Dissertations / Theses: 'Soil formation'

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Francis, Michele Louise. "Soil Formation on the Namaqualand Coastal Plain." Link to the Internet, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/806.

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Levine, Steven Joel. "Genesis of soils derived from the Kaibab Formation of the Colorado Plateau, Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184299.

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Important pedogenic processes of soils formed on dolomitic limestones are affected by the degree of in-situ weathering of the underlying bedrock. Decalcification and silicate clay illuviation of Haplustalfs and Calciustolls of the Colorado Plateau in northwestern Arizona results from the establishment of effective porosity in the parent rock. The underlying carbonate strata, the Kaibab Formation, are a complex limestone-dolomite-chert marine sediment of Permian age. Diagenetic processes have modified the initial porosity present at the time the sediment was deposited. Pleistocene meteoric waters, percolating downward, have resulted in the solutioning and partial removal of the calcium carbonate and the establishment of a porous dolomitic framework. Under these conditions, soils forming in residuum are able to decalcify and to form argillic horizons. However, in more resistant limestones, compaction during burial has resulted in a nonporous micrite which retards calcite removal by meteoric waters. Under these conditions, soil profiles maintain a high CaCO₃ content and silicate clay illuviation does not occur. Micaceous clay minerals of residual origin are converted to montmorillonite in the Alfisols. A probable sequence of events for this transformation to occur is: (1) the removal of calcite from the dolomitic limestone bedrock and the formation of a dolomitic framework, (2) the slow dissolution of dolomite and release of Mg⁺⁺ into solution, (3) the incorporation of Mg⁺⁺ into the octahedral layer of the mica and the release of K⁺ from the mica interlayer position, and (4) the illuviation of montmorillonite to form the argillic horizon. Eolian dust is also important to soil genesis on the Colorado Plateau. In particular, quartz in the coarse silt fraction (31-44 um) and quartz and biotite in the very fine and fine silt fractions (2.0-16 um). Two alluvial soils of Pleistocene age shows important morphological differences. Thick carbonate accumulations of ground water origin are present in the older soil. The effects of the Pleistocene-Holocene climatic change on this area are: (1) modification of karst topographic features, (2) aggradation of valley bottoms, and (3) the influence of Holocene slope wash Pleistocene soil properties such as calcite, dolomite and organic matter.

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Thornber, John Henry. "Cultivating fertile soil: Formation for canonical governance." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2012. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/93f5300704710cf29ec3b84daf004cd42b257c06d100c83777f929a58633b595/2955761/65109_downloaded_stream_334.pdf.

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The fall in the number of religious staying in or joining religious life has become a significant issue for the governance of Church ministries, especially those in health, education and social welfare. Increasing numbers of lay people are becoming involved in senior management and governance responsibilities. The level of involvement of the laity had not been envisaged in the Code of Canon Law. Further the nature and importance of such roles raises the question of appropriate formation of the laity in governance informed by, and under the jurisdiction of Canon Law, i.e., canonical governance. This study researched the formation needs of lay people to undertake canonical governance roles and sought to develop a framework which would be relevant to address their needs.

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Meulemans, Germain. "The lure of pedogenesis : an anthropological foray into making urban soils in contemporary France." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=232635.

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This thesis is an anthropological inquiry into the emergence of urban soils as matters of concern in the worlds of soil scientists and other fields more traditionally involved with cities. Through the lens of soil-making practices, it seeks to elucidate the specificity of urban pedogenesis, including the growth of soils and the lives of the humans associated with them. City soils have typically been neglected in modern thinking about nature and urbanism. They have long been framed solely as a technical question for engineers which seemed to require no further pondering until – in the last two decades – they entered the scope of the soil sciences. This thesis draws on over thirteen months of multi-locale fieldwork conducted in Paris and Lorraine with soil scientists, gardeners and foundation builders. The research does not define a priori what should count as 'urban', 'agricultural' or 'natural' soils. Building on scholarship in anthropology, the soil sciences, science studies, and speculative philosophy, it follows how these actors learn to be affected in the material performance of different relations between people and soils. The chapters are built in counterpoint to one another, occasionally turning to narrative to complement analysis and more traditional ethnography. Each chapter pulls a different diffractive string from the mesh of urban soil matters, and follows where it leads. As ways of knowing that emerge from soil construction are described, the question of what making soils does to knowing them becomes a central thread of the thesis. In this, it looks at how soils participate in apparatuses where they become 'lures for feelings' – affective interweavings in which worlds are experienced.

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Nciizah, Adornis Dakarai. "Cattle manure, scalping and soil wetness effects on some physical properties of a hardsetting soil and associated early maize growth." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/349.

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Most soils in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa are shallow and are low in organic matter. Therefore these soils are structurally fragile and highly susceptible to inherent degradative processes like hardsetting. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of cattle manure, scalping and soil wetness on aggregate stability, penetration resistance and early maize growth in hardsetting soils. Glasshouse and field studies were conducted to determine the effect of cattle manure on aggregate stability and penetration resistance of freshly exposed topsoils by scalping at 0, 10 and 20 cm depths. In the glasshouse cattle manure was applied at 0 and 20 Mg/ha and matric suction was kept at ~ 30 and ~ 400 kPa; contrasting high and low soil wetness. Three soils were put in pots and arranged in a randomized complete block 3 2 2 factorial design. The field study was done at the University of Fort Hare research farm and the treatments were arranged in a split-plot complete randomized design with three replications. Scalping treatment was the main plot whilst the quantity of the cattle manure applied was the sub plot. Cattle manure increased mean weight diameter (MWD) by between 48% and 71% under glasshouse and between 18% and 33% under field conditions, depending on the soil wetting rate. Cattle manure reduced MWD when the soil under field condition was subjected to mechanical shaking. Soil penetration resistance decreased linearly, with increasing soil wetness but it rapidly increased with increase in matric suction up to ~200 kPa and thereafter the rate of increase reduced. In the glasshouse, all treatments had no significant effects on shoot dry weight but low matric suction increased root dry weight by 133%. Interaction of cattle manure and low matric suction reduced shoot length by 6%, shoot fresh weight by 25%, root surface area by 36%, root length by 5% and root fresh weight by 29% compared to the control. In contrast, application of cattle manure and high matric suction increased shoot length by 37%, shoot fresh weight by 136%, root surface area by 159%, root length by 94% and root fresh weight by 119%. In the field, cattle manure application increased root length density and shoot dry matter by 26% and 30% respectively. Cattle manure improved the stability of aggregates of the hardsetting soil under rapid or slow water intake conditions experienced during rainfall or irrigation. However, under field conditions cattle manure acted as a deflocculant and decreased the stability of aggregates when mechanical stress was applied. The effectiveness of cattle manure in improving maize growth in hardsetting soils was determined by matric suction.

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Lorz, C. "Ein substratorientiertes Boden-Evolutions-Konzept für geschichtete Bodenprofile : Genese und Eigenschaften von lithologisch diskontinuierlichen Böden /." Berlin : Gebrüder Borntraeger, 2008. http://d-nb.info/987000470/04.

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Bray, Andrew William. "Mineral weathering and soil formation : the role of microorganisms." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6848/.

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Mycorrhizal fungi play a significant role in primary mineral weathering and soil formation. Due to their direct access to solar energy through symbiotic plant partners, fungi are able to extend into soils, acting as biosensors for nutrients which they subsequently uptake and supply to their plant partners. Mycorrhizal fungi operate at the individual hypha scale, mechanically forcing and chemically altering minerals to extract nutrient elements. The hyphae acidify their local environment by exuding organic acids, which are also involved in mineral breakdown. To extend the work on mycorrhizal fungal biotite weathering completed as part of the Weathering Science Consortium the mechanisms and kinetics of biotite dissolution were investigated. This was done by characterising the biotite surface as a function of fluid composition and measuring dissolution rates. During contact with dilute solutions, the chemical composition of the biotite surface changed dramatically as a function of pH. The rapid release of elements during these experiments was not stoichiometric but was highly pH dependent. A combination of electrokinetic measurements and potentiometric titrations further highlighted the variable composition of the biotite surface by yielding two values for zero points of charge, separated by ~7 pH units. Abiotic dissolution of biotite progressed by the formation of a dissolution front depleted in K Mg, Fe and Al, the extent of which varies spatially and with pH. The presence of the organic ligands, citric acid, oxalic acid and DFOB (desferrioxamine B) slightly enhanced the overall biotite dissolution rate in lightly acidic and near neutral pH conditions. The growth rate of mycorrhizal fungi over the surface of biotite was quantified at two levels of atmospheric CO2, 350 ppm and 1500 ppm. Initial growth rate calculations in the 1500 ppm experiments revealed hyphae to grow at an average of 10 μm d-1. Finally, changes in the biochemistry of fungal hypha were observed using μ-FTIR. Results suggested that biochemical changes present could be related to changes in fungal functionality spatially in future work.

