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1
Othman, B. A., and E. S. Kakey. "PESTICIDES BIOACCUMULATION AND THEIR SOIL POLLUTANT EFFECT." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 52, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i1.1234.
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This study was aimed to investigate pesticides bioaccumulation and their soil pollutant effect. The experiment was included sixteen active greenhouses in Erbil plane, and conducted during September 2017 and March 2018. The present study revealed that the pesticides residue of pyridabine, thiamethoxam, abamectin and spirodiclofen were detected in greenhouse soil samples. The values of soil heavy metals contaminations factor (CF) revealed, that the studied greenhouse soil samples were ranged from low to very high contamination, while for pesticides were ranged from non to high contaminated. Soil pollution load index results supported that, the greenhouse soil was contaminated especially by Cr, Ni and Co. Pollution load index (PLI) was ranged from 7.751 to 0.303; supporting that the soils were contaminated in most sites. It could be concluded that, significant need for the development of pollution prevention and scientific strategies to reduce heavy metal pollution and pesticide accumulation residuals within greenhouses in Erbil plane.
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Hussain, Akhlaq, Gilbert Audira, Nemi Malhotra, Boontida Uapipatanakul, Jung-Ren Chen, Yu-Heng Lai, Jong-Chin Huang, Kelvin H. C. Chen, Hong-Thih Lai, and Chung-Der Hsiao. "Multiple Screening of Pesticides Toxicity in Zebrafish and Daphnia Based on Locomotor Activity Alterations." Biomolecules 10, no. 9 (August 23, 2020): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10091224.
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Pesticides are widely used to eradicate insects, weed species, and fungi in agriculture. The half-lives of some pesticides are relatively long and may have the dire potential to induce adverse effects when released into the soil, terrestrial and aquatic systems. To assess the potential adverse effects of pesticide pollution in the aquatic environment, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Daphnia magna are two excellent animal models because of their transparent bodies, relatively short development processes, and well-established genetic information. Moreover, they are also suitable for performing high-throughput toxicity assays. In this study, we used both zebrafish larvae and water flea daphnia neonates as a model system to explore and compare the potential toxicity by monitoring locomotor activity. Tested animals were exposed to 12 various types of pesticides (three fungicides and 9 insecticides) for 24 h and their corresponding locomotor activities, in terms of distance traveled, burst movement, and rotation were quantified. By adapting principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis, we were able to minimize data complexity and compare pesticide toxicity based on locomotor activity for zebrafish and daphnia. Results showed distinct locomotor activity alteration patterns between zebrafish and daphnia towards pesticide exposure. The majority of pesticides tested in this study induced locomotor hypo-activity in daphnia neonates but triggered locomotor hyper-activity in zebrafish larvae. According to our PCA and clustering results, the toxicity for 12 pesticides was grouped into two major groups based on all locomotor activity endpoints collected from both zebrafish and daphnia. In conclusion, all pesticides resulted in swimming alterations in both animal models by either producing hypo-activity, hyperactivity, or other changes in swimming patterns. In addition, zebrafish and daphnia displayed distinct sensitivity and response against different pesticides, and the combinational analysis approach by using a phenomic approach to combine data collected from zebrafish and daphnia provided better resolution for toxicological assessment.
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Engindeniz, Sait, and Gorkem Ozturk Cosar. "An Economic Comparison of Pesticide Applications for Processing and Table Tomatoes: A Case Study for Turkey." Journal of Plant Protection Research 53, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2013-0035.
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Abstract In many circumstances, pesticides are the only effective means of controlling disease organisms, weeds, or insect pests. Yet, pesticides are toxic and potentially hazardous to humans, other animals and organisms, and the environment. Therefore, people who use pesticides or regularly come in contact with them must understand the relative toxicity, potential health effects, and preventative measures to reduce the exposure to the products they use. Today, farm-level costs include the costs of the pesticides, and their application. This study was conducted to analyse the farm-level economics of pesticide use on the processing and table tomato growing in selected regions of Turkey. Data was collected from 59 processing tomato farmers and 30 table tomato farmers. These farmers were willing to have their data recorded. According to the results of the study, the average usage concerning the active ingredient of pesticides for the processing and table tomatoes were 4,825.02 and 5,273.86 g/ha. Average pesticide and pesticide application costs of the processing and table tomatoes were determined to be $445/ha and $502/ha, respectively. The breakeven yields for the processing and table tomatoes were calculated to be 3,708 and 3,138 kg/ha, repectively.
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Jena, P. K., and V. Rajaramamohan Rao. "Nitrogen fixation as influenced by pesticides and rice straw in paddy soils." Journal of Agricultural Science 108, no. 3 (June 1987): 635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600080059.
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SummaryThe effect of three herbicides and an insecticide combination on nitrogen fixation in three paddy soils was investigated in a laboratory incubation study. The influence of pesticide combination on N2 fixation was evaluated in the presence and absence of rice straw under flooded and non-flooded conditions. In a non-flooded alluvial soil single or combined application of butachlor and carbofuran significantly stimulated N2 fixation. There was no effect on N2 fixation when thiobencarb was applied alone; but with thiobencarb in combination with carbofuran higher N2 fixation occurred. Both oxadiazone and thiobencarb had no effect on N2 fixation under flooded conditions, but in combination with carbofuran the N2 fixation was high. In acid sulphate saline Pokkali soil, rice straw application stimulated N2 fixation; the stimulatory effect of carbofuran either alone or in combination became more pronounced under flooded conditions. N2 fixation was low in a laterite Sukinda soil and the effect of pesticides was not changed by rice straw amendment. A uniform stimulation of N2 fixation occurred in soils when carbofuran was applied either singly or in combination with other herbicides tested. Results indicate that the effect of pesticides on N2 fixation varied with the rice straw application and water regime.
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Patel, Urvi, and Rakesh Prajapati. "Possible Toxicological Effect of Pesticides, Fipronil On Earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae)." International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 3, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2020.417.
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Pollution is the preface of infect into an environment, may also defined as an unwanted modify in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air, water and soil which influence human life, lives of other useful alive plants and animals, industrial progress, alive conditions and florescent property Water is the most necessary & major necessaries of life. One can rarely survive without water also for a few days. At that 2/3 of the world’s float up region is enclosed by water but yet we are blank. An incubation study was conducted to know the toxicity level of Fipronil in soil fauna by using earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae as a biomarker. The earthworm were incubated in the spiked soil, with concentration of 17ml, 18ml, 19ml, 20ml for a period of 24hours and 48 hours. From the study, 50% mortality was observed in 17ml. The LC50 concentration were calculated from that it was clear that Fipronil is toxic to earthworm.
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Patel, Purvi, and Rakesh Prajapati. "Possible Toxicological Effect of Pesticides, Cypermethrin on Earthworm (Esiania fetida)." International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 3, no. 12 (December 26, 2020): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2020.425.
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Pollution is the preface of infect into an environment, may also defined as an unwanted modify in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air, water and soil which influence human life, lives of other useful alive plants and animals, industrial progress, alive conditions and florescent property Water is the most necessary & major necessaries of life. One can rarely survive without water also for a few days. At that 2/3 of the world’s float up region is enclosed by water but yet we are blank. An incubation study was conducted to know the toxicity level of Fipronil in soil fauna by using earthworm species Eisenia fetida as a biomarker. The earthworm were incubated in the spiked soil, with concentration of 0.5 ppm, 0.6 ppm, 0.7 ppm,0.8 ppm, 0.9 ppm for a period of 24hours and 48 hours. From the study, 50% mortality was observed in 0.5 ppm. The LC50 concentration was calculated from that it was clear that Cypermethrin is toxic to earthworm.
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Manna, Balaram, Sangita M. Dutta, Subrata Dalapati, and Smarajit Maiti. "Oxidative Stress-induced Toxicity and DNA Stability in Some Agri-field Based Livestock/Insect by Widely used Pesticides." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 23, no. 9 (December 22, 2020): 972–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207323666200415110745.
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Aim and Objectives: Humans continuously use pesticides in the field to control the pest population and weeds for considerable agricultural productivity. Side-by species like grazinganimals, insects and other species are adversely affected by or become resistant to pesticides. Insects, birds and cattle are highly abundant dwellers of the agriculture-field and represent three distinct phyla having versatile physiological features. Besides higher agricultural-productivity, protection to several species will maintain ecological/environmental balance. Studies on the effect of widely used pesticides on their DNA-stability and important enzymatic-activities are insufficient. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant-activity (Superoxide-dismutase; SOD/Catalase- by gelzymogram- assay) and DNA-stability (fragmentation-assay) in hepatic/gut tissues were studied after in vitro exposure of Chlorpyrifos, Fenvalerate, Nimbecidine or Azadirachtin to goat/cow/poultry-hen/insect. Results: In general, all pesticides were found to impair enzymatic-activities. However, lower organisms were affected more than higher vertebrates by azadirachtin-treatment. DNA fragmentation was found more in insects/poultry-birds than that of the cattle in hepatic/gut tissues. Inversely, toxicity/antioxidant marker-enzymes were more responsive in insect gut-tissues. However, mitochondrialtoxicity revealed variable effects on different species. It has been noticed that chlorpyrifos is the most toxic pesticide, followed by Fenvalerate/Nimbecidine (Azadirachtin, AZT). Nevertheless, AZT revealed its higher DNA-destabilizing effects on the field-insects as compared to the other animals. Conclusion: Field-insects are highly integrated into the ecosystem and the local bio-geo-chemical cycle, which may be impaired. Pesticides may have toxic effects on higher vertebrates and may sustain in the soil after being metabolized into their different derivatives. Some of the sensitive biochemical parameters of this organism may be used as a biomarker for pesticide toxicity.
