Academic literature on the topic 'Soil gases'
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Journal articles on the topic "Soil gases"
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Maček, Irena, Damijana Kastelec, and Dominik Vodnik. "Root colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) concentration in hypoxic soils in natural CO2 springs." Agricultural and Food Science 21, no. 1 (2012): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5006.
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Changed ratios of soil gases that lead to hypoxia are most often present in waterlogged soils, but can also appear in soils not saturated with water. In natural CO2 springs (mofettes), gases in soil air differ from those in typical soils. In this study, plant roots from the mofette area Stavešinci (Slovenia) were sampled in a spatial scale and investigated for AM fungal colonization. AM fungi were found in roots from areas with high geological CO2 concentration, however mycorrhizal intensity was relatively low and no correlation between AM fungal colonization and soil pattern of CO2/O2 concentrations (up to 37% CO2) was found. The relatively high abundance of arbuscules in root cortex indicated existence of functional symbiosis at much higher CO2 concentrations than normally found in soils. In addition, concentration of two different glomalin-related soil protein fractions – EE-GRSP and TG-GRSP – was measured. No significant correlation between any of the fractions and soil gases was found, however the concentration of both fractions was significantly higher in the upper 0–5 cm, compared to the 5–10 cm layer of the soil.
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Bushnaf, Khaled Mohamed Mossa. "Effects of Biochar on Soil Biogenic Gases Activities." مجلة علوم البحار والتقنيات البيئية 1, no. 2 (2015): 68–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.59743/jmset.v1i2.126.
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The effect of biochar amendment (2% and 10% on dry weight basis) and the biochar-soil contact period on the denitrification activity and methane oxidation in different type of soils was investigated. The result shows different soil responses to biochar amendments, that was attributed to the differences in soil properties. The N2O production was lower without supplement treatments, and patterns were different from those observed with supplement treatments. Biochar does not seem to have a strong and consistent impact on denitrification or methane oxidation. Increased soil salinity or soil pH may have negatively affected microorganisms in sandy soil. Furthermore, the results show that the influence of two soil-biochar contact periods on denitrification or methane oxidation activities was not significant.
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Gerke, Jörg. "The Central Role of Soil Organic Matter in Soil Fertility and Carbon Storage." Soil Systems 6, no. 2 (2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems6020033.
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The aim of the paper is to give an overview on the chemistry of soil organic carbon (SOC) affecting nutrient availability, the emission of greenhouse gases and detoxifying harmful substances in soil. Humic substances represent the stable part of SOC, accounting for between 50 and more than 80% of organically bound carbon in soil. Humic substances strongly affect the soil solution concentration of several plant nutrients and may increase P-, Fe-, and Cu- solubility, thereby increasing their plant availability. Soil organic carbon, mainly humic substances, can detoxify monomeric Al in acid soils, can strongly bind toxic heavy metals, making them unavailable to the plant roots, and may strongly bind a vast variety of harmful organic pollutants. Increasing SOC is an important goal in agriculture. The inclusion of mixtures of semi-perennial plant species and cultivars may strongly increase SOC and humic substance content in soils. To increase SOC, farmyard manure and its rotted or composted forms are superior compared to the separate application of straw and slurry to soil. The storage of carbon, mainly in organic form, in soils is very important in the context of the emission of greenhouse gases. Worldwide, soils release about 10 times more greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuel combustion. Small increments in SOC worldwide will strongly affect the concentration of atmospheric CO2. The public discussion on soil fertility and greenhouse gas emissionshas been politically controlled in a way that leaves the important and positive contribution of soil organic carbon and mainly humic substances partly misinterpreted and partly underestimated.
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Clough, T. J., R. R. Sherlock, K. C. Cameron, R. J. Stevens, R. J. Laughlin, and C. Müller. "Resolution of the 15N balance enigma?" Soil Research 39, no. 6 (2001): 1419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr00092.
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The enigma of soil nitrogen balance sheets has been discussed for over 40 years. Many reasons have been considered for the incomplete recovery of 15N applied to soils, including sampling uncertainty, gaseous N losses from plants, and entrapment of soil gases. The entrapment of soil gases has been well documented for rice paddy and marshy soils but little or no work appears to have been done to determine entrapment in drained pasture soils. In this study 15N-labelled nitrate was applied to a soil core in a gas-tight glovebox. Water was applied, inducing drainage, which was immediately collected. Dinitrogen and N2O were determined in the flux through the soil surface, and in the gases released into the glovebox as a result of irrigation or physical destruction of the core. Other components of the N balance were also measured, including soil inorganic-N and organic-N. Quantitative recovery of the applied 15N was achieved when the experiment was terminated 484 h after the 15N-labelled material was applied. Nearly 23% of the 15N was recovered in the glovebox atmosphere as N2 and N2O due to diffusion from the base of the soil core, convective flow after irrigation, and destructive soil sampling. This 15N would normally be unaccounted for using the sampling methodology typically employed in 15N recovery experiments.
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Werner, S. F., C. T. Driscoll, P. M. Groffman, and J. B. Yavitt. "Landscape patterns of soil oxygen and atmospheric greenhouse gases in a northern hardwood forest landscape." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 6 (2011): 10859–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-10859-2011.
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Abstract. The production and consumption of the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4), are controlled by redox reactions in soils. Together with oxygen (O2), seasonal and spatial dynamics of these atmospheric gases can serve as robust indicators of soil redox status, respiration rates, and nitrogen cycling. We examined landscape patterns of soil oxygen and greenhouse gas dynamics in Watershed 3 at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH, USA. We analyzed depth profiles of soil O2, CO2, N2O, and CH4 approximately bimonthly for one year. Soil gas depth profiles were obtained from several different soil types encompassing a range of topographic positions, drainage classes, and organic matter content. Soil O2 was a good predictor of greenhouse gas concentrations. Unsaturated soils always had O2 concentrations >18 %, while saturated soils had O2 ranging from 0 to 18 %. For unsaturated soils, changes in CO2 were nearly stoichiometric with O2. High concentrations of CH4 (>10 μL L−1) were typically associated with saturated soils; CH4 was typically below atmospheric concentrations (<1.8 μL L−1) in unsaturated soils. High concentrations of N2O (>5000 nL L−1) were found only in well-aerated soils after summer rainfall events and in marginally-anoxic soils; N2O was consumed (<200 nL L−1) under anoxic conditions. The production and consumption of greenhouse gases were linked to functionally distinct biogeochemical zones of variable redox conditions (hotspots), which exhibit dynamic temporal patterns of redox fluctuations (hot moments). These soil redox hot phenomena were temporally driven by climate and spatially organized by soil type (reflective of topographic position) further constrained by subsurface hydrology.
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Zhu, Xiao-cong, Dong-rui Di, Ming-guo Ma, and Wei-yu Shi. "Stable Isotopes in Greenhouse Gases from Soil: A Review of Theory and Application." Atmosphere 10, no. 7 (2019): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070377.
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Greenhouse gases emitted from soil play a crucial role in the atmospheric environment and global climate change. The theory and technique of detecting stable isotopes in the atmosphere has been widely used to an investigate greenhouse gases from soil. In this paper, we review the current literature on greenhouse gases emitted from soil, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). We attempt to synthesize recent advances in the theory and application of stable isotopes in greenhouse gases from soil and discuss future research needs and directions.
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Kopittke, Peter M., Ram C. Dalal, Brigid A. McKenna, et al. "Soil is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions and climate change." SOIL 10, no. 2 (2024): 873–85. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-873-2024.
