Journal articles on the topic 'Soil conservation – Québec (Province) – Planning'

Soil sampling was carried out on the experimental plot, and comprehensive analysis of characteristics of soil nutrient and physical and chemical environment based on the soil and water conservation monitoring site topography and vegetation etc., on the basis of present situation investigation. The plant selection analysis of different experiment plot was carried out combined with experiment village construction planning, and the plants by nature, on the basis of the different soil and water conservation monitoring sites have in common in Zhejiang province. Targeted put forward of the construction of the proposed plant and soil improvement measures, for each monitoring site experiment plot of provide the scientific basis for the establishment of soil and water conservation measures.

Abstract. Agro-areas of Arroyos Menores (La Colacha) west and south of Río Cuarto (Prov. of Córdoba, Argentina) basins are very fertile but have high soil loses. Extreme rain events, inundations and other severe erosions forming gullies demand urgently actions in this area to avoid soil degradation and erosion supporting good levels of agro production. The authors first improved hydrologic data on La Colacha, evaluated the systems of soil uses and actions that could be recommended considering the relevant aspects of the study area and applied decision support systems (DSS) with mathematic tools for planning of defences and uses of soils in these areas. These were conducted here using multi-criteria models, in multi-criteria decision making (MCDM); first of discrete MCDM to chose among global types of use of soils, and then of continuous MCDM to evaluate and optimize combined actions, including repartition of soil use and the necessary levels of works for soil conservation and for hydraulic management to conserve against erosion these basins. Relatively global solutions for La Colacha area have been defined and were optimised by Linear Programming in Goal Programming forms that are presented as Weighted or Lexicographic Goal Programming and as Compromise Programming. The decision methods used are described, indicating algorithms used, and examples for some representative scenarios on La Colacha area are given.

To enable conservation of degraded land requires Map of Conservation Activity Plan (CAP). The map is established based on a model developed by the then Ministry of Environment and Forestry. One step to analyze the CAP is land unit elimination (LUE) having area of < 1 cm2. This study aimed to determine the effect of LUE on the CAP at Air Bengkulu Watershed. Maps used for input to CAP are EHL (Erosion Hazard Level), Soil Depth, Slope, Population Pressure, and the Recommended Landuse, whereas to calculate EHL requires R, K, LS, C, and P Factors. CAP Map as a result without involving LUE is compared to the CAP Map with involving LUE. The research result showed that the LUE influences on the change of the recommended of the CAP up to 77.6% of the total area of the study, either in engineering recommended or in vegetatively recommended conservation, while the rest (22.4%) were unchanged.

Land use has become one of the causes of watershed damage, resulting in complex physical, economic and social problems in both upstream and downstream. This study aims to determine the direction of land use planning for the development of agroforestry in the Upstream of Ciliwung River Watershed of West Java Province. The orientation of the land use planning for agroforestry development was conducted by determining the type of agroforestry to be developed, the land capability class, as well as soil and water conservation agroforestry techniques to be applied. The results of this study showed that the determination of the agroforestry land use planning in the Upstream of Ciliwung River Watershed of West Java Province is directed to the development of agroforestry. Plant recommended to be developed on agroforestry land use include the annual crops combined with seasonal crops, and the application of conservation techniques; including terrestrial, gulud terrace, mulching, and terrace strengthening-plant.

An agreement between the governments of the province of Québec and the State of Vermont calls for a 41% decrease in phosphorus (P) loads reaching Missisquoi Bay, the northern portion of Lake Champlain. The agreement particularly targets the agricultural sector, since 80% of non-point source P inputs to the bay are associated with cultivated lands. In order to identify sustainable cropping practices likely to help meet the target P loads, the SWAT (soil and water assessment tool) model was employed to assess hydrological performance, erosion processes and P mobility on the bay’s principal Québec P contributing tributary, the 630 km2 Pike River watershed. Strong in-watershed spatial clustering of vulnerability to non-point source exports highlights the need for targeted implementation of sustainable agricultural practices and soil conservation works to derive the reduction in P loads. Planting cover crops over the 10% most vulnerable lands would result in roughly a 21% d rop in overall P exports at the watershed outlet, whereas the same 10% randomly distributed over the watershed would only contribute to a 6% drop in P exports. The study of different field-scale management scenarios indicated that achieving the targeted 41% reduction in P exports would require the widespread (half the land devoted to annual crops) implementation of sustainable cropping practices, and the conversion of a specific 10% of the territory to either cover crops or permanent prairie land. Meeting the P target-loads would require additional investments in the protection of floodplains and riparian strips, the targeted construction of runoff-control structures, and the rapid soil incorporation of manures on lands dedicated to annual crops. Key words: Soil and water assessment tool, modelling, sediment, phosphorus, cropping system, scenario, best agricultural management practices