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Stupar, Stevan, Negovan Ivanković, Branimir Grgur, Anđelka Tomašević, Dušan Mijin, and Kosana Koprivica. "Investigation of direct electrochemical oxidation of neonicotinoid pesticide thiamethoxam in water." Scientific Technical Review 70, no. 3 (2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/str2003011s.
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In recent decades an increase usage of chemicals in many ways of modern life is evident. So, the possibility of its intake into organisms, human and animals poisoning and health damage, is nowadays on a high level, especially when it comes to disaster situations caused by using toxic chemicals in terrorist attacks or for military purposes. If we look ahead, the risk of pesticide contamination of the water and soil, as one of the most important resources for surviving, is always present. The wide spectra of pesticide negative effects on the environment initiate the increasing number of investigations of efficient pesticide removal methods, especially from water. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of direct electrochemical oxidation as a method for in-situ degradation of pesticides in the aquatic environment, depending on the concentration of pesticides, present electrolytes, applied current and the pH value of the medium. As a model molecule, the neonicotinoid pesticide thiamethoxam was used. Kinetics of thiamethoxam degradation in aqueous solution was followed by UV/Vis spectrometry.
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WIWIK SINTA DEWI, NI KADEK, IDA BAGUS GEDE DARMAYASA, and I. KETUT SUNDRA. "SKRENING BAKTERI TOLERAN PESTISIDA DENGAN BAHAN AKTIF KLORANTRANILIPROL ASAL TANAH PERTANIAN BATURITI TABANAN BALI." Jurnal Biologi Udayana 21, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jbiounud.2017.vol21.i01.p01.
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In Indonesia agriculture practice often used the large scale pesticide application such as insecticide, herbicide, and fungicide. The wide use of toxic pesticide has created numerous problem in increasing environtmental hazard to human and to other animals. Many of soil bacteria had important role to degrading chemical compounds into simpler compounds as a bioremediation agent. The aim of this study was to screen the Chlorantraniliprole tolerant bacteria using soil mineral medium with Prevathon pesticide addition, also teo identificate the species of bacteria. This research was conducted at Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University. The research was done in three analysis, (1) bacteria test on Prevathon pesticide addition to mineral medium treatment, (2) characterization of bacteria, (3) Identification of pesticide tolerant bacteria with BD BBL Crystal Enteric/Non FermenterID Kit. The results showed that mineral medium with the addition of pesticides Prevathon treatment able to provide a significant different effect on the enrichment stage 1, stage 2 and stage 3 (P<0.05), there was 5 isolates pesticide tolerant bacteria that isolated from Baturiti Tabanan cultivated soil that was BSP 1, BSP 2, BSP 3 known as gram negative bacteria, and BSP 4, BSP 5 known as Gram positive bacteria, pesticide tolerant bacteria identified as Serratia marcescens which is a Gram negative bacteria group and may cause pathogenic.
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Străteanu, Amalia-Gianina, and Simona Nicoleta Stan. "Eco-Efficiency and Vulnerability of Agro-Ecosystems to Environmental Threats." Annals ”Valahia” University of Targoviste - Agriculture 12, no. 2 (October 1, 2018): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agr-2018-0013.
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Abstract Eco-efficiency is based on environmental, social and economic principles, focusing not only on the use of fewer natural resources (raw materials) and energy but also on the cost-effective use of new technologies (eco-innovation) for the same volume of production and generation of low waste (efficient production). Agro-ecosystems globally, once with the development of the pesticide industry (plant protection products) and under the influence of aggressive marketing, have been based on the large-scale application of big amounts (perhaps too high) of pesticides. Many of the pesticides used in agriculture have a high persistence and degrade very slowly, which leads to the soil, water and even air pollution, with negative effects on plants, animals and, implicitly, humans. If these are used in short term and at low concentrations, pesticides can have beneficial effects (crop protection and their conservation and prevention of vector-borne disease) but in large quantities and applied over a long period of time can be toxic to humans and with a negative impact on the environment and ecosystems (degrading essential ecosystem services).
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IBRAHIM, M. A., P. KAINULAINEN, and A. AFLATUNI. "Insecticidal, repellent, antimicrobial activity and phytotoxicity of essential oils: With special reference to limonene and its suitability for control of insect pests." Agricultural and Food Science 10, no. 3 (January 3, 2001): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5697.
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The interest in the use of monoterpenes for insect pest and pathogen control originates from the need for pesticide products with less negative environmental and health impacts than highly effective synthetic pesticides. The expanding literature on the possibility of the use of these monoterpenes is reviewed and focused on the effects of limonene on various bioorganisms. Limonene is used as insecticide to control ectoparasites of pet animals, but it has activity against many insects, mites, and microorganisms. Possible attractive effects of limonene to natural enemies of pests may offer novel applications to use natural compounds for manipulation of beneficial animals in organic agriculture. However, in few cases limonene-treated plants have become attractive to plant damaging insects and phytotoxic effects on cultivated plants have been observed. As a plant-based natural product limonene and other monoterpenes might have use in pest and weed control in organic agriculture after phytotoxicity on crop plants and, effects on non-target soil animals and natural enemies of pest have been investigated
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Schiffman, Susan S., and H. Troy Nagle. "Effect of Environmental Pollutants on Taste and Smell." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 106, no. 6 (June 1992): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989210600613.
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Various man-made and naturally occurring chemicals and substances can modify the chemosensory systems of animals and man. This article provides an overview of research studies that Investigate the Impact of pollution on taste and smell perception. Acute and chronic alterations in taste and olfaction are discussed for solvents, herbicides, fungicides, pesticides, disinfectants, germicides, soil fumigants, dyes, pharmaceuticals, textile wastes, smog, tobacco smoke, perfumes, flavors, plastics, synthetic rubber, and other Industrial substances. The mechanisms by which pollutants may cause physiologic and biologic changes are highlighted. Natural detoxification systems are discussed, as well as treatments for chemosensory deficits.
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Ke, Xin, Ying Sun, and Yun Zhang. "Toxicity of As on Soil Neutral Phosphatase." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 1195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.1195.
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Toxicity of As on soil neutral phosphatase was studied through a series indoor incubation experiments. Results showed that the activity of soil neutral phosphatase was significantly inhibited by As pollution, and the peak inhibiting ratio was appeared at the sixth incubation day. While the activity of soil neutral phosphatase was also decreased with concentration of As increasing in the same incubation day. The relationship between the concentration of as and soil neutral phosphatase was fit by model ①y=c/(1+bx)and ②y=c(1+ax)(1+bx).The model② was more suitable to describe the relationship between the concentration of As and soil enzyme. This means the effect mechanism of As on the soil neutral phosphatase was part of inhibition. The Km of neutral phosphatase was increase by As concentration adding, while the Vmax was lowered. This kind of inhibition belongs to mix competition inhibition. Phosphatase widely exists in the biological world, from lower organism Escherichia coli, yeast to higher animals and plant tissues, body fluid and human liver, prostate gland are found to have phosphatase exist. It can catalyze the phosphate hydrolysis of elemental and inorganic phosphate release, important enzymes of biological phosphorus metabolism [1-2]. Soil phosphatase is an enzyme that has a major impact on agricultural production, producing an important role in the cycle of soil phosphorus. Research show that phosphatase in soil and aquatic systems of phosphorus, organic phosphorus pesticide contaminated soil bioremediation is very important, so it can be used as material for ecosystem beneficial or deleterious effects of indicator. Therefore, some can be as the instructions of the beneficial or harmful effects of ecosystem biology. Arsenic is widespread nature of toxic heavy metals often pollute the environment with the waste material, pesticides, fertilizers and other. According to the statistics in early 1990s, each year around the world due to human activities the importation of soil arsenic content of 0.52-1.2 million tons, its impact on soil ecosystem is one of the important topics. This experiment which proposed indoor simulation method analysis different concentrations of arsenic contaminated soils of neutral phosphatase activity, to explore the effects of different concentrations of arsenic on soil phosphatase activity of short-term toxicity effect. Analysis of the influence degree and duration, further analysis between the two possible mechanism, provides the basis for environmental protection and monitoring.
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Silva, Raquel de Oliveira, Rômulo Penna Scorza Júnior, Maricy Raquel Lindenbah Bonfá, Maria Fernanda Zaneli Campanari, and Ieda de Carvalho Mendes. "Degradation and sorption of fipronil and atrazine in Latossols with organic residues from sugarcane crop." Ciência Rural 46, no. 7 (July 2016): 1172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20150696.
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ABSTRACT: Organic residues from sugarcane crop and processing (vinasse, boiler ash, cake filter, and straw) are commonly applied or left on the soil to enhance its fertility. However, they can influence pesticide degradation and sorption. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of adding these organic residues on the degradation and sorption of fipronil and atrazine in two soils of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, MS, Brazil. The degradation experiment was carried out with laboratory-incubated (40 days; 28°C; 70% field capacity) soils (0-10cm). The batch equilibration method was used to determine sorption. Fipronil (half-life values of 15-105 days) showed to be more persistent than atrazine (7-17 days). Vinasse application to the soil favored fipronil and atrazine degradation, whereas cake filter application decreased the degradation rates for both pesticides. Values for sorption coefficients (Kd) were determined for fipronil (5.1-13.2mL g-1) and atrazine (0.5-1.5mL g-1). Only straw and cake filter residues enhanced fipronil sorption when added to the soil, whereas all sugarcane residues increased atrazine sorption.