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Abstract. It is unequivocal that human activities have increased emissions of greenhouse gases, that this is causing warming, and that these changes will be irreversible for centuries to millennia. Whilst previous studies have broadly examined the contribution of agriculture or land use change to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the contribution of soil itself remains unclear, with quantifying the contribution of soil in this regard being critical for developing and implementing appropriate management practices. In the present study, we used previously published datasets for carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane to determine soil-based emissions of greenhouse gases and their contribution to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. We show that our near-complete reliance on soil to produce the rapidly increasing quantities of food being demanded by humans has caused soil to release profound amounts of greenhouse gases that are threatening the future climate. Indeed, net anthropogenic emissions from soil alone account for 15 % of the entire global increase in climate warming (radiative forcing) caused by well-mixed greenhouse gases, with carbon dioxide being the most important gas emitted from soil (74 % of total soil-derived warming), followed by nitrous oxide (17 %) and methane (9 %). There is an urgent need to prevent further land use change (including for biofuel production) to limit the release of carbon dioxide that results from the loss of soil organic carbon, to develop strategies to increase nitrogen fertilizer efficiency in order to reduce nitrous oxide emissions, to decrease methane from rice paddies, and to ensure that the widespread thawing of permafrost is avoided. Innovative approaches are urgently required for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from soil if we are to limit global warming to 1.5 or 2.0 °C.
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Bannov, Alexander G., Igor’ V. Trubin, Ilya K. Zakharov, Evgeny A. Maksimovskiy, and Pavel B. Kurmashov. "A Critical Review on Soil Gas Analysis: Modern Technologies and Problems." Agronomy 14, no. 10 (2024): 2374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14102374.
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In this review article, the main techniques for spectroscopic studies of gases in field conditions are considered. The issues related to the study of gas emissions from soils and the determination of their concentrations are analysed. The main types of spectroscopy used in portable devices for soil gas analysis, along with their design features and sampling approaches, are provided. Various studies aimed at optimising the operation of devices for analysing gases emitted from the soil, taking into account agronomic, agrochemical, and ecological specifics, are also presented. The effect of using different types of lasers and reflecting elements on the accuracy of optical measurements and the sensitivity to various substances in the gases is analysed.
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Signor, Diana, and Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino Cerri. "Nitrous oxide emissions in agricultural soils: a review." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 43, no. 3 (2013): 322–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-40632013000300014.
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The greenhouse gases concentration in the atmosphere have significantly increased since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The most important greenhouse gases are CO2, CH4 and N2O, with CH4 and N2O presenting global warming potentials 25 and 298 times higher than CO2, respectively. Most of the N2O emissions take place in soils and are related with agricultural activities. So, this review article aimed at presenting the mechanisms of N2O formation and emission in agricultural soils, as well as gathering and discussing information on how soil management practices may be used to reduce such emissions. The N2O formation in the soil occurs mainly through nitrification and denitrification processes, which are influenced by soil moisture, temperature, oxygen concentration, amount of available organic carbon and nitrogen and soil C/N ratio. Among these factors, those related to soil could be easily altered by management practices. Therefore, understanding the processes of N2O formation in soils and the factors influencing these emissions is fundamental to develop efficient strategies to reduce N2O emissions in agricultural soils.
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Ahmad, Khan Waqar, and Gang Wang. "Evaluating the Crucial Relationships between Soil Health and Climate Change." Dec 2023 - Jan 2024, no. 41 (December 26, 2023): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jeimp.41.8.21.
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Content of paper emphasizes the significant influence of soil health on global warming and climate stability. Soil affects the Earth's carbon cycle by acting as a source and sink of greenhouse gases. Climate is considered important a factor in soil formation, but also soils also have an impact on the climate. Therefore, soils are affected by the current climate change as well, particularly because they may release excessive amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHG) as a result of changing their usage or poor management or human wrong practices. The pressure that climate change places on soil ecosystems has a significant impact on agriculture, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. For effective climate mitigation and adaptation policies to be developed, it is essential to understand these relationships. Worthwhile that the greatest soil management practices for reducing climate change focus on increasing soil organic matter content and water retention. The enormous carbon and nitrogen (N) store that is soil. acting as a possible regulator of the CO2, N2O, and CH4—the three main greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Because biota is the organic matter carrier to the soil, both in living organisms and through their decomposing remains, mature soils rich in life are frequently CO2 sinks. But heterotrophic organisms that live in soil are also OM net consumers, and they release CO2 into the atmosphere through respiration. The interactions between plants, soil organisms, and abiotic soil conditions are actually changing as a result of climate change, which has an impact on plant performance, plant diversity, and community structure. The loss of soil organic matter (OM) and its development to the atmosphere quickly became a significant effect of tillage and any other activity, agricultural or otherwise, that disturbs the natural soils since then. It is anticipated that the areas affected by salinization would increase due to climate change which affects the suitability of the soil agriculture or any other development purposes.The conclusion of the current study Carbon sequestration can reduced the green house gas emission.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Soil gases"
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McGinley, Susan. "Measuring Soil Gases." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622349.
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Bottoms, Emily L. "Soil greenhouse gas emissions and soil C dynamics in bioenergy crops." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=194783.
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The second generation bioenergy crops Miscanthus x giganteus and short rotation coppice (SRC) willow are the two main bioenergy crops in the UK and have become an integral part of legislation to provide an alternative to fossil fuels and to reduce national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To reach emission targets, it is estimated that approximately 350,000 ha of land could be made available for bioenergy crops by 2020. Despite the promise of these crops, there have been very few field-studies regarding soil GHG (CO2, CH4 and N2O) emissions and many of the published studies are life cycle analyses or modelled fluxes from soils using default values from the IPCC. The first aim of this research was to quantify the in situ soil GHG budget and to establish the drivers of these GHG fluxes for Miscanthus and SRC willow. The second aim of this research was to provide a more in-depth understanding of C cycling under Miscanthus i.e. litter and roots through two field experiments. Overall, the results from this work confirm minimal emissions of CH4 and N2O from soil under Miscanthus and SRC willow. CO2 flux was found to be the major efflux from soils and it was found in Miscanthus, that the majority of this flux was derived from below ground respiration. Litter played an important part in providing nutrients to the soil, which is vital in systems that are not fertilised. Litter also contributed to SOM accumulation on the soil surface and may promote long-term C sequestration. The results from this work combined with other literature would suggest that these second generation crops offer advantages to first generation crops, but more field-based studies are required to say if they can offer the large-scale GHG savings needed to be a viable alternative to fossil fuels.
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Nkongolo, Nsalambi Vakanda. "Quantification of greenhouse gas fluxes from soil in agricultural fields." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1474.