The study aims to map areas sensitive to erosion by water and rainfall erosivity after addition of organic matter (OM) in highly unstable soils. A soil association map was created using digital soil mapping methodology. Soil samples from six soil associations were incubated and analysed for several soil erodibility measures and inferred to the soil association map. Soil stabilization against soil erosion by use of OM was evaluated for 30 weeks under two simulated rainstorms, intermittent rainstorms (IR) and single rainstorm (SR). Rainfall erosivity (R-factor) was calculated from theduration of a rainstorm and the total amount of rainfall received under rainfall simulations. Erodibility factor (K-factor) was estimated using the soil OM content and texture. Largest area (40%) was covered by shallow soils and K-factor range of 0.0693-0.0778 t.ha.hha-1MJ-1mm-1. Largest (60.2%) area had a structural stability index of 0.8 and 42.7% of the area was covered by a dispersion ratio value range of 0.65-0.70. The area size with erosion rates of > 15 t/ha/yr was drastically reduced from 1 to 8 weeks after OM application thereafter gradually increased under both IR and SR. Soil erosion rates of < 5 t-1 ha-1 yr-1 and > 15 t-1 ha-1 yr-1 were most and least observed respectively under both storms. R-factor was higher under IR than SR and the smallest areas with soil erosion rates of > 15 t-1 ha-1 yr-1 contributed most to the lost soil. Organic matter confers soil resistance to erosion up to a certain period before losing its effectiveness. The study provided first assessment of erosion dynamics, basis for identifying conservation priorities which may be applicable in similar areas. Keywords: Erosivity, planning, rainstorm, soil conservation, soil degradation

Regional soil loss assessment is the critical method of incorporating soil erosion into decision-making associated with land resources management and soil conservation planning. However, data availability has limited its application for mountainous areas. To obtain a clear understanding of soil erosion in Yunnan, a pixel-based estimation was employed to quantify soil erosion rate and the benefits of soil conservation measures based on Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE) and data collected in the national soil erosion survey. Results showed that 38.77% of the land was being eroded at an erosion rate higher than the soil loss tolerance, the average soil erosion rate was found to be 12.46 t∙ha−1∙yr−1, resulting in a total soil loss of 0.47 Gt annually. Higher erosion rates mostly occurred in the downstream areas of the major rivers as compared to upstream areas, especially for the southwest agricultural regions. Rain-fed cropland suffered the most severe soil erosion, with a mean erosion rate of 47.69 t∙ha−1∙yr−1 and an erosion ratio of 64.24%. Lands with a permanent cover (forest, shrub, and grassland) were mostly characterized by erosion rates an order of magnitude lower than those from rain-fed cropland, except for erosion from sparse woods, which was noticeable and should not be underestimated. Soil loss from arable land, woodland and grassland accounted for 52.24%, 35.65% and 11.71% of the total soil loss, respectively. We also found significant regional differences in erosion rates and a close relationship between erosion and soil conservation measures adopted. The CSLE estimates did not compare well with qualitative estimates from the National Soil Erosion Database of China (NSED-C) and only 47.77% of the territory fell within the same erosion intensity for the two approaches. However, the CSLE estimates were consistent with the results from a national survey and local assessments under experimental plots. By advocating of soil conservation measures and converting slope cropland into grass/forest and terraced field, policy interventions during 2006–2010 have reduced soil erosion on rain-fed cropland by 20% in soil erosion rate and 32% in total soil loss compared to the local assessments. The quantitative CSLE method provides a reliable estimation, due to the consideration of erosion control measures and is potentially transferable to other mountainous areas as a robust approach for rapid assessment of sheet and rill erosion.

Land use change is an important scientific issue recognized for its potential to alter ecosystem services (ESs), especially water-related ecosystem services (WRESs). Using the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs (InVEST) model, this study quantified and mapped spatiotemporal variations in land use and corresponding WRESs in the Bashang area of Hebei Province, China (BAHP) to investigate how land use change impacted WRESs by means of scenario analysis, especially, in which a new evaluation indicator, average ecology effect (AEE) was proposed and well applied. The results indicated that woodland expansion (+602.61 km2) and grassland shrinkage (−500.57 km2) dominated the land use change in the BAHP in 2000–2018, which altered local WRESs, including the moderate declines in water purification and water yield, as well as a significant enhancement in soil conservation. In scenario analysis, compared to baseline levels, riparian woodland buffer and planting trees scenarios slightly decreased water yield but strengthened water purification and soil conservation; reclaiming wasteland and integrated development scenarios significantly enhanced soil conservation but lowered water yield and water purification; fertilizer reduction scenario effectively mitigated water deterioration. According to AEE, the riparian woodland buffer (RWB) scenario performed greater than the planting trees (PT) scenario on variations of WRESs per unit area, which differed completely from the results based on total variations. Overall, a multiple-scale indicator for a comprehensive evaluation of ESs should receive more attention.

