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1
Anderson, Dennis. "Economic aspects of afforestation and soil conservation projects." Annals of Regional Science 21, no. 3 (1987): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01287285.
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Nadkarni, M. V., and V. Govindaru. "Nobody's Child: The Economic and Institutional Aspects of Soil Conservation in India." Journal of Environment & Development 4, no. 1 (1995): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107049659500400109.
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THIERFELDER, CHRISTIAN, W. TRENT BUNDERSON, ZWIDE D. JERE, MUNYARADZI MUTENJE, and AMOS NGWIRA. "DEVELOPMENT OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE (CA) SYSTEMS IN MALAWI: LESSONS LEARNED FROM 2005 TO 2014." Experimental Agriculture 52, no. 4 (2015): 579–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479715000265.
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SUMMARYConservation agriculture (CA) was introduced to farmers in Malawi to address soil degradation, declining crop productivity and the need to adapt to climate variability and change. This research from 2005 to 2014 aimed at analysing the effects of CA on longer-term productivity and profitability compared with conventional systems as practiced in two communities of Central Malawi. CA treatments outyielded conventional ridge tilled control plots in Mwansambo and Zidyana on average by between 22 and 31%, respectively. An economic analysis from 2011 to 2014 found that, on average, income was 50 and 83% greater in CA systems than in conventional systems. The crops were produced with 28 -39 less labour days ha−1 compared with the conventional practice, leading to greater net benefits. Despite the higher returns with CA, there are still challenges with residue retention, weed control, adequate rotations, management of pests and diseases as well as other socio-economic constraints. At the same time, there are opportunities to address these challenges through site-specific and adaptive research using innovation systems approaches.
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NGWIRA, A. R., C. THIERFELDER, N. EASH, and D. M. LAMBERT. "RISK AND MAIZE-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS FOR SMALLHOLDER MALAWI FARMERS USING CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGIES." Experimental Agriculture 49, no. 4 (2013): 483–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479713000306.
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SUMMARYAgricultural production in southern Africa is constrained by numerous factors, including low soil fertility, frequent droughts and flooding, limited access to fertilizers and the use of unsustainable management techniques that increase soil erosion rates. Conservation agriculture (CA) is based on the principles of minimum soil disturbance, crop residue retention and crop rotations. CA systems have been proposed to alleviate the negative externalities associated with conventional crop management systems. This study was conducted to examine the riskiness of economic returns of CA technologies based on maize grain yield evaluated in 12 target communities in Malawi from 2005–2011. On average, maize grain yields on both CA treatments exceeded the conventional control treatment by 22.1–23.6%, with differences more distinct in low altitude areas with low rainfall and frequent seasonal dry spells. Stochastic dominance analysis suggest that CA technologies would be preferred by risk-averse farmers, with corresponding differences in risk premiums (compared to conventional maize production systems) ranging between US$40 and US$105. However, these rankings are sensitive to the agroecological zones where the experiments were conducted. The risk premiums associated with the CA technologies in low elevation regions are unambiguous. Risk-averse farmers in higher elevations may need substantial incentives to adopt some CA technologies.
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Lu, Y., and M. Stocking. "Integrating biophysical and socio-economic aspects of soil conservation on the Loess Plateau, China. Part III. The benefits of conservation." Land Degradation & Development 11, no. 2 (2000): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-145x(200003/04)11:2<153::aid-ldr374>3.0.co;2-#.
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Ovchinnikova, Natalia, Daria Burdova, and Maria Garanova. "Arrangement for rational use and conservation of land resources in Rostov region." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 07005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016407005.
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This article covers the problem of rational use of land taking into account the economic and environmental aspects, aiming to eliminate any irrational use of land plots in the future. For this reason, it specifies the parameters characterizing the components of a rational land use concept, namely, its compliance with the intended use, sustainable soil fertility and environmental situation. The achievement of rationalization often contradicts the basic objectives of the concept of territorial development. To avoid such contradictions, the authors disclose the principles of rational land use. As of today, the concept of rational land use covers aspects in various spheres, such as ecology, economics, sociology, and, besides, affects environmental measures. Land resources management refers not only to the use of land resources, when natural and economic conditions and properties of the territory are the most fully taken into account, the fundamental socio-economic interests of the society are ensured, high efficiency of production and other activities is achieved, and the productive and other soil properties are recovered and ensured, but also to the possibility of using land by legitimate land users.
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Haregeweyn, Nigussie, Atsushi Tsunekawa, Jan Nyssen, et al. "Soil erosion and conservation in Ethiopia." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 39, no. 6 (2015): 750–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133315598725.
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This paper reviews Ethiopia’s experience and research progress in past soil and water conservation (SWC) efforts and suggests possible solutions for improvement. Although indigenous SWC techniques date back to 400 BC, institutionalized SWC activity in Ethiopia became significant only after the 1970s. At least six national SWC-related programs have been initiated since the 1970s and their focus over time has shifted from food relief to land conservation and then to livelihoods. The overall current soil erosion rates are highly variable and large by international standards, and sheet, rill, and gully erosion are the dominant processes. The influence of human activities on the landscape has traditionally been deleterious, but this trend seems to have recently reversed in some parts of the country following the engagement of the communities in land management. The efficiency of SWC measures show mixed results that are influenced by the type of measures and the agro-ecology under which they were implemented; in general, the relative performance of the interventions is better in the drylands as compared with humid areas. Methodological limitations also occur when addressing the economic aspects related to benefits of ecosystem services and other externalities. Although farmers have shown an increased understanding of the soil erosion problem, SWC efforts face a host of barriers related to limited access to capital, limited benefits, land tenure insecurity, limited technology choices and technical support, and poor community participation. In general SWC research in Ethiopia is fragmented and not comprehensive, mainly because of a lack of participatory research, field observations, and adoptable methods to evaluate impacts. A potentially feasible approach to expand and sustain SWC programs is to attract benefits from global carbon markets. Moreover, a dedicated institution responsible for overseeing the research–extension linkage of SWC interventions of the country should be established.
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Bista, A., T. N. Joshi, K. Biswokarma, and S. Yadav. "Agronomic and Environmental Aspects of Conservation Agriculture on Wheat Crop Production." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 7, no. 2 (2019): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v7i2.24637.
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Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the major vegetable crops of Nepal. Potato is grown all over the globe and consumed as either vegetable or staple food depending upon the crop production scenario. It is also an integral part of human diet. Potato is a high nutrient mining crop and needs higher fertilization for economic tuber production. Despite sufficient application of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P2O5), low replenishment and widespread potassium deficiency are limiting the potato production in Nepalese condition. Growth parameters such as plant height, leaf area and chlorophyll% was positively correlated with potassium application. Potassium alleviated stresses of frost and drought and reduced incidence of diseases like late blight, black scurf and hollow heart. Potassium also decreased the reducing sugar content and improved chips color and quality. Similarly, potassium application before harvest was found to increase storage life of potato tubers. Furthermore, potassium application significantly increased the yield of potato tubers and quality parameters such as Vitamin C content and specific gravity. Source of potassium and method of potassium application also affected growth, yield and quality parameters. Soil application of potassium in splits coupled with foliar spay was found to perform better. Optimum dose of potassium was recommended for economic tuber production
 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(2): 161-166
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Ngwira, Amos Robert, Christian Thierfelder, and Dayton M. Lambert. "Conservation agriculture systems for Malawian smallholder farmers: long-term effects on crop productivity, profitability and soil quality." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 28, no. 4 (2012): 350–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170512000257.
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AbstractConservation agriculture (CA) systems are based upon minimal soil disturbance; crop residue retention and crop rotation and/or intercrop association are increasingly seen to recycle nutrients, increase yield and reduce production costs. This study examines the effects of CA practices on crop productivity, profitability and soil quality under the conditions encountered by smallholder farmers in two farming communities from 2005 to 2011 in Malawi, as part of the contribution to remedy a lack of supporting agronomic research for these relatively new systems. The drier agroenvironment of Lemu of Bazale Extension Planning Area (EPA) is characterized by sandy clay loam soils and lower rainfall. Here, CA showed positive benefits on maize yield after the first season of experimentation, with highest increases of 2.7 Mg ha−1 and 2.3 Mg ha−1 more yield in CA monocrop maize and CA maize–legume intercrop, respectively, than the conventional tillage in the driest season of 2009/10. In the high rainfall environment of Zidyana EPA (characterized by sandy loam soils), substantial maize yield benefits resulted in the fifth season of experimentation. Farmers spent at most 50 days ha−1 (US$140) producing maize under CA systems compared with 62 days ha−1(US$176) spent under conventional tillage practices. In Lemu, both CA systems resulted in gross margins three times higher than that of the conventional control plot, while in Zidyana, CA monocrop maize and CA maize–legume intercrop resulted in 33 and 23% higher gross margins, respectively, than conventional tillage. In Zidyana, the earthworm population was highest (48 earthworms m−2 in the first 30 cm) in CA monocrop maize, followed by a CA maize–legume intercropping (40 earthworms) and lowest (nine earthworms) in conventionally tilled treatment. In both study locations CA monocrop maize and CA maize–legume intercrop gave higher water infiltration than the conventional treatment. Improvements in crop productivity, overall economic gain and soil quality have made CA an attractive system for farmers in Malawi and other areas with similar conditions. However, for extensive adoption of CA by smallholder farmers, cultural beliefs that crop production is possible without the ubiquitous ridge and furrow system and residue burning for mice hunting have to be overcome.
