Academic literature on the topic 'Soil association maps'

The study described in this chapter examines whether individual differences in six rating-based bonobo personality dimensions—assertiveness, conscientiousness, openness, attentiveness, agreeableness and extroversion—are related to sex, age, behaviours and dominance. To these ends, the study tested predictions based on previous studies of human and chimpanzee personality, and bonobo behaviour and socio-ecology. Sex and age differences in assertiveness, openness and extroversion, and correlations between these personality dimensions and behaviour were consistent with predictions. Conscientiousne

Modern soil survey reports, published since about 1959, have a wealth of information that could be useful for landscape architects. Characteristics of each specific soil are detailed in the text of the soil survey. Distinct kinds of soils for a specific site can be identified from the soil designation on the aerial photographs at the back of the report. Considerable specific information is provided in tables, including data on temperature, precipitation, freeze dates in spring and fall, woodland management and productivity, recreational development capabilities, wildlife habitat potentials, building site development possibilities, sanitary disposal potentials, engineering properties, value of materials for construction, water management limitations, physical and chemical properties of specific soils, and soil and water features. Modern soil survey reports consist of text, tables, soil maps, and often a glossary. These reports are available free to the public and are usually found in county extension services offices, soil conservation district offices, or state agricultural colleges. The text of a soil survey report describes the general nature of the county as to location in the state, climate, physiography, relief and drainage, geology, farming, natural resources, industries, history of settlement, and how the survey was conducted. Soil associations and individual soils are described in detail. Formation of soils is usually discussed in relation to the factors of soil formation. A glossary of terms is often provided for the nonscientific person. The whole county or counties in the report is shown on a soil association map, which is designed to be used to compare the suitability of large areas for general land use. The county is divided into large areas, each of which contains an association of several soils grouped by similar management. Usually from 5 to 15 soil associations are shown with a legend describing each of the specific associations. This type of information could be used for zoning purposes, county management, or other governmental activities. Aerial photos are provided on sheets showing the location of each individual soil in the county. Comprising about half of the soil survey report, this is one of the most useful sections.

AbstractAbsolute gravity measurements taken on a near-weekly basis at a single location is a rarity. Twelve years of data at the UK’s Space Geodesy Facility (SGF) provides evidence to show that the application of results from international comparisons of absolute gravimeters should be applied to data and are critical to the interpretation of theSGF gravity time series of data from 2007 to 2019. Though residual biases in the data are seen. The SGF time series comprises near weekly data, with exceptions for manufacturer services and participation in international instrument comparisons. Each data set comprises hourly data taken over 1 day, with between 100 and 200 drops per hour. Environmental modelling indicates that the annual groundwater variation at SGFof some 2 m influences the gravity data by 3.1 μGal, based upon some measured and estimated soil parameters. The soil parameters were also used in the calculation of the effect of an additional telescope dome, built above the gravity laboratory, and have been shown to be realistic. Sited in close proximity to the long-established satellite laser ranging (SLR) system and the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) the absolute gravimetry (AG) measurements provide a complimentary geodetic technique, which is non space-based. The SLR-derived height time series provides an independent measurement of vertical motion at the site which may be used to assess the AG results, which are impacted by ground motion as well as mass changes above and below the instruments.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association is the most common symbiotic association of plants with microbes. AM fungi occur in the majority of natural habitats and they provide a range of important biological services, in particular by improving plant nutrition, abiotic resistance, and soil structure and fertility. AM fungi also interact with most crop varieties and forest plants. The possible benefit of AM fungi in forestry can be achieved through a combination of inoculum methods. The mycorrhizal inoculum levels in the soil and their colonization in different forest plant roots which leads to reduce the fertilizers, pathogen effects and fungicides and to protect topsoil, soil erosion, and water-logging. Currently, several reports were suggested that AM symbiosis can improve the potential for different plant species. Two steps could be used to produce high yielding of different plant biomass that would be both mycorrhizal dependency and suitability for sowing into the field with high inoculum levels Therefore, the wide-scale inoculation of AM fungi on forest trees will become economically important. The successful research is required in the area of mass production of AM fungal inoculum and AM fungi associated with roots which will contribute to sustainable forestry.