Abstract Context The majority of ecological studies of roads have focused on their deleterious effects, and these preconceptions have hampered a full evaluation of the ecological functions of roads. As an integrated indicator, road width represents comprehensive effects, including anthropogenic and natural disturbances. Objectives We try to explore the different effects produced by various road widths by considering changes in forest vegetation and soil. Methods We selected six study forests spanning from Shandong Province in the north to Guangdong Province in the south of China, and we assessed the influences of wide and narrow roads on plant species diversity, biomass, and soil properties along transects running from the forest edges and adjacent forest interior. We used a “shape-dependent model” to explain the factors that determine the magnitude of road effects on forests. Results Three variables measured in this study changed significantly with increasing distance from the road to the forest interior along wide roads: tree biomass, herbaceous plant biomass, and soil pH. However, no measurable biological or environmental effects were found from narrow roads. The different shapes of glades in a forest may be one reason for the various effects caused by roads of different widths. Conclusions Forest roads of different widths may have quite different ecological effects. While wider roads with large glades tend to have substantial negative impacts, small-enough roads may cause little disturbance to the forest. This suggests that not all forest roads should be perceived as the same, and narrow roads may be compatible with forest conservation.

This paper analyzes the relationship between runoff, soil erosion, sediment particles, and natural rainfall characteristics on sloping farmland in the red soil region of southern China. The surface runoff and soil loss data were measured on runoff plots during 66 natural rainfall events from 2015 to 2018 in Jiangxi Province. The results show that the maximum 30-min rainfall intensity (I30) is positively related to the runoff depth, soil erosion modulus, and sediment mean weight diameter (MWD). With the increase in I30 during rainfall, the coarse sand content increases, and the fine sand content decreases. The average annual runoff of slope tillage, hedgerows with slope tillage, straw mulching with conventional tillage, and contour tillage decreased by 32.56%, 65.87%, 83.99%, and 87.30%, respectively, compared with that of bare land. Soil and water conservation measures can significantly reduce slope runoff. The flow-reduction effect of contour tillage and straw mulching with conventional tillage increases as I30 increases, and the flow-reduction effect of hedgerows with slope tillage first increases and then decreases as I30 increases. The coefficients of variation and standard deviations of the flow-reduction effects of different soil and water conservation measures decrease with increasing I30. The average annual soil erosion moduli of slope tillage, hedgerows with slope tillage, contour tillage, and straw mulching with conventional tillage decreased by 59.33%, 91.29%, 97.17%, and 98.45%, respectively, compared with that of bare land. Soil and water conservation measures can significantly reduce the sediment yield on slopes. The flow-reduction effects of hedgerows with slope tillage, contour tillage, and straw mulching with conventional tillage all increase with I30, and their coefficients of variation and standard deviations decrease with I30. The average single rainfall erosion sediment MWD of decreased by 5.91%, 8.33%, 9.69%, and 13.32%, respectively, compared with that of bare land. Straw mulching with conventional tillage can significantly reduce the MWD of erosion sediment, effectively reduce the content of coarse sand, and increase the content of fine sand. Straw mulching with conventional tillage is a very good soil and water conservation measure for sloping farmland. It not only has the best effect on reducing flow and sediment, but also can effectively intercept coarse sand and reduce the MWD of erosion sediment.

Soil water conditions play an important role in the formation of a collapsing gully, but we are still at the early stages of understanding how the soil water changes on the slope after different rainfall events due to a lack of high-frequency continuous field observations. This study aimed to reveal the response of soil water dynamics to rainfall events for different slope aspects and positions based on continuous multi-depth observations of soil water on a typical collapsing gully slope from 2017 to 2019 in Wuhua County, Guangdong Province, China. The vegetation characteristics and soil properties were investigated, and the storage of soil water was also calculated. The results showed that the dynamics and storage of soil water varied with the slope aspect, slope position and vegetation cover. The response time of the soil water to intensive rainfall events on the sunny slope was shorter than that on the shady slope, while soil water storage in the sunny slope was significantly lower than in the shady slope (p < 0.01). For the different slope positions, the soil water response time to the intensive rainfall events on the upper slope was shorter than that in the middle slope, while the soil water storage in the middle slope was significantly higher than on the upper slope. This was mainly due to the redistribution runoff from the upper slope to middle slope, delaying the process by which rainwater infiltrated into the soil layers. Moreover, vegetation significantly allayed the response of soil water dynamics to an intensive rainfall event but increased the storage of soil water, owing to the protection of soil surface from rain and conservation of high soil clay content. The bare area in the middle position of the sunny slope was speculated to be the potential source of the collapsing gully because it lacked the cover of vegetation. Our findings highlight the importance of soil water dynamics on the formation of a collapsing gully and provided valuable insights for the optimization of soil conservation and management practices for collapsing erosion.

Since the reform and opening up, a large proportion of the Chinese rural labor force has transferred to urban and non-agricultural industries. Rural labor transfer not only changes the allocation of household labor in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors but also affects the utilization of other agricultural production factors. Based on data from 818 households in three counties in northern Jiangsu province, this paper analyzed the impact of labor migration on farmers’ adoption of cultivated land quality protection (CLQP) behaviors. The survey results showed that farmers’ awareness of CLQP was still very weak, and the proportion of farmers adopting measures such as subsoiling, straw application, cover crops and green manures and the complementary use of organic fertilizers was still relatively low. The empirical results showed that perennial out-migration for work can constrain households’ protective inputs into soil conservation, but part-time farming locally can promote households’ inputs. The results also showed that farmer characteristics, farming conditions and external environment also significantly affected the farmers’ adoption of soil conservation practices. According to these conclusions, this paper puts forward the corresponding policy implications.