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Field studies were conducted at Lincoln University of Missouri (USA) and Hokkaido University (Japan) to: (i) study the relationships between greenhouse gases emissions and soil properties, (ii) assess the influence of agricultural practices on greenhouse gas fluxes and soil properties and (iii) improve the quantification of greenhouse gases from soil in agricultural fields using geospatial technologies. Results showed that besides soil temperature (T), soil thermal properties such as thermal conductivity (K), resistivity (R) and diffusivity (D) and soil pore spaces indices such as the pore tortuosity factor and the relative gas diffusion coefficient (Ds/Do) are controlling factors for greenhouse gases emissions. Soil thermal properties correlated with greenhouse gases emissions when soil temperature could not. The study has found that predicted Ds/Do and correlate with greenhouse gas fluxes even when the air-filled porosity and the total porosity from which they are predicted did not. We have also showed that Ds/Do and can be predicted quickly from routine measurements of soil water and air and existing diffusivity models found in the literature. Agricultural practices do seriously impact greenhouse gases emissions as showed by the effect of mechanized tillage operations on soil physical properties and greenhouse gas fluxes in a corn and soybean fields. In fact, our results showed that tractor compaction increased soil resistance to penetration, water, bulk density and pore tortuosity while reducing air-filled porosity, total pore space and the soil gas diffusion coefficient. Changes in soil properties resulted in increased CO2, NO and N2O emissions. Finally, our results also confirmed that greenhouse gas fluxes vary tremendously in space and time. As estimates of greenhouse gas emissions are influenced by the data processing approach, differences between the different calculation approaches leads to uncertainty. Thus, techniques for developing better estimates are needed. We have showed that Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), computer mapping and geo-statistics are technologies that can be used to better understand systems containing large amounts of spatial and temporal variability. Our GIS-based approach for quantifying CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes from soil in agricultural fields showed that estimating (extrapolating) total greenhouse gas fluxes using the “standard” approach – multiplying the average flux value by the total field area – results in biased predictions of field total greenhouse gases emissions. In contrast, the GIS-based approach we developed produces an interpolated map portraying the spatial distribution of gas fluxes across the field from point measurements and later process the interpolated map produced to determine flux zones. Furthermore, processing, classification and modeling enables the computation of field total fluxes as the sum of fluxes in different zones, therefore taking into account the spatial variability of greenhouse gas fluxes.
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Goeschel, Tyler. "Quantifying Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Soil Carbon Storage To Determine Best Management Practices In Agroecosystems." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/644.
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Intensive agriculture, coupled with an increase in nitrogen fertilizer use, has contributed significantly to the elevation of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs), including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Rising GHG emissions usually mean a decrease in soil carbon. Currently, soil C is twice that of all standing crop biomass, making it an extremely important player in the C cycle. Fortunately, agricultural management practices have the potential to reduce agricultural GHG emissions whilst increasing soil C. Management practices that impact GHG emissions and soil C include various tillage practices, different N fertilization amounts and treatments (synthetic N, cattle manure, or a combination of both), the use of cover crops, aeration, and water levels. Employing agricultural best management practices (BMPs) can assist in the mitigation and sequestration of CO2, N2O and soil C. Measuring soil carbon storage and GHG emissions and using them as metrics to evaluate BMPs are vital in understanding agriculture's role in climate change. The objective of this research was to quantify soil carbon and CO2 and N2O emissions in agroecosystems (dairy, crop, and meat producing farms) under differing management practices.
Three farms were selected for intensive GHG emissions sampling: Shelburne Farm in Shelburne, VT, a dairy in North Williston, VT, and Borderview Farm in Alburgh, VT. At each site, I collected data on GHG (CO2 and N2O) emissions and soil carbon and nitrogen storage to a depth of 1 meter. Soil emissions of CO2 and N2O were taken once every two weeks (on average) from June 2015 through November, 2015 using static flux chambers and a model 1412 Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) gas analyzer (Innova Air Tech Instruments, Ballerup, Denmark). Fluxes were measured on 17 dates at Shelburne Farms, 13 dates at the Williston site, and 13 dates in the MINT trial. Gas samples were taken at fixed intervals over a 10-14 minute time frame, with samples normally taken every one or two minutes. I also measured soil carbon to a depth of 1m in six BMPs at Borderview Farm.
Overall, I found that manure injection increased N2O and CO2 emissions, but decreased soil C storage at depth. Tillage had little to no impact on N2O emissions, except at Shelburne Farms, where aeration tillage decreased N2O emissions (marginally significant, P < 0.1). No-till did, however, decrease CO2 emissions relative to other conservation tillage practices (strip and vertical tillage) but we were unable to detect a significant change in soil C due to tillage practices. At Borderview farm, N2O emissions increased with soil NO3 and soil moisture, while CO2 emissions increased with soil temperature and nitrate. At Williston, CO2 emissions only increased with temperature; at Shelburne CO2 emissions increased with nitrate. N2O fluxes at Shelburne and Williston were not associated with any of the measured covariates.
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Miller, Gemma A. "The impacts of agricultural land management on soil carbon stabilisation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25437.
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Soil is the largest terrestrial carbon (C) store, containing an estimated ~1500 Gt C in the upper 1 m of soil. The long term storage of soil organic C (SOC) requires that it is somehow protected from microbial decomposition – or ‘stabilised’ – in the soil matrix. Three mechanisms are commonly identified as factors controlling the stability of SOM: chemical recalcitrance, physical protection in aggregates and adsorption to soil mineral surfaces. The stability of SOC in the soil matrix can be influenced by management practices and changes in soil structure can lead to loss of SOC and increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is, therefore, important to understand the impact that management practices have on SOC stability and to manage soils in such a way as to optimise the volume of SOC which is locked away for climatically significant periods of time. Two methods are generally used to estimate SOC stability: indirectly by measuring CO2 fluxes as a proxy for SOC microbial decomposition, or directly through physical fractionation of soil in to pools with different levels of physical and chemical protection. Both methods were employed in this thesis. Arable and grassland soils which represent the range of soil textures and climatic conditions of the main agricultural areas in the UK were incubated at two different moisture contents and with or without inorganic fertiliser application and GHG fluxes from them were monitored. Soil texture, mineral N concentration and soil C concentration were found to be the most important measured variables controlling GHG fluxes of the UK agricultural soils in this study. The results were generally in support of those found in the literature for a wide range of soils, conditions and locations; however, N2O emissions from the two Scottish soils appeared to be more sensitive to inorganic N fertilisation at the higher moisture content than the other soils, with the N2O emissions being exceptionally high in comparison. Although incubations of whole soils are useful in measuring the impacts of soil management practices on GHG emissions under controlled conditions they do not identify the mechanisms controlling the stability of SOC. Dividing SOM into functional pools may identify different C stabilising mechanisms and improves soil C models. A large number of operationally defined separation methods have been used to fractionate SOM into biologically meaningful pools of different stability. Direct comparisons of different fractionation methods using radiocarbon (14C) dating and spectroscopic analyses has not previously been undertaken. Average 14C ages and chemical composition of SOM fractions isolated from a grassland soil using three published and frequently applied fractionation methods were compared. (1) a density separation technique isolating three fractions (2) a combined physical and chemical separation isolating five fractions (3) a hot-water extraction method isolating two fractions. The fractions from Method 1 had the most distinct average 14C ages, the fractions from Method 2 fell into two age groups, and both Method 3 fractions were dominated by modern C. The average 14C ages of the labile fractions from Method 1 and 2 were higher than the mineral bound fractions, although they made up a relatively small proportion of the total SOC. This was a surprising result, and spectroscopic analysis confirmed that these fractions had greater relative contents of aliphatic and aromatic characteristics than the mineral bound fractions. The presence of black C in a whole soil sample and one of the labile fractions from Method 2 was confirmed by hydrogen pyrolysis. The availability of archived soils from an abandoned long term tillage treatment experiment and the ability to relocate the plots provided a unique opportunity to assess the resilience of SOC stocks to land management practices several years after the conversion from arable to grassland. SOC stability was assessed by soil fractionation of archived (1975) and freshly collected (2014) soil samples. The mass corrected SOC stocks from the four different treatments (deep plough, shallow plough, chisel plough and direct drill) were higher in 2014 than 1975 across the whole profile (0 – 36 cm). Reductions were observed at some depths for some treatments but the overall effect was an evening out of SOC stocks across all plots. The fractionations (using Method 2), revealed that there was a relative increase in the mass of the sand and aggregate fraction but a decrease in the relative proportion of SOC stored in this fraction (physically protected). There was also a significant increase in the C:N ratio of the silt and clay fraction (chemical adsorption). This suggests that reduced disturbance of agricultural soils leads to preferential physical stabilisation of fresh SOM but also increased adsorption of older material to mineral surfaces. The labile fractions were sensitive to land-use change in all tillage treatment plots, but were more sensitive in the low impact tillage plots (chisel plough and direct drill) than the inversion tillage plots (deep plough and shallow plough). It is well established that tillage disrupts aggregation. However, a direct measurement of the level of SOM physical protection in the soil matrix due to aggregation has not previously been undertaken. The soil was fractionated using Method 1 (fractions with distinctly different 14C ages) and isolated soil fractions were incubated separately, recombined and mixed in to whole soil at three different temperatures. The C respiration rate of the isolated intra-aggregate fraction was generally consistently as high as the whole soil. This supports the theory that there is a labile component of soil which is protected from decomposition by physical protection within aggregates. Therefore, the lack of any priming effect with the addition of labile fractions to the whole soil, and indeed the suppression of emissions relative to the whole soil, was unusual. Fractions and whole soils incubated at 25 and 35 °C had a wider range of Q10 (temperature sensitivity) values than those incubated at 15 and 25 °C, however, median values were surprisingly similar (range from 0.7 to 1.9). Overall, the results from this thesis highlight the importance of the soil structure in stabilising C. Disrupting aggregates leaves a proportion of otherwise stable C susceptible to loss through microbial decomposition, particularly when the entire soil matrix is disrupted. It also provided some unexpected results which warrant future investigation; in particular, further direct measurement of physical stabilisation of SOM in soils of different type, from different climates and different land uses would be useful.