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Lu, Y., and M. Stocking. "Integrating biophysical and socio-economic aspects of soil conservation on the Loess Plateau, China. Part II. Productivity impact and economic costs of erosion." Land Degradation & Development 11, no. 2 (2000): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-145x(200003/04)11:2<141::aid-ldr373>3.0.co;2-9.
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Hübner, Rico, Jie Lu, and Martin Wiesmeier. "Risk assessment within agricultural production: soil conservation strategies and its environmental and economic aspects - a case study for Bavaria." International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology 13, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijarge.2017.084031.
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Rodríguez Sousa, Antonio Alberto, Jesús M. Barandica, and Alejandro Rescia. "Ecological and Economic Sustainability in Olive Groves with Different Irrigation Management and Levels of Erosion: A Case Study." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (2019): 4681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174681.
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In the last 50 years, both the agricultural labour force and irrigated land area have increased almost eightfold in Spain. The main objective of irrigation, in the short term, is to increase agricultural production. However, in the long term, the environmental externalities of irrigation and its direct relationship with soil erosion processes are more uncertain and still poorly studied. In this study, in an olive-growing region of Andalusia, Spain, the variation of several soil parameters related to irrigation and erosion levels was analysed. The results showed that irrigation, while increasing the productive level of the olive groves, entails a progressive alteration of the soil, modifying physical aspects (greater compaction and humidity of the soil together with lower gravel content, porosity and soil weight) and chemical aspects (reduction of the organic matter of the soil and the content of nitrates) that can aggravate the consequences of the erosive processes. In the long term, the productive benefit attributed to irrigation could be unsustainable from an ecological and, consequently, economic point of view. In addition, the lack of sustainability of olive irrigation agroecosystems could be exacerbated by the future restrictive impacts of climate change on water resources in Mediterranean environments. This situation demands spatial planning and alternative management based on soil conservation and rational and efficient forms of irrigation to ensure the sustainability of olive groves and their economic viability.
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Kirby, GWM, VJ Hristova, and S. Murti. "Conservation tillage and ley farming in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia - some economic aspects." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9961049.
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This paper examines some aspects of the economics of conservation tillage and ley farming in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia. The distribution, 1 value and major trends in the enterprises comprising the agricultural sector of the semi-arid tropics are discussed in an industry context. The likely economic benefits for the farmer from the adoption of conservation tillage and ley farming come from mulch retention and increased yields. These benefits vary with the frequency of grain cropping, the legume species used and the commodity price relativities. The benefits are likely to be larger in drier growing seasons. Data on other factors, such as soil type and seasons, were inadequate for economic analysis. Some ley farming systems are more profitable than single enterprises in the short term. In the long term, the best choice for sustainable farming systems in the semi-arid tropics appears to be a legume pasture system or a legume pasture-crop system. Results to date from ley farming studies show that experimental designs need to be modified to incorporate higher cropping frequencies and more comprehensive joint product measures in order to allow a more critical economic assessment. Additional benefits to society from the adoption of conservation tillage and ley farming are likely to come from minimising adverse on-farm and off-farm effects of agricultural activities. There are strong arguments for continuing support for research and development in ley farming technology and a joint sharing of the costs between farmers and the community generally.
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Pal, P. K., Bablu Ganguly, Deepa Roy, Anamika Guha, Amita Hanglem, and Sabita Mondal. "Social and biophysical impacts of watershed development programmes: experiences from a micro-watershed area in India." Water Policy 19, no. 4 (2017): 773–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.189.
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Rainwater conservation and soil erosion prevention are vital for the economic and financial sustainability of dry land agriculture. An integrated watershed development programme is thus a means of achieving these goals. Presently, integrated watershed management is receiving worldwide recognition as an effective model for watershed planning. A watershed is considered the basic geographical unit for developing any plan by integrating various social, economic, and policy factors with modern science. Hence, it is an approach to develop the basic resources for sustainable life support. The present study was conducted to assess the impacts of the watershed development programme on the social and biophysical aspects in a micro-watershed area of Cooch Behar district, West Bengal, India. This study confirmed that the project had positive effects that strengthened the socio-personal and economic characteristics of the farmers and improved the biophysical environment of the farms. The soil and water conservation efforts have increased the total cultivable area as well as improved the irrigation and drainage facilities in the micro-watershed units, thereby increasing the acreage and productivity of crops.
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Chumachenko, Oleksandr, Eughenia Kryvoviaz, and Irina Кolhanova. "RECOVERY OF AMMUNISTED POLLUTED LANDS: TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS." Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development, no. 8(27) (2020): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37100/2616-7689/2020/8(27)/11.
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The present study addresses issues of regeneration of land,that was deteriorated during hostilities in the East of Ukraine, taking into account the characteristics and consequences of world military conflicts of the twentieth to twenty-first centuries. The causes of socio-economic and environmental problems in the conduct of hostilities are reflected and the foreign experience of the resumption of disturbed territories is analyzed. Regulatory and legal support for work plays an important role in the regeneration and return of land for use, concerning egeneration of land, certain legislative amendments and additions , application of GIS technologies in assessing the state of the territories and determining the level of damage , use of drones for search and rescue and for expediting clearance in open areas. Calculation of the cost of demining was proposed in accordance with the chosen methodology of demining, revival vectors of land damaged during hostilities are described. Possible alternative ways of renewing land are given on the example of one of soil conservation. We focused on the results of violated and contaminated territories; sources of financing for recultivation are suggested. Testing of the theoretical-methodologenic approaches used in the study was carried out during the renewal (recultivation) process of the agricultural land of Stepanivska Village Council, Shakhtarsk district, Donetsk oblast, that was deteriorated during hostilities. A set of works (measures) for the restoration of damaged and contaminated land in the area under study has been identified. A topical issue of the present time is the advisability and promising ways and means of using land contaminated by munitions, with the selection of the most effective foreign and domestic methods of resuming the affected territories.
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Dal Ferro, Nicola, Carlo Camarotto, Ilaria Piccoli, Antonio Berti, Jane Mills, and Francesco Morari. "Stakeholder Perspectives to Prevent Soil Organic Matter Decline in Northeastern Italy." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (2020): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010378.
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A transition from conventional to more sustainable soil management measures (SMMs) is required to reverse the current soil organic matter (SOM) losses in the agroecosystems. Despite the innovations and technologies that are available to prevent SOM decline, top–down knowledge transfer schemes that incentivize a certain measure are often ineffective. Here, we discuss relevant outcomes from a participatory approach where researchers, farmers, practitioners and government officials have discussed opportunities and barriers around SMM application to prevent SOM decline. Within a series of workshops, stakeholders identified, scored, and selected SMMs to field-tests and evaluated the benefits and drawbacks from their application. Results showed that the stakeholders recognized the need for innovations, although they valued the most promising SMM as already available continuous soil cover and conservation agriculture. In contrast, more innovative SMMs, such as biochar use and the variable rate application of organic amendments through precision farming, were the least valued, suggesting that people’s resistance to new technologies is often governed by the socio-cultural perception of them that goes beyond the economic and technological aspects. The valuation of benefits and drawbacks by stakeholders on trialed measures emphasized that stakeholders’ perspective about soil management is a combination of economic, environmental, and socio-cultural aspects, thus corroborating the need for transdisciplinary bottom–up approaches to prevent SOM depletion and increase soil rehabilitation and SOM content.
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Allen, Patricia, Debra Van Dusen, Jackelyn Lundy, and Stephen Gliessman. "Integrating social, environmental, and economic issues in sustainable agriculture." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 6, no. 1 (1991): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003787.
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AbstractIn the past several years, researchers, educators, policymakers, and activists have initiated sustainable agriculture programs and efforts the world over. This development has sometimes been accompanied by a sense that it is time to stop discussing sustainability at a conceptual level and get on with the work of making agriculture sustainable. Our perspective is that it is critical to pursue a comprehensive definition of sustainability in order to set sustainable agriculture priorities and ensure that sustainable agriculture takes a path that does not reproduce problems of conventional agriculture. In this paper we briefly review some popular definitions of sustainable agriculture and find that their focus is primarily on farm-level resource conservation and profitability as the main components of sustainability. Others have challenged this approach for either not examining the social aspects of sustainability or for containing an implicit assumption that working on the environmental, production, and microeconomic aspects of sustainability will automatically take care of its social aspects. We propose an expanded conceptualization of sustainability—one that focuses on the entire food and agriculture system at a global level and includes not only environmental soundness and economic viability, but social equity as well. In this perspective, issues such as poverty and hunger are as central to achieving agricultural sustainability as those of soil erosion and adequate farm returns.
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Ngoc, Hoang Thi Huyen, Tran Thi Thuy Van, Nguyen Manh Ha, Nguyen Quoc Binh, and Mai Thanh Tan. "Bioclimatic assessments for tea cultivation in Western Nghe An." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 41, no. 1 (2019): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/41/1/13586.