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Algharaibeh, Mamoun. "Effect of influx of Eolian materials on soil formation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289093.

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The quantity of quartz and its size distribution was determined in soils formed from quartz free basaltic tephra on Greens Peak, Apache County, Arizona. The soils showed a decrease in quartz content from the east side to the west side of the peak. The percentage of averaged weighed quartz content in the upper soil horizons ranged from (36.1%-13.9%) on the east side and (19.9%-12.3%) on the west side. The content of quartz was higher in the surface soil horizons than in the lower horizons. Large amounts of quartz occurred in the sand and silt fraction, whereas no quartz was detected in the clay fractions. Quartz is concentrated mostly in the coarse silt (22-53 μm) fraction (50%). Quartz particle size distribution in these soils is dominantly in the range of 17-53 μm particle count based, and (17-63 μm) mass based. The abundance of silt and very fine sand quartz, and the paucity of aerosolic quartz 1-10 μm in these fractions is indicative of dust transported short distances from the local sources. It is suggested that the quartz was added as loess sized material of mainly local origin brought into the profiles by eolian transport.

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Lucas, Shawn T. "MANAGING SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES WITH ORGANIC AMENDMENTS TO PROMOTE SOIL AGGREGATE FORMATION AND PLANT HEALTH." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/24.

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The effects of managing soil with organic amendments were examined with respect to soil microbial community dynamics, macroaggregate formation, and plant physio-genetic responses. The objective was to examine the possibility of managing soil microbial communities via soil management, such that the microbial community would provide agronomic benefits. In part one of this research, effects of three amendments (hairy vetch residue, manure, compost) on soil chemical and microbial properties were examined relative to formation of large macroaggregates in three different soils. Vetch and manure promoted fungal proliferation (measured via two biomarkers: fatty acid methyl ester 18:2ω6c and ergosterol) and also stimulated the greatest macroaggregate formation. In part two of this research, effects of soil management (same amendments as above, inorganic N fertilization, organic production) on soil chemical and microbial properties were examined relative to the expression of nitrogen assimilation and defense response genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Soil management affected expression of a nitrogen assimilation gene (GS1, glutamine synthetase) and several defense-related genes. The GS1 gene was downregulated with inorganic N fertilization, expression of the pathogenesis-related PR1b gene (which codes for the pathogenesis-related PR1b protein) was increased in plants grown in soil amended with compost, vetch, and N fertilizer, and expression of three other defense-related genes coding for chitinase (ChiB), osmotin (Osm), and β-1,3-glucanase (GluA) were decreased in plants from soil amended with manure and in plants from the organically managed soil. Differential expression of defense-related genes was inversely related to the relative abundance of Gram-negative bacteria. The relative abundance of the 18:1ω7c Gram‑negative bacterial biomarker was greatest in manure treated soil and in organically managed soil (which recieves seasonal manure applications). These treatments also had the lowest expression of ChiB, Osm, and GluA, leading to speculation that manure, through increases in Gram-negative bacteria, may have suppressed populations of soil organisms that induce a defense response in plants, possibly allowing for less-stressed plants. Outcomes of this research may be useful for those interested in developing management strategies for maintaining or improving soil structure as well as those interested in understanding management effects plant physio-genetic responses.

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Girmay, Berhane. "Criteria for recognising pedogenesis in buried Quaternary deposits in north-west Wales." Thesis, Bangor University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261729.

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Grevenitz, Paul. "The character and genesis of pedogenic calcrete in southern Australia." Access electronically, 2006. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20061206.141643/index.html.

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Omar, Mohamed Yussuf. "Assessment of the effects of stream channel incision on soil water levels, soil morphology and vegetation in a wetland in the Hogsback area, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/3132.

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Wetland degradation in the form of channel incisioning can significantly alter the hydrological functioning of a wetland. In this study in a small headwater wetland in the Hogsback area, Eastern Cape Province, the impact of channel incisioning on soil water levels and soil morphology was examined. A good correlation (R2 = 0.89) exists between the depth of channel incisioning and average water table depths in most of the 21 installed piezometers. In localised cases the upslope supply of water was in equilibrium with drainage from the piezometers. Although all the studied soils show hydromorphic characteristics, those continuously saturated close to the surface exhibit redox accumulations in oxygen supplying macropores, whereas gleyic colour patterns occur deeper in soils where the water table has been lowered by channel incision. The nature and occurrence of different hydromorphic soil indicators observed confirm the contribution of soil morphology as a valuable indicator of long-term average soil water conditions. The study evaluates the effects of hydrological processes on plant species composition and distribution in a Hogsback wetland. Twenty-four circular plots with a radius of 2 m were established between March and August 2013. Within each sample plot, the habitat information and species present were recorded including Braun-Blanquet cover-abundance value for each and every species present in the plot. Plant species were identified in the field and the unknown plant species were collected, pressed, oven-dried and identified at the National Herbarium, South African Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria and Schonland Herbarium, Rhodes University, Grahamstown. A total of 39 taxa belonging to 19 families and 34 genera were recorded from the Hogsback wetland. Of the documented taxa, three were exotic and three endemic to South Africa, indicating diversity and dynamic nature of Hogsback wetland flora. Plant families with the highest number of species were: Poaceae (11 species), Asteraceae (5 species), Onagraceae and Cyperaceae with 3 taxa each. The low number of exotic plant species in Hogsback wetland (three taxa in total) indicates limited anthropogenic influence. Unique species recorded in Hogsback wetlands are three species that are endemic to South Africa, namely, Alchemilla capensis, Helichrysum rosum and Lysimachia nutans. Five main floristic associations were identified from the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis whilst Detrenched .Correspondence Analysis (DCA) identified four groups. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) indicates that edaphic factors, particularly in an area covered with water, erosion category, organic matter content and water table depth were the most important environmental variables measured accounting for the vegetation pattern present in the Hogsback wetland.

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CHADWICK, OLIVER AUSTIN. "INCIPIENT SILICA CEMENTATION IN CENTRAL NEVADA ALLUVIAL SOILS INFLUENCED BY TEPHRA (DURIPAN, TAXONOMY, OPAL-CT, GENESIS)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187945.

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Silica cemented pedogenic horizons known as duripans occur on relict landforms in climates having limited leaching potential. Under the influence of tephra, incipient silica cementation may also occur in late Quaternary soils. The source of silica for cementation in Holocene soils is rapidly weatherable volcanic glass. In response to wetting and drying cycles volcanic glass weathers to form sand-size composite particles composed of silt, clay and redeposited silica. A portion of the hydrolyzed silica is eluviated as monosilicic acid which accumulates as the wetting front evaporates. Illuvial silica augments existing composite particles eventually forming a continuously cemented duripan. In actively forming late Quaternary soils, the cementation process is a complex interaction between illuvial silica, clay and calcium carbonate and the soil matrix. Surface reactions between monosilicic acid and illuvial clay or soil matrix particles provide nucleation sites for polymerization of silica concentrated by evaporation. The resulting opaline silica bonds adjacent soil grains without necessarily plugging intervening pore spaces. In contrast, calcium carbonate preferentially precipitates in large pores and interped voids. Cementation occurs by the plugging of progressively smaller pores with relatively pure calcite rather than by heterogeneous bonding of mineral grains. In illuvial zones containing both silica and calcium carbonate, cementation may occur rapidly because the former holds small soil particles in place while the latter plugs large pores. The mineralogy of silica cement is determined by identification of varying amounts of crystal order using X-ray diffraction. Opal-A is recently polymerized, noncrystalline, highly hydrated silica gel. The more prevalent, partly crystalline opal-CT forms where surface reaction with clays create crystal orientation, where silica gel dehydrates or when silica precipitates from soil solutions having high concentrations.