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Parmar, Kim. "Impacts of land use change to short rotation forestry for bioenergy on soil greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16159.
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Short Rotation Forestry (SRF) for bioenergy could be used to meet biomass requirements and contribute to achieving renewable energy targets. As an important source of biomass it is important to gain an understanding of the implications of large-scale application of SRF on the soil-atmosphere greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange. This study examined the effects of land use change (LUC) from grassland to SRF on soil fluxes of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and the important drivers in action. Examining soils from a range of sites across the UK, CO2 emission potentials were reduced under SRF with differences between coniferous and broadleaved transitions; these changes were found to be related to changes in soil pH and microbial biomass. However, there were limited effects of SRF tree species type on CH4 and N2O fluxes. A detailed study at an experimental SRF site over 16 months demonstrated a reduction in CH4 and net CO2 emissions from soils under SRF and revealed intriguing temporal dynamics of N2O under Sitka spruce and common alder. A significant proportion of the variation in soil N2O fluxes was attributed to differences between tree species, water table depth, spatial effects, and their interactions. The effects of microtopography (ridges, troughs, flats), and its interactions with water table depth on soil GHG fluxes under different tree species was tested using mesocosm cores collected in the field. Microtopography did not significantly affect soil GHG fluxes but trends suggested that considering this spatial factor in sampling regimes could be important. N2O fluxes from Sitka spruce soils did not respond to water table depth manipulation in the laboratory suggesting that they may also be determined by tree-driven nitrogen (N) availability, with other research showing N deposition to be higher in coniferous plantations. An N addition experiment lead to increased N2O emissions with greatest relative response in the Sitka spruce soils. Overall, LUC from rough grassland to SRF resulted in a reduction in soil CH4 emissions, increased N2O emissions and a reduction or no change in net CO2 emissions. These changes in emissions were influenced both directly and indirectly by tree species type with Sitka spruce having the greatest effect on N2O in particular, thus highlighting the importance of considering soil N2O emissions in any life cycle analysis or GHG budgets of LUC to SRF for bioenergy. This research can help inform decisions around SRF tree species selection in future large-scale bioenergy planting.
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Bicalho, Elton da Silva. "Soil greenhouse gas emissions and their relations to soil attributes in a sugarcane area /." Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/135903.
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Orientador: Newton La Scala Júnior<br>Abstract: The production of the main soil greenhouse gases (GHG: CO2, CH4 and N2O) is influenced by agricultural practices that causes changes in soil phys¬ical, chemical and biological attributes, directly affecting their emission to the atmos¬phere. The aim of this study was to investigate the infield soil CO2 emissions (FCO2) and the soil CO2, CH4 and N2O production potentials (PCO2, PCH4 and PN2O, respec¬tively) in laboratory conditions, and their relationship to soil attributes in a mechanically harvested sugarcane area. The experimental area consisted of a 50 × 50-m radially symmetrical grid containing 133 points spaced at minimum distances of 0.5 m in the center of the sample grid. It was carried out eight evaluations of FCO2, soil temperature and soil moisture over a period of 19 days. Soil physical and chemical attributes were determined by sampling at a depth of 0-10 cm. The quantification of PCO2, PCH4 and PN2O consisted of laboratory incubation and determination of gas concentration by gas chromatography. FCO2 presented an infield average emission value of 1.19 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1, while GHG production in laboratory was 2.34 µg C-CO2 g−1 d−1 and 0.20 ng N-N2O g−1 d−1 for PCO2 and PN2O, respectively. No significant production or oxidation was observed for CH4. The factor analysis showed the formation of two independent processes that explained almost 72% of the total variance observed in the data. The first process was related to the transport of FCO2 and its relation to soil p... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Resumo: A produção dos principais gases de efeito estufa (GEE: CO2, CH4 e N2O) é influenciada por práticas agrícolas que causam alterações nos atributos físi¬cos, químicos e biológicos do solo, afetando diretamente sua emissão para a atmos¬fera. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a emissão de CO2 do solo (FCO2) em con¬dições de campo e a produção potencial de CO2, CH4 e N2O do solo (PCO2, PCH4 e PN2O, respectivamente) em condições de laboratório, além de suas relações com os atributos do solo em uma área de cana-de-açúcar colhida mecanicamente. A área experimental constituiu-se de um gradeado simétrico radialmente de 50 × 50 m con-tendo 133 pontos espaçados em distâncias mínimas de 0,5 m no centro da malha amostral. Foram conduzidas oito avaliações para FCO2, temperatura e umidade do solo durante um período de 19 dias. Os atributos físicos e químicos do solo foram determinados por meio de amostragem na profundidade de 0-10 cm. A quantificação de PCO2, PCH4 e PN2O consistiu de incubação em laboratório e determinação da con¬centração dos gases por meio de cromatografia gasosa. FCO2 apresentou um valor de emissão média de 1,19 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1, enquanto a produção de GEE em laborató¬rio foi de 2,34 µg C-CO2 g−1 d−1 e 0,20 ng N-N2O g−1 d−1 respectivamente para PCO2 e PN2O. Não foi observada produção ou oxidação significativa de CH4. A análise de fatores mostrou a formação de dois processos independentes que explicaram quase 72% da variância total observada nos dados. O primeiro proce... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Doutor
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Mata, Ricardo Manuel Reis. "Assessment of the environmental impact of yeast waste application to soil: an integrated approach." Master's thesis, ISA-UL, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12979.