Alpine soils do not generally exhibit high levels of inorganic fertility, which is the result of inadequate mineralization of organic litter, a consequence of the cool, short alpine growing season (Rehder and Schäfer 1978; Gokceoglu and Rehder 1977; Rehder 1976a, 1976b; Fisk and Schmidt 1995; chapters 11, 12). Slow mineralization rates, in turn, result in a soil that is high in organic humus, and more likely than the soil of other ecosystems, to sequester and bind inorganic nutrients, especially N and P. Accordingly, alpine plants are exposed to a difficult situation in their efforts to obtain the inorganic ions required to support growth and reproduction. In accommodating the relative infertility of alpine soils, plants rely on a number of different traits, some of which are ubiquitous and some of which are more restricted in their distribution. Biomass allocation patterns favor high root:shoot ratios, increasing the potential for nutrient absorption by the roots relative to nutrient utilization by the shoot. Nutrient-use efficiencies (biomass produced per mass of senescent nutrient) tend to be high in alpine plants due to efficient resorption prior to leaf senescence. In several alpine growth forms, strict internal controls over seasonal phenology and growth (e.g., preformed buds and strongly enforced dormancy patterns) bring growth demands for nutrients more into balance with the limited supply provided by the soil. Luxury uptake and long-term storage during pulses of high nutrient availability provide plants with a means of bridging the gap between incongruent periods of high nutrient supply and high nutrient demand. Association of fungi with the roots of some alpine plants has the potential to enhance N and P acquisition. Finally, some alpine species can overcome the limitations imposed by scarce inorganic nutrient supplies through high rates of organic nutrient assimilation. It is the aim of this chapter to further consider each of these traits, with particular emphasis on their relationship to N and P acquisition. Topics concerning soil processes and their role in controlling nutrient availability have been covered elsewhere (chapter 8) and will not be repeated. Rather, this review focuses on nutrient relations from the plant’s perspective.

We discussed in chapter 4 the movement of solute between small volumes of soil, and in chapter 5 some properties of plant roots and associated hairs, particularly the relation between the rate of uptake at the root surface and the concentration of solute in the ambient solution. In the chapters to follow, we consider the plant root in contact with the soil, and deal with their association in increasingly complex situations; first, when the root acts merely as a sink and, second, when it modifies its relations with the surrounding soil by changing its pH, excreting ions, stimulating microorganisms, or developing mycorrhizas. In this chapter, we take the simplest situation that can be studied in detail, namely, a single intact root alone in a volume of soil so large that it can be considered infinite. The essential transport processes occurring near the root surface are illustrated in figure 6.1. We have examined in chapter 3 the rapid dynamic equilibrium between solutes in the soil pore solution and those sorbed on the immediately adjacent solid surfaces. These sorbed solutes tend to buffer the soil solution against changes in concentration induced by root uptake. At the root surface, solutes are absorbed at a rate related to their concentration in the soil solution at the boundary (section 5.3.2); and the root demand coefficient, αa, is defined by the equation . . . I = 2παaCLa (6.1) . . . where I = inflow (rate of uptake per unit length), a = root radius, CLa = concentration in solution at the root surface. To calculate the inflow, we have to know CLa, and the main topic of this chapter is the relation between CLa, and the soil pore solution concentration CL. The root also absorbs water at its surface due to transpiration (chapter 2) so that the soil solution flows through the soil pores, thus carrying solutes to the root surface by mass flow (convection). Barber et al. (1962) calculated whether the nutrients in maize could be acquired solely by this process, by multiplying the composition of the soil solution by the amount of water the maize had transpired.

An intergovernmental agreement on cooperation about chemical weapon destruction was signed between France and the Russian federation on 14th February 2006 in the context of a Global Partnership dedicated to preventing catastrophic terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. It came into effect on 25th April 2007 after ratification by both countries. The present demonstrated project was launched as part of this collaboration on the Shchuchye site (Russia – Kurgan Oblast). The project concerned the environmental surveillance system for the Shchuchye site required for the safe