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Bioclimatology is applied for growing tea in the West of Nghe An province, where the tea is considered as a high economic efficient plant to be priorly cultivated for reducing poverty and getting rich. Based on the bioclimatic characteristics of tea plant and regional climatic data from 1980 to 2014, the bioclimatic diagrams are built and the tea cultivability is mapped in term of annual average temperature and total precipitation, for this region with regarding its district of Con Cuong as an analytical key. The climate, including both temperature and precipitation, in Con Cuong is relatively suitable for the tea plantation. The Western Nghe An, a land of approx. 1.4 million ha, could be classified in five areas with different suitability for tea plant. The unfavorable area occupies only 1% of total region and the four favorable rests account for 99% of total, in which, the most favorable area is largest with about 746,355 ha, i.e. over 50% of whole region. The three other areas are cultivable but they are less favorable in terms of either temperature or precipitation. Growing tea in Western Nghe An, even in favorable areas, it should be taken into account of the weather disadvantages in certain moments of the year such as extreme dry, cold, hot and rainy events.ReferencesAhmed S., 2014. Tea and the taste of climate change, www.herbalgram.org, issue, 103, 44–51.Ahmed S., Stepp J.R., Orians C., Griffin T., Matyas C., 2014. Effects of extreme climate events on tea (Camellia sinensis) functional quality validate indigenous farmer knowledge and sensory preferences in tropical China. PloS one, 9(10), e109126.Bhagat R.M., Deb Baruah R., Safique S., 2010. climate and tea [camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze] Production with Special Reference to North Eastern India: A Review. Journal of Environmental Research And Development, 4(4), 1017–1028.Carr M., 1972. The Climatic Requirements of the Tea Plant: A Review. 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Stocking, M., and Y. Lu. "Integrating biophysical and socio-economic aspects of soil conservation on the Loess Plateau, China. Part I. Design and calibration of a model." Land Degradation & Development 11, no. 2 (2000): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-145x(200003/04)11:2<125::aid-ldr372>3.0.co;2-2.
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Karyati, Karyati, Sri Sarminah, Karmini Karmini, Ali Muhammad Akbar, and Rifaldi Hermansyah. "Conservation and economic aspects of a combination of forestry-agricultural crops (Neolamarckia cadamba-Phaseolus vulgaris) and terrace systems in different slope classes." SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 18, no. 1 (2021): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v18i1.47708.
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The utilization of steep lands by planting forestry and agricultural species can provide benefits from soil-water conservation and economic aspects. The combination of planting <em>Neolamarckia cadamba-Phaseolus vulgaris</em> and terrace systems can increase land use values, such as soil conservation, crop production, and farmers’ income. The aim of this study was to analyze silvicultural, hydro-orological, and economic aspects of a combination of forestry-agricultural crops<em> </em>(<em>N. cadamba – P. vulgaris</em>) and terrace systems on two slope classes. Two study plots were established on a steep gradient (25–40%) and a very steep gradient (&gt;40%). The results showed an annual increase in the average diameter and height of <em>N. cadamba</em> of 1.78 cm and 1.84 m, respectively on the steep slope, and 1.68 cm and 1.53 m, respectively on the very steep slope. The surface run off and erosion rate were lower on the steep ground compared to the very steep ground. Erosion hazard indices and levels on the plots in the steep slope and very steep slope were categorized as low and very low; meanwhile the erosion hazard class was I. The profit of <em>P. vulgaris cultivation </em>was IDR 9,360,000.00 ha<sup>–1</sup> per cropping season<sup> </sup>on steep slope and IDR 6,480,000.00 ha<sup>–1</sup> per cropping season on very steep slope. The planting of <em>P. vulgaris</em> as an intercropping plant to fill empty land in between <em>N. cadamba</em> can increase the economic value obtained from selling <em>P. vulgaris</em> in the short term until the leaves of the <em>N. cadamba</em> plant are linked. The combination of planting <em>N. cadamba–P. vulgaris</em> and terrace system on steep slopes is therefore more profitable not only from the economic perspective, but also in lowering runoff and potential erosion rates than on very steep lands.
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Romero-Díaz, A., E. Díaz-Pereira, and J. De Vente. "Ecosystem services provision by gully control. A review." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 45, no. 1 (2019): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.3552.
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Gully erosion causes severe damage to crops and infrastructures and affects the provision of ecosystem services worldwide. To assess the potential of gully control measures to protect ecosystem services and assess the conditions required for their large-scale implementation, this paper critically evaluates a range of gully control measures documented in the World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT). Environmental and socio-economic impacts of technologies are assessed, as well as the implications for ecosystem services, costs and benefits of implementation, and stakeholder’s perception. It is demonstrated how gully control measures provide notable on-site and off-site benefits for socio-economic, cultural, ecological, and production goals, and to protect crucial ecosystem services. Control measures particularly contribute to soil and water conservation and to regulating ecosystem services by controlling soil erosion, water cycling, and natural hazards. Most effective control measures consist of combined vegetative and structural measures and of catchment wide interventions. While implementation of gully control can initially be expensive, on the long term, the cost-benefit ratio is usually positive. Moreover, the results emphasize the importance of evaluating control measures considering monetary aspects and all ecosystem services they provide. Nevertheless, individual farmers can often not afford the implementation and maintenance costs due to barriers for implementation and therefore require sustained institutional support.
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Mazur, Viktor, Hanna Pantsyreva, and Yurii Kopytchuk. "CONSERVATION SOIL FERTILITY SOUND USE SYSTEM OF FERTILIZATION AND SEEDING RATE WINTER WHEAT." Agriculture and Forestry, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2020-2-1.
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The biological yield potential of modern winter wheat varieties has been established. The market, changes of organizational and ownership structures in the agricultural sector are studied. The problem of stable and reliable production of winter wheat grain and improvement of its quality has been disclosed. The works of domestic and foreign scientists have been analyzed and their significant contribution to the creation of modern cultivation technology ensuring high profitability of winter wheat has been determined. Grain yields for competitive production are proved. The article is based on the importance in the technological regulation of cultivation of such components as rational fertilization, reasonable sowing norms, which allow to manage the production process of winter wheat crops and to receive high yields, to increase the economic efficiency of cultivation of crops. The efficiency of application of the increased background of fertilizer at the seeding rate of 3.0 million pieces is theoretically substantiated and experimentally proved. us. / ha to realize the genetic potential of winter wheat under the conditions of PE "Zetto", which is located in the village. Klekotina of Shargorod district, Vinnytsia region in the zone of Right-bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. The system of agrotechnical measures and their combination in the technology of cultivation is optimized and economically justified, which ensures stable high yield and good quality of winter wheat grain. It is established that for optimization of production processes of plants and rational use of natural and climatic potential of the region and material and technical resources for the purpose of stable grain production. Taking into account the complex of unsolved problems concerning the optimal rate of sowing of winter wheat seeds on the increased backgrounds of fertilizers in relation to the specific soil and climatic conditions of cultivation and biological features of modern varieties and hybrids, technological aspects of cultivation are proposed, which preserve fertility. Key words: winter wheat, soil fertility, land use, variety, seeding rate, fertilizer system.
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Lestari, Rizkia Ayu, Mahawan Karuniasa, Tri Edhi Budhi Soesilo, and Lana Saria. "Socio-Economic Strategy of Sustainability and Post-Mining Land Use in South Sumatra." E3S Web of Conferences 68 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186802005.
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This open-pit mining activity has a very helpful environmental potential, soil chemistry, erosion and sedimentation. Change in land use from mining actively after mining requires land and energy closure to ensure that the land is safe for and returned. In accordance with the local spatial pattern in Muara Enim, South Sumatra, the transfer of post-mining land after the dismissal of mining operations will be used as a conservation area managed by the mining community. The concept is an environmental addressing plan to determine the sustainability of various aspects of community life, including local sustainability, food environment, awareness, biodiversity, and sustainability. This study aims to ensure community sustainability after mining operations. The methodology that is an interview with Experts. The results of this research indicate that community empowerment in mining area can use one of the community's natural resource management strategies to ensure social sustainability with land use as agroforestry and integrated agricultural industries.
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Helviani, Helviani, Aan Wilhan Juliatmaja, Doddy Ismunandar Bahari, Masitah Masitah, and Husnaeni Husnaeni. "PEMANFAATAN DAN OPTIMALISASI LAHAN KERING UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN BUDIDAYA TANAMAN PALAWIJA DI DESA PUDAY KECAMATAN WONGEDUKU KABUPATEN KONAWE PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGGARA." Mitra Mahajana: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 2, no. 1 (2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/mahajana.v2i1.806.
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Land is one of the potential natural resources to be developed optimally to increase local revenue. Based on the availability of water, land is grouped into two major groups, which are wetland and dry land (upland). The use of dry land for agriculture is often ignored by policy makers. Problems in dry land management vary in each region, both technical and socio-economic aspects. However, with the right strategy and technology, these problems can be overcome. Efforts to manage dry land to increase food production face problems, including steep slopes, low soil fertility, and water shortages. These problems need to be overcome by applying the right technology. Dry land management technology is available, including management of soil fertility, soil conservation, land rehabilitation, and efficient management of water resources. The problem is the weak dissemination of innovative technology to farmers and the slow adoption of this technology. Utilization of dry land to increase food production requires appropriate planning and strategies.
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Tiutiunnyk, Hanna. "Economic and environmental aspects of organization the territory of ecologically clean agricultural land." Economics, ecology, socium 2, no. 1 (2018): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/2616-7107/2018.2.1-6.
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Introduction. The foundation of the creation of ecologically clean land masses is the economic organization of the territory. The leading component of ecologically safe land use is the need to determine the suitability of land soils for the cultivation of raion crops and the maintenance of maximum soil quality adapted to the quality of crop rotation.