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Nason, Mark A. "Decomposition of tree leaf litter and formation of soil organic matter." Thesis, Bangor University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409217.

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Duston, Stephanie Ann. "Capturing and Characterizing Soluble Organic Matter Dynamics in Soil Formation Processes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99850.

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Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly complex, heterogeneous mix of compounds with diverse functional groups that contribute to several environmental processes such as organo-mineral complexation, nutrient bioavailability, and mineral dissolution. Because of these contributions of DOM to important ecosystem processes, it is often of interest to quantify the flux of DOM moving through different parts of ecosystems. Unfortunately, the complexity and variability of DOM makes quantification and chemical analysis of fluxes challenging. This thesis has two components, the first examines the potential of using four different resins for the purpose of quantifying time-integrated DOM fluxes across two source (e.g. Douglas fir and Yellow poplar) and concentration (30 and 5 mg C/L) leaf-extracts. The second explores how water soluble organic matter (WSOM) changes along spatial gradients of podzolization in a northeast glaciated headwater catchment. Findings from the resin study suggest that quaternary amine Cl- resins with a cross-linked polyacrylamide matrix and gel structure have the best suitability for in-situ sampling of DOM over time. While these resins only captured and allowed for the analysis of ~ 30% of dissolved organic carbon (C) in a series of laboratory studies, it is recognized that only ~50% of natural DOM may be ionized and sorbed electrostatically. Thus, for mass balance approaches, the use of resins would require an adjustment factor to better estimate soluble loads. Though, the observed robustness across source and concentration suggests that resins may be appropriate for indexing DOM fluxes to compare across space, time, or treatments. The second portion of this study examined chemical characteristics of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) extracted from soils and of DOM sampled from shallow groundwater wells. Quantification of WSOM carbon content and spectroscopic analyses were used to compare samples based on genetic horizon and to compare differences along gradients of lateral and vertical podzolization. Findings show that there were significant trends in WSOM characteristics along podzolization horizon sequences which are indicative of microbial processing along the hillslope. Comparing spatial development of podzols (e.g. lateral versus vertical) found that WSOM in laterally developed E horizons are more microbial in nature when compared to vertically developed E horizons. There were also significant trends between WSOM extractions and groundwater collected from zones of soil development along a hillslope transect, which suggests some homogenization of WSOM as it is processed and transported downslope. This is evidenced by corresponding trends in fluorescence index, freshness index, and protein percent that were indicative of biogeochemical changes due to microbial processing and complexation. Characterizing WSOM can help predict trends in podzolization, and can help identify hotspots of biogeochemical processing.
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is made up of many different compounds that collectively contribute to several important environmental processes. The quantity and chemistry of DOM are known to vary by location on the landscape. Often, these differences are important indicators of ecosystem properties or processes. Despite the importance of DOM to ecosystem processes, sampling and analysis remain a key challenge because of DOM variability over time. This research tested a way to passively sample how much DOM moves through a location over a period of time using resins, which attract and bind a large proportion of DOM compounds so that they can be quantified. Overall, I found that one type of resin, with specific chemical and physical structure, was better at attracting and quantifying DOM and may be useful in comparing the quantity of DOM that moves through a system over time. Separately, I also looked at the chemical characteristics of DOM in different types of soils at different points along a forested hillslope in order to better understand spatial patterns of important soil processes. The results of this work identified trends in fluorescence characteristics of DOM, and indicate changes in DOM between different types of soil along the hillslope as they undergo microbial processing. There is also evidence from comparing water and soil samples that DOM from different sources become more similar as the DOM is processed and transported downslope. Characterizing DOM can help predict trends with regards to important environmental processes and allows us to identify hotspots of nutrient sources and sinks in forests.

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Vanbuskirk, Stephanie. "Alluvial stratigraphy and soil formation at Cox Ranch Pueblo, New Mexico." Online access for everyone, 2004. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2004/s%5Fvanbuskirk%5F120904.pdf.

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Palomino, Angelica Maria. "Fabric formation and control in fine-grained materials." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-06072004-131309/unrestricted/palomino%5Fangelica%5Fm%5F200405%5Fphd.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. Directed by J. Carlos Santamarina.
Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 183-192).

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van, Quang Pham. "Soil formation and soil moisture dynamics in agriculture fields in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam conceptual and numerical models." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Land and Water Resources Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10508.

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Previous studies of agricultural conditions in the Mekong Delta (MD) have identified soil compaction as an obstacle to sustainable production. A conceptual model for soil formation was presented to demonstrate the link between soil hydrology and plant response. Detailed studies of soil moisture dynamics in agricultural fields were conducted using a dynamic process-orientated model. Pressure head and water flow were simulated for three selected sites during a year for which empirical data were available. Daily meteorological data were used as dynamic input and measured pressure head was used to estimate parameter values that satisfied various acceptance criteria. The Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) approach was applied for calibration procedures with 10,000 runs, each run using random values within the chosen range of parameter values. To evaluate model performance and uncertainty estimation, re-sampling was carried out using coefficient of determination (R2) and mean error (ME) as the criteria. Correlations between parameters and R2 (and ME) and among parameters were also considered to analyse the relationship of the selected parameter set in response to increases/decreases in the acceptable simulations. The method was successful for two of the three sites, with many accepted simulations. For these sites, the uncertainty was reduced and it was possible to quantify the importance of the different parameters.

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Booty, Steven. "Paleopedology of the Late Triassic Middle Passaic Formation, Newark Supergroup, Pottstown, PA." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/231368.

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Geology
M.S.
Cyclic stratigraphy has been recognized in the Newark Basin for many years. Each package, referred to as a Van Houten Cycle (VHC), generally has three divisions: shallow lake, deep lake, and subaerial exposure. Van Houten (1964) first proposed that Milankovitch orbital forcing was responsible for the manifestation of these ~21 kyr cycles. Although root traces have been observed in VHCs by others, no detailed paleopedological analysis has been performed that examines the relationship between individual VHCs, orbital forcing, and paleosol development. The Middle Passaic Formation of Late Triassic age is continuously exposed for over 30 meters along a railroad cut that follows Manatawny Creek near Pottstown, PA. Six VHCs were identified at this location and the upper most three were selected for detailed study due to their strong development. Three Van Houten Groups (VHGs), consisting of VHC Division 3, Division 1, and Division 2 respectively, were formed in order to group paleosol profiles (Division 3) with stratigraphically adjacent lacustrine units (Divisions 1 and 2) since the lakes directly affect the paleosurface through inundation and erosion. Petrographic analysis suggests that soils in this section only developed to the degree of Entisols or Protosols. Voids are lined with chalcedony and cored with calcite indicating diagenetic alteration. Molecular weathering ratio calculations proved unreliable due to diagenetic alteration of the strata. Magnetic susceptibility was measured on two intervals of the section, but is not well-suited to fractured, massive rock due to signal attenuation. Paleosol development is greater in instances where the overlying lake is poorly developed. Paleosols that are associated with a shallow lake or no lake likely have more time to develop than paleosols associated with deep lakes as the precipitation filling the lake would saturate the soil, hindering pedogenesis. The VHCs' ~21 kyr interval forces time to be the limiting factor for pedogenesis in this section, ending in either sedimentation or inundation. However, time is also tied to climate as it modulates from relatively moist to relatively drier within a VHC. Orbital forcing is the ultimate controlling factor in soil formation since time, climate, insolation, and precipitation are all interrelated and influenced by it. Relief is independent of orbital forcing and a possible control on soil formation within the Basin. Soils that formed distal from the bounding fault may not have been subject to inundation due to their higher elevation. Further research is needed to establish paleocatenary relationships of soil within the Newark Basin.
Temple University--Theses

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Ghenniwa, Abdelgiawad Mohamed. "THE PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS AT PAGE RANCH INTERNATIONAL CENTER, PINAL COUNTY, ARIZONA." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275236.

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Rosenthal, Randi Helaine 1961. "The interaction of parent material and eolian debris on the formation of soils in the Silverbell Desert Biome of Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276628.