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Espinoza-Navarro, O., and E. Bustos-Obregón. "Environmental Risk and Toxicity Effect of Organophosphorus Insecticides on Male Red Earthworm (Eisenia foetida)." International Journal of Medical and Surgical Sciences 2, no. 4 (October 26, 2018): 723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/ijmss.2015.046.
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Organophosphate pesticides are widely used to eliminate pests in agriculture. In Arica- Chile, they were used to control and eliminate the plague of fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata). They act as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and induce DNA damage. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of malathion and methamidophos two organophosphate pesticides on male reproductive parameters of red earthworm Eisenia foetida. After determining the LD50 in mg per kilogram of soil (malathion= 880 mg/kg and methamidophos= 85.3 mg/kg), we proceeded to subdue Eisenia foetida at a dose of 1/10, 1/6, 1/3 and 2/3 of the LD50. The control groups were sprayed with water. All groups were analyzed at 1, 6, 15 and 30 days post treatment. The weight and external morphological changes was determined. Sperm count was held in camera Neubaur, DNA integrity was determined with Acridine orange test. The Ethics / Bioethics Committee at the University of Tarapaca, approved the research protocols. The results show that both organophosphate express a significant decrease in body weight in all animals treated with 100% of coiled tail. A significant rise in the number of sperm at 1, 6 and 15 days followed by a significant decrease from 15 to 30 days was observed. A significant increase of abnormal metachromatic sperm (red fluorescence) in all treated animals was observed. It is concluded that malathion and methamidophos, alter the external morphology, sperm count and quality of Eisenia foetida red earthworm. The use of these chemicals needs better handling and storage procedures to avoid altering human health and the environment.
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Castañeda-Ramírez, Gloria Sarahi, Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta, José Ernesto Sánchez, Pedro Mendoza-de-Gives, Manases González-Cortázar, Alejandro Zamilpa, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq Al-Ani, Carlos Sandoval-Castro, Filippe Elias de Freitas Soares, and Liliana Aguilar-Marcelino. "The Possible Biotechnological Use of Edible Mushroom Bioproducts for Controlling Plant and Animal Parasitic Nematodes." BioMed Research International 2020 (June 24, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6078917.
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The present paper reviewed publications on the nematocidal activity of edible mushrooms (EM) and their potential use as sustainable tools for the control of parasitic nematodes affecting agriculture and livestock industry. Nematodes are organisms living in the soil and animals’ guts where they may live as parasites severely affecting economically important crops and farm animals, thus causing economic losses to worldwide agriculture. Traditionally, parasitic nematodes have been controlled using commercial pesticides and anthelmintic (AH) drugs. Over the years, nematodes developed resistance to the AH drugs, reducing the usefulness of many commercial drugs. Also, the use of pesticides/anthelmintic drugs to control nematodes can have important negative impacts on the environment. Different EM have been not only used as food but also studied as alternative methods for controlling several diseases including parasitic nematodes. The present paper reviewed publications from the last decades about the nematocidal activity of EM and assessed their potential use as sustainable tools for the control of nematodes affecting agriculture and livestock industry. A reduced number of reports on the effect of EM against nematodes were found, and an even smaller number of reports regarding the potential AH activity of chemical compounds isolated from EM products were found. However, those studies have produced promising results that certainly deserve further investigation. It is concluded that EM, their fractions and extracts, and some compounds contained in them may have biotechnological application for the control of animal and plant parasitic nematodes.
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Marais, A., M. Hardy, M. Booyse, and A. Botha. "Effects of Monoculture, Crop Rotation, and Soil Moisture Content on Selected Soil Physicochemical and Microbial Parameters in Wheat Fields." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/593623.
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Different plants are known to have different soil microbial communities associated with them. Agricultural management practices such as fertiliser and pesticide addition, crop rotation, and grazing animals can lead to different microbial communities in the associated agricultural soils. Soil dilution plates, most-probable-number (MPN), community level physiological profiling (CLPP), and buried slide technique as well as some measured soil physicochemical parameters were used to determine changes during the growing season in the ecosystem profile in wheat fields subjected to wheat monoculture or wheat in annual rotation with medic/clover pasture. Statistical analyses showed that soil moisture had an over-riding effect on seasonal fluctuations in soil physicochemical and microbial populations. While within season soil microbial activity could be differentiated between wheat fields under rotational and monoculture management, these differences were not significant.
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Tleukeyeva, A. Ye, N. N. Alibayev, R. Pankiewicz, and A. U. Issayeva. "THE POSSIBILITY OF USING GREEN ALGAE AS FERTILIZER IN AGRICULTURE." REPORTS 335, no. 1 (February 12, 2021): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1483.3.
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The article presents the results of algological studies of the Koshkar-ata river and the influence of green microalgae on the physiological development of various agricultural crops. Modern technologies for the production of agricultural products, based on the widespread use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, made it possible to largely solve the problem of providing the population with food, and at the same time gave rise to multiple environmental, medical and environmental problems, problems of ecologically clean and biologically valuable food products, land rehabilitation, restoration their fertility, etc. Therefore, the emergence of new classes of pesticides with different mechanisms of action, high selectivity and low toxicity for warm-blooded animals is very modern. Currently, the development and application of new plant protection products that are not toxic to humans and animals is of global importance. Priority is given to research aimed at creating plant protection products based on microorganisms and their metabolites, as well as searching for plant substances with potential pesticidal activity. In this regard, the question arose of finding new safe fertilizers that could also be economically viable for production on an industrial scale. One of the current trends in this industry is the use of green microalgae. It was found that the use of a suspension of microalgae on various agricultural crops increased the yield of winter wheat by 30%, beans by 28%, mung bean by 15%. Thus, the use of a suspension of green algae in agriculture saves on the use of fertilizers, due to a one-time application of the crop to the soil. Moreover, seed treatment with a suspension of green microalgae protects against decay. The main economic effect is achieved by increasing the yield by 20-25%.
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Augustyniuk-Kram, Anna. "Rolnictwo ekologiczne a właściwości gleby i jej różnorodność biologiczna." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2012): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2012.10.1.03.
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This review deals with the influence of organic farming, as well as with the effects the conversion of conventional to ecological farming systems have had on the quality of soil and biodiversity. Organic farming is defined as a system in which crop and animal production must be balanced, and all means of production needed for plant and animal breeding are produced within the farm. Organic farming prohibits the use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers, therefore is widely perceived as being more environmentally friendly than conventional farming. Organic farming is also identified with the production of high-quality food, with the improvement of animal welfare, as well as associated with rural development. This type of farming aims to sustain the quality and fertility of the soil and to maintain key ecological soil functions. The presented overview shows that organic farming leads to higher soil quality and more biological activity in soil than conventional farming. A growing number of studies also show that organic farming can have a positive effect on ecosystems by increasing biological diversity and by a diversification of the agricultural landscape. This is to prevent the loss of the natural habitat of many wild plant and animal species.
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Bodnar, O. I., S. V. Senko, I. O. Osypenko, I. Khatib, N. M. Kasyanchuk, and H. I. Falfushynska. "ВИВЧЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ХЛОРЕЛИ ЩОДО ЗМЕНШЕННЯ ЦИТОТОКСИЧНИХ ПРОЯВІВ У СМУГАСТОГО ДАНІО ЗА ВПЛИВУ ОРГАНОФОСФАТНИХ ПЕСТИЦИДІВ." Scientific Issue Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: Biology 80, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2020): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2078-2357.20.3-4.8.
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The ecological potential of microalgae for purification of aquatic and soil ecosystems and natural restoration of their homeostatic functional state is considered to be high due to the rapid growth and development of algae, their labile and dynamic metabolism and simple growth conditions. The aim of present work was to study the effectiveness of Chlorella as a potential bioremediator to reduce the toxic effects of pesticides, roundup and chlorpyrifos after their individual and complex influence on zebrafish Danio rerio. The effect of environmental concentrations of roundup (15 μg⋅L-1) and chlorpyrifos (0,1 μg⋅L-1) provoked partial depletion of the cell thiols pool when compared to the control, which appeared as a decrease in glutathione transferase activity (under combined exposure) and total glutathione concentration. A decrease in the level of total antioxidant capacity, which was consistent with an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species in the liver tissue was also shown. Meanwhile, the studied organophosphate pesticides didn’t cause severe signs of neurotoxicity, but activated acetylcholinesterase in line with no visual manifestations of locomotion reactions. Chlorpyrifos determined an increase in the concentration of methylglyoxal and the most noticeable sign of endocrine disruption from all studied groups in terms of vitellogenin concentration. Principal component analysis allowed to identify a separate localization of each of the studied groups and the interim position of animals after combined exposure when compared to the individual action. The introduction of Chlorella vulgaris in the exposure media in the amount of about 100 thousand cells / dm3 did not show a significant corrective effect on the toxicity of pesticides for non-target species Danio rerio, which doesn’t exclude the positive impact of algae on the functioning of the ecosystem in general and requires a more detailed analysis.
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Tandon, Shishir, and Suman Lata Pal. "Residue Kinetics of Ethofumesate in Texturally Diverse Soils of Sugar Beet Crop under Field Conditions." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (July 20, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5566787.