 Aim and tasks. In the article the purpose of planning the organization of land mass structures is determined. The task of the internal land management is to formulate a strategy for using land masses that would maximally focus on the actions of land users in optimizing, transforming and using land to the natural conditions of the region.
 Research results. Measures to create ecologically pure land masses are carried out directly at agricultural enterprises, therefore, agricultural land use is a prerequisite for them. The organization of agricultural land use envisages for business entities, the establishment of a warehouse, the transformation of lands and conservation of degraded and low productivity land, which at the present stage has become the most effective factor in the environmental optimization of land use. Agroecological organization of the territory includes measures on four systemic properties of agroecosystems: productivity, stability, stability and uniformity. All four properties are interrelated in agroecosystems. Without these links it is impossible to organize the territory in order to create conditions for rational use and protection of land, which is demanded by the agricultural land management system.
 Conclusion. In the article the necessity of characterization of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of lands is grounded in order to find out the influence of the creation of the land mass and the appearance of possible dangers. The basic stages of the transition to environmentally safe agriculture and the formation of ecologically clean land masses have been determined. The types of development of the land mass are described: one-time and step-by-step. The complex problems that may be encountered by an enterprise of any ownership type in the transition to the maintenance of ecologically pure agriculture are determined. Creation of ecologically pure massifs of lands and agroecological organization of the territory includes a system of measures for the adaptation of agricultural production, agriculture to the peculiarities of the natural environment, along with the system of levers of state management of rational ecologically safe use of agricultural land. So the necessity of state support and motivation for enterprises planning to switch to the production of ecologically clean products and the formation of ecologically clean land masses has been substantiated.
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Alcalá Galván, Carlos Hugo, Ramón Héctor Barraza Guardado, Félix Ayala Álvarez, and Edgar Omar Rueda Puente. "Uso sustentable de agostaderos y el sistema vaca-cría en el Noroeste de México." Agronomía Mesoamericana 29, no. 2 (2018): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ma.v29i2.29185.
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Livestock is an economic activity, dedicated to the breeding of animal species to take advantage of them and of its derivative products, as well as of livestock exploitation itself. However, when relating it to the sustainable use of natural resources in Northwest Mexico, there can be seen some situations that need to be addressed. The present study aims to analyze the production and conservation status of natural resources of beef cattle activity in the cow-calf system in Sonora, Mexico. The diagnosis was based on aspects of regionalization of livestock, the specific characteristics and issues of the systems, and the productive status of rangelands. The results showed that, despite the existence of signs of wildlife utilization and the importance of protecting the habitat status for livestock development in the state of Sonora, Mexico, it is important to implement a series of actions in order to increase the sustainable productivity of soil, soil water resources, the recovery of vegetation cover, improvement of livestock management practices, needs of research and technology transfer, as well as institutional linkage and training of professional human resources.
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Wang, Rui Jie, Lian Wei Yang, and Miao Jia. "The Assessment of Grassland Ecosystem Services Value with GIS Technology in HulunBuir City of China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 1742–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.1742.
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The grassland ecosystem of HulunBuir city is an important component of ecology security system in Northeast China. In this study, net primary productivity (NPP), as an improtant ecological parameter, was used to estmate the services value. Considering the characteristic of satellite imagery, it is difficult to calculate some functions. So we calculated the services value from 6 aspects, including soil erosion control, water conservation, direct production, gas regulation, nutrient recycling and atmospheric environment purification. The total services value of grassland ecosystem was estimated in RMB to be aproximately 18.47×109Yuan in 2006, the average economic value of unit area was 15.4×104Yuan/km2. The direct production value was 1.23×109Yuan/year; and the contribution rate to total value was 6.66%. The water regulation value was the maximum, 9.09×109Yuan/year. Gas regulation value was 5.25×109Yuan/yea. The purify atmosphere value was minimal.
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Venkatesan, K., Anil Patidar, Maharaj Singh, et al. "Distribution, associated vegetation, conservation and utilization of Grewia tenax: an important underutilized shrub species of the Thar Desert of India." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 17, no. 1 (2018): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262118000370.
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AbstractGrewia tenax locally known as ‘Gangerun’, is an important multipurpose underutilized shrub and potentially threaten species of the Thar Desert of India. Owing to its importance, naturally available germplasm was collected and evaluated for its sustainable utilization in future. Data on individual mother plant, seed characters and soil profile were investigated. Habitat occurrence of G. tenax was found in patches with dominant association of Euphorbia caducifolia across the four districts of western Rajasthan. Individual plant on unprotected area portrayed far lower average height (0.95 m) and canopy area (1.75 m2) than protected area (2.63 m and 13.89 m2) signifying level of browsing pressure on this species in Jaisalmer. Soil samples belonging to Pali region have high organic carbon and low electrical conductivity content than Jaisalmer and Jodhpur. The statistical analysis of seed characters revealed the presence of high coefficient of variation (%) in 100-seed weight (HSW; 27.36) followed by seed length (SL; 8.06) and least in seed breadth (SB; 5.85). The range and mean values of HSW, SL, SB and length:breadth ratio (LBR) were (2.02–7.00 and 3.34 g), (4.36–6.15 and 5.36 mm), (3.73–4.68 and 4.25 mm) and (1.11–1.44 and 1.27), respectively. Significantly positive correlation was observed between SL and LBR (0.73) followed by HSW and SL (0.66). Along with these findings, its economic importance, utilization and conservation are detailed in this paper as to hasten further research on its various aspects for its successful conservation and utilization.
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Acharya, Ram Prasad, Tek Narayan Maraseni, and Geoff Cockfield. "Local Users and Other Stakeholders’ Perceptions of the Identification and Prioritization of Ecosystem Services in Fragile Mountains: A Case Study of Chure Region of Nepal." Forests 10, no. 5 (2019): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050421.
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Forest-based ecosystem services (ES) play a vital role in improving people’s livelihoods, the environment, and the economy. Prior studies have focused on technical aspects of economic valuation such as biophysical quantification through modeling and mapping, or monetary valuation, while little attention has been paid to the social dimensions. Taking case studies of two dominant community-based forest management systems (community forestry—CF and collaborative forestry—CFM) in the Chure region of Nepal, we investigate how local users and other stakeholders perceive the valuation of forest-based ecosystem services based on proximity (nearby vs. distant users), socio-economic class (rich vs. poor users), and forest management modalities (CF vs. CFM). We found that local users and other stakeholders in the Chure region identified a total of 42 forest-based ecosystem services: 16 provisioning, 15 regulating, and 11 cultural services. While all local users prioritised firewood, water quality improvement, and bequest values as the top three services, genetic resources, hazard protection, and hunting services were valued as having the lowest priority. The priorities placed on other services varied in many respects. For instance, rich users living near a CF showed a strong preference for fodder, grasses, and soil conservation services whereas users living far from forests prioritised timber, fresh water, and flood control services. In the case of CFM, rich users adjacent to forests preferred timber, soil conservation, and carbon sequestration services but those living far from forests chose timber, poles, and flood control as their top priorities. Differences in rankings also occurred among the regional managers, national experts, and forest users. The reasons for these differences and their policy implications are discussed, and ways of reaching consensus between the users are suggested.
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Rusastra, I. Wayan, and NFN Erwidodo. "Growth, Equity and Environmental Aspects of Agricultural Development in Indonesia." Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi 16, no. 1 (2016): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v16n1.1998.32-41.
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<p><strong>English</strong><br />The challenge of sustaining agricultural development consists of three complementary and synergies dimensions, i.e. maintaining economic growth, promoting equity and protecting the environment. Price support policy is essential for enhancing technological adoption, increasing output and farmer income. In addition, dynamic institutional and vision of agricultural development, efficiency improvement and technological generation played an important role in the production strategy. Off-Java wetland rice farmers have greater opportunities to gain production through enhanced technical or economic efficiency by improving their managerial skills. In contrast, for dry land rice and secondary crops' farmers, only research and technological breakthrough can solve the low productivity problems and increase farmers' income. Poverty alleviation requires comprehensive efforts that should be conducted in a simultaneous manner. However, the monetary and economic crisis recently faced by the government, provides strong reasons to focus attention on agriculture and rural development availing the best chance to stimulate sustainable growth that address food security, poverty and income distribution concerns. The government has implemented some programs dealing with sustainable agricultural development. Some of those programs were successfully implemented such as integrated pest management (IPM) and Brantas watershed resource management. On the other hand, soil conservation technologies such as alley cropping and timber-food crops farming system (TFS) have difficulties for wider implementation. To promote the implementation of those technologies, the farmer have to be facilitated with better economic environment and land ownership rights for legal certainty on cultivated land.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Tantangan pembangunan pertanian berkelanjutan mencakup tiga faktor yang bersifat sinergis dan komplementer yaitu mempertahankan laju pertumbuhan, pengurangan kemiskinan dan mencegah kerusakan lingkungan. Kebijaksanaan harga yang diterapkan selama ini dinilai telah berhasil mendorong adopsi teknologi, peningkatan produksi, dan pendapatan petani. Disamping itu pengembangan kelembagaan dan visi pembangunan pertanian secara dinamis, peningkatan efisiensi dan penciptaan teknologi baru telah memainkan peranan penting dalam strategi peningkatan produksi. Bagi petani padi sawah khususnya di luar Jawa masih terbuka peluang cukup besar untuk mendapatkan tambahan produksi melalui perbaikan efisiensi usahatani dengan memperbaiki kemampuan manajemen petani. Bagi petani lahan kering dan palawija, hanya penelitian dan terobosan teknologi baru yang dapat memecahkan masalah peningkatan produksi dan pendapatan petani. Upaya pengentasan kemiskinan membutuhkan program yang komprehensif dan perlu dilaksanakan secara simultan. Namun dalam situasi krisis moneter dan mampu mempertahankan keberlanjutan pembangunan dengan sasaran utama peningkatan ketahanan pangan, pengurangan kemiskinan, dan perbaikan distribusi pendapatan. Pemerintah telah menerapkan beberapa program yang berkaitan dengan proteksi sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan&gt; Beberapa program telah berhasil dilaksanakan secara memadai seperti pemberantasan hama terpadu (PHT) dan pengelolaan daerah aliran sungai seperti Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Brantas. Di lain pihak program konservasi tanah dan air seperti teknologi tanaman lorong dan sistem usahatani tumpang sari tanaman keras dan komoditas pangan menghadapi tantangan dalam pengembangannya. Dalam mendorong implementasinya di lapangan petani perlu difasilitasi dengan kredit, ketersediaan sarana produksi, penyuluhan dan pembinaan, serta kepastian hukum dalam penguasaan lahan.</p>
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Pieroni, Osvaldo. "Presente e futuro della cultura contadina." SOCIOLOGIA URBANA E RURALE, no. 87 (June 2009): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sur2008-087012.