Factors determining forest species distribution include, in addition to external factors such as human interference and environmental management strategies, also soil and hydrological characteristics and climate conditions in any given areas. Modelling<strong> </strong>distribution has practical application in forest conservation and management, and help decision makers to develop strategies aimed at forest restoration, development of mountainous areas and the continuous and sustainable provision of forest-related services. Species distribution modelling (SDM) can be used for predicting species distribution based on tree presence records and on a number of environmental predictors. In this study we used MaxEnt for niche modelling in predicting carob (<em>Ceratonia siliqua </em>L.) trees spatial distribution in the Province of Azilal in Morocco. The results obtained show that a large area of the mountain regions is suitable for the expansion of <em>Ceratonia siliqua</em> stands. These findings will help decision makers in forest planning to better identify suitable sites for carob tree plantations and assess the potential of the exiting populations.

Design flood is one of the important factors for flood risk assessment and water infrastructures planning and development in a certain location. There are several methods to estimate it, one method which has been commonly and widely use is using flood frequency analysis. This research aims to develop Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves in Upper Werba Sub-Watershed, West Papua Province, Indonesia, to estimate design rainfall intensity. The design rainfall intensity is used to estimate peak of flood discharge using Rational Formula in the sub-watershed. Other methods, i.e. Soil Conservation Service and Nakayasu Synthetic Unit Hydrograph are also presented in this paper to provide comparison of the estimated peak of flood discharge. The result shows that the Rational method provide the closest magnitude of estimated flood discharge in Upper Werba Sub-Watershed to the observed streamflow. Therefore, it is suggested that the Rational method can be used for water infrastructure planning and development in the sub-watershed.

The maintenance of drinking water safety is a major environmental issue. It is necessary to strengthen environmental protection in water source areas and establish good vegetation coverage. This study examined the effects of secondary forests transformation on chestnut forests on soil nutrient changes in the Fuji Reservoir, Anji County, Zhejiang province, China. Plots were set up in a chestnut plantation and a nearby secondary forest to measure the nutrient contents of soil samples that were collected from different soil depths. Differences of soil nutrient content from the two stands were significant at 0–20 cm soil depth. There were no significant differences in the contents of total phosphorus and total potassium between the two forests; however, the available phosphorus content in chestnut stands was 2.73 mg/kg higher than in secondary forests. Overall, the soil nutrient contents under chestnut stands were lower than those under secondary forests. Some of the soil surface is exposed due to the low diversity of the chestnut forest. The soil nutrients in the chestnut forest are usually carried and transferred in soil particle form and they become dissolved in the runoff during rainfall and lost, which explains the lower soil nutrient contents in the chestnut forest than the secondary forest. Therefore, for economic forests, such as chestnut forests, measures should be taken to protect understory vegetation and enhance soil and water conservation capacity, which is conducive to retaining soil nutrients.

<p>In the Sahelian country of Burkina Faso, West Africa, population pressure, poor resource management, and reduced rainfall have exacerbated land degradation. A rapidly growing population coupled with high rates of internal rural migration and thirty years of desiccation have resulted in profound land-use/land-cover change (LULCC) throughout the country. In the Central Plateau and northern regions of Burkina Faso, land degradation has historically stimulated large-scale out-migration toward more fertile areas in the south. While some northern provinces are being rehabilitated by Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) projects, southern provinces, considered more "pristine", have been neglected. In recent decades, researchers have attributed the initiation of land degradation processes in southern regions to this influx of migrants from the north. This study presents an empirical controlled case study between two provinces to better understand the dynamics of migration and LULC. One province, Bam Province in the north, has long been a zone of departure while Sissili Province in the south has long been a destination zone. Using a regional political ecology framework, we integrate a time series of LULCC data with demographic census data and local narratives to compare migration and LULCC trends in Bam and Sissili from 1975 to 2013. We find that in-migration correlates with substantial and dramatic LULCC while out-migration is associated with only moderate LULCC. This controlled comparison also suggests that local land-use/land-cover change and migration dynamically interact. As environmental conditions in Bam improve and Sissili deteriorate, long-term trends of either out- or in-migration for either province stabilize, and can even become reversed.</p><p><strong>Key Words</strong>: Burkina Faso, LULCC, migration, regional political ecology</p>

The present study investigates the ecological requirements of Astragalus curvirostris Boiss, with emphasis on determining the ecological factors that affect the distribution of plant species, and the species’ response to changes in ecological factors using a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) in the Iranian Province of Zanjan from 2017 to 2019. Randomized-systematic sampling was used to collect vegetation data. Data analysis was performed using SPSS17 and CANOC4.5 software. The results showed that the growth and development of A. curvirostris change according to environmental factors linked to the composition of the soil and the variety of the other species present. This model is indicative of a competitive limitation along the environmental gradient. By understanding all environmental parameters, the necessary steps could be taken towards planning proper management programs, including rangeland grazing management and determining the proper moment for seed collection, which will result in the conservation, improvement, and restoration of rangelands.

