algorithms. Using the MLR, several models were developed to estimate the compressive strength of both unstabilized and stabilized soils with a Pearson Coefficient of Correlation (R2) equal to 0.2227 and 0.766, respectively. On the other hand, developed ANNs gave a higher value for R2 than MLR (with the highest value achieved at 0.9883). Thereafter, an experimental program was carried out to validate the results achieved in this study. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was carried out using the resulting networks to assess the effect of different soil properties on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS). Moreover, suitable recommendations for earth materials mixes were presented.
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Widden, Paul. "Microfungal community structure from forest soils in southern Quebec, using discriminant function and factor analysis." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 1402–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-192.
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Fungal isolation data, from four forest soils, were analyzed using both discriminant analysis and factor analysis, to investigate the structure of fungal communities. The analyses indicated that the forest of origin was a major factor determining fungal community structure in these soils. Discriminant analysis separated the fungal communities of coniferous-forest soil samples from those of deciduous-forest soil samples. The pine-forest soil, which was in an early stage of invasion by hardwoods, had a fungal community intermediate in structure between the extremes. Of the microfungi isolated, Botryotrichum piluliferum, Farrowia seminuda, Geomyces pannorus, Mucor hiemalis, Penicillium janthinellum, Trichoderma polysporum, and Zygorrhynchus moelleri were associated with the coniferous sites, whereas an Acremonium species, Gliomastix murorum, Paecilomyces carneus, Pae. fumosoroseus, Penicillium spinulosum, and Pen. thomii characterized the deciduous-forest soils. Many pine-forest soil fungi were species abundant in the other soils, a possible reflection of the successional stage of the forest. Both factor analysis and discriminant analysis yielded similar interpretations of the data and indicated the importance of fungal interactions in determining community structure. The discriminant analyses also showed that fungal isolation data gave a better separation between the soils of the four forests than did abiotic data.
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Schnitzer, Morris. "The in situ analysis of organic matter in soils." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 81, no. 3 (August 1, 2001): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s00-064.
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Traditionally, studies on soil organic matter (SOM) begin with the extraction of SOM from soils, its fractionation into humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin, followed by de-ashing of each fraction. These are tedious, laborious and inefficient procedures that do not provide any chemical information on these materials. Instead, recently developed methods such as solid-state 13C NMR and pyrolysis – field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS) can now be used for the in situ analysis of SOM in soils. These methods identify the major chemical components of SOM without extractions and fractionations, and yield valuable information on the main chemical structures in these materials. A better knowledge of the structural chemistry of SOM will help SOM chemists and other soil scientists to better understand the complex chemical and biochemical reactions that occur in soils, and will enable them to develop practices that will improve soil management and soil productivity. Key words: Extraction, fractionation, solid state 13C NMR, pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry, chemical composition
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Silveira, Felipe Gomes Frederico da, Luciano da Silva Souza, Laércio Duarte Souza, João de Mendonça Naime, and Carlos Manoel Pedro Vaz. "Estimation of Water Retention Curve for Soils of Bahia, Brazil, Based on Soil Particle-Size Analysis." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 12 (November 15, 2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n12p126.
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Soil water retention curve (SWRC) is an important soil attribute because it is a soil quality indicator and is fundamental to study water dynamics in the soil-plant-atmosphere system. Since the conventional SWRC determination is laborious and time-consuming, making it difficult to process a large volume of samples, pedotransfer functions have been used to estimate it by using other soil physical attributes easily determined. Thus, this study aimed to apply Arya-Paris model to SWRC estimation for soils of Bahia state, Brazil, based on soil particle-size analysis, and to compare estimated and determined data of SWRC. Samples were collected from horizons A and AB and/or B and/or C, for a total of 15 soils and 62 horizons. Particle-size was determined by automatic soil particle-size analyzer (PSA) based on g-ray attenuation and traditional Bouyoucos’ hydrometer (BH) method. Arya-Paris model showed better SWRC predictions for sandy soils, followed by clayey, loamy, and very clayey soils. Good model performance was observed for all soils together. The α 1 scaling factor provided better predictions, followed by α 3, and α 2 showed unsatisfactory behavior. BH method, using only 7 soil particle-size fractions, gave slightly higher predictions than PSA using 30 soil particle-size fractions.
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Mctainsh, GH, and NC Duhaylungsod. "Aspects of soil particle size analysis in Australia." Soil Research 27, no. 4 (1989): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9890629.
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Analysis of the particle-size characteristics of a soil can provide valuable information on the processes and products of soil formation. Studies of loess soils world-wide have used particle size as a major criterion, however, in Australia the particle-size characteristics of parna (a t y e of loess with a high clay content) have not been measured in detail. A modified method of particle-size analysis is proposed which gives more accurate results and which may contribute to a better understanding of soil formation in general, and loess formation in particular, in Australia.
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Ren, Diandong, Lance M. Leslie, and David Karoly. "Landslide Risk Analysis using a New Constitutive Relationship for Granular Flow." Earth Interactions 12, no. 4 (June 1, 2008): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007ei237.1.
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Abstract In this study, landslide potential is investigated, using a new constitutive relationship for granular flow in a numerical model. Unique to this study is an original relationship between soil moisture and the inertial number for soil particles. This numerical model can be applied to arbitrary soil slab profile configurations and to the analysis of natural disasters, such as mudslides, glacier creeping, avalanches, landslips, and other pyroclastic flows. Here the focus is on mudslides. The authors examine the effects of bed slope and soil slab thickness, soil layered profile configuration, soil moisture content, basal sliding, and the growth of vegetation, and show that increased soil moisture enhances instability primarily by decreasing soil strength, together with increasing loading. Moreover, clay soils generally require a smaller relative saturation than sandy soils for sliding to commence. For a stable configuration, such as a small slope and/or dry soil, the basal sliding is absorbed if the perturbation magnitude is small. However, large perturbations can trigger significant-scale mudslides by liquefying the soil slab. The role of vegetation depends on the wet soil thickness and the spacing between vegetation roots. The thinner the saturated soil layer, the slower the flow, giving the vegetation additional time to extract soil moisture and slow down the flow. By analyzing the effect of the root system on the stress distribution, it is shown that closer tree spacing increases the drag effects on the velocity field, provided that the root system is deeper than the shearing zone. Finally, the authors investigated a two-layer soil profile, namely, sand above clay. A significant stress jump occurs at the interface of the two media.