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- While a re-evaluation of the peasant role is emerging at the scientific level, public and institutional opinion is still influenced by the classical image of antimodern peasants. In the last years, rural sociologists and some agrarian economists have emphasized the persistence of the "peasant model of farming". Considering the present food and environmental crises, the new functions developed in the family farm represent a structural change, both in social and economic terms. By proposing the definition of strategic fertility as a specific relationship with the soil in view of a durable reproduction, the author is outlining the new relevant aspects of the peasant culture. Key words: peasant culture; peasant agriculture; family farm; land; biological fertility; co-evolution.
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Wang, Rui Jie, and Lian Wei Yang. "Calculation of Services Value for Grassland Ecosystem in HulunBuir City." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 1611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.1611.
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Calculating the value of ecosystem services may improve economic efficiency and play an important role in protecting ecosystems.The grassland ecosystem of HulunBuir city is an important component of ecology security system in Northeast China and is the typical belt transect of International Geosphere Biosphere Programme global change study. In this study, net primary productivity (NPP), as an improtant ecological parameter, was used to estmate the services value. Considering the characteristic of satellite imagery, it is difficult to calculate some functions. So we calculated the services value from four aspects, including soil erosion control, water conservation, direct production and gas regulation. The total services value of grassland ecosystem was estimated in RMB to be aproximately 18.47×109Yuan in 2006 (Chinese currency, 7.78 Yuan=US$1), the average economic value of unit area was 15.4×104Yuan/km2. The direct production value was 1.23×109Yuan/year; and the contribution rate to total value was 6.66%. Indirect services value was 17.24×109Yuan/year, and the contribution rate to total value was 93.34%. Indirect services value was far more than direct production value. For the indirect services value, the water regulation value was the maximum, 9.09×109Yuan/year. Gas regulation value was 5.25×109Yuan/year, contributing 28.42% to the total value.
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Buck, Stuart, Joe Rolfe, Craig Lemin, and Bernie English. "Adoption, profitability and future of leucaena feeding systems in Australia." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 7, no. 4 (2019): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(7)303-314.
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Keynote paper presented at the International Leucaena Conference, 1‒3 November 2018, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata) is a highly palatable and productive forage used mainly by beef producers on extensive properties in northern Australia. When sown into native or sown grass pastures, leucaena provides significant production, economic, environmental and social benefits. Adoption of leucaena was slow initially due to a range of technical, agronomic and landscape factors. These have now been largely overcome through extensive research, development, producer experience and other advances, resulting in around 130,000 ha of cultivated leucaena being utilized across northern Australia.A range of aspects will need to be addressed if the adoption of leucaena is to be accelerated into the future. These include environmental concerns, especially potential weediness, and a range of technological needs, including soil nutritional requirements, grazing and toxicity management, opportunities for companion fodder systems and conservation options. Advances in technology and the ongoing need for a high-quality, profitable and sustainable perennial forage will ensure the continued adoption of leucaena across northern Australia for the foreseeable future.
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Kadir, Syarifuddin, and Eka Farma. "Power Recovery Support Tabunio Watershed Based on Analysis of Erosion Based on Geographic Information System in the Province of South Kalimantan." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 4-1 (2017): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2018-0075.
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Abstract Watershed Tabunio is one of the watershed in the Province of South Kalimantan which has an important role to support the environmental aspects and socio-economic aspects, it is caused by the upstream part of the watershed there are different types of land use can increase the rate of erosion, the flow surface, also on the middle and downstream utilized by the Tanah Laut for agriculture, plantation and fisheries. This study aims to determine the level of erosion, which is useful as a reference for determining the direction of land use for the carrying capacity of watershed restoration efforts Tabunio. This research method using a regional approach ecological watershed analysis process and presentation done spatially through Geographic Information Systems. The results showed that: a) Amount highest erosion 219,08 ton/ha/yr on Land Unit 3B (mining land use with a gradient of 3-8%), while the lowest amount of erosion 11,44 ton/ha/yr on Land Unit 8 (use secondary dry forest with gradients of 25-40%); b) The level of erosion is very light Danger land unit 8 on the use of secondary dry forest on the slope of 25-40%), while other land units at the rate of moderate to severe erosion. Recovery of the carrying capacity of the watershed Tabunio lower the rate of erosion through soil and water conservation vegetatively and civil engineering (mechanical).
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Nada, I. Made, I. Wayan Redana, I. G. B. Sila Dharma, and A. A. Gde Agung Yana. "Model Penataan Lahan Penanggulangan Erosi Berbasis Masyarakat Di Kawasan Danau Batur." Bumi Lestari Journal of Environment 18, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/blje.2018.v18.i01.p01.
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Erosion control in the community-based Lake Batur area is directed to maintain the balance of Lake Batur. Erosion triggered by the pattern of management of agricultural lands less attention to aspects of soil and water conservation. The purpose of this research is; (1) to obtain a community-based erosion control model, (2) Land management Mapping on the edge of the lake, (3) erosion control strategy at the edge of the lake. This research field experiment and surpei, sampling is done by purposive sampling with amount of 64 sample. The socio-economic support data of the community was determined by 180 respondents in cluster sampling. Interviews and questionnaires are closed questions on a conventional scale. The characteristics of the lake were analyzed descriptive statistics using the SPSS tool. Land mapping is done by GPS method with GIS device. Predict erosion using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) Model, for sedimentation using the Stanford Sediment model. The analysis of the rate due to erosion, done by non linear regression analysis. The analysis shows that the settlement has an average of 115,85%, plantation 245,50% and sedimentation level 1,017,93 m3 / year. Sedimentation was tested on both sides with a 95% confidence level on the modeled sediment data. Conclusions to tackle erosion using a community-based Terracing Mekar land arrangement model that collaborates with elephant grass and vetiveria.
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Otzen, Uwe. "Reflections on the Principles of Sustainable Agricultural Development." Environmental Conservation 20, no. 4 (1993): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900023493.
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Of the renewable resources of The Biosphere, agricultural land, including its water resources, is very high among the most important, because it is elemental for human and domestic-animal life. The stability and sustained fertility of the soil largely depend on both prevailing soil–climate conditions and on anthropogenic influences.There are strict limits to the human interference which soil substrates, ground, soil, and surface water, flora, fauna, and microorganisms, can tolerate under moderate, let alone subtropical and tropical, soil–climate conditions. Economic, social, and aesthetic, yield of agricultural resources is limited even where economically and technically optimal use is made of capital and labour. A ‘maximum sustainable yield’ varies as a function of the soil–climate location, the established land-use system, and the technology applied, but only as long as this yield is not exceeded is the enduring availability of the resource ensured.With the demand for land and energy to produce food and agricultural raw materials rising throughout the world, per caput food production continuing to fall (especially in Africa), and the cultivated area per caput declining worldwide, the urgent question for the long term is how to preserve the natural resources of water, soil, and vegetation cover, and how to arrest desertification, deforestation, salinization, soil degradation, and soil erosion.These reflections centre on the call for farming systems which are suited to given locations and do no harm to the environment, and also for sustainability of agricultural production—two aspects which have been badly neglected in the past. The necessary simultaneous tasks of developing farming systems and preserving resources, can be tackled only in relation to specific locations and in a conducive development ‘climate’, where appropriate general conditions prevail. As a rule, the microeconomic development options for coping with these tasks can be improved only at a supra-farm and community level, and require new, environmentally oriented national agricultural and rural development policies.
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Nada, I. Made, Ida Bagus Suryatmaja, and I. Gusti Ngurah Alit Wiswasta. "MODEL PENANGGULANGAN SEDIMENTASI DANAU BERBASIS MASYARAKAT DI PULAU BALI." Bumi Lestari Journal of Environment 17, no. 2 (2017): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/blje.2017.v17.i02.p02.
