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1
Yergina, Olena. "Energy and thermodynamic characteristics of soils and substrates of Crimean peninsula." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 41 (September 17, 2013): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.41.1941.
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The basic thermodynamic and energy characteristics substrates soils formations of different ages and soils of the Crimean peninsula considered. In developing strategies for remediation soils suppose to use thermodynamic parameters to assess the potential ability of formations rocks to soil. Proved that the thermodynamic position, process soil formation of autonomous increase energy and thermodynamic characteristics of the substrate on which soils formation. Key words: lattice energy, Gibbs energy, entropy, soil.
2
Bilanchyn, Yaroslav, and Iryna Leonidova. "Soil formation potential of natural soil formation factors of Zmiiny island." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 44 (November 28, 2013): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.44.1181.
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The article assesses soil formation potential of several factors allocated on Zmiiny island, particularly the climate and atmospheric conditions of the territory, the solid silicate rocks from the island's surface, and the biological factors of soil formation. This assessment derives from analysis of the natural soil formation factors of Zmiiny island, their geo-genetic specifications and role in soil formation. The biological factor is crucial in formation of the uncommonly rich in humus (10–15 % of humus and more) and NPK rich chornozem soils which possess tendency to increase their chornozem properties and profile depth with time. Key words: Zmiiny island, soil formation potential of the natural soil formation factors.
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Papish, Ihor, and Roman Hnatiuk. "PHASING FEATURES OF THE SOIL-FORMING PROCESS IN AGROCHERNOZEMS OF WATERSHED PLATEU IN THE CENTRAL PART OF PODILLIA." PROBLEMS OF GEOMORPHOLOGY AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE UKRANIAN CARPATHIANS AND ADJACENT AREAS 02, no. 13 (December 30, 2021): 108–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/gpc.2021.2.3552.
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The development of the paleosoils during the warm stages (thermochrons) of the Pliocene and Pleistocene, being reflected in the structure of soil-loess and red-brown formations of Ukraine, is characterized by a clear regularity. This is manifested in the formation of complex soil layered constructions (pedocomplexes) reflecting the chronological stages of pedogenesis. Agrochernozems of watershed plateu in the central part of Podillia, formed on the loess rocks of the Late Pleistocene age, also show this general regularity of Pliocene-Pleistocene soil formation. Contrasting changes in the physic-geographical conditions of pedolitogenesis in the ancient Holocene (late glacial) and evolutionary trend of soil formation during the following Holocene periods lasting for 10–8 thousand years led to the formation of a two-stage Holocene soil layering on the plakor lands of the region, represented by chernozem-type soils. Morphological signs of staged soil formation are concentrated in one genetic profile, which, along with the sign of anthropization of landscapes and soil formation significantly complicates the detailed identification of soils and their historical and genetic analysis. The early stage of the local soil formation history is recorded in these soils in the form of solid-phase products of soil-forming processes (puppets, soil wormholes, coprolites, moles drains). These relict pedogenic formations are located in the lower part of the soil profile of agrochernozems. In general, in the soil profile of agrochernozems on the watershed plateu in the central part of Podillia the morphologically hidden stages of soil formation are noticeable, which is typical of the first half of the Holocene thermochron. The soil of the initial stage of pedogenesis correlates with the horizon of the mole loess P(h)k and the lower part of the transitional brown-colour horizon Phk or PhI. The humus profile of the plakor agrochernozems has soil characteristics of the early optimal stage, which lasted for 7–8 thousand years from the preboreal to the late subatlantic. There are no pedogenic signs of other stages of development of the pedocomplex. So, modern day soils of this region (agrochernozems) are polygenetic two-stage formations that have not reached the status of full-fledged pedocomplex. Key words: evolution; pedogenesis; agrochernozem; Holocene; stages of soil formation; pedocomplex; Podillіa.
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Tripathy, Dr Biplab, and Subhechya Raha. "Formation Of Soil." Thematics Journal of Geography 8, no. 8 (August 21, 2019): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/tjg.v8i8.8140.
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Soil is a most outer soft most layer of the earth, formed by different process which is generally called soil forming forces. The factors which transformed rocks into soil are differ in different places. Weathering forces are main source of soil particles. Parental frocks changed into soil after crossing either long time or short ways. If each agents work in a balanced way a mature soil is formed. Climate, vegetation, reliefs are the active agents, those helped to formed soil. The biotic activities are also very active factors in dual way. Soil formation process varied in place to place depends on its environment.
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Moskvina, Natalia, Igor Shestakov, and Natalia Mitrakova. "Organic matter of soils and technogenic surface formations of residential areas of the city of Perm." АгроЭкоИнфо 5, no. 47 (October 31, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/20215527.
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On the territory of the left-bank part of Perm, the urban pedocomplexes (UPC) were distinguished as a combination of soil and technogenic surface formations on the same soil-forming rocks within a certain functional zone. Within the UPC, formed on eluvial-deluvial loams and clays in the zone of multi-storey buildings, the surface horizons of soils and TSF (technogenic surface formations) were studied. A change in the zonal trend of humus formation in reclaimed soils was observed as an increase in the content of organic matter, as well as in a change in the type of humus to the humate side. The conservation of zonal features of humus formation in non-purposefully recultivated urban soils and TSF was noted. It manifests in a low or medium content of organic carbon, the formation of a humate-fulvate type of humus. Keywords: URBAN ECOLOGY, URBAN SOILS, URBAN PEDOCOMPLEX, HUMUS, HUMUS TYPE, SOIL PROPERTIES
6
Poyon Kizi, Khayitova Sanobar. "SOIL SCIENCE AND SOIL TERMINOLOGY." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-11-12.
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Soil science involves the study of the formation and distribution of soil, the biological, chemical and physical properties and processes of soil and how these processes interact with wider systems to help inform environmental management, industry and sustainable development.
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Kyrylchuk, A. "Contemporary approaches towards the problem of evaluation of soil formation potential." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 45 (May 20, 2014): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2014.45.1161.
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At the given stage of soil science development the problem of soil formation potential diagnostics is of great importance, for it is directly linked to the soil fertility reproduction. The evaluative characteristic of soil formation factor ability to provide the formation of soils and their specific properties within a certain period of time is the soil formation potential of those factors. The article reviews in detail contemporary conceptions of soil formation potential evaluation proposed by different authors. Key words: soil, soil formation factors, the problem of diagnostics, the evaluation of soil formation potential.
8
Bilanchyn, Yaroslav, Mykola Tortyk, Iryna Leonidova, and Andrii Buyanovskyy. "Soils of Zmiiny island – a mirror of his landscape ecological past, present and future." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 51 (December 27, 2017): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2017.51.8735.
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Zmiiny island soils described as a function of a mirror of past, present and future of his landscape and ecological conditions and soil-forming processes. The article estimates the generalized scheme of soil-formation on the on dense acidic rocks of the island that includes gradually changing stages of weathering of rocks and formation of rubble-rocky crust of their weathering and local curuda formation - primitive soil formation - black soil formation under the steppe herbaceous vegetation on areas with a crust of weathering capacity of more than 10–12 cm. The soils profile here usually grows up as the biomass grows above-ground vegetation. There are two main scenarios of soil-forming and soils evolution have been proposed – optimistic with steep herbaceous vegetation preservation and further soil formation, and hazardous with herbaceous vegetation cover destroying. The strategy of measures to preserve the unique steppe landscape of the island with peculiar black soils recommends to prioritize tourist-recreational, health-improving and educational activities and systematic monitoring of the natural and ecological environment. Key words: Zmiiny island, soils and soil cover, landscapes, soils and soil-forming evolution.