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Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL<br>The yeast production industry (e.g. distillery, brewing, baking industries) has been growing globally over the last years generating a large amount of sub-products. Laboratory experiments, under controlled conditions, were performed to investigate the impact of yeast waste application to a sandy texture soil. Experimental treatments were: surface application of yeast and decanted-yeast (CMSs and CMSds), surface application of yeast and decantedyeast followed by incorporation in the 0-5 cm soil layer (CMSm and CMSdm), surface application of ammonium nitrate (AN) (not applied in short-term experiment) and a control (soil only) (CTR). The amount of yeast applied was 2 g in the short-term experiment and equivalent to 170 kgN.ha-1 in the long-term experiment. A short-term (38-day period) leaching experiment was performed with 5 weekly irrigation events (5 treatments × 3 replications) to assess N, P, K losses. Results showed that yeast application increased NH4+, PT and KT leaching relative to control while decreased NO3- leaching relative to a high initial content of control, during first irrigation events. Incorporation treatments increased NH4+, NO3- and PT losses earlier. KT losses were higher in surface treatments. A long-term leaching experiment (73-day period) with 6 irrigation events every two weeks was then performed (6 treatments × 4 replicates) to assess N, P losses. A two parallel incubation experiment (6 treatments × 3 replicates) were simultaneously performed to measure GHG emissions (CO2, N2O, CH4) and to assess the N mineralization in each treatment. Results showed that yeast application increased initial NH4+ concentration in leachates and soil relative to control and NO3- increased afterwards. N2O and CO2 increased significantly relative to control on the first days after yeast application. AN treatment emissions were very similar to control but had a small increase of N2O. CH4 emissions were insignificant. The global warming potential (GWP) of yeast and AN were 6× and 2× times higher than control, respectively<br>N/A
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Bradford, Mark Alexander. "The response of methane oxidation to environmental change." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286477.
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Begum, Khadiza. "Modelling soil organic carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas mitigation potentials in Bangladesh agriculture." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=237655.
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) is important not only for improving soil quality but also for contributing to climate change mitigation in agriculture. However, net greenhouse gas (GHG) balances, including methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), need to be considered, as practices that increase SOC might increase GHG emissions. Sustainable use of soil resources needs to be assessed over long time periods and across spatial scales; biogeochemical models are useful tools to estimate GHG emissions and corresponding mitigation potentials. A process-based, ecosystem model DayCent that simulates soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics from diverse agroecosystems, has been applied to observe SOC sequestration, GHG emissions and yield in a contrasting climatic region UK and Bangladesh agriculture. The study mainly focus on determination of GHG mitigation potentials under improved management practices in rice based cropland Bangladesh. We hypothesized that alternative management would increase SOC and reduce net GHG emissions. As crop yield is the most important variable for Bangladesh, it was includes in the simulations. Since site test simulations under different management using the DayCent model were satisfactory, the model was used to simulate GHG covering 64 districts of Bangladesh, considering climate, soil and SOC content for the period 1996-2015. An integrated management scenario consisting of irrigation, tillage with residue management, reduced mineral nitrogen fertilizer and manure application increased annual SOC stocks, and offset net GHG emissions while maintaining yield. The model outcome suggests that the “4 per mille” target is feasible for Bangladesh. It is also possible to contribute to the GHG reduction target by 2030 set by policy makers.
Books on the topic "Soil gases"
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A, Matson P., and Harriss R. C. 1941-, eds. Biogenic trace gases: Measuring emissions from soil and water. Blackwell Science, 1995.
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Gascoyne, Mel. Helium in soil gases in the Whiteshell Research area. AECL, Whiteshell Laboratories, 1995.
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B, Roen John, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Near-surface anomalies associated with faults and gas accumulations in western Pennsylvania. U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1985.
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B, Roen John, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Near-surface anomalies associated with faults and gas accumulations in western Pennsylvania. U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1985.
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B, Roen John, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Near-surface anomalies associated with faults and gas accumulations in western Pennsylvania. U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1985.
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B, Roen John, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Near-surface anomalies associated with faults and gas accumulations in western Pennsylvania. U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1985.
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European Congress on Biotechnology (9th 1999 Brussels, Belgium). Biotechnology for the environment: Soil remediation. Kluwer Academic, 2002.
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L, Ryder Jean, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Meteorological variables and concentrations of helium, carbon dioxide, and oxygen in soil gases collected regularly at a single site for more than a year. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1987.
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Svensson, Lennart. Ammonia volatilization from land-spread livestock manure: Effects of factors relating to meteorology, soil/manure, and application technique. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Soil gases"
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Rettenberger, G., and F. H. Trier. "Retentive Capacity of Incapsulations Regarding Gases." In Contaminated Soil ’90. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3270-1_276.
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Hewitt, A. K. J., and S. G. McRae. "The Effects of Gases Emitted From Landfills on Soils and Crops." In Contaminated Soil. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5181-5_31.
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Engel, H., and G. Rettenberger. "Experiences with Thermal Disposal of Gases from Contaminated Soil." In Contaminated Soil ’88. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2807-7_134.
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Bohn, H. L. "Soil Treatment of Organic Waste Gases." In Soils for Management of Organic Wastes and Waste Waters. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1977.soilsformanagementoforganic.c24.
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Wagner-Riddle, Claudia, and Alfons Weersink. "Net Agricultural Greenhouse Gases." In Sustaining Soil Productivity in Response to Global Climate Change. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470960257.ch12.
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Conrad, Ralf. "Metabolism of Nitric Oxide in Soil and Soil Microorganisms and Regulation of Flux into the Atmosphere." In Microbiology of Atmospheric Trace Gases. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61096-7_11.
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Swati, Indu Shekhar Thakur, and Arti Mishra. "Rising Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere: The Microbes Can Be a Solution—A Review." In Soil Biology. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76863-8_32.
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Zaman, M., K. Kleineidam, L. Bakken, et al. "Greenhouse Gases from Agriculture." In Measuring Emission of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and Developing Mitigation Options using Nuclear and Related Techniques. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55396-8_1.
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AbstractThe rapidly changing global climate due to increased emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) is leading to an increased occurrence of extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves. The three major GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). The major natural sources of CO2 include ocean–atmosphere exchange, respiration of animals, soils (microbial respiration) and plants, and volcanic eruption; while the anthropogenic sources include burning of fossil fuel (coal, natural gas, and oil), deforestation, and the cultivation of land that increases the decomposition of soil organic matter and crop and animal residues. Natural sources of CH4 emission include wetlands, termite activities, and oceans. Paddy fields used for rice production, livestock production systems (enteric emission from ruminants), landfills, and the production and use of fossil fuels are the main anthropogenic sources of CH4. Nitrous oxide, in addition to being a major GHG, is also an ozone-depleting gas. N2O is emitted by natural processes from oceans and terrestrial ecosystems. Anthropogenic N2O emissions occur mostly through agricultural and other land-use activities and are associated with the intensification of agricultural and other human activities such as increased use of synthetic fertiliser (119.4 million tonnes of N worldwide in 2019), inefficient use of irrigation water, deposition of animal excreta (urine and dung) from grazing animals, excessive and inefficient application of farm effluents and animal manure to croplands and pastures, and management practices that enhance soil organic N mineralisation and C decomposition. Agriculture could act as a source and a sink of GHGs. Besides direct sources, GHGs also come from various indirect sources, including upstream and downstream emissions in agricultural systems and ammonia (NH3) deposition from fertiliser and animal manure.
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Grantham, Gary, and Melanie K. D. Eddis. "Contamination of Soils by Hazardous Gases: Investigation, Monitoring, Diagnosis and Treatment." In Contaminated Soil ’90. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3270-1_141.
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Lal, Rattan. "Soil Erosion and Its Impacts on Greenhouse Gases." In Global Degradation of Soil and Water Resources. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7916-2_2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Soil gases"
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Bozoki, Zoltan. "Quantitative Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Gases and Aerosols." In Applied Industrial Spectroscopy. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1364/ais.2024.aw1a.1.