Identifying the vulnerability level of an area to soil erosion, particularly gully erosion, is key to the development of an efficient management strategy for policymakers. While efforts into susceptibility mapping of natural disasters have grown in recent years, understanding the most relevant predictive causal factors is still a challenge. As the selection of these factors, among many potentially relevant factors, is an important part of the model selection process, we propose a hybrid intelligent approach for the optimal selection of a set of relevant factors based on logistic regression (LR) and genetic algorithms. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach, this study also identified areas that were highly susceptible to gully erosion using three different classifiers – namely, the LR, support vector machine (SVM) and k-nearest neighbours (k-NN) techniques. We tested the approach in the Yeli Bedrag watershed in north-eastern Golestan province, Iran. The results showed that the elevation, distance to fault, slope and the index of connectivity were the most important causal factors affecting the successful prediction of gully occurrence. Comparison of maximum True Skill Statistic values showed that increased model sophistication did not necessarily result in a higher level of model performance. In terms of performance, k-NN was superior to the SVM and LR methods. This method can be effectively used for gully erosion susceptibility (GES) zonation in the study area, which is very important to support spatial planning to initiate designing mitigation strategies and conservation needs over a large area, or to plan additional conservation efforts and relocate soil conservation plans. In conclusion, our findings indicate that by incorporating the proposed hybrid intelligent approach, the number of relevant factors for GES mapping was reduced, while classification accuracy was increased.

In the highest soil erosion regions of arid and semiarid northwest China, water resource deficits and farmland misuse have further exacerbated soil degradation. Therefore, understanding how farmers in diverse agroclimatic zones perceive and respond to different conservation practices is important to the implementation of sustainable agriculture practices (SAPs). To this end, this study uses a best–worst scaling approach to examine the adoption preferences for nine SAPs among grain and cash crop farmers and investigates the influence of farm and climatic characteristics on adoption preferences based on a face to face survey of 554 households in Gansu province, which is classified as an arid and semiarid area in northwest China. Both grain and cash crop farmers had stronger preferences for the practices of using organic instead of chemical fertilizers and of improving irrigation practices. In addition, while cash crop farmers also had strong preferences for cover crop-related practices, they preferred long-term fallows least. Household income, livestock, and precipitation influence the potential perceived importance of SAPs. The different perceived importance of these practices suggests new possible combinations or packages for a sustainable agriculture program during the cropping structure adjustment in Gansu.

Support vector machine (SVM) and maximum entropy (MaxEnt) machine learning techniques are well suited to model the habitat suitability of species. In this study, SVM and MaxEnt models were developed to predict the habitat suitability of Juniperus spp. in the Southern Zagros Mountains of Iran. In recent decades, drought extension and climate alteration have led to extensive changes in the geographical occurrence of this species and its growth and regeneration are extremely limited in this area. This study evaluated the habitat suitability of Juniperus through spatial modeling and predicts appropriate regions for future cultivation and resource conservation. We modeled the natural habitat of Juniperus for an area of 700 ha in Sepidan Area in the Fars province using (1) data regarding the presence of the species (295 samples) collected through field surveys and GPS, (2) habitat soil information and indices derived from 60 soil samples collected in the study area, and (3) climatic and topographic datasets collected from various sources. In total, 15 conditioning factors were used for this spatial modeling approach. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were applied to estimate the accuracy of the habitat suitability models produced by the SVM and MaxEnt techniques. Results indicated logical and similar area under the curve (AUC)-ROC values for the SVM (0.735) and MaxEnt (0.728) models. Both the SVM and MaxEnt methods revealed a significant relationship between the Juniperus spp. distribution and conditioning factors. Environmental factors played a vital role in evaluating the presence of Juniperus sp. as Max and Min temperatures and annual mean rainfall were the three most important factors for habitat suitability in the study area. Finally, an area with high and very high suitability for the future cultivation of Juniperus sp. and for landscape conservation was suggested based on the SVM model.

In Southern Patagonia, a long-term monitoring network has been established to assess bio-indicators as an early warning of environmental changes due to climate change and human activities. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content in rangelands provides a range of important ecosystem services and supports the capacity of the land to sustain plant and animal productivity. The objectives in this study were to model SOC (30 cm) stocks at a regional scale using climatic, topographic and vegetation variables, and to establish a baseline that can be used as an indicator of rangeland condition. For modelling, we used a stepwise multiple regression to identify variables that explain SOC variation at the landscape scale. With the SOC model, we obtained a SOC map for the entire Santa Cruz province, where the variables derived from the multiple linear regression models were integrated into a geographic information system (GIS). SOC stock to 30 cm ranged from 1.38 to 32.63 kg C m−2. The fitted model explained 76.4% of SOC variation using as independent variables isothermality, precipitation seasonality and vegetation cover expressed as a normalized difference vegetation index. The SOC map discriminated in three categories (low, medium, high) determined patterns among environmental and land use variables. For example, SOC decreased with desertification due to erosion processes. The understanding and mapping of SOC in Patagonia contributes as a bridge across main issues such as climate change, desertification and biodiversity conservation.