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Indiscriminate use of pesticides and growing awareness of environmental and health problems had led to monitoring their residues in soil and crops. Ethofumesate is one of the widely used herbicides for controlling weeds in sugar beet. Dissipation kinetics and terminal residues of ethofumesate were investigated in two diverse soils under subtropical field conditions. Ethofumesate dissipated slowly after application and follows biphasic first-order kinetics in soils. The average half-life for initial and later phases in sandy loam soil, respectively, was 14.54 and 20.42 and 51.83 and 65.21 days, while for silty clay loam, it was 10.09 and 13.00 and 71.42 and 73.10 days, respectively. Recoveries in soil, leaves, and beetroot ranged from 78.15 to 88.05, 77.01 to 88.58, and 76.25 to 84.50%, respectively. The quantitation limit for soil, roots, and leaves was 0.002 μg g−1. At harvest, no residues were detected in soils, leaves, and sugar beetroots. Residues were below the maximum residue limits in sugar beetroots and leaves as set by EU (0.2 ppm). Ethofumesate is safe from weed control and environmental aspects as it does not persist for a long duration in soils and does not appear to pose any adverse effect on human/animal health under subtropical field conditions.
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Verma, Rashmi. "ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF ORGANIC FOOD AND AGRICULTURE." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3160.
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There are many different reason why consumer choose to buy organic food. These can include for example, concern for the environment and animal welfare. Eating organic food is one way to reduce consumption of pesticides residues and additives. consumer may also choose to buy organic food because they believe that it is safer and more nutritious than other food , new research show significant nutritional differences between organic and non- organic food (Dian Bourn and John Prescott 2002) ,organic food also increase nutritional value , sensory Qualities ,and food safety (Dr William Lockerefz 2010) . According to Denis Lairoh (2006) study nutritional quality and safety of organic food are more important because 1)organic plants products contain more dry matter and minerals (Fe,Mg) and contain more oxidant , micronutrient such as phenols and salicylic acid .2)organic animal products contain more polyunsaturated fatty acid .Organic farming is a holistic approach to food production .making use of crop rotation ,environmental management and good animal husbandry to control pests and disease. Processed organic food use ingredients that were produced organically and organic ingredients must make up at least 95% of the food there are only limited number of additives used in organic food production. Some key aspects of organic food and farming 1) restricted use of artificial fertilizer for pesticides. 2)emphasis on animal welfare ,and prevention of ill health , including stoking densities free range choice of suitable breeds .3)use of conventional veterinary medicine is focused on treating sick animals .4)emphasis on soil health and maintaining this through application of manure ,compost and crop rotation . 5) Processor of organic food have a restrict set of additives to use. 6) No use of GMO or their products allowed.
Environmental Benefits of Organic food and Agriculture -Sustainability over the long term. Many changes observed in the environment are long term, occurring slowly over time. Organic agriculture considers the medium- and long-term effect of agricultural interventions on the agro-ecosystem. It aims to produce food while establishing an ecological balance to prevent soil fertility or pest problems. Organic agriculture takes a proactive approach as opposed to treating problems after they emerge.
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DOSIS (Ι. ΔΟΣΗΣ), I., and A. KAMARIANOS (Α. ΚΑΜΑΡΙΑΝΟΣ). "Environmental toxic Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs): Effects on environment, animal production and human." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 58, no. 4 (November 24, 2017): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15002.
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Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) encompass a variety of chemical classes, including several different categories of substances. Some are natural, such as plant oestrogens and mycoestrogens, while most are chemically composed. Residues are found in water, in sewage sludge, in the atmosphere and in foodstuff of vegitative or animal origin. The most common compounds include organochlorine pesticides, alkyl phenols, pthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Their properties render some as ubiquitous and persistent in the environment, they can be transported long distances and have been found in virtually all regions of the world. Their sources can vary from direct, such as effluents from wastewater, sewage, industrial sludge processes or agricultural effluents, to indirect, such as filtering agricultural soils, transportation through rain or air from civil and industrial centers to rivers and the surrounding environment. Others are rapidly degraded in the environment or human body or may be present for only short periods of time, but at critical periods of development. Although in low concentrations, the continuous exposure of animals of many species, including humans, induces adverse effects, such as disruption of reproductive function and of the immune system, as well as carcinogenic effects. The effects are obvious in wildlife, especially fish, and laboratory experiments. Sex change (feminizing) in fish has been observed, sexual differentiation in rats, egg shelling thinning, thyroid function disruption and mental and physical function disruption in wildlife. Most important and common is the disruption in the reproductive and the immune system of animals. As far as humans are concerned, reduction in sperm count and sperm quality has been heavily linked with EDC exposure, and furthermore, suspicions arise linking several cancer incident increments, such as testicular cancer, to EDC exposure. Still, although it is clear that many environmental chemicals can interfere with normal hormonal processes, there is weak evidence that human health can be adversely and directly affected by exposure to endocrine active chemicals. However, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that adverse endocrine mediated effects have occurred in wildlife species and laboratory studies exist to support these conclusions. The routes of exposure are numerous. Food is a common route of exposure, especially in younger animals that consume food containing higher fat percentages (e.g. milk). Soil is another route of exposure. Thus grazing animals tend to have a higher risk factor, due to surface soil pollution with EDCs. A vegetative nutrition with EDC residues is another high risk factor for these animals. On the other hand, animals bred with forage tend to be at lower risk factor, given that food is tested for low levels of EDCs. Water intake is not considered a significant route of exposure. EDCs possess the ability to act as either hormone agonists or antagonists or disrupt hormone synthesis, storage or metabolism. Due to their persistence in the environment, they are concentrated in fat tissue and are released when the fat is mobilized duringpregnancy or lactation, thus exposing embryos and neonates, which are very susceptible at this stage of development, to high concentrations of EDCs. The concerns that arise regarding the exposure to these EDCs are due primarily to:- these adverse effects observed in certain wildlife, fish and ecosystems- the increased incidences of certain endocrine-related human diseases and- endocrine disruption resulting from exposure to certain environmental chemicals observed in laboratory experimental animals.
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Meghana, K. M., and D. Sayantan. "Critical review on arsenic: Its occurrence, contamination and remediation from water and soil." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 861–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i3.2757.
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With the increasing pollution in today’s world, importance is being given to solve a problem and do it in a sustainable, eco-friendly manner. Arsenic is a class-1 carcinogen and also causes many other side effects to humans, plants and animals. The utilization of arsenic as wood preservatives, pesticides, or its historical overuse by some military units for rice killing operations has led to the increase in the toxic effects of arsenic like its carcinogenicity, decreased immune response etc. Although conventional methods like coagulation, lime softening, adsorption, membrane technology are effective, they have their disadvantages like additional waste generation, causing increased pollution and are expensive. The better alternative is phytoremediation. Appropriate plants like Brassica juncea, Hydrilla verticilata, Pteris vittata L., Vallisneria natans, can be chosen based on the method of the remediation like phytoextraction, phytostabilization and phytofiltration or phytovoltalization. This review provides the list of a few plants which can be likely chosen for the purpose of both water and soil remediation. Advancements are occurring in bioremediation studies with the development of transgenic plants like transgenic tobacco, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana for better phytoremediation. Understanding the mechanism employed by the plant for its uptake/detoxification can aid in the enhancement of the process of remediation with the external supply of phosphorus. Along with this, the proper and safe disposal of plants is crucial for the remediation process. In addition, awareness of this solution to the general public is to be made for its effectiveness.
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Doshi, Pratik, Anett Mészárosné Póss, Ferenc Tóth, Mark Szalai, and György Turóczi. "Effect of neem-derived plant protection products on the isopod species Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt, 1833)." ZooKeys 801 (December 3, 2018): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.801.25510.
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Neem-based products have gained major attention over the last few years due to their wide range of applications in pest management, and have been in the focus of biological plant protection research in the past decade. Yet, there is limited information available to understand the side effects of these neem-derived pesticides on non-target species in soil. Therefore, Porcellionidespruinosus, a terrestrial isopod, was chosen as a non-target species to investigate such possible effects. Two different experiments were conducted to study two different neem-derived plant protection products, i.e., NeemAzal T/S (1% azadirachtin) which is a commercial product registered in the EU, and neem leaf extract from dried neem leaves (1%).The latter simulates the plant protection product, is domestically produced, and widely used by farmers in India and other tropical and subtropical countries. Findings are consistent with previous results obtained with other non-target organisms, i.e., neither of the tested neem products have adverse effects on the mortality of P.pruinosus. However, further research on a wider range of soil organisms is needed to prove the safety of neem-based products as biological control agents and to be part of integrated pest management.
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Whitehead, A. G., and D. J. Tite. "Effects of seed row and foliar applied pesticides on the yield of lucerne in clay soil, in the presence or absence of lucerne stem nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci." Journal of Agricultural Science 110, no. 2 (April 1988): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600081302.
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SummaryCarbofuran at 1·5 kg a.i./ha applied around the seeds during sowing in spring controlled lucerne stem nematode and Sitona damage to lucerne and increased herbage yields in the susceptible cv. Europe. Such treatment was also beneficial to Europe in soil not infested with lucerne stem nematode and to the ‘resistant’ cv. Euver sown in infested soil. Subsequent treatment of the soil in spring each year with thiabendazole did not enhance lucerne yield but aldicarb at 1·5 kg a.i./ha watered onto the stubble and hydraulic or electrostatic sprays of carbendazim, thiabendazole hypophosphite, thiodicarb, dimethoate or pirimiphos methyl applied to new foliage after each herbage harvest lessened stem nematode injury and increased herbage yields in one experiment but had less or no effect in another.