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Countermeasures of community-based lake sediments are directed at maintaining the dynamic balance of Lake Batur, Beratan Lake, Lake Buyan and Lake Tamblingan. Sedimentation process of this lake is triggered by the pattern of management of agricultural land on the edge of the lake is less attention to aspects of soil and water conservation. The purpose of this research is; (1) to obtain a community-based sedimentation prevention model, (2) Mapping Land management on the edge of the lake, (3) erosion control strategy at the edge of the lake. This research is field experiment and surpei research, sampling is done by purposive sampling at Batur Lake 20 samples, Beratan Lake 16 samples, Lake Buyan 16 samples and Danau Tamblingan 12 Sampel. The socio-economic support data of the community was determined by 180 respondents in cluster sampling. Interviews and questionnaires are closed questions on a conventional scale. Characteristics of the lake were analyzed descriptive statistics using SPSS analysis tool. Land mapping is done by GPS method with GIS device. Predict erosion using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) Model while for sedimentation using the Stanford Sediment model. Data analysis to find out the model of development of sedimentation rate in lake due to erosion that happened, done by non linear regreresi analysis. The results of the analysis are tested on both sides with 95% confidence level on sediment data that is modeled whether or not significant effect
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Roesch-McNally, Gabrielle E., Andrea D. Basche, J. G. Arbuckle, et al. "The trouble with cover crops: Farmers’ experiences with overcoming barriers to adoption." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 33, no. 4 (2017): 322–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000096.
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AbstractCover crops are known to promote many aspects of soil and water quality, yet estimates find that in 2012 only 2.3% of the total agricultural lands in the Midwestern USA were using cover crops. Focus groups were conducted across the Corn Belt state of Iowa to better understand how farmers confront barriers to cover crop adoption in highly intensive agricultural production systems. Although much prior research has focused on analyzing factors that help predict cover crop use on farms, there is limited research on how farmers navigate and overcome field-level (e.g. proper planting of a cover crop) and structural barriers (e.g. market forces) associated with the use of cover crops. The results from the analysis of these conversations suggest that there is a complex dialectical relationship between farmers' individual management decisions and the broader agricultural context in the region that constrains their decisions. Farmers in these focus groups shared how they navigate complex management decisions within a generally homogenized agricultural and economic landscape that makes cover crop integration challenging. Many who joined the focus groups have found ways to overcome barriers and successfully integrate cover crops into their cropping systems. This is illustrated through farmers' descriptions of their ‘whole system’ approach to cover crops management, where they described how they prioritize the success of their cover crops by focusing on multiple aspects of management, including changes they have made to nutrient application and modifications to equipment. These producers also engage with farmer networks to gain strategies for overcoming management challenges associated with cover crops. Although many participants had successfully planted cover crops, they tended to believe that greater economic incentives and/or more diverse crop and livestock markets would be needed to spur more widespread adoption of the practice. Our results further illustrate how structural and field-level barriers constrain individual actions, as it is not simply the basic agronomic considerations (such as seeding and terminating cover crops) that pose a challenge to their use, but also the broader economic and market drivers that exist in agriculturally intensive systems. Our study provides evidence that reducing structural barriers to adoption may be necessary to increase the use of this conservation practice to reduce environmental impacts associated with intensive agricultural production.
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Islam, Kazi Kamrul, Mohammad Saifullah, and Kimihiko Hyakumura. "Does Traditional Agroforestry a Sustainable Production System in Bangladesh? An Analysis of Socioeconomic and Ecological Perspectives." Conservation 1, no. 1 (2021): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/conservation1010003.
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In the tropics, products and services provided by the traditional agroforestry systems (TAS) support the basic needs and promote the livelihood of millions of rural people. However, the outcomes and mitigation of TAS, in particular, the social and environmental issues are not systematically addressed. Thus, the objective of the study was to assess the economic, social and environmental outcomes of two important TAS in Bangladesh. This study reports results on prospective analyses using the Date palm and Jackfruit-based TAS practiced in the Jashore and Mymensingh districts of Bangladesh. The results revealed that the TAS enhanced farm productivity and the benefit–cost ratio of both systems were much higher than the general agricultural practices in Bangladesh. The TAS also improved resilience of rural farmers through more efficient water utilization, enhancing soil fertility, improving microclimate, controlling pests and diseases, and diversifying products. At the same time, the farmers’ problems were neglected due to the absence of farmers’ platforms, and also tradeoffs may arise; thus, the social aspects of the TAS farmers had not developed equally. Therefore, the study would recommend minimizing the tradeoffs through enhancing the conservation strategies at farmers’ levels to make the TAS more viable and sustainable land-use practices.
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Asmarhansyah, Asmarhansyah, and Rahmat Hasan. "Reklamasi Lahan Bekas Tambang Timah Berpotensi sebagai Lahan Pertanian di Kepulauan Bangka Belitung." Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan 12, no. 2 (2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jsdl.v12n2.2018.73-82.
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<p><strong>Abstrak</strong>. Lahan bekas tambang timah berpeluang untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai areal pertanian dalam upaya pemenuhan kebutuhan pangan dan mengatasi persoalan lingkungan pasca penambangan. Tujuan makalah ini adalah untuk mengkaji upaya reklamasi lahan bekas tambang timah untuk dijadikan areal pertanian di Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Luas seluruh izin usaha penambangan (IUP) yang telah diterbitkan oleh pemerintah pusat dan daerah dan dimiliki oleh perseroan di darat sebesar 327.524 ha, sedangkan luas IUP di laut 183.837 ha. Aspek biofisik lahan sangat menentukan keberhasilan reklamasi lahan bekas tambang timah. Pemanfaatan lahan bekas tambang timah sebagai areal pertanian menemui sejumlah kendala biofisik lahan, seperti bentang lahan (lanskap) yang tidak beraturan, hilangnya lapisan atas tanah (top soil), rendahnya status kesuburan tanah, dan terganggunya kualitas air kolong. Selain aspek biofisik, upaya reklamasi juga patut mempertimbangkan aspek sosial ekonomi, seperti status kepemilikan lahan, pengetahuan dan keterampilan petani, dan kelayakan biaya usaha tani. Penyimpanan tanah pucuk, penataan lahan, penggunaan amelioran, pengembangan Legume Cover Crops, implementasi Integrated Farming Systems, dan perbaikan kualitas air kolong di lahan bekas tambang timah diyakini mampu meningkatkan kualitas dan daya dukung lahan bekas tambang timah untuk areal pertanian. Reklamasi lahan bekas tambang timah juga membutuhkan partisipasi aktif masyarakat, pemerintah daerah, dan perusahaan tambang timah. Kegiatan reklamasi yang mampu memberikan manfaat bagi masyarakat setempat untuk berusaha tani di lahan bekas tambang timah dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu indikator keberhasilan reklamasi pasca penambangan.</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong>. Abandoned tin-mining lands have the potential to be used as agricultural areas in order to fulfill food demand and solve the environmental problems derived from mining activities. The purpose of this paper is to assess the reclamation measures on abandoned-tin mining areas which could be used as agricultural areas in Bangka Belitung Islands. The total areas of the mining business license (IUP) issued by the central and local government and owned by the company are 327,524 ha in inland and 183,837 ha in the sea. Biophysical aspects largely determines the success of reclamation of abandoned tin-mining areas. Utilization of abandoned-tin mining areas as agricultural areas is facing land biophysical constraints, such as undulating landscape, losses of top soil, low soil fertility status, and disruption of water quality of tin-mining pond. In addition to the biophysical aspects, reclamation efforts should also consider the socio-economic aspects, including land ownership status, knowledge and skills of farmers, and the feasibility of the cost of farming systems. Conservation of top soil, arrangement of land, development of legume cover crops, implementation of Integrated Farming Systems, and improvement of water quality in the area under the former tin mine are believed to improve the quality and carrying capacity of abandoned tin-mining areas to be used as agricultural areas. Reclamation of abandoned tin-mining areas also requires the active participation of the community, local government, and tin mining company. Reclamation activities that can provide benefits to local communities for farming in tin mined land can be used as one indicator of the success of the post-mining reclamation.</p>
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Venkatesh, K., and H. Ramesh. "IMPACT OF LAND USE LAND COVER CHANGE ON RUN OFF GENERATION IN TUNGABHADRA RIVER BASIN." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-5 (November 15, 2018): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-5-367-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Streamflow can be affected by a number of aspects related to land use and can vary promptly as those factors change. Urbanization, deforestation, mining, agricultural practices and economic growth are some of the factors related to these land use changes which alter the stream flow. In the present study, the impact of land use land cover change (LULC) on stream flow is studied by using SWAT model for Tungabhadra river basin, located in the state of Karnataka, India. Tungabhadra river originates in the Western Ghats of Karnataka and flows towards north-east and joins the river Krishna. The land use maps of 1993, 2003 and 2018 are used for assessing the stream flow changes with respect to LULC. Calibration and validation of the model for streamflow was carried out using the SUFI-2 algorithm in SWAT-CUP for the years 1983&amp;ndash;1993 and 1994&amp;ndash;2000 respectively. Statistical parameters namely Coefficient of Determination (R<sup>2</sup>) &amp;amp; Nash–Sutcliffe (N-S) were used to assess the efficiency and performance of the SWAT model. It was found that the observed and simulated streamflow values are closely matching, which in turn projects that the model results are acceptable. The calibrated model was used for simulation of future dynamic land use scenario to assess the impact on streamflow. The results can be used for conservation of water and soil management.</p>
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Von Cossel, Wagner, Lask, et al. "Prospects of Bioenergy Cropping Systems for A More Social-Ecologically Sound Bioeconomy." Agronomy 9, no. 10 (2019): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100605.