This study was conducted to assess the water quality affected by different land use patterns in U Minh Ha National Park, Ca Mau, Vietnam. This study determined the water quality characteristics in three land use types (Acacia hybrid, planted melaleuca cajuputi, and natural melaleuca cajuputi) at different plant ages on two acid sulfate soil layers in the rainy season (8/2018) and dry season (4/2019) using nine water quality parameters. Multivariate statistical analyses were applied to evaluate the correlation and spatial and temporal variations in the water quality. The study results showed that the water quality in S-ASS was more polluted than that in D-ASS, characterized by low pH; the EC, organic matters (BOD and COD), nutrients (N-NH4+ and N-NO3−), and metal ions (Al3+ and Fe3+) were high; and the EC, BOD, COD, Al3+, and N-NO3− were determined high in D-ASS. The NMC area was noted to have high concentrations of organic matters and nutrients, while the factors specific to acidic soil were found to be higher in the AH and PMC areas. The water quality in the rainy season tended to be more polluted than that in the dry season. The cluster analysis grouped the land use patterns on S-ASS and D-ASS in both seasons into four groups, with a clear similarity between the wet and dry seasons in the areas at various plant ages. The seasonal variations of the water quality of the three land use types were distinguished by the main parameters, including pH, EC, BOD, N-NO3−, and Al3+ (S-ASS) and EC, BOD, N-NO3−, N-NH4+, and Fe3+ (D-ASS). Therefore, there is a need for better water management measures in the rainy season and focus on the key parameters causing water quality variations in each area. The findings in this study provided important information for the future water quality monitoring for both agricultural production and conservation in the national park.

In this study, we applied gross ecosystem product (GEP) theory in a case study to analyze and explain the natural resource asset value and ecosystem service value of forest resources in Jiaokou County, Shanxi Province, Northern China, in 2018. GEP refers to the total value of various final material products and services provided by ecosystems. In this paper, six service functions of a forest system, including water conservation, soil conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen release, forest nutrients, purification of atmospheric environment, and biodiversity, are valued by three calculation methods: the alternative cost method, market value method, and control cost method. The study revealed the following: (1) There is a parallel relationship between the value of natural resource assets and the value of ecosystem services. GEP includes the market value of natural resource assets, but it is mostly the value of ecosystem services. (2) The measurement of the physical quantity of forest ecosystem services depends on parameter data, and the monetary calculation often has no mature pricing basis, which leads to the large scale and uncertainty surrounding the evaluation results of ecosystem services. (3) The ecosystem service value and natural resource asset value have different practical significance, as well as alternate theoretical bases. The value of natural resource assets can be used as the asset valuation basis of economic transactions, which plays a role in macroeconomic management. The value of ecosystem services can be used as the basis of ecological compensation, providing information for the preparation of the balance sheet of natural resources.

National large-scale soil and water conservation controls on the Gangjiang River basin have been documented, but the effect of governance on regional watershed hydrology and how the main driving factors act have not been systematically studied yet. To do this, this study evaluated changing trends and detected transition years for both streamflow and sediment discharge using long-term historical records at seven hydrological stations in the Ganjiang River basin over the past 50 years. The double mass curve (DMC) method was used to quantify the effects of both climate change and human activities on hydrological regime shifts. The results showed that the distributions of precipitation, streamflow, and sediment discharge within a year are extremely uneven and mainly concentrated in the flood season of Jiangxi Province. None of the stations showed significant trends over time for either annual precipitation or streamflow, while the annual sediment discharge at most stations decreased significantly over time. The estimation of sediment discharge via DMC indicated that after the transition years, there were rapid reductions in sediment discharge at all hydrological stations, and the average decline degree of midstream and downstream were much larger than that of upstream. Human activities, especially the increase of vegetation cover and construction of large and medium-sized reservoirs, provided a significantly greater contribution to the reduction of sediment discharge than did precipitation changes. As a case study of river evolution under global change environment, this study could provide scientific basis for the control of soil erosion and the management of water resources in Ganjiang River, as well as for the related research of Poyang Lake and the Yangtze River basin of China.