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IExamples of successful implementation of the photoacoustic gas concentration measurement method in various applications including oil and natural gas industry, soil science, airborne and exhaust measurements, etc. are given. Furthermore, the unique application possibilities opened up by the use of the combination of an external cavity mid-infrared interband cascade laser combined with a dual cell photoacoustic system are discussed. Full-text article not available; see video presentation
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Paul, Nityanandan J., Samir Mohamed Said, and Darwish Mohammed Al Gobaisi. "Coated Pt/Ti and NbO/Ti in Ground Bed. a Simple Method for Increasing Anode/soil Interface Conductivity." In CORROSION 1986. NACE International, 1986. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1986-86347.
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Abstract All these years there has been the need for impressed current anode systems which have a long service life and economic viability. Several candidate materials and systems are proposed, tried and commercially exploited. Each have its own advantages and limitations1–26. Experiments with the valve metal anodes in ground beds have shown that the efficiency of the system can be improved by proper design of the anode itself and by lowering the anode backfill resistances. In the ground bed the performance is also limited by the type of backfill around the anode , the area of contact, the gases formed at anode, reverse osmosis, and other factors. Passage of current from anode to the soil across the backfill is said to be electrical rather than ionic11. A series of experiments have therefore been conducted to see if backfill modifications could result in a low resistance system.
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Yang, Lietai, and Narasi Sridhar. "Coupled Multielectrode Array Systems and Sensors for Real-Time Corrosion Monitoring - A Review." In CORROSION 2006. NACE International, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2006-06681.
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Abstract This paper presents a review of multielectrode array systems and sensors for electrochemical studies and corrosion monitoring. Uncoupled multielectrode arrays [also called wire beam electrodes (WBEs)] for corrosion studies were reported in 1991. Coupled multielectrode arrays were first reported in 1996 for studying the spatiotemporal electrochemical behavior and corrosion processes, and in 1997 for mapping localized corrosion. More recently, coupled multielectrode array sensors (CMASs) have been used for real-time measurement of localized corrosion rates. The various application examples for the CMAS probes, including quantitative localized corrosion monitoring in aqueous solutions, wet gases, oil/water mixtures, salt deposits, biodeposits, soil, concrete, and undercoatings were reviewed. Some of the limitations of the multielectrode array systems are discussed.
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Todorov, Stoyo, Kina Kutsarova-Dimitorova, and Yonko Paskalev. "ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE MODERNIZATION OF THE SOFIA - PLOVDIV RAILWAY LINE." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/5.1/s23.95.
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The Sofia-Plovdiv railway line is part of the Sofia-Plovdiv-Istanbul direction along the Orient/Eastern-Mediterranean corridor of the Trans-European network (TEN-T). The line is of important national and strategic importance. The project to modernize the line will lead to better conditions for transporting passengers and cargo and reaching European interoperability standards [1]. One of the predicted effects of modernization is an increase in the volume of freight transport at the expense of road transport. This will lead to easing the road network, improving traffic safety and reducing harmful gases released into the atmosphere. Reduced travel time and improved accessibility of the environment will lead to an increase in passenger traffic. With the higher speed of movement, it is necessary to straighten the route compared to the existing one and to implement numerous tunnels, bridges and overpasses. The approved route crosses the territory of two areas of the ecological network Natur� 2000. These factors will lead to negative effects on the environment, cultural heritage and human health. The report examines measures to reduce noise, protect biological species, protect water and soil at the design stage. An analysis was made and the main risks facing the project were indicated. Currently, the project is at the construction stage with a completion date of 2027. After commissioning, it is planned to measure the measures included in the project to limit the harmful effects.
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Matichenkov, V. "REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSION UNDER SILICON FERTILIZER APPLICATION." In Land Degradation and Desertification: Problems of Sustainable Land Management and Adaptation. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1701.978-5-317-06490-7/165-169.
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The application of Si fertilizer is example of “green” low emission technology. The using of biochemical active forms of Si allow to reduce the greenhouse gases emission from cultivated soils, increase the carbon content in soil matrix, increase cultivated plants resistance to abiotic stresses and increase the quality and quantity of crop. Our investigations have sowed the presence of monosilicic acid in soil provide the reduction of N2O emission in 1.6-2 times because the denitrification process in such soil are complete with final formation of N2. The application of Si fertilizer increased the rice crop on 5-55% with carbon sequestration up to 15 t/ha of CO2 during one season.
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Jadhav, R. S., R. S. Amano, J. Jatkar, and R. J. Lind. "Simulation Study of Heated Soil Vapor." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47054.
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Soil remediation using Heated Soil Vapor Extraction System has gained a significant attention in recent years. The process, developed by Advanced Remedial Technology**, comprises of a heat well (heat source) and an extraction well (sink). These wells are pipes, which are implanted in the soil. Heating is accomplished by circulating hot oil through the heat exchange units in heat well. The extraction well has a blower, which sucks the air, and other volatile gases that are evaporated due to heating. An analysis aimed at improving the predictability of the process using numerical tools has been carried out. The key parameters in the process can be identified as the distance between the wells, the temperature that has to be maintained in the heat well and the time required vaporizing the gases and taking them off the soil. These parameters are strongly dependent on the properties of the soil and properties of the chemical pollutants present in the soil. An attempt has been made to model the real process of heating the soil and vaporizing of chemicals in the soil. Such comprehensive analysis will be very much helpful in predicting the different parameters as discussed above and result in increase in effectiveness and efficiency of the process.
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"Soil carbon sequestation and greenhouse gases mitigation in selected ecosystems in the Philippines." In Evalution and sustainable management of soil carbon sequestration in Asian countries. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, 2010. https://doi.org/10.56669/eino3339.
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Liepa, Sindija, Luize Lepiksone, Dace Butenaite, Jovita Pilecka-Ulcugaceva, and Inga Grinfelde. "EFFECT OF MOISTURE AND ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT ON N2O EMISSIONS." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023v/4.2/s19.23.
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The increasing economic activity reinforces the importance of climate change on a global scale. Together with the development of the economy and the increase in people's well-being, the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) which are released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities, also increase. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the main greenhouse and ozone (O3) depleting gases. Seven percent of the anthropogenic greenhouse effect is nitrous oxide. From a molecular perspective, N2O has a 310-fold greater global warming potential than CO2 over a 100-year period. Organic soils are the main source of direct emissions of N2O. Emissions from organic soils account for up to 13% of total N2O emissions in the European Union, although organic soils cover only 7% of the area of the European Union. Totally 10 mixed soil samples from 10 agricultural plots were collected for the experiment. Soil from each agricultural plot was weighed into two buckets to allow measurements for two moisture regimes - wet aerobic conditions and wet anaerobic conditions. The soil was placed in 3-liter buckets, each bucket containing 1.5 kilograms. Measurements were made with the CRDS device Picarro G2508. The equipment measured the concentrations of N2O with an average interval of one second and the emission were calculated using Soil Flux software. Descriptive statistical methods, analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test, and multiple pairwise comparisons using the Steel-Dwass-Critchlow-Fligner procedure were used. By analyzing the data it was obtained that the statistically significant differences (pless than 0.0001) of N2O emissions are between wet organic soil and the other groups.
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Kulikova, D. B., E. V. Prazdnova, K. A. Demin, M. S. Mazanko, F. Y. Morgan-Blanche, and A. V. Gorovtsov. "MODELING CONDITIONS FOR CULTIVATION OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. ООО «ДГТУ-Принт» Адрес полиграфического предприятия: 344003, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина,1., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2024.152-155.