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Ben-Hur, Meni, and Marcos Lado. "Effect of soil wetting conditions on seal formation, runoff, and soil loss in arid and semiarid soils—a review." Soil Research 46, no. 3 (2008): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07168.
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Soil surface sealing is one of the main causes for low infiltration rate (IR) and high runoff and soil loss under raindrop impact conditions in arid and semiarid regions. Many studies have focused on the effects of soil properties on seal formation under fast wetting conditions. However, in the field, soils can be exposed to different wetting conditions, before an intense rainfall event, which can affect the role of the soil properties on seal formation. The present paper reviews the effects of different initial wetting conditions and their interactions with soil properties on seal formation, IR, runoff, and soil loss in smectitic soils. Fast wetting of soil causes aggregate slaking, which enhances seal formation, runoff, and soil loss under rainfall, mainly in soils with > 40% clay content. An increase in clay content of the soil increases aggregate strength, but at the same time increases the slaking forces. Hence, in soils with low clay content (<40%) and low aggregate stability, raindrop impact alone was sufficient to break down the aggregates and to develop a seal. In contrast, in soils with > 40% clay content and high aggregate stability, slaking plays an important role in aggregate breakdown and seal formation. An increase of raindrop kinetic energy, from 8 to 15.9 kJ/m3, decreased the effect of the slaking forces on seal formation and runoff. It was suggested that the effects of raindrop kinetic energy and of the slaking forces on aggregate disintegration and seal formation are complementary. An increase in soil exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), from 0.9 to 20.4%, decreased the effect of slaking forces on seal formation and runoff production under rainfall with 15.9 kJ/m3 kinetic energy. Probably, increasing the ESP increased the soil dispersivity, and therefore diminished the effect of the slaking forces on aggregate disintegration and seal formation. Aging (the time since wetting) of soil increased the stability of soil structure, decreased the seal formation, maintained high IR, and diminished soil loss amounts. These effects of soil aging depend on both the prewetting rate of the soil and soil texture.
10
Mergelov, N. S., S. V. Goryachkin, E. P. Zazovskaya, D. V. Karelin, D. A. Nikitin, and S. S. Kutuzov. "Supraglacial Soils and Soil-Like Bodies: Diversity, Genesis, Functioning (Review)." Почвоведение, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 1522–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0032180x23601494.
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In the 21st century, glaciers are percepted as a distinct biome that has taken on special significance in today’s world of retreating ice. Here we review the results of recent studies of organomineral formations on glaciers, their diversity, processes, functioning and the role in the biosphere. The question is raised about the possibility of involving supraglacial organomineral formations in the range of objects of soil science. We review the supraglacial zone as an area of soils and soil-like bodies, which biogeochemical processes affect the glacial biome and its surrounding landscapes. Interpretation of supraglacial organomineral formations from a soil scientist point of view revealed the following processes: accumulation and stabilization of organic matter (OM), its heterotrophic transformation, formation of dark-colored humified OM and accumulation of residual solid-phase products of functioning in situ, fine earth aggregation, and biochemical weathering. Among supraglacial formations, we distinguish pre-soils and soil-like bodies in ice and snow, metastable soil-like bodies on cryoconite and soils with microprofiles under moss communities on ice, as well as relatively stable soils with macroprofiles on fine-earth-detrital deposits with underlying glaciers and dead ice. Labile water-soluble OM, accumulated and transformed in supraglacial soils and soil-like bodies, has a significant impact on the periglacial zone, leading to the reservoir and priming effects. The studies of supraglacial organomineral systems are of fundamental importance for understanding the evolution of ecosystems on Earth as well as for modeling supraglacial formations of extraterrestrial bodies with a vast cryosphere. Supraglacial soil formation is also a model object for studying common soils under conditions of a constant external input of organic and mineral components, which contribution outside the glaciers is no less significant, but is masked by the polymineral substrate of soils and parent rocks.
11
Hu, Fei Nan, Chao Fu Wei, and Jing Du. "Comparison of Surface Electrochemical Properties between Purple Rocks and their Derived Soils as Related to Pedogenesis." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 958–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.958.
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Soil surface electrochemical properties may have an important effect on soil fertility and genesis. Few researches are available on the changes of surface electrochemical properties of purple soils during the pedogenesis. In present work, four purple rocks and their derived soils under arable, orchard, forest and grass were collected to determine surface electrochemical properties including surface specific area, surface charge quantity, surface charge density, electric field strength, and surface potential using the kinetic method. The results indicated that soil surface specific area and surface charge quantity of soils were both significantly higher than their parent rocks. There were similar trends in surface potential, surface charge density and electric field strength of soils and parent rocks, soils derived from Shaximiao Formation (J2s) and Suining Formation (J3s) were higher than those of parent rocks, whereas the reverse trends existed in Feixianguan Formation (T1f) and Penglaizhen Formation (J3p). At the same time, surface potential of soil samples collected from four sites with different land utilization, i.e., Arable, Orchard, Forest and Grass, were determined to illustrate the various trends of soil electrochemical properties change. Under different land use patterns, the descending orders of soil surface potential in Shaximiao Formation (J2s) and Suining Formation (J3s) were both as follows: orchard > forest > arable > grass; the order in Feixianguan Formation (T1f) and Penglaizhen Formation (J3p) were as: orchard > forest > grass > arable. On the other hand, the value of soil surface charge quantity was increased with clay content and soil acidity because of the intensive physical weathering and slight chemical weathering. Therefore, the surface electrochemical properties may have some agreements with the weathering extent of the purple soils. Soil surface potential, surface charge quantity, surface charge density, electric field strength, and surface specific area could be employed as reference criteria for pedogenesis of purple soils.
12
Jugold, A., F. Althoff, M. Hurkuck, M. Greule, K. Lenhart, J. Lelieveld, and F. Keppler. "Non-microbial methane formation in oxic soils." Biogeosciences 9, no. 12 (December 20, 2012): 5291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5291-2012.
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Abstract. Methane plays an important role as a radiatively and chemically active gas in our atmosphere. Until recently, sources of atmospheric methane in the biosphere have been attributed to strictly anaerobic microbial processes during degradation of organic matter. However, a large fraction of methane produced in the anoxic soil layers does not reach the atmosphere due to methanotrophic consumption in the overlaying oxic soil. Although methane fluxes from aerobic soils have been observed, an alternative source other than methanogenesis has not been identified thus far. Here we provide evidence for non-microbial methane formation in soils under oxic conditions. We found that soils release methane upon heating and other environmental factors like ultraviolet irradiation, and drying-rewetting cycles. We suggest that chemical formation of methane during degradation of soil organic matter may represent the missing soil source that is needed to fully understand the methane cycle in aerobic soils. Although the emission fluxes are relatively low when compared to those from wetlands, they may be important in warm and wet regions subjected to ultraviolet radiation. We suggest that this methane source is highly sensitive to global change.
13
Brown, David J. "Soil Formation, 2nd edition." Soil Science 169, no. 4 (April 2004): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-200404000-00009.
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ALEXANDER, EARL B. "RATES OF SOIL FORMATION." Soil Science 145, no. 1 (January 1988): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198801000-00005.
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Cattle, Stephen. "Soil formation (2nd Edition)." Geoderma 123, no. 1-2 (November 2004): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.022.
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Medvedev, V. V. "Agrizem as a new 4-dimensional polygenetic formation." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 17, no. 1-2 (January 26, 2016): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041601.