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Nguyen, Thi Thom, Van Binh Nguyen, Bang Diep Tran, Dang Sang Hoang, Xuan An Tran, Phuong Thao Hoang, and Minh Quynh Tran. "Study on using gamma radiation to inactivate Bacillus thuringiensis spores in biopesticide." Nuclear Science and Technology 7, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53747/jnst.v7i1.118.
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces different types of toxin that have potent and specific insecticidal activity. In recent years, Bt toxins have been used as the safe biological control agents to protect crops replacing for chemical insecticides. Bt-based biopesticides that have been commercialized as the alternative products to control pests and insects for sustainable agriculture, contain toxicity crystals and a significant number of spores that affects to the soil microflora. These uncontrollable changes may contaminate the cultivation soil, and eventually cause adverse effects to human and animal health. Therefore, the living cells and spores existing in the Bt-biopesticides should be controlled. This study evaluates the effects of gamma radiation on spore viability, germination and growth of the existing spores after spraying on the soil and the insecticidal effectiveness of a Bt-based biopesticide (VBT) against lepidoptera larvae. We attempted to identify the optimal dose that couldinactivate Bt spores but the toxicity of Bt still retain highly. The results revealed that the dose of 20 kGy is enough to control all living cells and spores in the product that consists of approximately 5.2 × 107 spores in the initial VBT. Though the growth of existing spores after spraying on the soil reduced by 85% or more by irradiation, their insecticidal activity against Heliothis armigera larvae reduced by 20-30% only as compared to that of the initial VBT. It suggested that gamma irradiation can be applied as useful way to control the living cells and spores existing in the commercial Bt-based bio-pesticides, and the radiation dose of 20 kGy is enough to kill all spores in VBT, but still kept its insecticidal effect for Heliothis armigera larvae
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Trinder, M., J. E. Bisanz, J. P. Burton, and G. Reid. "Probiotic lactobacilli: a potential prophylactic treatment for reducing pesticide absorption in humans and wildlife." Beneficial Microbes 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 841–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2015.0022.
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Numerous pesticides are used in agriculture, gardening, and wildlife-control. Despite their intended toxicity to pests, these compounds can also cause harm to wildlife and humans due to their ability to potentially bioaccumulate, leach into soils, and persist in the environment. Humans and animals are commonly exposed to these compounds through agricultural practices and consumption of contaminated foods and water. Pesticides can cause a range of adverse effects in humans ranging from minor irritation, to endocrine or nervous system disruption, cancer, or even death. A convenient and cost-effective method to reduce unavoidable pesticide absorption in humans and wildlife could be the use of probiotic lactobacilli. Lactobacillus is a genus of Gram-positive gut commensal bacteria used in the production of functional foods, such as yoghurt, cheese, sauerkraut and pickles, as well as silage for animal feed. Preliminary in vitro experiments suggested that lactobacilli are able to degrade some pesticides. Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1-supplemented yoghurt reduced the bioaccumulation of mercury and arsenic in pregnant women and children. A similar study is warranted to test if this approach can reduce pesticide absorption in vivo, given that the lactobacilli can also attenuate reactive oxygen production, enhance gastrointestinal barrier function, reduce inflammation, and modulate host xenobiotic metabolism.
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Indraningsih, Indraningsih, Yulvian Sani, and Raphaella Widiastuti. "EVALUATION OF FARMERS APPRECIATION IN REDUCING PESTICIDE BY ORGANIC FARMING PRACTICE." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 6, no. 2 (October 25, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v6n2.2005.59-68.
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Vegetables and dairy milk are important commodities in Pangalengan and Lembang, West Java. However, agrochemicals are used intensively and excessively in production system. Therefore, pesticide residues and contamination commonly occurred in agricultural products and environments. The study aimed to assess farmers’ attitudes on pesticide toxicity and reducing pesticide residues in animal and food crops products, and investigate the attitude changes of farmers on pesticide use. It was an on-farm research and farmers were directly involved in the study. The attitude change was analyzed on questionnaire and interview base for over 99 respondents in Pangalengan and Lembang between 2001 and 2003. Samples of soils, weeds, cabbages and milk were collected for pesticide residue analysis. Results showed that farmers did not aware on toxicity effects of pesticides in both animal and human health. There was misinterpretation among the farmers where pesticides were regarded as drugs rather than toxic compound to increase productivity. The organochlorines/OCs (lindane and heptachlor) were common pesticide contaminants found in soils of 7.9- 11.4 ppb, but no organophospates (OPs) were detected. Both OCs and OPs were also detected in soils of Lembang at a range of 11.53-65.63 ppb and 0.6-2.6 ppb, respectively. There were pesticide residues detected in weeds collected from Pangalengan (8.93 ppb lindane, 2.05 ppb heptachlor, and 33.27 ppb chlorpyriphos methyl/CPM and Lembang (6.45 ppb lindane, 2.65 ppb endosulfan, 6.85 ppb diazinon, and 0.5 ppb CPM). Only endosulfan with least residue level (0.1 ppb) was detected in organic cabbages, whereas lindane was detected much higher (3.7 ppb) in non-organic cabbages. Pesticide residues were not detected in milk of dairy cattle fed on by-products of organic cabbages, but lindane was still present in milk of dairy cattle fed on non-organic cabbages for 7 days subsequently. The present study indicates that the organic farming practice may reduce pesticide residues in animal and agricultural products. Farmers appreciated that pesticides may cause residual effects on their products (95.2%) and affected public health and environment (92.9%). Therefore, they were willing to convert their agricultural practices to organic farming (69.1%).
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Indraningsih, Indraningsih, Yulvian Sani, and Raphaella Widiastuti. "EVALUATION OF FARMERS APPRECIATION IN REDUCING PESTICIDE BY ORGANIC FARMING PRACTICE." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 6, no. 2 (October 25, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v6n2.2005.p59-68.
Full textAbstract:
Vegetables and dairy milk are important commodities in Pangalengan and Lembang, West Java. However, agrochemicals are used intensively and excessively in production system. Therefore, pesticide residues and contamination commonly occurred in agricultural products and environments. The study aimed to assess farmers’ attitudes on pesticide toxicity and reducing pesticide residues in animal and food crops products, and investigate the attitude changes of farmers on pesticide use. It was an on-farm research and farmers were directly involved in the study. The attitude change was analyzed on questionnaire and interview base for over 99 respondents in Pangalengan and Lembang between 2001 and 2003. Samples of soils, weeds, cabbages and milk were collected for pesticide residue analysis. Results showed that farmers did not aware on toxicity effects of pesticides in both animal and human health. There was misinterpretation among the farmers where pesticides were regarded as drugs rather than toxic compound to increase productivity. The organochlorines/OCs (lindane and heptachlor) were common pesticide contaminants found in soils of 7.9- 11.4 ppb, but no organophospates (OPs) were detected. Both OCs and OPs were also detected in soils of Lembang at a range of 11.53-65.63 ppb and 0.6-2.6 ppb, respectively. There were pesticide residues detected in weeds collected from Pangalengan (8.93 ppb lindane, 2.05 ppb heptachlor, and 33.27 ppb chlorpyriphos methyl/CPM and Lembang (6.45 ppb lindane, 2.65 ppb endosulfan, 6.85 ppb diazinon, and 0.5 ppb CPM). Only endosulfan with least residue level (0.1 ppb) was detected in organic cabbages, whereas lindane was detected much higher (3.7 ppb) in non-organic cabbages. Pesticide residues were not detected in milk of dairy cattle fed on by-products of organic cabbages, but lindane was still present in milk of dairy cattle fed on non-organic cabbages for 7 days subsequently. The present study indicates that the organic farming practice may reduce pesticide residues in animal and agricultural products. Farmers appreciated that pesticides may cause residual effects on their products (95.2%) and affected public health and environment (92.9%). Therefore, they were willing to convert their agricultural practices to organic farming (69.1%).
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Cook, M. G., P. G. Hunt, K. C. Stone, and J. H. Canterberry. "Reducing diffuse pollution through implementation of agricultural best management practices: a case study." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1996): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0504.
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A system of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) was implemented on a 2,100 ha watershed in Duplin County, North Carolina, USA, for the purpose of improving water quality. The BMPs included: Nutrient, pest, and animal waste management; and soil conservation practices. Both surface and ground water were continually analyzed to assess the water quality impacts. Nutrient management plans have been developed for over 80% of the cropland. Pest management plans have been developed for over 60% of the cropland. Over one-half of all plans have been implemented. Poultry mortality composting and improved swine waste management have decreased the potential adverse effects of animal operations. A constructed wetland shows promise as a pre-treatment of swine waste prior to land application. Stream monitoring shows decreasing amounts of nitrate- and ammonium-nitrogen in the surface waters of the watershed. Ground water monitoring shows relatively high concentrations of nitrate in areas of intensive swine and poultry operations. Ground water monitoring of pesticides reveals low levels of alachlor, atrazine, and metolachlor even though large amounts of these chemicals are used on crops. The successful implementation of agricultural BMPs appears to be having a positive effect on water quality. Both stream and ground water monitoring will be continued for several years to assess more definitively the changes in water quality.
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Ursan, Mihaela, Oana Alina Boiu-Sicuia, Cătălina Voaides, Vasilica Stan, Corina Bubueanu, and Călina Petruţa Cornea. "The Potential of New Streptomyces Isolates as Biocontrol Agents Against Fusarium Spp." “Agriculture for Life, Life for Agriculture” Conference Proceedings 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 594–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/alife-2018-0093.