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The objective of this study was to determine whether the properties of four soils of the Silverbell Desert Biome could be attributed solely to the parent material or alternately reflect the nature of contributions, if any, from eolian dust. The Anklam, Lajitas and Chimenea soils, classified as fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Lithic Haplargids and the Greyeagle (coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic, Lithic Torriorthent) soil formed an andesite, basalt, granite and basalt, respectively. They occur on gently sloping, stable terrain in Pima County, Arizona. The four soils were studied through field descriptions, particle size analysis, mineralogical analyses of light and heavy sand fractions and clay mineral identification. The light mineral fraction of all four soils is directly affected by the parent material and is influenced much less, if at all by eolian activities due to the larger particle sizes. It is concluded that the genesis of soils was influenced by both the underlying rock and the input of eolian particulates. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

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Saxton, H. Thomas. "Soil genesis studies of upland soils formed in transported materials overlying the Virginia Piedmont using trend-surface analyses." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01102009-063235/.

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Siababa-Aggangan, Nelly. "Soil factors affecting the formation and function of Pisolithus-Eucalyptus urophylla ectomycorrhizas in acid soils in the Philippines." Thesis, Siababa-Aggangan, Nelly (1996) Soil factors affecting the formation and function of Pisolithus-Eucalyptus urophylla ectomycorrhizas in acid soils in the Philippines. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1996. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51909/.

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With the present dwindling area of forest cover in the Philippines, the government is faced with reforestation of the vast marginal grasslands to meet the ever increasing demand for raw materials for the pulp and paper industries. Success in reforestation is low due to the inherent infertility status and acidic nature of Philippine soils. In addition, some reforestation sites have high concentrations of heavy metals such as chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) contributing to low survival and poor growth of trees in plantations. Eucalypts are favoured reforestation species because of their fast growth, multiple uses and adaptability to a wide range of sites. Survival of eucalypts in inhospitable sites may be due to their mycorrhizal associations. Mycorrhizas, symbiotic associations between plant roots and higher fungi, can increase tree growth in adverse sites mainly through increased nutrient uptake particularly phosphorus. Pisolithus is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that has been identified as a potential growth promoter for eucalypts in plantations in soils deficient in P and with acidic pH. Initial field trials in the Philipines have shown that Pisolithus can increase growth of pines and eucalypts and the technology has been adapted in some nurseries. Formation of ectomycorrhizas and the survival of the symbiosis depend on three main components: the host plant, the soil and the fungus. This thesis investigates the effect of key soil factors (pH, soil microorganisms and heavy metals) that affect the formation of Pisolithus ectomycorrhizas on the roots of Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake seedlings on acid soils in the Philippines. In chapters relating to soil pH (Chapter 2), soil microbes (Chapters 3 and 4) and field trials (Chapter 7), Pisolithus isolates collected from under eucalypts in Western Australia and in the Philippines were used while an isolate from under eucalypts growing in a nickel mining residue in New Caledonia was included in chapters relating to heavy metals (Chapters 5 and 6). Experiments were conducted in the laboratory, glasshouse, nursery and in the Field in the Philippines as follows: a). A glasshouse experiment was established to determine the effect of liming (with CaCO3) an acidic (pH 4.6, 0.005 M CaCl2) non-sterile sandy loam from Western Australia (Bodallin) on the formation of ectomycorrhizas by nine ectomycorrhizal fungi (seven Pisolithus spp., a Laccaria laccata and a Scleroderma cepa) on E. urophylla seedlings. Soil pH did not affect mycorrhizal formation by the different ectomycorrhizal fungi. However, percent mycorrhizal root tips colonized by the different ectomycorrhizal fungi varied greatly. A Pisolithus from Western Australia colonized more roots and promoted the highest dry weight at pH 4.6 than the other ectomycorrhizal fungi studied. Generally, Pisolithus spp. stimulated seedling growth more than L. laccata while S. cepa was ineffective at all pH levels. b). A nursery experiment was conducted in the Philippines to examine the effect of soil microbes present in soils collected from three field sites (Pangasinan, Bukidnon and Surigao) in the Philippines on the formation of ectomycorrhizas by isolates of Pisolithus from Western Australia (H445) and from the Philippines (H615) on￡. urophylla seedlings. Soils were either fumigated with methyl bromide, reinfested (1% unfumigated soil added into 99% fumigated field soils, w/w) or unfumigated. The percentage of mycorrhizal root tips colonized by the Western Australian isolate was markedly affected by biological factors in unfumigated soil; highest infection was observed in reinfested soils while for the Philippine isolate it was highest in unfumigated soils. Seedlings transplanted into Bukidnon soil were affected by heavy metals resulting in very poor growth, toxicity symptoms and plant death. A follow-up experiment on the effect of soil microbes on the formation of ectomycorrhizas by an Australian and a Philippine Pisolithus isolates was conducted in a glasshouse in Western Australia. Soils collected from Western Australia (Bodallin) and from two field sites in the Philippines (Pangasinan and Surigao) were either autoclaved or left non-sterile and were added (1% w/w) into pasteurized yellow sand. The Australian Pisolithus was more effective in colonizing root tips of E. urophylla with added nonsterile Pangasinan and Surigao soils and in promoting plant dry weight than the Philippine isolate. Percentage of root tips colonized by the two isolates in unamended pasteurized yellow sand was similar. However, the addition of sterile Bodaliin, Pangasinan and Surigao soils decreased the percentage of lateral root tips colonized by the Australian Pisolithus by 28%, 40% and 43%, respectively. Percentages of mycorrhizal root tips were higher with added non-sterile Pangasinan (55%) and Surigao (60%) soils than those of the Philippine isolate (45% in Pangasinan and 15% in Surigao). The addition of sterile or non-sterile Bodaliin soil decreased the percentage of root tips colonized by either isolates. c). The effect of chromium and nickel cations on the rate of mycelial growth and dry weight of three isolates of Pisolithus and on the formation of ectomycorrhizas on E. urophylla were investigated in vitro. Nickel was more toxic to fungal growth and ectomycorrhiza formation than Cr. The fungi differed in their tolerance to the heavy metals and isolates from the Philippines and New Caledonia grew at higher Ni levels than the Australian isolate. Media concentrations of 50 mg Cr L-1 and 4 mg Ni L-1 reduced the percentage of root tips colonized by the fungi. d). The effect of Ni on the formation of ectomycorrhizas by three isolates of Pisolithus on E. urophylla was studied in two separate experiments in a glasshouse. Nickel rates in one experiment were: 0, 1.5 and 3 mg Ni kg-1 pasteurized yellow sand while in the other experiment, Ni rates were: 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 mg Ni kg-1 sand. The Pisolithus isolate collected from a Ni contaminated site in New Caledonia was more tolerant to Ni than the other two isolates. In both experiments, the New Caledonian isolate produced the highest percentage of mycorrhizal root tips (82% to 87%) and root colonization was not affected by the addition of 12 mg Ni kg-1 sand. Plant dry weight of seedlings inoculated with this isolate was not affected by the addition of 6 mg Ni kg-1 sand but it was reduced with the addition of 12 mg Ni kg-1. Inoculation with Pisolithus did not prevent the uptake of Ni into the shoots but Ni toxicity was minimized through a dilution effect brought about by the increase in plant biomass. e). Field trials were established in three sites (Pangasinan, Luzon; Bukidnon and Surigao, Mindanao) in the Philippines to determine the effectiveness of isolates of Pisolithus from Western Australia and from the Philippines in promoting early growth (26 months) of E. urophylla trees. After 2 years, root infection levels in Pangasinan by the two isolates of Pisolithus were higher (30% and 36%, respectively) than in Bukidnon (15% and 5%) and in Surigao (5% and 2%). The Australian isolate generally promoted greater wood volume (37% at 26 months in Pangasinan and by 237% at 18 months in Surigao, relative to the uninoculated treatment) than the Philippine isolate (16% in Pangasinan and by 153% in Surigao). The two isolates promoted similar wood volume (63% and 69%) of trees 26 months after outplanting in Bukidnon. Pending further research with a wider range of fungal isolates, it is concluded that the Australian Pisolithus isolate can be used to inoculate eucalypts for reforestation on problem soils in the Philippines similar to those in Pangasinan, Bukidnon and in Surigao. Pisolithus isolates collected from under eucalypts growing in heavy metal contaminated sites, including the New Caledonian isolate used in this study can be further tested in Bukidnon and other areas in the Philippines with soils of ultramafic origin. Future work should include: i) the introduction of a wider range of ectomycorrhizal fungi from Australia and comparison with endemic strains in a range of soils in order to identify those beneficial ectomycorrhizal fungi that can survive and persist for a long time in the field under a wide range of climatic conditions, ii) isolation and identification of soil microbes present in different soils which are beneficial to ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, iii) monitoring of responses of eucalypts to inoculation over a longer period in the field and iv) the development of markers for easier monitoring of persistence of introduced fungi in the field. Thus, the work described in this thesis will act as a firm foundation for the future development of eucalypt plantation forestry in the Philippines.