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Morphological (horizontal and vertical profiles of soils), micromorphological (mainly, anisotropism of aggregates and pores), physical properties (structure, density, differential porosity and their transformation for an appreciable length of time – time profiles), features of formation of descending (preferential) and ascending waterstreams were investigated. Chernozems (typical, ordinary, southern) were objects of the research. In the article the results of comparative researches of the soils which are in various conditions of use – from absolutely reserved virgin soil to variants in industrial and experimental conditions are stated. On a virgin soil there are aggregates of mainly isometric roundish form. On an arable land anisotropic lumps (blocks) of the wrong form, the size, as a rule, more than 10 (20) mm, and silting structure dominate. At tillage characteristic stability for a virgin soil pore spaces is broken, the length of a time of one diameter decreases. Pores A are filled with microaggregates and thindispersed not aggregated material. On a virgin soil the density at its analysis in vertical and time aspects throughout 30 years remained a constant. On an arable land, since 30 to depth of 60–80 cm density authentically above (it, most likely, forrow bottom). Under the influence of long tillage mobility of thindispersed parts increase, its reorientation to a place and periodic descending migration from horizon Н (A) in horizon of Hp (АВ1) is observed. Essential feature of ploughed up and especially irrigated soil in comparison with the virgin consists in distinct display of the plastic deformation which are at the bottom of raised consolidation of soil. The structurally-modular structure of soils in the conditions of long arable land in comparison with a virgin soil considerably changes: the quantity agronomical valuable fraction, its water stability, mechanical durability decreases. On an arable land preferential streams of a moisture (or a failure filtration on large pores) are formed. The executed researches of soils in the conditions of a virgin soil and an arable land allow to ascertain that the mode of receipt and the moisture expense, aeration, growth of roots, exchange processes and in general ecological and productive functions on these objects are various. On an arable land soilformation process gets other orientation. As a result of researches essential distinctions between natural and ploughed up soil are established for a long time, and distinctions have appeared so essential that have allowed to confirm – under the influence of long agricultural use the natural soil is transformed in agrizem, has essentially other properties and modes and can quite be called as new polygenetic (natural-anthropogenous) formation. Till now existence of agrizem remains a debatable question and that it was really recognised new soil and has got «the citizenship» rights additional proofs are necessary. Features of agrizem as new soil in comparison with a virgin soil: anisotropism, bimodality of pore spaces, consolidation of soil aggregates, seasonal and long-term dynamics of density and properties, infringement of convertibility of soils owing to loss and labilization of organic substance, occurrence of new horizontal, vertical and time profiles, aridization and biodiversity reduction. Agrizem loses ability to restore inherent in it modal, characteristic for natural analogue, parametres. Owing to strengthening of spatial heterogeneity for agrizem gradual transition from continuality to step-type behaviour of a soil cover, and as a whole – local easing of sod – with reference to chernozems – soil formation process is characteristic. Agrizem as the new type of soil demands reflexion in the nomenclature and classification, the account in division into districts and the differentiated system of use. Polygenetic is a formation principal cause of agrizem. Agrizem – a product of natural, economic (industrial, technological) and social factors. Today the person and its activity on the earth becomes the leading factor of formation of new soils.
17
Atkinson, G. "A multivariate analysis of alluvial terrace soils of the clarendon and cranebrook formations, Nepean River, NSW." Soil Research 26, no. 2 (1988): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9880243.
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The techniques of cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to soils data from two Pleistocene alluvial terraces on the Nepean River, N.S.W., the Clarendon and Cranebrook Formations, to address issues raised in the literature regarding their stratigraphic relationships. A total of 160 profiles were sampled at four fixed depths to 1 8 m. Profiles were located in four 1000 by 400 m sample areas, two on each terrace. Soil samples were analysed for colour, pH, and 2.8 M HCl extractable Fe2+, Mn2+, Na2+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+. Data were analysed by using whole profiles as the soil entities. One branch of the dendrogram resulting from the cluster analysis contained soil profiles exclusively from sample areas on the Cranebrook Formation, whilst the other branch contained profiles exclusively from sample areas on the Clarendon Formation. Soils typical of the Lowlands Formation, Londonderry Clay and minor subdivisions within the terraces could be distinguished on the dendrogram. Similar subdivisions could also be observed on a PCA scattergram. The Clarendon and Cranebrook Formations are complex units which contain minor terrace features. Each has a distinctly different suite of soils which is consistent with their continued designation as separate stratigraphic units. The Lowlands Formation can be separated from the Cranebrook Formation upstream of Castlereagh and the Clarendon Formation should have its southern boundary to the Londonderry Clay moved north towards Richmond and its stratigraphy redefined.
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Chittleborough, DJ. "Formation and pedology of duplex soils." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 7 (1992): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920815.
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The term 'duplex' was first used by Northcote (1960) in his classification 'A Factual Key for the Recognition of Australian Soils' to describe soils which have an abrupt textural contrast between the surface soil horizons and the subsurface. Chemical, mineralogical and physical properties other than the textural contrast are not diagnostic. It is not surprising therefore, that duplex soils exhibit great diversity in their properties, particularly their genesis and mode of development. Many theories-chemical, physical, biological-have been proposed to explain the origin of duplex soils and the processes responsible for the development of their dominant morphological characteristic, the texture contrast. These theories, and some of the implications for an understanding of soil development, are reviewed.
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Matviishyna, Zh M., and S. P. Doroshkevych. "Micromorphological peculiarities of the Pleistocene soils in the Middle Pobuzhzhya (Ukraine) and their significance for paleogeographic reconstructions." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 28, no. 2 (July 6, 2019): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111932.
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The basic micromorphological features of fossil Pleistocene soils of the Middle Pobuzhzhya region are revealed. The early Neopleistocene (Shyrokyne, Martonosha, Lubny) and Middle Pleistocene Zavadivka soils are characterized by bright brownish, reddish and brownish colors of plasma, compact composing structural separations in the form of cleave blocks with densely packed nodular formations of ferruginous matter, cracksman ship of the mass, a significantamount of ferruginous, manganese and carbonate new formations. In the soils of the early optimum of the Kaydaky stage, signs of the eluvial-illuvial processes were observed (impoverished on the thin clays and humus fields with the «washed» grains of the mineral skeleton, the destroyed microaggregates in the eluvial and the impregnation of the plasma by calomorphic clays in the form of streaks, films, streams in the illuvial horizons). In the Pryluky soils there is a well-expressed microagregation of the mass, a branched net of twisted pores, humus coagulation in the humus and humus transition horizons, various forms of carbonate new formations as the impregnation and plasma cementation by microcrystalline calcite, presence of isolated crystals of crypto-, micro- and small crystalline calcite. The specific individual features of the Vytachiv soils are cleave block microstructure, the presence of the nodular concentric organo-iron-clay formations, and microorsteins. Dofinivka soils are characterized by a loose microstructure, fuzzy rounded microaggregates, a developed system of twisted pores, and enrichment of mass on carbonates. In order to clarify the genetic types of fossil Pleistocene soils of the Middle Pobuzhzhya, identification of the signs of elementary soil formation processes was carried out on the basis of micromorphological analysis data. The significance of the results of micromorphological researches for paleogeographical reconstruction is outlined. It has been established that certain groups of soil formation processes are characteristic for fossil soils of separate paleogeographical stages. In the soils formed up to the Dnieper glaciation (Shyrokyne, Martonosha, Lubny and Zavadivka), signs of processes of claying, rubbification, ferralization, cleaving were displayed, but weakly expressed humus formation, thoughcarbonization were diagnosed. In the soils formed after the maximum glaciation (Kaydaky, Pryluky, Vytachiv, Dofinivka), signs of the such processes as humus formation, podzolization, lessive, leaching, damp-meadow soil formation on floodplain, migration of carbonates, etc., are established. It is processes which are predominating in the modern soils of the territory of Ukraine. Assertaintment of elementary soil-forming processes, diagnosed in multi-annual fossil soils, have made it possible to identify their genetic types and as a result, to reconstruct the soil cover in separate stages of the Neopleistocene, to establish regional patterns of evolutional stadial changes and the natural environment in the Pleistocene on the territory of the Middle Pobuzhzhya.