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Abstract The excessive use of synthetic pesticides for plant pathogens control could cause possible harmful side-effects to humans and animals, environmental pollution, residual toxicity, affects soil characteristics or induce the development of fungal resistance. Alternative ways for fungal contamination control involve natural products, based on microorganisms, many of them being already available for use. The selection and characterization of new biological agents useful for plant pathogens control are permanent goals for plant protection researches. In the last decade, several studies revealed that Streptomyces species are promising biocontrol agents against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi, including Fusarium spp., one of the most important wheat pathogens. In our study, 60 strains of Streptomyces spp. were isolated from soil or compost and evaluated for in vitro antifungal abilities by dual confrontation method. At least 30% of the isolates presented inhibitory activity against F. culmorum and F. graminearum. The bacterial strains were also tested for their ability to produce various bioactive compounds, possible involved in fungal inhibition. The capacity of some of the bacterial isolates to produce cellulases, amylases, lipases and volatile metabolites was proved. In addition, a new screening method for chitinases production was developed, based on the use of a combination of Congo red and Lugol solutions, which allowed the detection of chitinases in several Streptomyces spp. strains. Moreover, the reduction of the level of some Fusarium mycotoxins was detected by HPTLC analysis. As a conclusion, antagonistic interactions between Streptomyces isolates and fusaria could involve antibiosis, competition and parasitism and suggested that at least some of the selected isolates could be used in obtaining biological control products.
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Peña, Guadalupe, Fortino Agustín Aguilar Jiménez, Claudia Hallal-Calleros, Jorge Morales-Montor, Víctor Manuel Hernández-Velázquez, and Fernando Iván Flores-Pérez. "In VitroOvicidal and Cestocidal Effects of Toxins fromBacillus thuringiensison the Canine and Human ParasiteDipylidium caninum." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/174619.
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Bacillus thuringiensisis a gram-positive soil-dwelling bacterium that is commonly used as a biological pesticide. This bacterium may also be used for biological control of helminth parasites in domestic animals. In this study, we evaluated the possible ovicidal and cestocidal effects of a total protein extract ofB. thuringiensisnative strains on the zoonotic cestode parasite of dogs,Dipylidium caninum(D. caninum). Dose and time response curves were determined by coincubatingB. thuringiensisproteins at concentration ranging from 100 to 1000 μg/mL along with 4000 egg capsules ofD. caninum. Egg viability was evaluated using the trypan blue exclusion test. The lethal concentration of toxins on eggs was 600 μg/ml, and the best incubation time to produce this effect was 3 h. In the adult stage, the motility and the thickness of the tegument were used as indicators of damage. The motility was inhibited by 100% after 8 hours of culture compared to the control group, while the thickness of the cestode was reduced by 34%. Conclusively, proteins of the strain GP526 ofB. thuringiensisdirectly act uponD. caninumshowing ovicidal and cestocidal effects. Thus,B. thuringiensisis proposed as a potential biological control agent against this zoonosis.
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Ranabhat, Sharmila, Suman Baskota, and Bishnu Bajagain. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Agrochemicals Use among Farmers in Kathmandu, Nepal." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20210613.
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Background and purpose: High agricultural inputs such as chemical fertilizer and pesticides are unlikely to be sustainable for long unless the inputs are properly used in terms of both their quality and quantity. Because of limited knowledge and skills about the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, farmers are haphazardly using agrochemical, which not only disturbs the soil ecosystem, affecting the nutrient recycling process and decreases productivity, but also affects long-term human health. It has a potential connection to cancer, thyroid, and reproductive health in both humans and livestock. Heavy use of chemical herbicides, pesticides, and intensification of agricultural production during the past few decades has led to several harmful effects in surrounding areas of Kathmandu valley. In this context, this study was conducted to assess the farmer’s knowledge towards the use of agrochemicals, to explore the attitude, and practices methods of chemical fertilizer and pesticides in Sankhu and Machhegaun VDCs, Kathmandu, Nepal. As well, this study explored the famers’ self-reported problems associated with the use of agrochemicals. Materials and Methods: In this study, two sampling methods: purposive and snowball sampling was used to select 50 farmers from two villages in Kathmandu, Nepal. The data was obtained by interview and focus group discussion through structured questionnaires and checklists, which were analyzed with descriptive statistical tools. Results and conclusion: Almost half of the farmers (40%) access information about agrochemicals use from friends, elders, relatives, and other farmers followed by agrochemicals retailers and agriculture cooperatives (22%). All the farmers in the study area were aware of the hazards involved in agrochemicals and safety precautions. However, the majority of them (68%) ignored safety precautions while applying agrochemicals. Research revealed that females are more likely to use safety measures than males among those who used safety measures and the higher educational status of respondents plays a vital role in applying safety measures. The most common PPE used by slightly more than a quarter of farmers were rubber gloves, safety shoes, masks, hats, long-sleeved clothes, goggles, and respirators. Furthermore, only 26% of farmers have ever received some kind of training to use agrochemicals. All the farmers washed their hands with soap while only 18% of them took bath immediately after applying agrochemicals. Slightly more than half (52%) of the farmers stored agrochemicals in an unlocked cabinet inside the house and only 14% locked in the safe place outside. Almost half of the farmers (48%) threw away empty agrochemicals in the open space (48%) and 36% of them were reused for storage or other household purposes. Only 8% used the safe disposal procedure i.e., burn or bury. The common time interval (38%) between agrochemicals application and crop harvesting was between one to two weeks followed by two to three weeks (30%). More than half of the farmers (54%) reported that pest and insect activity increased after agrochemicals application. Similarly, some farmers also reported experiencing adverse impacts on their animals (14%) and the surrounding environment. The study revealed that the majority of the farmers 39 (78%) had ill-health symptoms after agrochemicals application. The most common symptoms experienced by them were eye irritation, headache, cough, skin rashes or allergy, vomiting, dizziness, and abdominal pain. Some farmers also reported chronic illnesses such as asthma and bronchitis. Inadequate knowledge and inappropriate practice have resulted in harmful consequences to the farmers' health and the surrounding environment. Based on the results of the study, training for farmers is strongly recommended to improve knowledge on agrochemical use, risk associated with agrochemical, safety precaution, safe storage and disposal and short and long-term health impact. Furthermore, to manage inappropriate disposal practices of the farmers, the local government should provide a common agrochemicals waste disposal site where there is no threat to public health and the environment. Key words: agrochemicals, pesticides, chemical fertilizer, human health, PPE, environment.
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Zulfia, Tukenova, Alimzhanova Mereke, Kazybaeyeva Saule, Ashimuly Kazhybek, and Zhylkybaev Oral. "Soil Invertebrate Animals as Indicators of Contamination of Light Chestnut Ground of Southeast of Kazakhstan." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.32 (August 26, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.32.18398.
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The use of living organisms as biological indicators for environmental change necessitates the development of a number of criteria on the basis of which it is possible to select indicator species. These include the biological activity of soils (mesofauna, enzymes). Bioindicators with a chronic anthropogenic load on the soil, in particular with prolonged application of fertilizers, can react to very weak effects due to dose accumulation, in addition, they make it unnecessary to use expensive and laborious physical and chemical methods for measuring biological parameters. The novelty of our research is based on the study of the influence of anthropogenic influences on the biological activity of soils in comparison with its basic indicators. This will allow us to establish a correlation between the soil fauna and the main traditional indicators of soil fertility, and significantly enhance their ecological significance in assessing agricultural practices in agricultural production. It has been revealed that the soils under study differ in relatively favorable physical properties, which in turn affects the distribution of the mesofauna. When the biological activity of soils was diagnosed, a decrease in the activity of soil mesofauna was noted in variants with high doses of phosphorus fertilizers depending on the type of soil. In light chestnut soils, meso-faunistic indices are reduced to (16 ind·m-2) and poor group diversity. The main representatives of the soil mesofauna are Carabidae, Formicidae, Lumbricidae, Scarabeidae. Typical species for fertilized soils are Carabidae, Lumbricidae, Scarabeidae. It was revealed that larvae of the mesofauna of soils from the family Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae are characteristic representatives. Representatives of these families can be used as bioindicators in conducting studies on the investigated soils. Bioindicator species of the investigated soils are present irrespective of the use of mineral fertilizers and, accordingly, the level of pesticide content.
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Suleimen, Assylgul, Roza Yesimova, Bibigul Rakhimova, Gulnaz Suleimen, Aidana Yerubay, Valeriy Britko, Aidar Aitkulov, and Berikbai Kultanov. "The Impact of Dust and Salt Aerosols of the Aral Sea on the Tissues of Rat Testes in the Experiment." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, A (August 10, 2020): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4575.
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BACKGROUND: The Aral Sea crisis is recognized as one of the global environmental problems of our time. The extreme environmental situation in the region is caused by massive chemical pollution of the territory for several decades by high doses of pesticides, herbicides, dumping of industrial waste into the rivers that feed the Aral Sea. As a result of the Aral Sea desiccation, aridization of the territory, climate change, and salinization of soil and water occurred. This led to increased mineralization of precipitation, climate change, the spread and deposition of dust on an area of about 25 million hectares. One of the factors in reducing fertile activity in humans is a decrease in spermatogenesis activity. Based on identified trends, WHO is forced to review the main indicators of spermograms in the direction of their reduction.
AIM: To study the effect of dust and salt aerosols of the Aral Sea on reproductive function, rat testes were studied after 7 and 24 days of inhalation administration.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Some morphometric parameters of the testes were evaluated: The diameter of the convoluted seminiferous tubules and the thickness of the germinal epithelium. The obtained comparative morphological and histological characteristics of the testes of the control and experimental groups indicate the negative effect of the components of dust and salt aerosols of the Aral Sea on the reproductive function of male rats.