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The share of microorganisms cultivated in laboratory conditions from the total diversity of prokaryotes is no more than 0.1%. At the same time, with the help of metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analysis methods, it is annually possible to identify new taxonomic groups of microorganisms that do not have cultivated representatives. One of the most important parameters affecting the cultivability of microorganisms is the composition of atmospheric gases in the environment. The study analyzed the cultivated part of the soil microbial community under conditions of high CO2 content, namely 5% of the composition of the gas mixture, in oligotrophic media.
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MIELCAREK, Paulina, Wojciech RZEŹNIK, and Zbyszek ZBYTEK. "THE EFFECT OF SOLID MANURE INCORPORATION INTO THE SOIL ON THE EMISSION OF GASES AND ODOURS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.098.
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The aim of the study was to determine the level of emission reduction of selected harmful gases and odours following immediate manure incorporation into soil, using the prototype manure applicator. The research was carried out at the Experimental Station of the National Research Institute of Animal Production, in September 2016. Two experimental fields size 6 x 100 m were located on corn stubble in the distance of 40 m. In field A, the solid manure was incorporated into the soil using the prototype manure applicator. In field B, manure application was made by manure spreader. The prototype manure applicator was designed and made by Industrial Institute of Agricultural Engineering. The concentration of harmful gases (NH3, CO2, CH4, N2O) and odours was measured during the study. Measurements were made in the following periods: immediately after application and 2, 4, 6, 10 and 14 hours after application. The concentration of studied gases was measured immediately after sampling by the photoacoustic spectrometer (Multi Gas Monitor Innova 1312). The odours concentration was determined within 30 hours after air sampling by dynamic olfactometry using the TO 8 olfactometer. The solid manure incorporation reduced NH3 emissions by an average of 66%. For the other studied gases the differences in concentration were too small or this concentration was similar to concentration of these gases in surrounding air. The incorporation of solid manure limited also odour emissions. The level reduction decreased with time and amounted to an average of 25%.
Reports on the topic "Soil gases"
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Vas, Dragos, Elizabeth Corriveau, Lindsay Gaimaro, and Robyn Barbato. Challenges and limitations of using autonomous instrumentation for measuring in situ soil respiration in a subarctic boreal forest in Alaska, USA. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48018.
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Subarctic and Arctic environments are sensitive to warming temperatures due to climate change. As soils warm, soil microorganisms break down carbon and release greenhouse gases such as methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Recent studies examining CO₂ efflux note heterogeneity of microbial activity across the landscape. To better understand carbon dynamics, our team developed a predictive model, Dynamic Representation of Terrestrial Soil Predictions of Organisms’ Response to the Environment (DRTSPORE), to estimate CO₂ efflux based on soil temperature and moisture estimates. The goal of this work was to acquire respiration rates from a boreal forest located near the town of Fairbanks, Alaska, and to provide in situ measurements for the future validation effort of the DRTSPORE model estimates of CO₂ efflux in cold climates. Results show that soil temperature and seasonal soil thaw depth had the greatest impact on soil respiration. However, the instrumentation deployed significantly altered the soil temperature, moisture, and seasonal thaw depth at the survey site and very likely the soil respiration rates. These findings are important to better understand the challenges and limitations associated with the in situ data collection used for carbon efflux modeling and for estimating soil microbial activity in cold environments.
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Wyatt, D. E., R. J. Pirkle, and D. J. Masdea. Barometric pumping of burial trench soil gases into the atmosphere at the 740-G Sanitary Landfill. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6730554.
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Brydie, Dr James, Dr Alireza Jafari, and Stephanie Trottier. PR-487-143727-R01 Modelling and Simulation of Subsurface Fluid Migration from Small Pipeline Leaks. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011025.
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The dispersion and migration behavior of hydrocarbon products leaking at low rates (i.e. 1bbl/day and 10 bbl/day) from a pipeline have been studied using a combination of experimental leakage tests and numerical simulations. The focus of this study was to determine the influence of subsurface engineered boundaries associated with the trench walls, and the presence of a water table, upon the leakage behavior of a range of hydrocarbon products. The project numerically modelled three products including diesel, diluted bitumen (dilbit) and gasoline; which were chosen to span a range of fluid types and viscosities. Laboratory simulations of leakage were carried out for the most viscous product (i.e. dilbit) in order to capture plume dispersion in semi-real time, and to allow numerical predictions to be assessed against experimental data. Direct comparisons between observed plume dimensions over time and numerically predicted behavior suggested a good match under low moisture conditions, providing confidence that the numerical simulation was sufficiently reliable to model field-scale applications. Following a simulated two year initialization period, the leakage of products, their associated gas phase migration, thermal and geomechanical effects were simulated for a period of 365 days. Comparisons between product leakage rate, product type and soil moisture content were made and the spatial impacts of leakage were summarized. Variably compacted backfill within the trench, surrounded by undisturbed and more compacted natural soils, results porosity and permeability differences which control the migration of liquids, gases, thermal effects and surface heave. Dilbit migration is influenced heavily by the trench, and also its increasing viscosity as it cools and degases after leakage. Diesel and gasoline liquid plumes are also affected by the trench structure, but to a lesser extent, resulting in wider and longer plumes in the subsurface. In all cases, the migration of liquids and gases is facilitated by higher permeability zones at the base of the pipe. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) migrate along the trench and break through at the surface within days of the leak. Temperature changes within the trench may increase due liquid migration, however the change in predicted temperature at the surface above the leak is less than 0.5�C above background. For gasoline, the large amount of degassing and diffusion through the soil results in cooling of the soil by up to 1�C. Induced surface displacement was predicted for dilbit and for one case of diesel, but only in the order of 0.2cm above baseline. Based upon the information gathered, recommendations are provided for the use and placement of generic leak detection sensor types (e.g liquid, gas, thermal, displacement) within the trench and / or above the ground surface. The monitoring locations suggested take into account requirements to detect pipeline leakage as early as possible in order to facilitate notification of the operator and to predict the potential extent of site characterization required during spill response and longer term remediation activities.
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Lee, Huey-Lin, Thomas Hertel, Brent Sohngen, and Navin Ramankutty. Towards An Integrated Land Use Database for Assessing the Potential for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation. GTAP Technical Paper, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.tp25.
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This paper describes the GTAP Land Use Data Base designed to support integrated assessments of the potential for greenhouse gas mitigation. It disaggregates land use by agro-ecological zone (AEZ). To do so, it draws upon global land cover data bases, as well as state-of-the-art definition of AEZs from the FAO and IIASA. Agro-ecological zoning segments a parcel of land into smaller units according to agro-ecological characteristics, including: precipitation, temperature, soil type, terrain conditions, etc. Each zone has a similar combination of constraints and potential for land use. In the GTAP-AEZ Data Base, there are 18 AEZs, covering six different lengths of growing period spread over three different climatic zones. Land using activities include crop production, livestock raising, and forestry. In so doing, this extension of the standard GTAP Data Base permits a much more refined characterization of the potential for shifting land use amongst these different activities. When combined with information on greenhouse gas emissions, this data base permits economists interested in integrated assessment of climate change to better assess the role of land use change in greenhouse gases mitigation strategies.
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Watson, Mark, Martyn Wilmott, and Brian Erno. GRI-96-0452_2 Stress Corrosion Cracking Under Field Simulated Conditions II. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011974.