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The growing bioeconomy will require a greater supply of biomass in the future for both bioenergy and bio-based products. Today, many bioenergy cropping systems (BCS) are suboptimal due to either social-ecological threats or technical limitations. In addition, the competition for land between bioenergy-crop cultivation, food-crop cultivation, and biodiversity conservation is expected to increase as a result of both continuous world population growth and expected severe climate change effects. This study investigates how BCS can become more social-ecologically sustainable in future. It brings together expert opinions from the fields of agronomy, economics, meteorology, and geography. Potential solutions to the following five main requirements for a more holistically sustainable supply of biomass are summarized: (i) bioenergy-crop cultivation should provide a beneficial social-ecological contribution, such as an increase in both biodiversity and landscape aesthetics, (ii) bioenergy crops should be cultivated on marginal agricultural land so as not to compete with food-crop production, (iii) BCS need to be resilient in the face of projected severe climate change effects, (iv) BCS should foster rural development and support the vast number of small-scale family farmers, managing about 80% of agricultural land and natural resources globally, and (v) bioenergy-crop cultivation must be planned and implemented systematically, using holistic approaches. Further research activities and policy incentives should not only consider the economic potential of bioenergy-crop cultivation, but also aspects of biodiversity, soil fertility, and climate change adaptation specific to site conditions and the given social context. This will help to adapt existing agricultural systems in a changing world and foster the development of a more social-ecologically sustainable bioeconomy.
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Laghari, A. N., D. Vanham, and W. Rauch. "The Indus basin in the framework of current and future water resources management." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 4 (2012): 1063–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1063-2012.
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Abstract. The Indus basin is one of the regions in the world that is faced with major challenges for its water sector, due to population growth, rapid urbanisation and industrialisation, environmental degradation, unregulated utilization of the resources, inefficient water use and poverty, all aggravated by climate change. The Indus Basin is shared by 4 countries – Pakistan, India, Afghanistan and China. With a current population of 237 million people which is projected to increase to 319 million in 2025 and 383 million in 2050, already today water resources are abstracted almost entirely (more than 95% for irrigation). Climate change will result in increased water availability in the short term. However in the long term water availability will decrease. Some current aspects in the basin need to be re-evaluated. During the past decades water abstractions – and especially groundwater extractions – have augmented continuously to support a rice-wheat system where rice is grown during the kharif (wet, summer) season (as well as sugar cane, cotton, maize and other crops) and wheat during the rabi (dry, winter) season. However, the sustainability of this system in its current form is questionable. Additional water for domestic and industrial purposes is required for the future and should be made available by a reduction in irrigation requirements. This paper gives a comprehensive listing and description of available options for current and future sustainable water resources management (WRM) within the basin. Sustainable WRM practices include both water supply management and water demand management options. Water supply management options include: (1) reservoir management as the basin is characterised by a strong seasonal behaviour in water availability (monsoon and meltwater) and water demands; (2) water quality conservation and investment in wastewater infrastructure; (3) the use of alternative water resources like the recycling of wastewater and desalination; (4) land use planning and soil conservation as well as flood management, with a focus on the reduction of erosion and resulting sedimentation as well as the restoration of ecosystem services like wetlands and natural floodplains. Water demand management options include: (1) the management of conjunctive use of surface and groundwater; as well as (2) the rehabilitation and modernization of existing infrastructure. Other demand management options are: (3) the increase of water productivity for agriculture; (4) crop planning and diversification including the critical assessment of agricultural export, especially (basmati) rice; (5) economic instruments and (6) changing food demand patterns and limiting post-harvest losses.
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Morantes-Toloza, Javier Leonardo, and Luis Miguel Renjifo. "Cercas vivas en sistemas de producción tropicales: una revisión mundial de los usos y percepciones." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 2 (2018): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i2.33405.
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Live fences in tropical production systems: a global review of uses and perceptions. The expansion of agricultural and livestock production has been a key factor in deforestation in the world and especially in the tropical region. Currently, more than half of the Earth’s surface is used for the establishment of production systems; in this context, live fences can generate positive effects on the environment and provide environmental goods and services. In this work, we reviewed the effects of live fences on production systems from the tropical regions of America, Africa, Asia and Australia, analyzing the uses and perceptions of farmers that have made use of these fences. It was found that live fences were mainly related to the delimitation of farms and pastures. However, their uses and benefits are manifold, among which we found: provide forage, wood extraction, fruit supply, windbreaks, medicinal, to avoid soil erosion, moisture retention and nutritional support. In addition, other positive perceptions were: increasing landscape connectivity, increasing economic incomes, reducing production costs, reducing pressure on remaining vegetation, keeping maintenance costs down, contributing to pest control, and improving fertility. However, negative perceptions included the excessive work in repairing or pruning them, shade negative impact on agricultural production, lack of information discourages establishment, high establishment costs, generation of property conflicts and management difficulty. It was found that the uses by farmers are focused on improving the yields of productive systems, but also on the conservation of natural resources especially soil and biodiversity. We proposed research topics for the future, as determining the criteria in the selection of native species to establish and enrich living fences valuing ecological and socioeconomic aspects; in additionally, we must deepen the benefits they produce on the yields of productive systems. We suggest the development of live fences studies in the tropical region of Australasia, because no data was found for this region, in order to know the biodiversity and services status that they provide to the rural communities. As a conclusion, it will be important to generate initiatives that encourage the formulation of rural policies, the creation of programs that encourage the establishment of live fences, whether through payments for environmental services, tax compensation or other mechanisms. Providing adequate information to farmers and livestock farmers is a key aspect on dynamizing the establishment of live fences. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 739-753. Epub 2018 June 01.
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Rezende, Washington Passos, Otavio Duarte Giunti, Thiago Cardoso de Oliveira, Ariana Vieira Silva, and Marcelo Antonio Morais. "Adequações ambientais à legislação florestal brasileira em três propriedades distintas no sul de Minas Gerais." Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 11, no. 5 (2016): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v11i5.4074.
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<p>Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a situação de três propriedades distintas na região de Poço Fundo, sul de Minas Gerais, em relação à adequação das mesmas à legislação florestal. Para cada propriedade, foi feito um levantamento topográfico, com a construção da tabela de uso e ocupação atual do solo. Foi feita a adequação de cada propriedade à Lei n° 4.771 (antigo Código Florestal) e uma nova tabela de uso e ocupação foi construída com base nessa adequação. Também foi realizada a adequação de cada propriedade à Lei n° 12.651 (novo Código Florestal), com a respectiva confecção da tabela de uso e ocupação do solo. De posse dessas tabelas, foi feita uma comparação, objetivando-se avaliar os impactos ambientais e econômicos da alteração legislacional, principalmente em relação às Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) e Reserva Legal (RL). Como resultados, o Novo Código Florestal (Lei nº 12.651/2012), ao ser comparado com a Lei nº 4771/1965, mostrou-se mais benéfico às três propriedades, do ponto de vista econômico, uma vez que a área destinada para a regularização das APP’s e RL pela nova legislação ambiental mostrou-se inferior à exigida pela legislação anterior, o que pode resultar na continuidade da exploração agrícola em algumas áreas que anteriormente deveriam ser consideradas de preservação ou conservação, com utilização extremamente restrita. Em relação a aspectos ambientais, essas reduções de áreas podem impactar em diminuição da biodiversidade, qualidade e quantidade de recursos hídricos, que pode comprometer a sustentabilidade da produção agrícola.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Environmental adjustments to the Brazilian forest legislation in three different properties in south of Minas Gerais</em></strong></p><pre><strong>Abstract:</strong> This study aimed to analyze the situation of three distinct properties in the region of Poço Fundo, south of Minas Gerais, in relation to the adequacy of the same forest legislation. For each property, a survey was made, with the construction of the table of current soil use and occupation. The suitability of each property to federal law nº 4.771 (previous Forest Code) and a and a new table of current soil use and occupation was built based on this adaptation. It was also carried out the suitability of each property to federal law nº 12.651 (New Forest Code), with the respective preparation of the table of current soil use and occupation. With these tables, a comparison was made, aiming to assess the environmental and economic impacts of legislacional change, especially in relation to the Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA) and Legal Reserve (LR). As a result, the New Forest Code (federal law nº12.651 / 2012), to be compared to federal law nº. 4.771/1965 was more beneficial to the three properties, from an economic point of view, since the area for the regularization of PPAs and LR by new environmental legislation was lower than that required by the previous legislation, which may result in the continued operation agriculture in some areas that should be considered before the preservation or conservation, with extremely restricted use. In relation to environmental aspects, these reductions may impact areas in decrease of biodiversity, quality and quantity of water resources, which may compromise the sustainability of agricultural production.</pre>
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Anderson De Vechi and Carlos Alberto De Oliveira Magalhães Júnior. "Avaliação dos aspectos ambientais do cultivo do eucalipto, relato de caso em Goioerê- Paraná: Uma Perspectiva para a educação ambiental." UNICIÊNCIAS 25, no. 1 (2021): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-5141.2021v25n1p57-64.