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Aisyah, Veti Nur, Mohammad Nurcholis, and Djoko Mulyanto. "MORFOLOGI DAN KLASIFIKASI TANAH PADA FORMASI PENIRON BAHAN INDUK ANDESIT PIROKSEN DI DESA PAGEDONGAN, BANJARNEGARA." Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2023.010.1.14.
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Rock formation as parent material in Pagedongan Village, Banjarnegara influences the properties of the soil formed. The purpose of this research was to identify the morphology and soil classification according to USDA Taxonomy, National Soil Classifications, and World Reference Base for Soils. This study uses a survey method by determining observation points based on a rock formation, namely Peniron Formation, with pyroxene andesite as parent material for observing soil morphology, physical and chemical of soil in the field, then laboratory analysis included soil texture, bulk density, organic C, soil pH H2O and KCl, exchangeable cations K, Ca, Mg, Na, CEC, and base saturation. The results showed that the soil developed in the Peniron Formation with pyroxene andesite as parent material had morphology with diagnostic horizons of umbric epipedon and argillic endopedon. The results showed that the soil classification according to USDA Taxonomy is Typic Palehumults Isohyperthermic, according to National Soil Classifications is Podsolics Ortoxic, and according to World Reference Base for Soils is Loamic Abruptic Alfisols.
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Levy, Joseph, Andrew Fountain, W. Berry Lyons, and Kathy Welch. "Experimental formation of pore fluids in McMurdo Dry Valleys soils." Antarctic Science 27, no. 2 (September 23, 2014): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102014000479.
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AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine if soil salt deliquescence and brine hydration can occur under laboratory conditions using natural McMurdo Dry Valleys soils. The experiment was a laboratory analogue for the formation of isolated patches of hypersaline, damp soil, referred to as ‘wet patches’. Soils were oven dried and then hydrated in one of two humidity chambers: one at 100% relative humidity and the second at 75% relative humidity. Soil hydration is highly variable, and over the course of 20 days of hydration, ranged from increases in water content by mass from 0–16% for 122 soil samples from Taylor Valley. The rate and absolute amount of soil hydration correlates well with the soluble salt content of the soils but not with grain size distribution. This suggests that the formation of bulk pore waters in these soils is a consequence of salt deliquescence and hydration of the brine from atmospheric water vapour.
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Jugold, A., F. Althoff, M. Hurkuck, M. Greule, J. Lelieveld, and F. Keppler. "Non-microbial methane formation in oxic soils." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2012): 11961–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-11961-2012.
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Abstract. Methane plays an important role as a radiatively and chemically active gas in our atmosphere. Until recently, sources of atmospheric methane in the biosphere have been attributed to strictly anaerobic microbial processes during degradation of organic matter. However, a large fraction of methane produced in the anoxic soil layers does not reach the atmosphere due to methanotrophic consumption in the overlaying oxic soil. Although methane fluxes from aerobic soils have been observed an alternative source other than methanogenesis has not been identified thus far. Here we provide evidence for non-microbial methane formation in soils under oxic conditions. We found that soils release methane upon heating and other environmental factors like ultraviolet irradiation, and drying-rewetting cycles. We suggest that chemical formation of methane during degradation of soil organic matter may represent the missing soil source that is needed to fully understand the complete methane cycle within the pedosphere. Although the emission fluxes are relatively low when compared to those from wetlands, they may be important in warm and wet regions subjected to ultraviolet radiation. We suggest that this methane source is highly sensitive to global change.
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Farias, Phâmella Kalliny Pereira, Carolina Malala Martins Souza, Jeane Cruz Portela, Isadora Nayara Bandeira Medeiros de Moura, and Ana Carla Rodrigues da Silva. "GENESIS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS OF THE SANTANAMOUNTAIN RANGE IN THE SERIDÓ REGION, RIO GRANDE DO NORTE, BRAZIL." Revista Caatinga 31, no. 4 (December 2018): 1017–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n425rc.
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ABSTRACT Rio Grande do Norte has mountain formations with edaphoclimatic conditions different from those predominating in the state, presenting deeper,acid soils, and milder climate. Among these formations, is the Santana mountain range, which is part of the Serra do Martins Formation. The objective of this work was to interpret the pedogenesis of the representative soils of the Santana mountain range through morphological, physical, and chemical characterizations of soil profiles and evaluate the effect of these attributes on the distribution of pedological forms along the landscape using multivariate analysis. Morphological, physical, and chemical analyses of seven soil profiles of the Santana mountain range were performed. The soils were classified according to the Brazilian Soil Classification System and the data subjected to multivariate analysis. The representative soil classes found were: LATOSSOLO AMARELO Distrófico argissólico; LATOSSOLO AMARELO Eutrófico argissólico; NEOSSOLO QUARTZARÊNICO Órtico típico; NEOSSOLO LITÓLICO Eutrófico fragmentário; NEOSSOLO REGOLÍTICO Eutrófico típico and CAMBISSOLO HÁPLICO Tb Eutrófico léptico. According to the analysis of the morphological attributes, the parent material had great influence on the formation of the different soil classes found in the Santana mountain range. The soil textural classes varied from sand to sandy clay loam. According to the analysis of the chemical attributes, the soil profiles presented acid reaction, great variation of base saturation, and low electrical conductivity. The multivariate analysis established groups of representative soil profiles of the Santana mountain range through the distinction of their physical and chemical attributes, mainly of subsurface diagnostic horizons.
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Bilanchуn, Yа M., Y. M. Usacheva, Y. I. Gazetov, and V. I. Medinets. "SOIL MAP OF LOWER DNIESTROVSKIY NATIONAL NATURAL PARK TERRITORY." Odesa National University Herald. Geography and Geology 19, no. 4(23) (March 20, 2015): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2303-9914.2014.4(23).39306.
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Purpose: project objective is to characterize the soils and created by us for the first time in 2013 -2014 digital soil map of Lower Dniestrovskiy National Natural park territory (LDNNР). Object of investigation is the soils and the soil map of LDNNР park territory of 1:50000 scale. Subject of investigation is natural-geographical conditions and processes of soil formation and soils of natural park territory, methodology of creation and content of soil map of LDNNР territory. Methodology: when performing the works there have been used standard methods of field and laboratory-analytical investigations and soil cartography,soil map formation has been held in program environment of batch ARC GIS 9.2 in coordinate system WGS84. Finding: there have been characterized natural conditions, processes of soil formation and soils of LDNNР territory, methodology of creation and content of soil map of natural park territory. Results: there have been produced the results of morphology,composition and properties of alluvial turf, meadow, meadow-marsh and marsh soils, and saline and alkali soils studying.
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Ekpo, Akanimo, Louis Orakwe, Ndamzi Tom-Cyprain, Chukwuemeka Umobi, and John Maduegbuna. "Physico-chemical properties of soils derived from different geologic formations in typical rainfall agro-ecological zone." Poljoprivredna tehnika 48, no. 1 (2023): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/poljteh2301016e.