RESULTS: The thickness of the epithelial spermatogenic layer in the second group of rats is on average 64.52 μm, which is significantly less compared to the control group (81.3 μm). The thickness of the epithelial spermatogenous layer in the third group is on average within 73.36 μm, which is significantly less than in the control group (81.3 μm), but more than in the group exposed to dust and salt aerosols for 7 days (64, 52 μm).
CONCLUSION: The study revealed that the impact of dust and salt aerosols of the Aral Sea leads to a change in the morphological and histological characteristics of the testes of animals. In experimental groups, a decrease in the diameter of the convoluted seminiferous tubule and a decrease in the thickness of the epithelial spermatogenic layer were observed. This indicates the negative effect of the components of dust and salt aerosols of the Aral Sea on the reproductive function of male rats exposed to dust for 7 and 24 days.
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AL-Ani, Mehjin A. M., Rawaa M. Hmoshi, Ibtiha A. Kanaan, and Abdullah A. Thanoon. "Effect of pesticides on soil microorganisms." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1294 (September 2019): 072007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1294/7/072007.
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Sandor, Mignon, Traian Brad, Aurel Maxim, Valentina Sandor, and Bogdan Onica. "The Effect of Fertilizer Regime on Soil Fauna." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 73, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:12445.
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Soil fauna activity in agricultural soil is a key factor to maintain soil fertility and to assure soil ecosystem services. It is now accepted that agricultural practices like tillage and pesticide use can harm soil organisms including earthworms and springtails. Other practices like the use of green manure or animal manure have been considered as being beneficial to these soil invertebrates. To deepen our knowledge on the effect of fertilizers (mineral and organic) on earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus terrestris) and springtails (Folsomia candida) 56 microcosm experiments were made with two soil types and two hydric regimes. The microcosms were amended with four fertilizers: ammonium nitrate, mustard as green manure, cow manure and slurry. The results emphasize that mustard use had beneficial effect on Folsomia candida abundance and Aporrectodea caliginosa biomass, while mineral fertilizer had negative effects for all species used in the experiment.
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Syromyatnikov, Mikhail Y., Mariya M. Isuwa, Olga V. Savinkova, Mariya I. Derevshchikova, and Vasily N. Popov. "The Effect of Pesticides on the Microbiome of Animals." Agriculture 10, no. 3 (March 14, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10030079.
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In recent decades an increase in the use of pesticides to protect plants from pests, diseases and weeds has been observed. There are many studies on the effects of various pesticides on non-target organisms. This review aims to analyze and summarize published scientific data on the effects of pesticides on the animal microbiome. Pesticides can affect various parameters of the animal microbiome, such as the taxonomic composition of bacteria, bacterial biodiversity, and bacterial ratios and modify the microbiome of various organisms from insects to mammals. Pesticide induced changes in the microbiome reducing the animal’s immunity. The negative effects of pesticides could pose a global problem for pollinators. Another possible negative effect of pesticides is the impact of pesticides on the intestinal microbiota of bumblebees and bees that increase the body’s sensitivity to pathogenic microflora, which leads to the death of insects. In addition, pesticides can affect vitality, mating success and characteristics of offspring. The review considers methods for correcting of bee microbiome.
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Fierascu, Radu Claudiu, Ioana Catalina Fierascu, Cristina Elena Dinu-Pirvu, Irina Fierascu, and Alina Paunescu. "The application of essential oils as a next-generation of pesticides: recent developments and future perspectives." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 75, no. 7-8 (July 28, 2020): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2019-0160.
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AbstractThe overuse of synthetic pesticide, a consequence of the rush to increase crop production, led to tremendous adverse effects, as they constitute a major pollutant for both soils and water, with a high toxicity towards humans and animals and, at the same time, led to development of pest resistance. In the last period, the researches were directed towards finding new solutions with a lower toxicity, less damaging behaviour towards the environment, and a better specificity of action. In this context, the use of essential oils, a complex and unique mixture of compounds, can be considered for the next-generation pesticides. This review aims to present the main applications of the essential oils as insecticides, herbicides, acaricides, and nematicides, as they emerged from the scientific literature published in the last 5 years (2015 to present). From the identified articles within the time period, only those dealing with essential oils obtained by the authors (not commercially available) were selected to be inserted in the review, characterized using established analytical techniques and employed for the envisaged applications. The review is concluded with a chapter containing the main conclusions of the literature study and the future perspectives, regarding the application of essential oils as next-generation pesticides.
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Cook, R. James. "Biological control and holistic plant-health care in agriculture." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 2-3 (1988): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002186.
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AbstractBiological control is defined broadly as the “use of natural or modified organisms, genes, or gene products” to reduce the effects of pests and diseases. Physical control is the use of tillage, open-field burning, heat-treatment (pasteurization), and other physical methods, usually to eliminate pests or separate them from the crop. Chemical control is the use of synthetic chemical pesticides to eliminate pests or reduce their effects. The many approaches to biological control can be categorized conceptionally into 1) regulation of the pest population (the classical approach), 2) exclusionary systems of protection (a living barrier of microorganisms on the plant or animal that deters infection or pest attack), and 3) systems of self-defense (resistance and immunization). The agents of biological control include the pest- or disease-agent itself (sterile males or avirulent strains of pathogens), antagonists or natural enemies, or the plant or animal managed or manipulated (immunized) to defend itself. The methods range from 1) conserving and making maximum use of indigenous (resident) biological control through cultural practices, 2) making one-time or occasional introductions of genes or natural enemies that are more or less self-sustaining and 3) making repeated introductions of a biocontrol agent (e.g. a microbial pesticide). Biological, physical, and chemical treatments and pest controls can be integrated into holistic plant-health care also known as integrated crop and pest management. Eight principles of plant health care are offered: 1) know the production limits of the agroecosystem; 2) rotate the crops; 3) maintain soil organic matter; 4) use clean planting material; 5) plant well-adapted, pest-resistant cultivars; 6) minimize environmental and nutritional stresses; 7) maximize the effects of beneficial organisms; and 8) protect with pesticides as necessary.
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Lo, Chi-Chu. "Effect of pesticides on soil microbial community." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 45, no. 5 (June 4, 2010): 348–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601231003799804.
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Dib˘rak, M., and S. Özçelik. "Effect of Some Pesticides on Soil Microorganisms." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 60, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 916–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900715.
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Gutiérrez, Alejandra María Gómez, Briana D. Gómez Ramírez, and Walter D. Cardona Maya. "Changes in the lifestyle and feeding habits that could improve the planet and human health: the reproductive case." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20196068.
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There is a link between food systems, environment, and human health. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-FAO, food production from animal and plant origin, using unsustainable agricultural practices with the excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides have adverse effects on the environment and could contaminate water sources and even the soil.1 Also, the production of food from animal origin is one of those responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases, fresh water expenditure, and soil loss. Therefore, with the current food consumption and unsustainable human practices, the future of humanity will be uncertain.
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Küstermann, Björn, Maximilian Kainz, and Kurt-Jürgen Hülsbergen. "Modeling carbon cycles and estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from organic and conventional farming systems." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 23, no. 1 (February 25, 2008): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170507002062.
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AbstractThe paper describes the model software REPRO (REPROduction of soil fertility) designed for analyzing interlinked carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes in the system soil–plant–animal–environment. The model couples the balancing of C, N and energy fluxes with the target to estimate the climate-relevant CO2, CH4 and N2O sources and sinks of farming systems. For the determination of the net greenhouse effect, calculations of C sequestration in the soil, CO2 emissions from the use of fossil energy, CH4 emissions from livestock keeping and N2O emissions from the soil have been made. The results were converted into CO2 equivalents using its specific global warming potential (GWP). The model has been applied in the experimental farm Scheyern in southern Germany, which had been divided into an organic (org) and a conventional (con) farming system in 1992. Rather detailed series of long-term measuring data are available for the farm in Scheyern, which have been used for validating the software for its efficiency and applicability under very different management yet nearly equal site conditions.The organic farm is multi-structured with a legume-based crop rotation (N2 fixation: 83 kg ha−1 yr−1). The livestock density (LSU=Livestock Unit according to FAO) is 1.4 LSU ha−1. The farm is oriented on closed mass cycles; from the energetic point of view it represents a low-input system (energy input 4.5 GJ ha−1 yr−1). The conventional farm is a simple-structured cash crop system, based on mineral N (N input 145 kg ha−1 yr−1). Regarding the energy consumption, the system is run on high inputs (energy input 14.0 GJ ha−1 yr−1). The organic crop rotation reaches about 57% (8.3 Mg ha−1 yr−1) of the DM yield, about 66% (163 kg ha−1 yr−1) of the N removal and roughly 56% (3741 kg ha−1 yr−1) of the C fixation of the conventional crop rotation. In the organic rotation, 18 GJ per GJ of fossil energy input are bound in the harvested biomass vis-à-vis 11.1 GJ in the conventional rotation. The strongest influence on the greenhouse effect is exerted by C sequestration and N2O emissions. In Scheyern, C sequestration has set in under organic management (+0.37 Mg ha−1 yr−1), while humus depletion has been recorded in the conventional system (−0.25 Mg ha−1 yr−1).Greenhouse gas emissions (GGEs) due to fuel consumption and the use of machines are nearly on the same level in both crop rotations. However, the conventional system emits an additional 637 kg CO2 eq ha−1 yr−1, which had been consumed in the manufacture of mineral N and pesticides in the upstream industry.Besides the analyses in the experimental farm Scheyern, the model has been applied in 28 commercial farms (18 org and 10 con) with comparable soil and climate conditions in the surroundings of Scheyern (mean distance 60 km). The program calculations are aimed at benchmarking the results obtained in the farming systems Scheyern; they are expected to disclose management-specific variations in the emission of climate-relevant gases and to rate the suitability of the model for describing such management-specific effects. In order to make the situation in the farms comparable, only the emissions from cropping systems were analyzed. Livestock keeping remained unconsidered. Due to lower N and energy inputs, clearly lower N2O and CO2 emissions were obtained for the organic farms than for the conventional systems.The analyses have shown possibilities for the optimization of management and the mitigation of GGE. Our findings underline that organic farming includes a high potential for C sequestration and the reduction of GGEs. Currently, the model REPRO is tested by 90 farms in the Federal Republic of Germany with the aim to apply it in the future not only in the field of research but also in the management of commercial farms.