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Bird, James Vernon Jr. "Taphonomy of Sediments| Bioturbation in the Triassic Moenkopi Formation in Southwestern Utah." Thesis, Loma Linda University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10131425.

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Measurement of bioturbation reflects physical and biological processes operating over time and can be used to reveal information about paleo-environments. The purpose of this study was to determine the intensity of bioturbation in Triassic Moenkopi Formation at Hurricane Mesa in Southwestern Utah. This formation is interpreted as having been deposited mostly in large ancient river channels, tidal flats, delta and shallow marine environments. Five stratigraphic sections measured in the Virgin Limestone Member provided the basis for this study. Detailed descriptions and quantification of bioturbation were recorded in each of the sections. Similar treatment was given to additional study sites in the rest of the formation, above the Virgin Limestone. Treatments on selected samples were implemented to better reveal evidence of bioturbation. In these treatments samples were coated with water or oil, etched with HCL and viewed under blacklight. Integrating the results of the treatments with x-ray diffraction and petrographic analysis suggest that there was minimal bioturbation. These findings are consistent with more rapid deposition than previously reported by other researchers.

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25

Quine, T. A. "An evaluation of soil analysis for determining formation processes on archaeological sites." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382402.

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Walker, P. H. (Patrick Hilton). "Contributions to the understanding of soil and landscape relationships." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1985. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28540.

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The research reviewed here was initiated in the early 1950's when Australian pedology was concerned primarily with soil classification and mapping. Theories about soil genesis and distribution were based, for the most part, on geographic concepts of the northern hemisphere and interpretations relied heavily on present climate and steady state landscapes. These were not always appropriate. At that time also, surficial geology in Australia was in its infancy and the generally accepted space—time framework of geology for landscape development was too coarse for considering soils. The realities of our soil landscapes demanded a new approach. A new and essentially unique approach was developed in Australia. It was based on stratigraphic principles and recognized the episodic or cyclic nature of landscape events. The papers submitted here represent a contribution to the development of that new approach. They show its application in several geographic regions in Australia and in midwestern United States of America and also its use in providing a basis for studies of soil genesis. Furthermore, the principles of alternating landscape stability and instability were the basis of research into historic erosion. The findings of this research are also presented. The development of pedological concepts that relate to field occurrence requires that a substantial body of field knowledge be built up. In the present instance, regional soil surveys provided much of this background knowledge. The regional pedological studies developed from them give a thematic structure to the first part of this thesis. The relevant soil survey reports are not, however, presented with the published papers but are listed separately in the Appendix.

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Simpson, Ian A. "Anthropogenic sedimentation in Orkney : the formation of deep top soils and farm mounds." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23275.

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The formation of two sediment types in Orkney is elucidated. Both are demonstrated to be the result of anthropogenic sedimentary processes, deep top soils the result of arable activity, farm mounds the result of habitation activity. Deep top soils commenced formation c 1200 AD either as a spontaneous innovation due to increasing population pressure or as a new agricultural technique introduced with monastic settlement. Cessation of deep top soil formation is attributed to the 1800s agricultural improvements when new forms of land fertilizer were introduced. The land use associated with deep top soil formation was the tunmal, the most intensively cultivated part of the early township. The materials used to sustain this intensive cultivation resulted in deep top soil formation. These materials were dominantly turf from the hill land and grazing land together with variable quantities of animal manure and a little seaweed. Deep top soils are located in West Mainland on naturally less fertile soils, where seaweed was in short supply and where population density was relatively high. Farm mound formation commenced over a thousand year period, between the Iron Age and late Norse period. The major impetus to farm mound formation was the Norse settlement commencing c 800 AD. Two farm mounds examined in detail indicate a mound core was deposited using primarily a turf and manure mixture. At one site this alleviated a flooding hazard. The core was then covered with turves and peat, creating a living surface upon which pathways and fertilized garden plots are evident. In the latter stages of farm mound formation their use was as a midden where toft wastes, dominantly ash, were deposited. Farm mounds are restrictedin their distribution to Sanday and North Ronaldsay where early population levels were greatest and where ample seaweed was available for land fertilization instead of toft wastes.

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Schnably, Jamie. "Soil characterization, classification, and biomass accumulation in the Otter Creek Wilderness." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=3215.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 137 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-76).

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Stolt, Mark H. "An approach to studying soil-landscape relationships in Virginia." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39797.

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Many conceptual soil genesis models have been developed since the advent of soil science. The most well known and frequently taught mode] is Jenny's (1941), which was derived from the ideas of Dokuchaev, and defines the five factors of soil formation (organisms, climate, topography, parent material, and time). At a local level, climate and organisms can be assumed to be a constant, therefore changes in soils (differentiation) can be said to be related to time, topography, and parent material. Given an infinite amount of time, it can be assumed that on a given parent material the factor that affects soil formation is topography or landscape position.
Ph. D.

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30

Yu, Fang. "Modeling of Soil Formation on The Basis of Chemical Weathering: Applications FromPercolation Theory." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1526563165403061.

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31

Emadodin, Iraj [Verfasser]. "Impacts of land management on soil formation and soil degradation during middle and late holocene in Schleswig-Holstein (Germany) / Iraj Emadodin." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1019809760/34.

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HAVERLAND, RAYMOND LOUIS. "SOIL DEVELOPMENT ON A GRANITIC CATENA IN SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA (WEATHERING)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184144.

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Chemical input-output analyses were used to evaluate the rate of rock weathering and soil development on a granitic inselberg of the Dragoon Mountains in southeastern Arizona. Soil genesis relationships were investigated through field and laboratory study of the soil profile, parent rock, microclimate and vegetation, on different catena positions and hillside aspects. Precipitation and runoff water qualities were determined, with increased summer acidity. Precipitation volume was estimated by extrapolating data from a nearby recording station. Runoff volume was estimated by the U.S.D.A.-S.C.S. Curve Number Method (1972). These data enabled the quantitative determination of cationic solution loss. The indicated decreasing order of cation mobility is calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. Cations of higher mobility are relatively depleted in the hillcrest soils, while transported to the footslope or beyond. Calcium, and to a lesser extent sodium, have experienced more extensive off-site removal. Differences resulting from the transformation of parent material to soil were analyzed by field morphology, X-ray analysis, laser light-scattering particle size analysis, and chemical analyses. The study site was surveyed, mapped and the spatial arrangement of soil taxa and their compositional variation were studied. Nearly all pedons on the crest or transport slope are Lithic Ustic Torriorthents; whereas footslope soils show greater development, as exemplified by the occurrence of various Haplargids, Haplustolls and Argiustolls. Weathering rates were calculated using a methodology similar to that of F. W. Barth (1961). Potassium and magnesium provided the most reasonable data of 350 and 430 Kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively. (equivalent to 13.5 and 16.5 mm of rock weathered per 1000 years). Two serrated projectile points were found inbedded on the clayey soil surface of an adjacent ancient pond site. These artifacts resemble another projectile point found in southeastern Arizona which has been radiocarbon dated ~7,000 yr B.P. A minimum age for the pond and immediate surrounding topography is suggested to correspond with the end of the western subhumid pluvial period. The assessment of the geochemical budget provided a valuable framework for quantification of the various processes which interactively determine the rates of weathering and soil formation.

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Allen, Charles Edward. "Alpine Soil Geomorphology: The Development and Characterization of Soil in the Alpine-Subalpine Zone of the Wallowa Mountains, Oregon." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5217.