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Climatic conditions and geologic formations have been found to influence the nature of soils formed. Therefore, this study seeks to study the physical and chemical properties of the soils derived from the different geologic formations of a typical West African rainforest agroecological zone. 90 soil samples were generated from the field using standard field procedures. Standard laboratory method was used in carrying out the physico-chemical analysis of the collected soil samples. The results obtained showed the range of some selected soil properties coarse sand (32.25 to 61.62), fine sand (18.17 to 29.87%), total sand (62.22 to 85.93), silt (2.88 to 19.86%), Clay (10.3 to 18.46%), the structural code (1.77 to 3.77), porosity (50.55 to 61.20%), permeability (2.98 to 9.27 cm/hr), bulk density (1.35 to 1.57g/cm3 ) and a permeability class (1.77 to 2.87 cm/hr), pH (5.22 to 5.62), organic matter (5.17 to 6.60%), available phosphorus (19.43 to 28.37%), calcium (4.98 to 19.11%), magnesium (1.39 to 3.34%), sodium (0.06 to 2.8%), potassium (0.04 to 0.29%) and ECEC (8.96 to 17.14 Cmolc/kg). The results indicate the different physico-chemical properties of the formed from the different geologic formation of the study area. There is no statistical difference on the soils across the depth of the each geologic formation. The results obtained show that geologic formation have impact on the physicochemical properties of the soils. The results obtained in this research can served as a guide in soil management, utilization and conservation.
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Roslikova, V. I., T. I. Matveenko, and L. P. Mayorova. "Почвы промышленных зон города Хабаровска и их биологическая активность." Bulletin of the North-East Science Center, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34078/1814-0998-2021-2-77-86.
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Urban soils are a complex transformed system. The most widespread over the the city area is technogenic lithogenesis, which determines the formation of new deposits with different properties. The researchers use the substantial genetic classification of trasformed soils and soil formations in industrial zones of the city of Khabarovsk. The basis for the selection of the horizon sequence is the classical ABC system. In the morphological description of the sections, attention is drawn to the newly formed soil bodies formed on modern deposits of different genesis, as well as to their position in elementary landscapes. Indicators of respiratory activity and phytotoxicity of soils permit to consider changes in their biological activity under the anthropogenic pressure. The research results presented have shown that there is no firm attribution of respiratory activity to soil formations in industrial zones; in each industrial zone, it is due to the functional type of sediments. The spatial variation of biological activity is significant and, in general, lies within its low values. The results obtained indicate the need to select specific remediation measures for each industrial zone, according to the soil formation state.
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Tkachenko, A. N., M. N. Kozachuk, and O. V. Tkachenko. "Morphological properties of underwater soils of river deltas." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 99 (December 9, 2019): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2019-99-62-75.
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The results of the study of the morphological properties of underwater soils in the deltas of the Volga, Don and Kuban rivers are shown. This paper is based on field descriptions of profiles of underwater soils found in deltas. Genetic horizons have been identified, their basic properties (pH, Eh, electrical conductivity, grain size composition, organic carbon content) have been studied and the main types of soils, which are formed under different types of sedimentation and under different types of aquatic vegetation, have been described. Names of horizons and types of soils are given due to the classification of underwater soils (aquazems) of the Volga delta, that had been proposed previously. The diversity of underwater soils of three deltas has been studied, and the properties of the same soil types formed in different deltas have been compared. The features of underwater soils formation are described; the difference between the factors of underwater and terrestrial soil formation is discussed. It is shown that the number of occurring soil types depends on the diversity of the emerging types of aquatic landscapes and the contrast of the conditions of migration and accumulation of matter. Necessary conditions for the forming of underwater soils and the possibility of relating bottom sediments to soil formations are discussed. Our results are indicative of the need of studying bottom sediments with soil-like profile from the standpoint of soil science and the inclusion of aquazems into the modern Russian soil classification.
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Kumacheva, Valentina. "Restoration of the soil cover on a technogenic territory in the conditions of the lower Don." АгроЭкоИнфо 4, no. 64 (July 20, 2024): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/202144404.
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The article presents an analysis of the dynamics of soil cover formation in a technogenic territory. The humus content in the soil varies from 1.42 to 2.34% (Table.1), there was an increase in the humus content over the years of the study. The content of nitrate nitrogen and exchangeable potassium in the soil is very low. Organic residues are decomposing in the turf horizons, so the content of mobile phosphorus is average. The content of carbonates increases from 0.68 to 1.12% over the years of research, the quarry soils are not saline, the cationic-anionic composition of the aqueous extract is chloride-sulfate. The structural condition of the quarry soils is good. Perennial herbaceous vegetation has a beneficial effect on the structural condition of the soils. The soil cover has been radically disrupted at the abandoned sand quarry, therefore, at this stage, vegetation and soils are gradually being restored. The soils of the abandoned sand quarry are at the stage of initial soil formation. Keywords: SOIL COVER, TECHNOGENIC TERRITORY, SOIL FORMATION, SAND QUARRY, SOIL RESTORATION
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Alekseev, V. V., S. I. Chuchkalov, V. P. Philippov, S. A. Vasiliev, and V. K. Krasnov. "Modeling process of salt fringe formation during fertigation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1229, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1229/1/012011.
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Abstract The introduction of mineral substances into the soil through fertigation ensures the localization of the nutrients necessary for the plant in the area of the root system. However, under certain conditions, this method leads to soil salinization. When the soil dries out, salts are predominantly concentrated at the boundary between dry and wet soil, forming a salt fringe. The article describes the results of experiments and a software tool designed to simulate the process of redistribution of salts during soil drying. The results of calculations for soils of central Russia are presented, taking into account the main hydrophysical characteristics of the soil and the function of hydraulic conductivity under various initial conditions in the form of moisture gradients depending on the depth of the soil, the intensity and duration of irrigation, and the concentration of nutrients. It is shown that by selecting the appropriate initial conditions and irrigation regimes, it is possible to significantly reduce the intensity of the formation of salt fringes.
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Ahadov, D. "Value of Basic Soil Criteria in Formation of Soil Fertility." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/72/12.
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The article clarifies the significance of many soil criteria in the formation of fertility. Through field and office research, it has been proven that soil fertility and productivity mainly depend on the supply of humus, nitrogen, phosphorus, the amount of absorbed bases and the reaction of the soil. Close connections of yield of cereals, cotton, grapes, tea, natural herbs were revealed. The yield of some crops, for example, tea and citrus fruits, depends on metabolic and hydrolytic acidities. Indicators of properties of productivity, correlation coefficients vary within 58-99. In addition to the main criteria of soils, the grain size distribution, salinity, gley process, etc., play an important role in the yield of agricultural crops. Revealed the correction factors for these indicators.
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Lebedeva, I. I., and M. I. Gerasimova. "Factors of soil formation in soil classification systems." Eurasian Soil Science 42, no. 12 (December 2009): 1412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064229309120138.
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Kacálek, D., J. Novák, D. Dušek, J. Bartoš, and V. Černohous. "How does legacy of agriculture play role in formation of afforested soil properties?" Journal of Forest Science 55, No. 1 (February 3, 2009): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/74/2008-jfs.
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Soil properties of forest ecosystems depend on synergy of both parent material and organisms living in the soil, i.e. tree species communities including related plant and animal species. However these soils were not left intact being converted into agricultural land; addition of both nutrients and organic matter and cultivation using tillage led to increased fertility of topsoil. Even long-term afforested soils show differences which are considered as legacy of past agriculture. The change remains detectable for decades; though the altered properties are obvious especially couple of years after planting (approximately 10 years). We found increased concentrations of nutrients (P, K, Ca, and Mg) and subsequent increased base saturation (V %) in former tilled soil only. Moreover, there were no differences between topsoil and subsoil properties (69% and 72%, respectively). In addition to significantly lower saturation (both 0–10 cm and 11–30 cm layers) detected in the long-term-forest and 50-year-afforested (both covered with Norway spruce stands) soils in comparison with adjacent 10-year-old afforestations, there was found significantly lower base saturation in topsoil horizons compared to underlying ones.
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Mamedov, A. I., G. J. Levy, I. Shainberg, and J. Letey. "Wetting rate, sodicity, and soil texture effects on infiltration rate and runoff." Soil Research 39, no. 6 (2001): 1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01029.