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The pH of solutions found under disbonded polyethylene tape coatings in the field is generally in the range of 6.5 to 7.5. Electrochemically determining corrosion rates for pipeline steels exposed to neutral pH solutions in this pH range indicate that corrosion rates are too low to account for the observed crack growth rates from field excavation programs. This suggests that for the SCC process to be based on a simple dissolution mechanism then the pH at the crack tip would have to be lower than the bulk solution pH. A computer model was developed to determine solution chemistry changes within an SCC crack under anaerobic conditions as a function of time The numerical simulation model showed that the pH at a crack tip is lower by at least one pH unit than the trapped electrolyte outside the crack. A second thermodynamic model was used to show that under appropriate conditions dilute groundwater can be converted to a concentrated carl ornately bicarbonate solution. High temperatures were not required to concentrate on this solution. The concentration of this electrolyte under coal tar or asphalt coatings can occur by a cyclical process in which groundwater levels fluctuate and in tum influence the ability of cathodic protection to reach the steel surface. The high pH is generated by effective cathodic protection and the carbonate concentration is developed by absorption of CO2 from soil gases.
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Wentworth, Jonathan. Reducing peatland emissions. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn668.
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Peat soils store greenhouse gases for millennia if they stay waterlogged. However, an estimated 5% of global greenhouse gas emissions are released from peat soils due to their modification by humans. Reducing these emissions will help meet climate targets, with objectives to achieve this set out in action plans by the governments of the UK. This POSTnote describes the pressures on peat soils and summarises the challenges for reducing emissions from English peatlands.
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Lehmann, Johannes, and Nina Dwerlkotte. Carbon Farming and Its Impact on Agricultural Technology. SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2023026.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The agricultural sector is responsible for a large share of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. At the same time, methods such as targeted land use change can reduce emissions from landscape elements and sequester carbon from the atmosphere in the soil. This process, also known as carbon farming, has not been uniformly defined, and faces challenges regarding establishing new requirments for agricultural vehicles and technology, creating profitable business models (that preclude “greenwashing”), and developing governmental frameworks and industry acceptance.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><b>Carbon Farming and Its Impact on Agricultural Technology</b> discusses the large development gap for carbon farming methods, especially with regard to agricultural technology. In addition to the new hardware requirements arising from land use change, there is also a need for the further development of software. The establishment of suitable interfaces and solutions that are interoperable with existing technologies is also crucial at this point. This report clearly shows that more funding for research and development is needed today so that appropriate standards can be set and carbon farming can contribute to climate protection in the future.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank">Click here to access the full SAE EDGE</a><sup>TM</sup><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank"> Research Report portfolio.</a></div></div>
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Quale, Thomas. A Study of the Adsorption of Some Atmospheric Gases on Soils of the Willamette Valley River Basin. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1997.
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DiFolco, Donna, Julie Maier, Donna DiFolco, and Julie Maier. Snowshoe hare population trends at mineral and non-mineral sites in the central Brooks Range, Alaska: Final report on the snowshoe hare ecology project, 1997?2023. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2306544.
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This report presents data we have compiled while monitoring localized snowshoe hare populations in the central Brooks Range near Wiseman, Alaska, using track and pellet counts. In addition, we documented snowshoe hare geophagy?the practice of consuming soil?via trail cameras, thus confirming the use of mineral licks by snowshoe hares in this area. Evidence of geophagy by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) was observed during track count surveys in Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve west of Wiseman, Alaska, in 1997?2001 when the hare population reached an exceptionally high peak. Long-time residents claimed that hares with winter access to mineral licks reached higher densities than hares without year-round access to licks. In 2007 we initiated pellet plot counts to monitor hare populations in four areas where hares had year-round access to a mineral lick (?mineral? sites) and three areas where hares did not have minerals available year-round (?non-mineral? sites). Hare densities in non-mineral areas peaked around 2009, albeit moderately, 10 years after the extreme peak in 1997?2001 documented by the track count. By contrast, hares at mineral sites exhibited no apparent increase in population densities at this time. Local knowledge predicted that there would not be another large increase in hare densities in mineral areas until approximately 2018. Pellet count data later supported this prediction when, in 2019, peaks of hare populations at mineral sites surpassed those at non-mineral sites.
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Guidati, Gianfranco, and Domenico Giardini. Verbundsynthese «Geothermie» des NFP «Energie». Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publikation_nfp70_nfp71.2020.4.de.
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Die oberflächennahe Geothermie mit Wärmepumpen ist Stand der Technik und in der Schweiz bereits stark verbreitet. Im künftigen Energiesystem soll zusätzlich die mitteltiefe bis tiefe Geothermie (1–6 km) eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Im Vordergrund steht die Lieferung von Wärme für Gebäude und industrielle Prozesse. Diese Form der Erdwärmenutzung setzt einen gut durchlässigen Untergrund voraus, damit ein Fluid – in der Regel Wasser – die natürlich vorhandene Gesteinswärme übernehmen und an die Oberfläche transportieren kann. Bei Sedimentgesteinen ist dies meist von Natur aus gegeben, wogegen bei Graniten und Gneisen die Durchlässigkeit mittels Einpressen von Wasser künstlich herbeigeführt werden muss. Die so gewonnene Wärme nimmt mit zunehmender Bohrtiefe zu: In 1 km Tiefe liegt die Untergrundtemperatur bei ca. 40 °C und in 3 km Tiefe bei ca. 100 °C. Um eine Dampfturbine für die Stromproduktion anzutreiben, sind Temperaturen von über 100 °C notwendig. Da dafür grössere Tiefen von 3 bis 6 km erforderlich sind, steigt auch das Risiko der durch die Bohrungen induzierten Seismizität. Der Untergrund eignet sich ausserdem auch zur Speicherung von Wärme und Gasen, zum Beispiel Wasserstoff oder Methan, sowie zur definitiven Einlagerung von CO2. Dazu muss er ähnliche Voraussetzungen erfüllen wie bei der Wärmegewinnung, zusätzlich ist jedoch eine über dem Reservoir liegende dichte Deckschicht erforderlich, damit das Gas nicht entweichen kann. Im Verbundprojekt «Wasserkraft und Geothermie» des NFP «Energie» wurde vor allem der Frage nachgegangen, wo sich in der Schweiz geeignete Bodenschichten finden, die die Anforderungen der verschiedenen Nutzungen optimal erfüllen. Ein zweiter Forschungsschwerpunkt betraf Massnahmen zur Reduktion der durch Tiefenbohrungen induzierten Seismizität und der daraus folgenden Schäden an Bauten. Im Weiteren wurden Modelle und Simulationen entwickelt, die zu einem besseren Verständnis der Vorgänge im Untergrund bei der Erschliessung und Nutzung der geothermischen Ressourcen beitragen. Zusammengefasst zeigen die Forschungsergebnisse, dass in der Schweiz gute Voraussetzungen vorhanden sind für die Nutzung der mitteltiefen Erdwärme (1–3 km), sowohl für den Gebäudepark als auch für industrielle Prozesse. Auch in Bezug auf die saisonale Speicherung von Wärme und Gasen ist Optimismus angebracht. Die Potenziale für die definitive Einlagerung von CO2 in relevanten Mengen sind demgegenüber als eher limitiert zu bezeichnen. Hinsichtlich der Stromproduktion aus Erdwärme mittels der tiefen Geothermie (> 3 km) besteht noch keine abschliessende Gewissheit, wie gross das wirtschaftlich nutzbare Potenzial im Untergrund wirklich ist. Diesbezüglich sind dringend industriell betriebene Demonstrationsanlagen notwendig, um die Akzeptanz bei der Bevölkerung und bei Investoren zu stärken.