ABSTRACTWay Kambas National Park (TNWK) is one of the conservation areas in Lampung Province. The National Park functions to protect, preserve various kinds of animals and conservation. Design based on Eco-Technology is an absolute requirement for the sustainability of the region. This study aims to plan Eco-Technology-based drainage from road construction in the Sumatra Rhino Sanctuary (SRS), Way Kambas National Park, with snake objects. Every infrastructure development, such as drainage, must pay attention to the lives of wild animals such as snakes. Planning starts with calculating hydrological analysis to produce a debit plan with a rational method. Analysis of snake migration is done to determine the behavior and migration of snakes. Based on the calculation results there is no flood point from the planning of cross-section D1-D8 with the width of the channel width (b) = 20 cm, water depth (h) = 14.47 cm, peak width (B) = 220 cm, cross-section = 10° and cross-section material used is soil. With the drainage concept, the migration of snakes from one span to another is not disturbed to maintain the balance of the natural ecosystem. The conclusion is that the drainage design obtained is getting sloping, so the drainage conditions are better and friendly to snakes.Keywords: Eco-Technology, drainage, conservation, Way Kambas National Park, snake migrationABSTRAKTaman Nasional Way Kambas (TNWK) merupakan satu diantara kawasan konservasi yang berada di Provinsi Lampung. Taman Nasional berfungsi untuk melindungi, melestarikan berbagai macam satwa dan konservasi. Desain yang berbasis Eco-Technology merupakan syarat mutlak untuk keberlanjutan kawasan itu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merencanakan drainase berbasis Eco-Technology dari suatu pembangunan jalan di Suaka Rhino Sumatera (SRS), Taman Nasional Way Kambas dengan objek ular. Setiap pembangunan Infrastruktur seperti drainase harus memperhatikan kehidupan satwa liar seperti ular. Perencanaan dimulai dengan melakukan perhitungan analisis hidrologi untuk dapat menghasilkan debit rencana dengan metode rasional. Analisis migrasi ular dilakukan untuk mengetahui perilaku dan migrasi ular. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan tidak terdapat titik banjir dari perencanaan penampang D1-D8 dengan ukuran lebar dasar saluran (b) = 20 cm, kedalaman air (h) = 14,47 cm, lebar puncak (B) = 220 cm, kemiringan penampang = 10° dan bahan penampang yang digunakan adalah tanah. Dengan adanya konsep drainase tersebut, migrasi ular dari bentang satu ke bentang lainnya tidak terganggu sehingga dapat menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem alam. Kesimpulannya adalah desain drainase yang didapat makin landai, maka kondisi drainase makin baik dan ramah terhadap ular.Kata kunci: Eco-Technology, drainase, konservasi, Taman Nasional Way Kambas, migrasi ular

In environmental management, land cover change is a crucial aspect. The area of tropical savanna environments is vulnerable to land degradation. This study aimed to rapidly detect land cover changes in a tropical savanna environment based on remote sensing data. Conditional change detection was performed using the Change Vector Analysis (CVA) with input parameters such as the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Normalized Difference Soil Index (NDSI). The results showed that during the period 2015 to 2019, changes were detected in the Moyo watershed every year. From 2015 to 2016, the Moyo River Basin was dominated by changes with a change magnitude of less than 0.088, which was 63% of the Moyo River Basin area. From 2016 to 2017, the changes were dominated by the change magnitude value of 0.063, which was 58.6% of the Moyo River Basin area. From 2017 to 2018, changes were dominated by the change magnitude value of 0.084 of 55.26% of the Moyo watershed area. From 2018 to 2019, the change was dominated by the change magnitude value of 0.057, which was 47.57% of the Moyo watershed area. The direction of land cover change was dominated by Q2 in 2016, Q4 in 2017 and 2018, and Q2 and Q4 in 2019. These changes generally occurred in the Moyo watershed middle and downstream parts, which are grasslands. The use of the Conditional Change Vector Analysis (CCVA) approach in a tropical savanna environment can detect changes and the direction of change with an accuracy of about 70%.

The climate of Iraq is of the subtropical semi-dry type; however, the country was rich in water resources until a few decades ago. Climate change and the construction of many dams on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the neighboring countries have caused water shortages and poor water quality. Now, there is a need to decrease consumption, improve management of water resources, and determine the water requirements of the major crops because agriculture is the first consumer of water in Iraq. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) CROPWAT 8.0 simulation software and the CLIMWAT 2.0 tool attached to it have been used in this research for Dhi-Qar Province in southern Iraq to find the crop water requirements (CWRs) and irrigation schedules for some major crops. The CROPWAT Penman–Monteith method was used to calculate the reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) soil conservation (S.C.) method was used to estimate the effective rainfall. The study results showed that ET0 varied from 2.18 to 10.5 mm/day and the effective rainfall varied from 0.0 to 23.1 mm. The irrigation requirements were 1142, 203.2, 844.8, and 1180 mm/dec for wheat, barley, white corn, and tomatoes, respectively. There is a higher water demand for crops during the dry seasons (summer and autumn) and a lower demand during the wet seasons (winter and spring). The total gross irrigation and the total net irrigation were 343.8 mm and 240.7 mm for wheat, 175.2 mm and 122.6 mm for barley, 343.8 mm and 240.7 mm for white corn, and 203.3 mm and 142.3 mm for tomatoes. This study proved that the CROPWAT model is useful for calculating the crop irrigation needs for the proper management of water resources.