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Surface sealing is determined by aggregate disintegration and clay dispersion, which in turn depend on aggregate wetting rate, and soil sodicity and texture. We hypothesised that soil susceptibility to seal formation increases when the aggregate wetting rate (WR) is increased, and that the effect of WR depends on soil texture and soil sodicity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of WR on seal formation, by observing infiltration rate (IR) and runoff, in cultivated soils varying in clay content and exchangeable sodium percent (ESP). Effects of 3 wetting rates (2, 8, and 64 mm/h) on IR and runoff from 6 Israeli soils exposed to 60 mm of simulated rain of deionised water were studied in the laboratory. The soils ranged in clay from 8.8 to 68.3% and ESP levels from 0.9 to 20.4. Effects of WR on soil infiltration rate and runoff depended on soil texture and soil ESP. In soils with low clay content (8.8%), the effect of WR on seal formation was negligible, whereas effect of ESP was significant. Conversely, in clay soils (>52.1%), WR had a predominant effect on IR and runoff, while the effect of ESP was notable yet secondary to that of WR. The soils with intermediate clay content (22.5–40.2% clay) were the soils most susceptible to seal formation, with WR and ESP having moderate effects on seal formation. Effects of WR on aggregate disintegration and seal formation increased with increasing clay content and aggregate stability. Conversely, the role of ESP in determining sealing decreased with an increase in clay content and in WR.
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Sokolov, Denis A., Vladimir A. Androkhanov, and Evgeny V. Abakumov. "Soil formation in technogenic landscapes: trends, results, and representation in the current classifications (Review)." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Biologiya, no. 56 (2021): 6–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988591/56/1.
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For hundreds of years, humans have been a soil formation factor. With the recent industrial development of vast territories, the formation of soils in technogenic and postanthropogenic conditions requires more attention. This study reviews the literature on the soils of human-transformed or human-made landscapes (technogenic landscapes), in which soil formation starts on a new technogenic substrate. Such soils may occur in different bioclimatic conditions. We focused on processes that govern soil morphology and the subsequent transformation of these soils. Often, the soils of technogenic landscapes are characterized by high bulk density values and by the presence of dense contact. Their properties are affected mainly by organic matter accumulation (humus, litter, and peat). The paper also covers approaches to the reclamation of technogenic landscapes, the main stages, and partly the reclamation options. It is noted that the efficiency of reclamation activities depends on the available resources and timely decision-making. We assessed the efficiency of soil reclamation methods and suggested technogenic landscape survey techniques. The major approaches to soil classification in technogenic landscapes in national and international soil classification systems are briefly discussed, and an approximate correlation of soil names used in different systems is suggested. All considered classifications provide the opportunity to assess the soil properties and specifics of soil formation in technogenic landscapes. However, in most studies, the soil diagnostics are limited to top-order taxa only. The paper contains 3 Figures, 2 Tables, and 140 References.
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Murtazova, Kheda, and Natalia Oboturova. "Soils and Man-Made Surface Formations in Urban Landscapes." BIO Web of Conferences 63 (2023): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20236307002.
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Intensive and diverse human activity in large cities and their environs leads to a significant change in the environment: the relief, hydrographic network changes, natural vegetation is destroyed or replaced by urbophytocenoses, the soil cover is greatly transformed, climatic characteristics change, i.e. a specific type of urban microclimate is formed. In large cities, the anthropogenic impact becomes predominant over the natural factors of soil formation, which leads to the formation of specific soils and soil-like bodies (formations). In this case, the type of land use is the determining factor of the soil cover. Adverse environmental impacts lead to soil degradation, resulting in the destruction of vegetation. All this together leads to a deterioration in the chemical composition of the air and the general environmental situation that affects people’s health. Unfavorable ecological processes significantly impede (prevent) the fulfillment by soils of the ecological functions assigned to them. A significant part of the territories of large cities is located in the zone of action of negative processes that affect the ecological state of the soil cover and soil functions. Ecologists predict that these impacts will intensify.
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Murtazova, Kheda, and Anna Babich. "Geoecological Functions of Green Infrastructure in the Largest Cities of Russia." BIO Web of Conferences 63 (2023): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20236308001.
Full textAbstract:
Intensive and diverse human activity in large cities and their environs leads to a significant change in the environment: the relief, hydrographic network changes, natural vegetation is destroyed or replaced by urbophytocenoses, the soil cover is greatly transformed, climatic characteristics change, i.e. a specific type of urban microclimate is formed. In large cities, the anthropogenic impact becomes predominant over the natural factors of soil formation, which leads to the formation of specific soils and soil-like bodies (formations). In this case, the type of land use is the determining factor of the soil cover. Adverse environmental impacts lead to soil degradation, resulting in the destruction of vegetation. All this together leads to a deterioration in the chemical composition of the air and the general environmental situation that affects people’s health. Unfavorable ecological processes significantly impede (prevent) the fulfillment by soils of the ecological functions assigned to them. A significant part of the territories of large cities is located in the zone of action of negative processes that affect the ecological state of the soil cover and soil functions. Ecologists predict that these impacts will intensify.
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Artamonova, V., and S. Bortnikova. "Ecological aspects of soil reclamation on overburden dumps in coal mining areas." Anthropogenic Transformation of Nature 8, no. 1 (2022): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2410-8553-2022-1-48-57.
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Biologically productive soils are a non-renewable natural resource. It has been formed for hundreds of years under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors of soil formation. Open-pit coal mining is accompanied by soil destruction, the involvement of man-made waste in the processes of hypergenesis and pedogenesis, including accelerated soil formation. This review focuses on the current state of the problem of ecology of biological reclamation of disturbed lands, special attention is paid to the creation of artificially created pedons on the surface of technogenic bodies, in the profile of which the humus or organogenic horizon is located on technogenic eluvium. It performs at the initial stages of soil formation the function of the underlying rock, and not the parent (soil-forming). Its characteristic feature is the presence of heavy, rare-earth, radioactive metals and metalloids, the supplier of which are minerals of the main overburden and host rocks of coal deposits (siltstones, mudstones, sandstones). In this regard, it is advisable to include artificially created soil-like formations in which there is a fertile layer introduced from the outside to improve the root nutrition of plants, monitoring their ecological and toxicological status, taking into account the gross content of heavy metals around the roots, in terrestrial biomass and biological activity. The review presents modern views on biogenicity and its role in the formation of soil fertility. The necessity of developing a strategy for a comprehensive study of the ecology of soil reclamation in the conditions of technogenesis is emphasized, which is important for the formation of high-quality reclamation services.
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Strutsinskа, O. E. "NATURAL CONDITIONS OF COASTAL AND NEAR-COASTAL TERRITORIES OF ESTUARIES ALLOCATED IN THE NORTH-WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION AND THEIR SOIL FORMATION POTENTIAL." Odesa National University Herald. Geography and Geology 19, no. 4(23) (March 20, 2015): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2303-9914.2014.4(23).39331.
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The aim of this research resides in uncovering links between the specific factors of the soil formation processes and the peculiarities of soils which are being formed in the coastal and near-coastal territories of the estuaries allocated in the North-Western Black Sea Region. Reserach object focuses on the natural conditions of the the coastal and near-coastal territories of the estuaries as the soil formation factors. In its turn, the research subject addresses the natural soil formation conditions and their role and potential in shaping the soils within the researched territory. In the result of the research there have been outlined natural conditions of the coastal and near-coastal territories of the North-Western Black Sea estuaries. The landscape as a factor which influences and specifies other soil formation factors have been described. It has been established that the geomorphological conditions and processes taking place in the coastal and near-coastal territories contribute to the aclimatic divergence and formation of the azonic and intrazonal soil types (in particular, one should note the emergence of the meadow black soil, alluvial meadow saline, saline gley, meadow marsh, marsh gley, short profile black soil, and other types of soils). The research results have been confirmed by the field and laboratory analysis of the morphology, consistence, and peculiarities of soils of different geomorphologic and hypsometric layers within the research territory.