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Alpine soils are young, poorly developed soils that occur above treeline. This study investigates soils located in the alpine-subalpine zone of the Wallowa Mountains, northeast Oregon. Parent material, topography, and vegetation are the most influential pedogenic factors in the high alpine landscape of the Wallowas. Soil samples were collected from the Eagle Cap Wilderness Area of the Wallowas at three mountain locations: Eagle Cap, Sacajawea, and Matterhorn. Catenas were studied in the Windblown and Minimum Snowcover zones to examine different pedogenic factors, according to the Synthetic Alpine Slope model. · Field and laboratory testing characterized the alpine soils as predominantly loamy-sands with weak structural development. The 1:1 water pH values range from 6.5 to 7.3, and the soil hues are lOYR and 2. SY in color. Soil classification characterized Eagle Cap soils as Andisols: Lithic and Typic Haplocryands. The Matterhorn and Sacajawea residuum was not classified. Parent material influence on soil development was more noticeable on granodiorite than basalt, reflecting the propensity of granodiorite to weather rapidly. Marble and shale sites lacked soil development. All the soils exhibited eolian influence, determined from silt mineralogy results. While this component did not dominate the soils as in other alpine areas, its presence was ·proven by quartz and feldspars in soils developed on marble and calcite in soils developed on granodiorite. Sodium fluoride (NaF) pH tests indicate that there is also a high aluminum content in the alpine soils, probably due to influx of Mazama volcanic ash. Krummholz and alpine turf increase the organic content of the soil, although soils beneath krummholz were not as deep. This is partially due to decreased snowcover, subsequent lack of moisture, and different parent material. All soils show a decrease in organic carbon with depth indicating that bioturbation was either low, or the soil recovered from the disturbance rapidly. Organocutans found on the bottom of rocks in the B horizon illustrate organic trans location. The increase in pH with depth shows the influence of surficial organic matter, translocated dusts, and ash. Nunatak and landmass influence on soil development was undetermined.

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Poncelet, Dominique M. "Assessment of Biogeochemical Maturation of Overburden Disturbed by Surface Mining." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1311012919.

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35

Watakabe, Takuma. "Controlling Factors for Hillslope Denudation by Soil Formation and Shallow Landsliding in Low-relief Landscapes under Contrasting Lithological Conditions." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253100.

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36

Metcalfe, Elisabet Joan. "Late-glacial through Holocene Stratigraphy and Lake-level Record of Rangely Lake, Western Maine." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/MetcalfeEJ2007.pdf.

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37

Monson, Jessica Laura Bruse. "A characterization of soil organic matter in Holocene paleosols from Kansas." Thesis, The University of Iowa, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1540385.

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Carbon isotope studies are commonly used to provide a proxy for past vegetation communities and for evaluating environmental change. Original studies suggested carbon isotope ratios of soil organic matter (SOM) faithfully preserved the isotopic composition of standing vegetation with little or no modification in the pedogenic and shallow burial environment. Recent studies of modern soils and laboratory experiments suggest that this may not necessarily be the case and that degradation of SOM in the burial environment may alter the original C-isotope ratio of bulk SOM. A first step in addressing the issue is to begin to understand the transformations of SOM in the burial environment; of particular interest in this study are transformations involving microbial residues. Sedimentary sequences with stacked buried soils afford the opportunity to study the changes that may occur through time and are especially useful if numerical ages and other environmental proxies are present.

The objective of this study is to thoroughly investigate the composition and quantity of organic matter that has been preserved in the surface and buried soils at the Claussen site, using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), which provides an estimate for the abundance of organic matter components preserved in each paleosol's SOM. We can trace the fate of bioavailable OM and determine the magnitude of preferential decay of SOM with time by first comparing the composition of bulk SOM to the composition of physically protected carbon, located in soil microaggregates (Christensen, 1992) of the stacked buried soils. The results of this project suggest differences in the composition of paleosol and surface soil SOM that could impact paleovegetation interpretations derived from δ¹³C values.

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Catena, Angeline M. "Neoichnology of Two Scincoid Lizards and Pennsylvanian Paleosols: Improving Interpretations of Continental Tracemakers and Soil Environments." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1338423610.

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39

Linderholm, Johan. "The soil as a source material in archaeology. : Theoretical considerations and pragmatic applications." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-31380.

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This thesis deals with questions on various applications using soils and sediments as sources of information in archaeological research. Human environmental impact on soils and sediments, in terms of pollution, is a well known phenomenon as the industrialisation intensified during historical times and onwards and has left strong pollutive marks. However, humans have always accumulated or emitted matter and various compounds in connection to their habitats for subsistence, but these earlier traces are not always detectable, depending on soil and sediment state of preservation. Bioessential elements are intimately linked to humans and their dwellings and especially phosphate has been evident in this respect. It was established already in the 1930s, that even Stone Age settlements could be located through elevated phosphate content in extensive soil phosphate mappings. This thesis is a compilation on results from several sites and excavations from the southern to the northern parts of Sweden. There is a wide variety of soil types and chronological setting in the material, from highly acid podzols to calcareous soils, and sediments dated to Younger Dryas to current top soils. Sites from the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Early and Late Iron Age and Medieval are all represented. Methods that have been implemented are firstly various forms of analysis in regards to soil phosphate, magnetic susceptibility and organic matter. Furthermore, metal and non-metal elements have been considered, as well as lead isotopes. A multiproxy approach is applied in some examples where biological and chemical data is combined to interpret past events. In this thesis there are also five papers presented. The first paper deals with methodological issues concerning multi-element analyses of various soil samples (off-site to feature) from an archaeological excavation. The second paper is about the possibilities that may be used when analysing the soil organic phosphate in relation to prehistoric agriculture. Paper three and fourth are compilations of large scale contract archaeological project. These papers deal with theoretical, methodological and practical issues concerning environmental archaeology in relation to contract archaeology. Studies on landscape development and erosion are among the cases presented. The last paper deals with a late Mesolithic - early Neolithic settlement in Vuollerim, N. Sweden, and spatial dimensions on the human use of settlement (off-site to on-site) and house floors (intra-site), are discussed.

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40

Cadaret, Erik M. "Vegetation Canopy Cover Effects on Sediment and Salinity Loading in the Upper Colorado River Basin Mancos Shale Formation, Price, Utah." Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10001481.

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With future climate change and increased water demand and scarcity in the Colorado River Basin, the Bureau of Reclamation estimates that the costs of salinity damage will increase for Colorado River users and will exacerbate the current salinity challenges. This study focuses on saline and sodic soils associated with the Mancos Shale formation in order to investigate the mechanisms driving sediment and salinity loads in the Price-San Rafael River Basin of the upper Colorado River. A Walnut Gulch rainfall simulator was operated with a variety of slope angles and rainfall intensities at two field sites (Price, Dry-X) near Price, Utah in order to evaluate how the amount and spatial distribution of vegetation affects salinity in runoff. For each simulated rainfall event, the time-varying concentrations of major cations, anions, and sediment in runoff were measured. Principal component analysis revealed that the two field sites are generally different in runoff water chemistry and soil chemistry, likely due to the difference in parent material and soil indicative of their location on different geologic members. The Dry-X site also has substantially greater total dissolved solids (TDS) and sediment in runoff, soil sodium absorption ratio (SAR), and soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) than the Price site. Despite these differences, a consistent positive linear relationship between the plot-averaged sediment and TDS concentration was found across both sites. The Rangeland Hydrology Erosion Model (RHEM) was calibrated to provide unbiased estimates of sediment in runoff from 23 runs of the rainfall simulator. RHEM simulated the plot-plot variability best at Dry-X compared to Price. Sensitivity analysis of the RHEM input parameters showed that the splash and sheet erodibility coefficient (Kss) and the effective saturated conductivity coefficient (Ke) had the largest influence on the model’s sediment and discharge outputs, respectively. The regression that predicted TDS concentration from sediment was applied to RHEM outputs to show that the model could be used to provide salinity estimates for different storm intensities on this part of the Mancos Shale. The potential influence of vegetation canopy cover on sediment production from these two sites was inferred by running RHEM with canopy cover values ranging from 0% to 100%. This changed sediment output by 111% to -91% relative to the present vegetation cover. Measures of the geometry of soil and vegetation patches at Dry-X, such as fractal dimension index and proximity index, showed a relationship to error residuals from RHEM. As the vegetation becomes less isolated, more uniform, and the tortuosity of the bare soil area increases, observed sediment decreases relative to RHEM predictions. The results of this study will help land management agencies assess the feasibility of mitigation strategies for reducing sediment and salinity loads from the saline and sodic soils of the Mancos Shale formation and indicate a possible benefit to incorporating the parameters that describe the spatial pattern of vegetation in RHEM.