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Mamenko, O. M., and S. V. Portiannik. "Influence of feeding types of cows on the content of heavy metals in milk." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 90 (April 26, 2019): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9007.
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Around the industrial cities, the difficult environmental situation is due to the release of pollutants in the atmosphere that contain heavy metals, especially those that are dangerous to the environment, such as cadmium and lead. The increase in the accumulation of pollutant in soils of agricultural land also leads to the use of agrochemicals – pesticides and mineral fertilizers. Under such environmental conditions, it is necessary not only to grow crop production, but also to produce livestock products – milk. The production of environmentally safe, high-quality and competitive on the milk market requires the use of proven technological feeding and animal feeding methods. The selection of the optimal type of feeding of cows reduces the transition of heavy metals into dairy raw materials. In the experiment, it was found that the siln-root-type type of feeding had the smallest transition of Cd and Pb from feed rations into dairy raw materials, the transition factor of cadmium – 0.24, lead – 0.25. The most intense was the migration of Pb from the ration to milk from cows of the first control group with the silo-hinga-co-central type of feeding: the transition factor was 0.39 and Cd was 0.34. A similar situation was observed in cows of the first control groups with males and females feeding type, where the transition factor was 0.36 Cd and 0.34 Pb. The total supply of heavy metals with the diet for different types of feeding practically did not differ. The balancing of dietary rations with the specially developed mineral-vitamin premix “MP-A” contributed to the reduction of the transition of heavy metals Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn into milk, while the highest quality milk was obtained from cows with a haylage type of feeding. As a result of the experiment, it was possible to achieve a positive effect and reduce the content of heavy metals in milk of cows in all farms with different types of feeding animals for optimum quality and safety of milk, which met the requirements of the state standard, which convinces the transition factor, which was in the cows of the second experimental group on Cd 0,09 in animals with a sows-root-type type of feeding; 0.10 – silo-haylage; 0.12 – silage-hay type and 0.15 with silo-haylage-concentrate type, respectively; Pb – 0.01 in cows with a hill-and-hay type of feeding; 0.07 – silo-haylage-concentrate; 0.08 – silo-root crop and 0.09 with silo-hay type respectively; Cu – 0.01 in cows with silo-haylage and silo-root-crop type of feeding; 0.02 with silo-haylage-concentrate and silo-hay type respectively; Zn – 0.05 in animals with males and haylings type of feeding; 0.06 – silo-haylage-concentrate; 0.08 – silo-root crop and 0.010 with silo-hay type, respectively. In the third experimental group of cows, the average transition factor of heavy metals from milk to Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn was 0.04. The use of premix and bio-preparation has reduced the transition of heavy metals from milk to an average of 1.5–4.3 times. Productivity of animals was on average in cows of the second and third experimental groups of 17–22 kg per day compared with the control group – 14 kg. The content of Cd in the milk of dairy cows with a hay-concentrate-feeding type was 0.053 mg/kg in the first control group, in the second experimental group, where the mineral-vitamin premix “MP-A” was additionally fed to 0.024, and in the third, where Subcutaneous injection of biologically active drug “BP-9” was used up to 0.014 mg/kg; Pb from 1.794 mg/kg – to 0.331 and 0.032 mg/kg respectively; Cu from 2.63 mg/kg to 0.34 and 0.35 mg/kg respectively; Zn from 8.74 mg/kg to 4.97 and 3.87 mg/kg, respectively. Feeding cows to antioxidant premix allows approximately 2–2.5 times to reduce the transition from diet to dairy raw materials that are hazardous to animal health and the quality of milk toxicants for any type of feeding. Future studies are aimed at studying the effects of different types of feeding, taking into account the balancing of diets with a special premix for the production of high-quality, environmentally safe milk.
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Persaud, K. C. "Biosensors for livestock production." BSAP Occasional Publication 28 (2001): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463981500040966.
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AbstractThe rapid development and application of biosensors is likely to have considerable impact on livestock management. Biosensors are considered to be analytical devices incorporating a biological material, or a biologically derived material intimately associated with or integrated within a physicochemical transducer or transducing microsystem. For livestock production it is useful to consider where sensors may be used effectively. These may include monitoring of the living environment to ensure that adequate hygiene and animal welfare are maintained, waste management, monitoring of the metabolic state of the livestock so that adequate intake of nutrients is maintained, detection of oestrus or other conditions, monitoring for bacterial or viral infections, both in live animals, and during the processing of animal products. For animal welfare, biosensors are needed to measure biological effects e.g. genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, biotoxins and endocrine effects. The concentrations of specific analytes that are difficult to detect are important contaminants of water, waste, soil or air (e.g. surfactants, chlorinated hydrocarbons, sulphophenyl carboxylates, sulphonated dyes, fluorescent whitening agents, napthalensulphonates, carboxylic acids, dioxins, pesticide metabolites etc). The development of practical biosensing systems capable of operation under realistic conditions is discussed.
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MICUȚI, Maria Mihaela, Liliana BĂDULESCU, and Florentina ISRAEL-ROMING. "Effect of Pesticides on Enzymatic Activity in Soil." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Animal Science and Biotechnologies 75, no. 2 (December 16, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-asb:2017.0040.
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The focus of this article is to provide informations about soil enzymatic activity as a biological indicator for impacts of pesticides on soils. In this experiment, an ecological soil was treated with two types of fungicide (Ridomil Gold and Bravo 500) and two of insecticides (Mospilan 20SG and Vertimec 1.8% EC). The pesticides were assessed for their effect on different enzymatic activities. They were administrated over a 28 days period and the samples of soil were taken once every 7 days and analyzed in the laboratory. For each sample was determined the enzymatic activity, pH, humidity. The enzymatic activity was assessed using colorimetrical methods. Enzymes chosen for this study were cellulase, amylase, xylanase, urease, alkaline and acid phosphatase. Results shown that the enzymatic activity can increase or decrease when the soil was treated with the fungicides and insecticides chosen for this experiment.
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Jadhav, Shrinivas S., and David M. "EFFECT OF FLUBENDIAMIDE ON MORPHOLOGY, AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOUR AND ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN EARTHWORM EUDRILUS EUGENIAE." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 9 (July 22, 2017): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i9.20684.
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Objective: Flubendiamide is extensively used in agriculture practices as foliar application pesticide. Due to long persistency in the soil, flubendiamide pose serious health concern in non-target organisms. Our main objective was to examine flubendiamide impact on burrowing animal Eudrilus eugeniae with special emphasis on avoidance behaviour and neurotoxicity.Methods: Acute toxicity study of flubendiamide (Diamide pesticide) was conducted on earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae through direct paper contact method and artificial soil method. Median lethal concentration (LC50) of flubendiamide was calculated by following probit analysis. The neurotoxic potential of flubendiamide was studied with marker enzyme Acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) levels in both In vivo and In vitro experiments.Results: LC50 in earthworms was found to be 94.4 µg cm-2 at 48h paper contact test and 332.21 mg kg-1and 238.31 mg kg-1 respectively at 7 and 14 d artificial soil exposure. Morphological and physiological alterations in earthworms attribute to inhibition of AChE levels. The kinetic study of AChE activity in presence and absence of inhibitor suggests the enzyme reaction is competitive in nature.Conclusion: Present study establishes concentration-dependent flubendiamide toxicity in earthworm E. eugeniae. No clear conclusive remarks were made on earthworm avoidance behaviour as the worms were located both in toxic and control soil after 48h of exposure. Further studies may be needed in this aspect to establish clear understanding on avoidance nature of E. eugeniae in different soil types.
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Souty-Grosset, Catherine, and Ariel Faberi. "Effect of agricultural practices on terrestrial isopods: a review." ZooKeys 801 (December 3, 2018): 63–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.801.24680.
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Terrestrial isopods (approximately 3700 known species in the world) are encountered in temperate and tropical regions, from the seashore to high altitudes and from floodplain forests to deserts. They are known to contribute to soil biodiversity. Environmental factors and anthropogenic actions, particularly land use changes such as primarily agricultural practices, and urbanization affect soil biodiversity and their functions. Human practices, such as soil tillage, pesticide application, chemical pollution, along with soil acidification adversely affect isopod abundance and diversity. It is thus important to recognise the vital contributions of soil biodiversity in support of environmental quality protection through maintaining soil functions and their significance to sustainable land use. This review will also deal with recent studies attempting to evaluate the impact of returning to an environmentally friendly agriculture by restoring refuge habitats such as grass strips, hedges, and woodlands for terrestrial isopods.