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Polyakov, Vyacheslav, Ksenia Orlova, and Evgeny Abakumov. "Landscape-dynamic aspects of soil formation in the Lena River Delta." Czech Polar Reports 8, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 260–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2018-2-22.
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This article provides data on the study of pedodiversity and pecularities of soils and their spatial distribution in the territory of the Lena River Delta (Siberia, Russia). Special reference to geogenic factors of soil formation in the pedoenvironment are made. The main patterns of soil distribution in different geomorphic positions for Samoilovsky, Arga-Belir-Aryta, Kurungnakh and Hardang islands are discussed. The soil catenas of the 4 investigated islands are given as a reliable representation of the formation of soils and the development of soil-forming processes in various types of relief and geomorphological features. Soils are represented mainly by the following groups: Fluvisols, Umbrisols, Podzols, Cryosols, Histosols, Gleysols, which are closely related to the geomorphic terraces of the delta.
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Makarova, M. A., E. S. Shipilova, N. M. Boeva, D. A. Vnuchkov, and N. S. Bortnikov. "SOURCES OF SUBSTANCE AND GENETIC RELATION OF SOIL AND BAUXITE BEARING HORIZONS IN THE LATERITE PROFILE OF THE WEATHERING CRUST (OF THE FUTA JALLON-MANDINGO PROVINCE, REPUBLIC OF GUINEA)." Доклады Российской академии наук. Науки о Земле 511, no. 2 (August 1, 2023): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2686739723600893.
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For the first time, a granulometric analysis of lateritic soils was carried out and the sources of the substance involved in the formation of the degradation zone in the bauxite-bearing laterite profile of the bauxite-bearing province of Futa Jallon-Mandingo were identified. Throughout the province, on the stony rocks of the lateritic covers, the soil horizon occurs everywhere - the uppermost element of the vertical profile of the weathering crust. In the soil horizon, most of the components become mobile, leaching processes predominate, and laterites are mobilized and redistributed. The study of these continental formations made it possible to establish the genetic relationship between the soil horizon of the weathering crust and the underlying bauxite ores, and to determine the degree of influence of soil composition on the processes of bauxite formation.
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He, Shi, Xinbao Yu, Aritra Banerjee, and Anand J. Puppala. "Expansive Soil Treatment with Liquid Ionic Soil Stabilizer." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 52 (August 23, 2018): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118792996.
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Calcium-based stabilizers such as lime and cement control swell and shrinkage behavior and enhance strength properties for expansive soils through the formation of pozzolanic components. However, sulfate-bearing subgrade soils stabilized with calcium-based stabilizers might cause excessive swelling and shrinkage due to the formation of highly expansive minerals like ettringite and thaumasite. In this paper, one liquid ionic soil stabilizer (LISS) was evaluated as an alternative stabilizer used to control swelling and shrinkage behavior of expansive soils. A comprehensive laboratory experiment program including a linear shrinkage test, a one-dimensional swell test, and an unconfined compressive strength test, was designed and carried out on soils from Dallas, Texas before and after treatment. Three dosage levels of stabilizer and four different curing periods were investigated. Test results indicate that LISS is an effective stabilizing agent, which not only reduces swelling and soil plasticity but also increases soil strength. Furthermore, a similar type of LISS is utilized to treat the soil in Dallas via deep injection using a hydraulic pump. Field emission scanning electron microscopy results on the test soil showed that the stabilizing program is likely to work through clay flocculation and morphological variations in the clay particles.
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Evans, Daniel L., Bernardo Cândido, Ricardo M. Coelho, Isabella C. De Maria, Jener F. L. de Moraes, Anette Eltner, Letícia L. Martins, and Heitor Cantarella. "The Loss of Soil Parent Material: Detecting and Measuring the Erosion of Saprolite." Soil Systems 8, no. 2 (April 9, 2024): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8020043.
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Soil parent material is a fundamental natural resource for the generation of new soils. Through weathering processes, soil parent materials provide many of the basic building blocks for soils and have a significant bearing on the physico-chemical makeup of the soil profile. Parent materials are critical for governing the stock, quality, and functionality of the soil they form. Most research on soil parent materials to date has aimed to establish and measure the processes by which soil is generated from them. Comparatively little work has been performed to assess the rates at which soil parent materials erode if they are exposed at the land surface. This is despite the threat that the erosion of soil parent materials poses to the process of soil formation and the loss of the essential ecosystem services those soils would have provided. A salient but unanswered question is whether the erosion of soil parent materials, when exposed at the land surface, outpaces the rates at which soils form from them. This study represents one of the first to detect and measure the loss of soil parent material. We applied Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle Structure-From-Motion (UAV-SfM) photogrammetry to detect, map, and quantify the erosion rates of an exposed saprolitic (i.e., weathered bedrock) surface on an agricultural hillslope in Brazil. We then utilized a global inventory of soil formation to compare these erosion rates with the rates at which soils form in equivalent lithologies and climatic contexts. We found that the measured saprolite erosion rates were between 14 and 3766 times faster than those of soil formation in similar climatic and lithological conditions. While these findings demonstrate that saprolite erosion can inhibit soil formation, our observations of above-ground vegetation on the exposed saprolitic surface suggests that weathered bedrock has the potential to sustain some biomass production even in the absence of traditional soils. This opens up a new avenue of enquiry within soil science: to what extent can saprolite and, by extension, soil parent materials deliver soil ecosystem services?
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Moskvina, Natalia. "Urbostratozems of residential multistorey districts of Perm: formation, transformation and assessment of the ecological state." АгроЭкоИнфо 3, no. 51 (May 30, 2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/202123310.
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The processes of formation of technogenic urbostratozems on the basis of grounds self-overgrowing with ruderal vegetation are considered. The main physical and chemical properties of urbostratozems have been studied. The main soil-forming processes in urbostratozems - soddy process, humus formation and humus accumulation, as well as decarbonatization of surface horizons - occur with a combination of zonal and anthropogenic factors of soil formation. Phytotesting showed that urbostratozems generally have a satisfactory ecological state and provide better conditions for plants than zonal soddy-podzolic soils and grounds from which they are formed. Keywords: URBAN SOILS, SOIL FORMATION PROCESSES, PHYTOTESTING, URBOSTRATOZEMS
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Johnson, William C., Karen L. Willey, Joseph A. Mason, and David W. May. "Stratigraphy and environmental reconstruction at the middle Wisconsinan Gilman Canyon formation type locality, Buzzard's Roost, southwestern Nebraska, USA." Quaternary Research 67, no. 3 (May 2007): 474–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2007.01.011.
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AbstractThe middle Wisconsinan Gilman Canyon Formation at the Buzzard's Roost type locality in southwestern Nebraska was investigated to document the stratigraphy and to reconstruct the environmental and climate record. The Gilman Canyon Formation was subdivided into three loess units and three soils, with radiocarbon ages constraining it between about 40 ka and 25 ka. Stable carbon isotope ratios, magnetic susceptibility, and carbon content were used to define and characterize soils within both the Gilman Canyon Formation and underlying Illinoian Loveland Loess. At the height of soil development within the Gilman Canyon Formation, climate was supporting C4-dominated grassland, with July temperatures equal to or exceeding those of today. Soil-forming intervals within the Loveland Loess, including the Sangamon Soil, also exhibited relative increases in C4 biomass. Climate, as recorded in the Gilman Canyon Formation, is corroborated by regional proxy data. The formation accumulated during MIS 3, and concurrent soil formation coincided with a summer insolation maximum.