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Strivelli, Rachel A. "Development of an innovative web-based teaching tool illustrating land use impacts to soil quality and formation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/20872.

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Over the last few decades, post-secondary education has experienced an increase in the adoption of new technologies and approaches into the curriculum. Meanwhile, soil has not received the attention it warrants for its role in many of the current global environmental issues, such as food shortages and climate change. Innovative teaching approaches are needed to convey the message that soil is an essential natural resource for human survival and to raise the appeal of the discipline of soil science. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the web-based Land Use Impacts (LUI) teaching tool, which combined a problem-based learning (PBL) style case study with information technology (IT) to illustrate the impacts of three land uses on soil formation and quality for students enrolled in the fourth year/graduate university course on sustainable soil management. The LUI tool (http://soilweb.landfood.ubc.ca/luitool/) provides an authentic learning experience with the purpose of engaging students and providing greater access to information. The tool will be used extensively in the Sustainable Soil Management course offered at UBC which has a yearly enrollment of around 30 students. The tool includes instructional technologies, soils data from 1970 and 2005-2008, archival photos, maps, historical narratives, and web-links. Preliminary feedback showed that the tool successfully conveyed learning objectives and was appealing to the students. Eighty-five percent of student agreed that the tool's multimedia resources added to the appeal of the subject. By exposing students to complex questions without definite answers, promoting intellectual inquiry and analysis, stimulating critical thinking, and encouraging the application of knowledge to complex issues, the LUI tool stimulates higher cognitive processes and facilitates learning outcomes deemed essential by current employment demands. In long-term, this study will help promote development and use of innovative educational methods in soil science curriculum and, in turn, will enhance the appeal of this discipline among the next generation of natural resource scientists.

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BOSZCZOWSKI, ROBERTA BOMFIM. "EVALUATION OF THE FIELD LATERAL STRESS OF OVERCONSOLIDATED CLAYS: LABORATORYTESTS IN A SOIL FROM THE GUABIROTUBA FORMATION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2001. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=1979@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
A maioria dos métodos de laboratório disponível para a avaliação das tensões horizontais in situ é aplicável somente a solos normalmente adensados ou levemente sobreadensados. A avaliação do estado de tensões efetivas in situ de solos rijos sobreadensados e, conseqüentemente o desempenho tensão-deformação desses solos, envolve um considerável grau de incertezas devido à dificuldade na determinação da tensão lateral de campo. Apresenta-se, neste trabalho, resultados de um estudo experimental de laboratório que teve por objetivo: obter informações de compressibilidade do material e do comportamento tensão- deformação em condições não drenadas, e avaliar a tensão lateral efetiva in situ de um solo da Formação Guabirotuba, que se situa na Bacia Sedimentar de Curitiba. Propõe-se uma nova metodologia experimental para a determinação da tensão lateral de campo, tendo em vista que as metodologias apresentadas na literatura não são adequadas para solos rijos e sobreadensados. Na primeira fase deste estudo foram realizados ensaios de caracterização completa, análise mineralógica e de microscopia eletrônica. Após a caracterização física do material, passou-se ao estudo do comportamento tensãodeformação e resistência com a execução de ensaios triaxiais e edométricos. Foram executados ensaios triaxiais não drenados com corpos de prova adensados isotropicamente, e ensaios de adensamento com velocidade constante de deformação de um solo intacto da Formação Guabirotuba e de um solo da mesma Formação, porém laterizado. O método proposto para a avaliação da tensão lateral de campo está baseado no conceito de superfícies de escoamento, ou seja, a história de tensões de um solo está relacionada com seu comportamento tensão-deformação-rigidez, e, portanto, pode ser determinado através desta. Foram executados ensaios triaxiais com trajetória de tensões controlada, de acordo com a metodologia proposta, em amostras indeformadas desta Formação.
Most of the available laboratory methods for the evaluation of the in situ horizontal stresses are usually applicable only to normally consolidated or slightly overconsolidated soils. The assessment of the in situ effective stresses state of rigid, overconsolidated soils, and consequently of their stress-strain performance , involves a considerable degree of uncertainty due to the difficulty in the determination of the field lateral stresses . This thesis presents the results of an experimental study performed in the laboratory to gather information on compressibility and undrained stress-strain characteristics, and to determine the in situ effective lateral stress of a soil from the Guabirotuba Formation, at the Curitiba Sedimentary Basin, in the South of Brasil. The first stage of the study comprised characterization tests, mineralogical analysis and electronic microscopy evaluations. After the physical characterization of the material, it was carried out the study on the stress-strain-strength behaviour through undrained triaxial tests and oedometric tests with constant rate of deformation. Unweathred and latherized soil samples from the Guabirotuba formation were used in such investigations. As the methodologies presented in the literature are not appropriate for rigid, overconsolidated soils, a new experimental technique for the determination of the in situ lateral stress was proposed. The proposed method is based on the concept of yield surfaces. The stress history of a soil is related to its stress-strain behaviour and, therefore, can be inferred through monitoring changes of the soil rigidity under a given stress path. Following the proposed methodology, stress-path controlled triaxial tests with internal measurement of axial strains were performed in undisturbed samples of the Guabirotuba Formation, providing an assessment of the field lateral stress of the material.
La mayoría de los métodos de laboratorio disponibles para la evaluación de las tensiones horizontales in situ puede ser aplicado solamente a suelos normalmente adensados o levemente sobreadensados. La evaluación del estado de tensiones efectivas in situ de suelos duros sobreadensados y, consecuentemente el desempeño tensión deformación de esos suelos, involucra un considerable grado de incertezas debido a la dificuldad en la determinación de la tensión lateral de campo. En este trabajo se presentan resultados de un estudio experimental de laboratorio realizado con el objetivo de obtener informaciones de compresibilidad del material y del comportamiento tensión deformación en condiciones no drenadas, y evaluar la tensión lateral efectiva in situ de un suelo de la Formación Guabirotuba, situada en la Bacia Sedimentar de Curitiba. Se propone una nueva metodología experimental para la determinación de la tensión lateral de campo, considerando que las metodologias presentadas en la literatura no son adequadas para suelos duros y sobreadensados. En la primera fase de este estudio fueron realizados ensayos de caracterización completa, análisis mineralógica y de microscopia electrónica. Después la caracterización física del material, se pasó al estudio del comportamiento tensión-deformación y resistencia con la ejecución de ensayos triaxiales y edométricos. Fueron ejecutados ensayos triaxiales no drenados con cuerpos de prueba adensados isotrópicamente, y ensayos de adensamento con velocidad constante de deformación de un suelo intacto de la Formación Guabirotuba y de un suelo de la misma Formación, pero laterizado. El método propuesto para la evaluación de la tensión lateral de campo está basado en el concepto de superfícies de vaciado, o sea, la historía de tensiones de un suelo está relacionada con su comportamiento tensión-deformación-rígidez, y, por tanto, puede ser determinado a través de ésta. Fueron ejecutados ensayos triaxiales con trayectoria de tensiones controlada, de acuerdo con la metodología propuesta, en muestras indeformadas de esta Formación.

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43

Kowalczyk, Piotr Jozef. "Validation and application of advanced soil constitutive models in numerical modelling of soil and soil-structure interaction under seismic loading." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/275675.