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O eucalipto, planta exótica originária da Austrália, chegou ao Brasil e se adaptou ao clima e ao solo, circunstâncias que auxiliaram seu pleno desenvolvimento. Como consequência, o eucalipto se alastrou em vários estados brasileiros, sua madeira passou a ser industrializada, o que lhe agregou valor econômico. O presente artigo aborda indagações relativas sobre o eucalipto e a educação ambiental critica quanto a cultura dessa espécie, explorando os aspectos da sua utilização e os questionamentos ambientais em relação aos recursos naturais do ecossistema.Na abordagem metodológica investigou-se, por meio de visitas in loco, cinco propriedades de Goioerê, PR, especialmente em um bairro cujo nome fictício é “São Miguel”, visando conhecer como o manejo do eucalipto ocorre nessa região paranaense. Elaborou-se um almanaque digital com o software Scratch e um jogo digital por meio do software motor gráfico Unity, nos quais constam aspectos do eucalipto e da educação ambiental.O jogo digital expõe, práticas direcionadas para a educação ambiental e temas acerca dessa espécime exótica, denotando a percepção e importância das árvores nativas bem como o processo de preservação e conservação, fortalecendo a concepção a respeito do município de Goioerê e o seu ecossistema. Após os resultados advindos com a produção do jogo e almanaque, e estes foram disponibilizados aos professores de Ciências e Biologia para serem utilizados em suas práticas pedagógicas, e para os produtores rurais como informativo. Esperou-se que os saberes ali dispostos transmitam uma percepção crítica relativa à produção do eucalipto, integrando os conceitos relacionados a essa espécie de planta no âmbito das Ciências Ambientais.
 
 Palavras-chave: Eucalyptus. Saber ambiental. Impactos Ambientais.
 
 
 Abstract
 
 Eucalyptus, an exotic plant originally from Australia, arrived in Brazil and adapted to the climate and soil, circumstances that helped its full development. As a consequence, eucalyptus spread in several Brazilian states, its wood started to be industrialized, which added economic value. This article addresses questions concerning eucalyptus and critical environmental education regarding the culture of this species, exploring aspects of its use and environmental questions in relation to the natural resources of the ecosystem. loco, five properties in Goioerê, PR, especially in a neighborhood whose fictitious name is “São Miguel”, aiming to understand how the management of eucalyptus occurs in this region of Paraná. A digital almanac was created with the Scratch software and a digital game using the Unity graphics engine software, which contains aspects of eucalyptus and environmental education, denoting the perception and importance of native trees as well as the preservation and conservation process, strengthening the conception regarding the municipality of Goioerê and its ecosystem. After the results resulting from the production of the game and almanac, these were made available to Science and Biology teachers to be used in their pedagogical practices, and to rural producers as information. It was hoped that the knowledge available there will convey a critical perception regarding the production of eucalyptus, integrating the concepts related to this species of plant within the scope of Environmental Sciences.
 
 Keywords: Eucalyptus. Environmental knowledge. Environmental Impacts.
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Aleksandrovskaya, Liudmila. "Ecological and Economic Aspects of the Water Consumption in the Soil-Conservation Systems." Bulletin of the South-Russian state technical University (NPI). Series: Socio-economic Sciences, 2015, 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17213/2075-2067-2015-6-73-78.
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F Nyirenda, A Mhizha, W Gumindoga, and A Shumba. "A GIS-based approach for identifying suitable sites for rainwater harvesting technologies in Kasungu District, Malawi." Water SA 47, no. 3 July (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/wsa/2021.v47.i3.11863.
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A GIS-based approach for identifying suitable sites for rainwater harvesting (RWH) technologies was developed and applied in Kasungu District, Malawi. Data were obtained from reports, socio-economic survey documents of the area and maps. Field surveys were conducted in the villages of Chipala Extension Planning Area (EPA), in order to identify and evaluate the performance of existing RWH interventions, and determine factors for locating suitable areas for RWH. Observed soil moisture content was used to assess the water retention performance of the prevalent RWH technologies: contour tied ridging and soil mulching. A GIS-based Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method was used to map runoff potential for areas with RWH technologies, using physical factors of rainfall, land use, soil type and slope to estimate runoff potential. This was then integrated in a GIS database, with social-economic factors in the form of household income level and environmental factors, including impacts of implementing RWH, to determine the suitability of land areas for RWH in Kasungu District. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the impact of identified technologies by comparing the moisture content measurements for each of the identified technologies at 5% level of significance. The ANOVA results showed a statistically significant difference in the moisture measurements for the three technologies identified (P < 0.05). The RWH suitability map for the study area showed that 0.2% of the area considered had very high potential, 33.5% high, 55.9% moderate, 10.1% marginal and 0.3% not suitable for in-field RWH. The model was verified by locating the existing RWH on the suitability map obtained from GIS: 81% of RWH were located in the highly and moderately suitable areas whilst only 13% were located in areas of low suitability. Hence the developed model can reliably be used to predict potential areas for RWH.
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Pla, Ildefons. "Advances in soil conservation research: challenges for the future." Spanish Journal of Soil Science 4 (December 3, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.3232/sjss.2014.v4.n3.05.
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Increased human influences on soils frequently result in widespread land and soil degradation. The processes of soil and water degradation are closely linked, as unfavourable changes in the hydrological processes affect soil water regimes. In the last 15-20 years there has been increased interest in human-induced climate change, associated with increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. Most of the present and future problems of land and soil degradation, water supply and natural disasters are mainly attributed to these climate changes. At the same time, and probably related to it, there has been a change in the focus of research on soil and water conservation. From the late 1960s there was an increasing interest in stimulating studies related to soil and water conservation. This was a great change from the previous emphasis on more static studies of the characteristics of the soil resource, mainly for soil classification and mapping, and for land evaluation related to agricultural and other uses. This situation was due to the increasing evidence of the global problems of land, soil and water degradation, and their effects on food production and the environment. Particular attention was paid to the processes of soil and water degradation in relation to their use and management for agricultural purposes. These efforts led to the development of models and evaluation systems mainly using empirical approaches. Later studies demonstrated the limitations of the generalized universal use of these empirical approaches. Concurrently there was an increase in related organizations, conventions, congresses and conferences associated with the renewed interest on soil and water conservation. A global assessment of human-induced soil degradation (GLASOD) demonstrated the paucity, difficult accessibility and poor quality of basic information. This information, however, is essential for adequate planning and effective application of practices to prevent soil and water degradation. The most recent conventions and programs at international and regional levels are generally based on re-interpretations, and a different processing method or representation of old information using “new” terminology. In other cases, new information has been mostly generated through indirect or remote sensing deductions, usually without adequate ground-truthing. The decreasing public or private support for more integrated interdisciplinary studies and the compulsion to quickly publish papers has resulted in a very specialized and isolated consideration of different aspects related to the degradation of soil functions. This frequently results in over-simplifications, failures and even contradictions in the proposed strategies to control soil degradation. Currently we have reached quasi-stagnation in soil conservation research and a new series of soil conservation terms (soil quality, desertification, tillage erosion) and clichés (“C sequestration”, “no-tillage”) have been introduced. These are derived from different interests, but generally they are very empirical approaches without a strong scientific basis. However, they attract increased attention from organizations setting policies and providing funds for research in soil and water conservation, and as a consequence many research activities in the last 20 years have been concentrated in such topics. Regretfully, these approaches have very limited accuracy and are insufficient for developing adequate policies for land use and management. Climate, soil and socio-economic conditions differ greatly from one location to another and are changing continuously. There cannot therefore be simple universal prescriptions regarding practices of sustainable soil management for crop production and environmental protection or for mitigation of the greenhouse effect by “C sequestration” in soils. The adequate selection of those sustainable practices must be based on research with a broader vision of soil conservation, where all the system components and their interactions are considered and understood with a far-sighted approach, to ensure that short term gains in one aspect or location do not induce long-term losses in other aspects or elsewhere. Research needs to be directed to better the understanding of the processes and reactions in soils related to chemical recycling and water balance over a range of spatial and temporal scales, with the common objective of improving crop production and environmental protection. Lasting solutions will only be found if adequately trained researchers in soil science and hydrology, who recognize the complexity of the problems, develop appropriate strategies.
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Kapelkina, Ludmila P. "Technological aspects of rehabilitation of disturbed lands." Linnaeus Eco-Tech, May 7, 2019, 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15626/eco-tech.2003.001.
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Industrial exploitation of the deposits of the North is followed by the large scale use ofnatural resources (land, water, forest, fish, etc.) along with intensive disturbance andcontamination of the environment. The successful decision of the problem of sustainablenature management is largely determined by the presence of ecologically andeconomically "weighted" system of norms, standards, regulations, which are restrictingthe pressure on the components of the environment. By present in Russia there are morethan 20 state standards concerning the remediation of lands and conservation of soils. TheFederal law "About the recultivation of lands" is under the preparation. But all-Russianstandards are not well adapted for the concrete conditions. Such norms need to beregional. They should take into account the specific of the disturbance of theenvironment, type of waste, climatic and economic conditions along with sustainabilityof the ecosystems.Such technological methods of remediation, as creation ofreservoirs in the depressions oftechnogenic relief, covering of dusty sands (waste of smelter industries) by erosive-stablefractions of minerals, hydro-sowing of the perennial herbs, use of plant vegetativereproduction in recultivation, seem prospective. If natural fertile soil is absent, lakeground deposits can be a source of the local organic fertilizer for the purposes ofrecultivation. Also sideration (sowing followed by plowing at the stage of maximalaboveground biomass) can be used. Such method as the formation of water reservoirs intechnogenic depressions should be wider used. Technological methods should take intoconsideration conservation and protection of the environment. It is important to preventnegative processes leading to the destruction of the landscape. Therefore it is expedient tohave such technical methods for the environmental protection which could allow quicklyand efficiently to stop negative process and to provide ecological safety.