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Mujtaba, Babar, Hana Hlaváčiková, Michal Danko, João L. M. P. de Lima, and Ladislav Holko. "The role of stony soils in hillslope and catchment runoff formation." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 68, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2020-0012.
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AbstractThe role of stony soils in runoff response of mountain catchments is rarely studied. We have compared simulated response of stony soils with measured catchment runoff for events caused by rains of small and high intensities in the mountain catchment of the Jalovecký Creek, Slovakia. The soil water response was simulated for three sites with stoniness 10–65% using the Hydrus-2D single porosity model. Soil hydraulic parameters employed in the modelling, i. e. the saturated hydraulic conductivity and parameters of the soil water retention curves, were obtained by two approaches, namely by the Representative Elementary Volume approach (REVa) and by the inverse modelling with Hydrus-1D model (IMa). The soil water outflow hydrographs simulated by Hydrus-2D were compared to catchment runoff hydrographs by analysing their skewness and peak times. Measured catchment runoff hydrographs were similar to simulated soil water outflow hydrographs for about a half of rainfall events. Interestingly, most of them were caused by rainfalls with small intensity (below 2.5 mm/10 min). The REV approach to derive soil hydraulic parameters for soil water outflow modelling provided more realistic shapes of soil water outflow hydrographs and peak times than the IMa approach.
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Pankiv, Zinovii, and Andriana Yavorska. "Stages of suspended soils formations in Verkhovyna dividing range of Ukrainian Carpathians." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 50 (December 28, 2016): 286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2016.50.8715.
Full textAbstract:
It was found out that suspended soils in Verkhovyna Dividing Range in Ukrainian Carpathians are intrazonal ones and are formed near dense sandstones outcrops in Krosnenska zone provided excess moisture of flushing type of water regime. Suspended soils are located within the mountain-forest and subalpine zones under moss lichen communities. They form habitats ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 square meter, oval and oblong shaped with the highest capacity of organic horizon in the central part with gradual reduction to the periphery. Suspended soils in Ukrainian Carpathians were mentioned for the first time in writings of Professor A. Zrazhevskyi. Formation of suspended soils in dense sandstones within Verkhovyna Dividing Range can occur in two ways: initial (primary) soil development and settlement of moss lichen communities from adjacent soil areas. Main stages of formation of soils under research are detected analyzing the succession of plant communities and morphological features of each section. Initial stage begins with the settlement of alga, bacteria, fungi, actinomyces, lichens (crustose and foliose) in centres of soil formation and formation of humified layer of dark gray colour up to 2 cm thick. Moss settlement on the developed organo-mineral layer and formation of organic (peat) horizon marks the beginning of development stage. Soils under research with formed organic horizon up to 10 cm thick are to be classified as initial suspended soils. The development stage is accompanied by accumulation of defunct organic remains (peat formation) and expansion of organic horizon (Td+T). Soils formed in Krosnenska zone in mild wind-blown sandstones with organic horizon more than 10 cm thick are at the stage of equilibrium functioning. It is advisable to define these soils as peat-suspended soils. Suspended soils are not represented in the nomenclature list of soils of Ukraine, that encourages conducting more detailed research on their classification. Patterns of distribution of soils under research and stages of soil formation were found out. Key words: Verkhovyna Diving range, suspended soils, the formation of peat, genesis, stages of soil formation.
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Kremin, Nadiya. "Micromorphological structure of Korshiv fossil soil complex of Halych 2D key section." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 47 (November 27, 2014): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2014.47.920.
Full textAbstract:
The general lithologic and micromorphological descriptions of korshiv fossil soil complex of Halych 2D key section were conducted. The features of formation of differentiated genetic profile based on the analysis of main features of microstructure of korshiv soil complex were revealed. Interpretation of natural conditions of the formation of korshiv fossil soil complex during the Pleistocene was performed. The reasons which suggest the forest and forest steppe conditions of the formation of korshiv soils of the first and second phases were analyzed. Key words: micromorphological structure, shlif, soil horizon, fossil soil, loess.
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Musso, Alessandra, Dmitry Tikhomirov, Michael L. Plötze, Konrad Greinwald, Anne Hartmann, Clemens Geitner, Fabian Maier, Fanny Petibon, and Markus Egli. "Soil Formation and Mass Redistribution during the Holocene Using Meteoric 10Be, Soil Chemistry and Mineralogy." Geosciences 12, no. 2 (February 21, 2022): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12020099.
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Soil development and erosion are important and opposing processes in the evolution of high-mountainous landscapes, though their dynamics are not fully understood. We compared soil development between a calcareous and a siliceous chronosequence in the central Swiss Alps at high altitudes, which both cover soil formation over the Holocene. We calculated element mass balances, long-term erosion rates based on meteoric 10Be and we determined the rates of soil formation. We also analyzed the shifts in the mineralogical composition, weathering indices, the particle size distribution, carbon stocks and oxalate extractable Fe, Al, and Mn. The siliceous soils had high chemical weathering rates at the early stage of soil formation that strongly decreased after a few millennia. The development of calcareous soil was characterized by high carbonate losses and a shift to finer soil texture. Soil erosion hampered the upbuilding of soil horizons in the early stages of soil development, which led to a delay in soil and vegetation development. This study shows how soil formation drivers change over time. In the early stages of soil development, the parent material predominantly drives soil formation while at later stages the vegetation becomes more dominant as it influences surface stability, hydrological pathways, and chemical weathering that determine water drainage and retention.
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Saakian, Alexander. "Soil compaction as a factor of soil fertility model correction." АгроЭкоИнфо 1, no. 43 (February 25, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/20211111.
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In this work we prove that high soil density and the dynamic tension fields cause change in the parameters of other physical fields, affecting soil. Higher soil density lowers MAC for mobile forms of toxic compounds in soils and increases optimums for mobile forms of nutrient elements. Local soil density changes the direction of migrational flows within the soil, it increases energy expenses needed for humus formation and plant development. Topsoil layers press on the underlying layers, which must be accounted for upon forecasting of the dynamics of soil formation processes. The data shows that in the sod-podzolic soils with density of 1.1 and 1.3 gcm-3 the porosity was 53.7 and 47.1%. With low soil density, the amount of mobile zinc and lead was 6.5±1.4 and 8.5±0.9 mgkg-1 under lawns and 25.6±2.5 and 14.6±1.6 mgkg-1 under residential areas. The increasing soil density led to higher energy demand by plants for NPK consumption and root development. Keywords: SOIL DENSITY, DYNAMIC TENSION FIELDS, MAC, SOIL FERTILITY MODELLING
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Yuldashev, Gulam, Murojon Isagaliev, and Vladimir Goncharov. "Agrophysics peculiarity of brown mountain-forest soils of Ferghana valley." АгроЭкоИнфо 2, no. 56 (April 25, 2023): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/202132228.
Full textAbstract:
Middle mountains of the Ferghana mountains soils morphological features and other physical properties that point to development of soil formation process towards brown mountain and forest soils of a belt of brown soils are quite widespread. Brown mountain and forest soils represent result of imposing of mountain process of soil formation. Not degraded soils studied by us are characterized by good Argo physical properties, have a large number of cloggy-granular structural elements and water strong units, have the smallest density, the raised moisture capacity, the best aeration that promote to substantial increase of natural and effective fertility. Keywords: MOUNTAIN SOILS, BROWN FOREST SOILS, AGROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES, GRANULOMETRIC COMPOSITION, SOIL DENSITY, SOLID PHASE OF SOIL, FERTILITY