Bioclimatology is applied for growing tea in the West of Nghe An province, where the tea is considered as a high economic efficient plant to be priorly cultivated for reducing poverty and getting rich. Based on the bioclimatic characteristics of tea plant and regional climatic data from 1980 to 2014, the bioclimatic diagrams are built and the tea cultivability is mapped in term of annual average temperature and total precipitation, for this region with regarding its district of Con Cuong as an analytical key. The climate, including both temperature and precipitation, in Con Cuong is relatively suitable for the tea plantation. The Western Nghe An, a land of approx. 1.4 million ha, could be classified in five areas with different suitability for tea plant. The unfavorable area occupies only 1% of total region and the four favorable rests account for 99% of total, in which, the most favorable area is largest with about 746,355 ha, i.e. over 50% of whole region. 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Can Gio mangrove forest (CGM) is located downstream of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), situated between an estuarine system of Dong Nai - Sai Gon river and a part of Vam Co river. The CGM is the largest restored mangrove forest in Vietnam and the UNESCO’s Mangrove Biosphere Reserve. The CGM has been gradually facing to numeric challenges of global climate change, environmental degradation and socio-economic development for the last decades. To evaluate sediment quality in the CGM, we collected 13 cores to analyze for sediment grain size, organic matter content, and trace element concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn. Results showed that trace element concentrations ranged from uncontaminated (Cd, Cu, and Zn) to very minor contaminated (Cr, Ni, and Pb). The concentrations were gradually influenced by suspended particle size and the mangrove plants.ReferencesAnh M.T., Chi D.H., Vinh N.N., Loan T.T., Triet L.M., Slootenb K.B.-V., Tarradellas J., 2003. 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Climate change induced sea-level rise (SLR) is on its increase globally. Regionally the lowlands of China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and islands of the Malaysian, Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos are among the world’s most threatened regions. Sea-level rise has major impacts on the ecosystems and society. It threatens coastal populations, economic activities, and fragile ecosystems as mangroves, coastal salt-marches and wetlands. This paper provides a summary of the current state of knowledge of sea level-rise and its effects on both human and natural ecosystems. The focus is on coastal urban areas and low lying deltas in South-East Asia and Vietnam, as one of the most threatened areas in the world. About 3 mm per year reflects the growing consensus on the average SLR worldwide. The trend speeds up during recent decades. The figures are subject to local, temporal and methodological variation. In Vietnam the average values of 3.3 mm per year during the 1993-2014 period are above the worldwide average. Although a basic conceptual understanding exists that the increasing global frequency of the strongest tropical cyclones is related with the increasing temperature and SLR, this relationship is insufficiently understood. Moreover the precise, complex environmental, economic, social, and health impacts are currently unclear. SLR, storms and changing precipitation patterns increase flood risks, in particular in urban areas. Part of the current scientific debate is on how urban agglomeration can be made more resilient to flood risks. Where originally mainly technical interventions dominated this discussion, it becomes increasingly clear that proactive special planning, flood defense, flood risk mitigation, flood preparation, and flood recovery are important, but costly instruments. Next to the main focus on SLR and its effects on resilience, the paper reviews main SLR associated impacts: Floods and inundation, salinization, shoreline change, and effects on mangroves and wetlands. The hazards of SLR related floods increase fastest in urban areas. This is related with both the increasing surface major cities are expected to occupy during the decades to come and the increasing coastal population. In particular Asia and its megacities in the southern part of the continent are increasingly at risk. The discussion points to complexity, inter-disciplinarity, and the related uncertainty, as core characteristics. An integrated combination of mitigation, adaptation and resilience measures is currently considered as the most indicated way to resist SLR today and in the near future.References Aerts J.C.J.H., Hassan A., Savenije H.H.G., Khan M.F., 2000. Using GIS tools and rapid assessment techniques for determining salt intrusion: Stream a river basin management instrument. 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Understanding the relationships among multiple ecosystem services could improve the landscape capacity to provide benefits to human society. However, the underlying mechanisms shaping ecosystem services relationships are still unclear although some studies have been conducted to explore how natural and socioeconomic factors influence the relationships among ecosystem services. In this study, the karst landscape in southwestern China, a vulnerable system with intensive human activities, was focused on, aiming to explore relationships between ecosystem services and associated social and ecological factors. The results showed that the distribution of eight individual ecosystem services were spatially heterogeneous and clustered based on the characteristics of the karst landscape. The relationships between provisioning services and regulating services, such as grain production and net primary productivity, as well as water yield and soil retention, were quite different in high karst coverage regions and low karst coverage regions. Among five ecosystem service bundles identified, ecosystem services in the urban development bundle were mainly determined by socioeconomic factors, while in the other four bundles of multifunction, grain production, habitat conservation, and carbon sequestration, ecosystem services were dominated by ecological factors. However, socioeconomic factors (i.e. population density and night-time light intensity) appeared to explain the overall ecosystem service delivery more than karst terrain. This study provided insights for sustainable ecosystem management in a vulnerable karst region through exploring social-ecological factors of the relationships among ecosystem services.

I examined variation in community structure, species richness, biomass and abundance of Coprini dung beetles from 45 trapping sites in meadows, 35-year-old secondary forests and primary forests in tropical, high-elevation karst ecosystems of Puluong Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa Province. My main aim was to explore community response to the influence of land use change. By comparing the structure and community attributes of the beetles between 35-year-old secondary forests and primary forests, I expected to give indications on the conservation value of the old secondary forests for beetle conservation. Community structure significantly differed among land-use types. Species richness, abundance and biomass were significantly higher in forest habitats than in meadows. The cover of ground vegetation, soil clay content and tree diameter are important factors structuring Coprini communities in karst ecosystems of Pu Luong. 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