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This thesis presents validation and application of advanced soil constitutive models in cases of seismic loading conditions. Firstly, results of three advanced soil constitutive models are compared with examples of shear stack experimental data for free field response in dry sand for shear and compression wave propagation. Higher harmonic generation in acceleration records, observed in experimental works, is shown to be possibly the result of soil nonlinearity and fast elastic unloading waves. This finding is shown to have high importance on structural response, real earthquake records and reliability of conventionally employed numerical tools. Finally, short study of free field response in saturated soil reveals similar findings on higher harmonic generation. Secondly, two advanced soil constitutive models are used, and their performance is assessed based on examples of experimental data on piles in dry sand in order to validate the ability of the constitutive models to simulate seismic soil-structure interaction. The validation includes various experimental configurations and input motions. The discussion on the results focuses on constitutive and numerical modelling aspects. Some improvements in the formulations of the models are suggested based on the detailed investigation. Finally, the application of one of the advanced soil constitutive models is shown in regard to temporary natural frequency wandering observed in structures subjected to earthquakes. Results show that pore pressure generated during seismic events causes changes in soil stiffness, thus affecting the natural frequency of the structure during and just after the seismic event. Parametric studies present how soil permeability, soil density, input motion or a type of structure may affect the structural natural frequency and time for its return to the initial value. In addition, a time history with an aftershock is analysed to investigate the difference in structural response during the earthquake and the aftershock.

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44

Kowalczyk, Piotr Jozef. "Validation and application of advanced soil constitutive models in numerical modelling of soil and soil-structure interaction under seismic loading." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/275675.

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Abstract:

This thesis presents validation and application of advanced soil constitutive models in cases of seismic loading conditions. Firstly, results of three advanced soil constitutive models are compared with examples of shear stack experimental data for free field response in dry sand for shear and compression wave propagation. Higher harmonic generation in acceleration records, observed in experimental works, is shown to be possibly the result of soil nonlinearity and fast elastic unloading waves. This finding is shown to have high importance on structural response, real earthquake records and reliability of conventionally employed numerical tools. Finally, short study of free field response in saturated soil reveals similar findings on higher harmonic generation. Secondly, two advanced soil constitutive models are used, and their performance is assessed based on examples of experimental data on piles in dry sand in order to validate the ability of the constitutive models to simulate seismic soil-structure interaction. The validation includes various experimental configurations and input motions. The discussion on the results focuses on constitutive and numerical modelling aspects. Some improvements in the formulations of the models are suggested based on the detailed investigation. Finally, the application of one of the advanced soil constitutive models is shown in regard to temporary natural frequency wandering observed in structures subjected to earthquakes. Results show that pore pressure generated during seismic events causes changes in soil stiffness, thus affecting the natural frequency of the structure during and just after the seismic event. Parametric studies present how soil permeability, soil density, input motion or a type of structure may affect the structural natural frequency and time for its return to the initial value. In addition, a time history with an aftershock is analysed to investigate the difference in structural response during the earthquake and the aftershock.

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45

Ngai, Yuen-yi Helen. "Soil genesis and vegetation growth in pulverized fuel ash and refuse landfills capped by decomposed granite /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19471166.

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46

Ma, Yamin. "Vegetation as a biotic driver for the formation of soil geochemical anomalies for mineral exploration of covered terranes." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0235.

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[Tuncated abstract] Soil is a relatively low cost and robust geochemical sampling medium and is an essential part of most mineral exploration programs. In areas of covered terrain, however, soils are less reliable as a sampling medium because they do not always develop the geochemical signature of the buried mineralisation; possibly a result of limited upward transport of ore related elements into the surficial overburden. As economic demands on the resources industry grow, mineral exploration continues to expand further into areas of covered terrain where the rewards of finding a new deposit relative to the risks of finding it may be comparatively low. Thus, improving the costeffectiveness of a geochemical exploration program requires a sound understanding of the mechanisms by which soil geochemical anomalies form in transported overburden. This thesis examines the deep biotic uplift of ore related elements by deep rooting vegetation as a mechanism for the development of soil geochemical anomalies within transported overburdens, in semi-arid and arid regions. '...' Vegetation and soils were analysed at two Au prospects in Western Australia: Berkley, Coolgardie and Torquata, 210 km south-east of Kambalda, in semi-arid Western Australia to complement both the mass balance and the differential modelling. At Berkley, both the vegetation and soils located directly over the mineralisation showed high concentrations of Au. There may be indirect evidence for the operation of the deep plant uptake flux taking effect from the field evidence at Berkley. Firstly, anomalous concentrations of Au were found in the surface soils, with no detectable Au in the transported overburden. Secondly, the trace element concentrations in vegetation showed correlation to the buried lithology, which to our knowledge has not been reported elsewhere. The results from the samples at Torquata, in contrast, were less conclusive because the Au is almost exclusively associated with a surficial calcrete horizon (at <5 m soil depth). Strong correlations of Ca and Au in leaf samples however, suggest that the vegetation may be involved in the formation of calcrete and the subsequent association of Au with the calcrete. Among the vegetation components, the litter and leaf samples gave the greatest anomaly contrast at both prospects. Finally, three main drivers for the deep biotic uplift of elements were identified based on the results from the mechanistic numerical modelling exercise: i) the deep uptake flux; ii) the maximum plant concentration and; iii) the erosional flux. The relative sizes of these three factors control the rates of formation and decay, and trace element concentrations, of the soil anomaly. The main implication for the use of soils as exploration media in covered terranes is that soil geochemical anomalies may only be transient geological features, forming and dispersing as a result of the relative sizes of the accumulative and loss fluxes. The thesis culminates in the development of the first quantitative, mechanistic model of trace element accumulation in soils by deep biotic uplift.

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47

Northcott, Grant Lawrence. "A study of the significance of partitioning, extractability and formation of PAH residues in sewage sludge-amended soil." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369494.

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48

Lucas, Maik [Verfasser], Doris [Gutachter] Vetterlein, Hans-Jörg [Gutachter] Vogel, and Paul [Gutachter] Hallet. "Soil structure formation through the action of plants / Maik Lucas ; Gutachter: Doris Vetterlein, Hans-Jörg Vogel, Paul Hallet." Halle (Saale) : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1216878080/34.

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49

Kennedy, Raymond. "Local variability in early Oligocene paleosols as a result of ancient soil catenary processes, Brule Formation, Toadstool Park, Nebraska." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/141594.

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Geology
M.S.
Paleopedology is often employed in paleoenvironmental reconstructions because the features of paleosols are affected by changes in climate, ecology, topography, and lithology over time. These changes cause small-scale variations in the morphology and apparent development of paleosols and influence the degree to which certain soil features are preserved in the rock record. When drawing inferences about paleoenvironments based on paleosols, care must be taken to ensure that as many of the soil forming factors as possible are understood. Whereas climates can be ignored over small areas, and lithology represents the medium of soil preservation, topographic relief can vary dramatically over local scales, thereby influencing the partitioning of plant communities and contributing greatly to the development of soils. In this study, paleo-geomorphological relationships were investigated along a paleovalley sequence in the Early Oligocene Orella Member of the Brule Formation in the White River G
Temple University--Theses

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50

Samrakandi, Moulay Abdeslam. "Rôle des nitrites dans l'oxydation des polyphénols et la formation de polycondensats de type humiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1992_SAMRAKANDI_M_A.pdf.

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Le processus de dénitrification chimique est bien déterminé. Son intensité croit avec l'acidité du sol et sa teneur en matière organique, particulièrement polyphénolique. Dans des sols à Ph acide et à teneur en matière organique élevée (+18%) l'incorporation de l'azote d'origine nitreuse constitue le processus dominant dans la transformation de l'ion nitrite. Ce travail cherche à déterminer les mécanismes d'incorporation de l'azote d'origine nitreuse et les formes qui en résultent dans la matière organique. Grâce à l'utilisation de modèles phénoliques simples (pyrogallol, purpurogalline, catéchol (avec ou sans glycine)), le rôle oxydant de l'ion nitrite a été montré. La caractérisation des produits d'oxydation (PM supérieur à 2000 dal) a permis d'identifier l'azote incorporé, soit 2 à 7%, suivant les substrats polyphénoliques. Une faible proportion (2 à 5%) de cet azote incorporeé est sous formes nitrée et nitrosée. Les polycondensats issus de cette oxydation sont similaires à des substances humiques des sols. Ces résultats permettent de montrer l'influence de la nitrosation, dans des environnements acides et faiblement aérés, sur l'élaboration des substances humiques. De telles réactions d'incorporation, peu réversibles, de l'azote d'origine nitreuse ont notamment pour conséquence un blocage plus ou moins intense de la nitrification

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Soil formation'

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