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Journal articles on the topic 'Soil moisture sensors'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Sui, Ruixiu, Horace C. Pringle, and Edward M. Barnes. "Soil Moisture Sensor Test with Mississippi Delta Soils." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 2 (2019): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12886.

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Abstract. One of the methods for irrigation scheduling is to use sensors to measure the soil moisture level in the plant root zone and apply water if there is a water shortage for the plants. The measurement accuracy and reliability of the soil moisture sensors are critical for sensor-based irrigation management. This study evaluated the measurement accuracy and repeatability of the EC-5 and 5TM soil volumetric water content (SVWC) sensors, the MPS-2 and 200SS soil water potential (SWP) sensors, and the 200TS soil temperature sensor. Six 183 cm × 183 cm × 71 cm wooden compartments were built i

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Yerolkar, Prof D. J., Atharva More, Sahil Pardeshi, Prathamesh Tikhe, and Neeraj Pawar. "Soil Moisture Detector." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 3 (2024): 1115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.59014.

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Abstract: Soil Moisture is directly related to the amount of irrigation in agriculture and influences the yield of crops. Accordingly, a soil moisture sensor is an important tool for measuring soil moisture content. In this study, the previous research conducted in recent 2-3 decades on soil moisture sensors was reviewed and the principles of commonly used soil moisture sensors and their various applications were summarized. Furthermore, the advantages, disadvantages, and influencing factors of various measurement methods employed were compared and analyzed. The improvements presented by sever

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Nandi, Rajesh, and Dev Shrestha. "Assessment of Low-Cost and Higher-End Soil Moisture Sensors across Various Moisture Ranges and Soil Textures." Sensors 24, no. 18 (2024): 5886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24185886.

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The accuracy and unit cost of sensors are important factors for a continuous soil moisture monitoring system. This study compares the accuracy of four soil moisture sensors differing in unit costs in coarse-, fine-, and medium-textured soils. The sensor outputs were recorded for the VWC, ranging from 0% to 50%. Low-cost capacitive and resistive sensors were evaluated with and without the external 16-bit analog-to-digital converter ADS1115 to improve their performances without adding much cost. Without ADS1115, using only Arduino’s built-in analog-to-digital converter, the low-cost sensors had

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Dong, Younsuk, Steve Miller, and Lyndon Kelley. "Performance Evaluation of Soil Moisture Sensors in Coarse- and Fine-Textured Michigan Agricultural Soils." Agriculture 10, no. 12 (2020): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120598.

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Soil moisture content is a critical parameter in understanding the water movement in soil. A soil moisture sensor is a tool that has been widely used for many years to measure soil moisture levels for their ability to provide nondestructive continuous data from multiple depths. The calibration of the sensor is important in the accuracy of the measurement. The factory-based calibration of the soil moisture sensors is generally developed under limited laboratory conditions, which are not always appropriate for field conditions. Thus, calibration and field validation of the soil moisture sensors

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Bavitra, Leo Anaris Sakti, Dimas Saputra, Zaki Ihwan, Baharudin, and Muhammad Abiyyu Alharits. "Studi Komparasi Sensor Kelembapan Tanah Menggunakan ESP32." JURAL RISET RUMPUN ILMU TEKNIK 4, no. 1 (2025): 685–91. https://doi.org/10.55606/jurritek.v4i1.5292.

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Soil moisture is a crucial factor in agriculture that affects plant growth and crop productivity. In modern agricultural systems, accurate soil moisture monitoring is essential for optimizing water usage and enhancing the efficiency of automatic irrigation systems. This study aims to develop an Internet of Things (IoT)-based soil moisture monitoring system and evaluate the performance of three types of soil moisture sensors: Soil Moisture FC-28, Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor, and Soil Moisture Hygrometer Module Sensor. The evaluation compares the accuracy and effectiveness of each sensor in

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An, Jing Qiang, Lin Rong Shi, and Feng Wei Zhang. "The Design of the Istallation Device for Soil Moisture Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (October 2014): 1193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.1193.

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For soil excavated a section is needed to dig in the direction of gravity artificial when soil moisture sensor is mounted against the general, and the size of cross section is proportional to the depth of buried sensors, making it time-consuming, and the original soil moisture distribution structure is destroyed, resulting in error between the original soil moisture and measured soil moisture profile is larger. A installation device for soil moisture sensor was designed in this paper, which can efficiently, rapidly, conveniently installation soil moisture sensors in the layered soil profile, a

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Hari, N. "Laboratory Evaluation of Soil Moisture Sensors for Precision Irrigation in Agriculture." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, no. 8 (2024): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i84353.

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Water is essential for agricultural production and food security, making efficient water use critical. Accurate measurement of soil moisture is vital for scheduling irrigation, ensuring that crops receive the right amount of water at the right time. This prevents both under- and over-irrigation, conserving water and maximizing crop production. Currently, digital soil moisture sensors are used for their accuracy and instant measurement capabilities. The soil moisture sensor's functionality was evaluated through observations of four Capacitive soil moisture sensors 1.2 (SMS A, B, C, D) at variou

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Clutter, Melissa, and Kendall DeJonge. "Optimizing Soil Moisture Sensor Depth for Irrigation Management Using Universal Multiple Linear Regression." Journal of the ASABE 65, no. 4 (2022): 739–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.15044.

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HighlightsUniversal multiple linear regression (uMLR) was used to optimize soil moisture sensor depth.Eight years of soil moisture data from various water treatments were tested, then validated.The best single observation depth for irrigation management is at 30 cm below soil surface.A single calibrated soil moisture sensor may be used to aggregate soil water deficit in the root zone.Abstract. Soil moisture sensors are valuable tools in irrigation management, but due to soil spatial variability it is challenging for point-based sensors to characterize the entire soil water profile. Universal m

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Sui, Ruixiu. "Irrigation Scheduling Using Soil Moisture Sensors." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n1p1.

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Irrigation is required to ensure crop production. Practical methods of use sensors to determine soil water status are needed in irrigation scheduling. Soil moisture sensors were evaluated and used for irrigation scheduling in humid region of the Mid-South US. Soil moisture sensors were installed in soil at depths of 15 cm, 30 cm, and 61 cm belowground. Soil volumetric water content was automatically measured by the sensors in a time interval of an hour during the crop growing season. Soil moisture data were wirelessly transferred onto internet through a wireless sensor network (WSN) so that th

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Chen, Zhangzhong, Zheng, et al. "Data-Driven Calibration of Soil Moisture Sensor Considering Impacts of Temperature: A Case Study on FDR Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 20 (2019): 4381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204381.

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Commercial soil moisture sensors have been widely applied into the measurement of soil moisture content. However, the accuracy of such sensors varies due to the employed techniques and working conditions. In this study, the temperature impact on the soil moisture sensor reading was firstly analyzed. Next, a pioneer study on the data-driven calibration of soil moisture sensor was investigated considering the impacts of temperature. Different data-driven models including the multivariate adaptive regression splines and the Gaussian process regression were applied into the development of the cali

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da Silva, Tonny José Araújo, Edna Maria Bonfim-Silva, Adriano Bicioni Pacheco, Thiago Franco Duarte, Helon Hébano de Freitas Sousa, and Jefferson Vieira José. "Evaluation of Various Soil Moisture Sensors in Four Different Soil Types." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, no. 6 (2018): 963–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12712.

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Abstract.Accurate measurements of soil moisture content can contribute to resource conservation in irrigated systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate various soil moisture sensors (a porous cup tensiometer, Diviner 2000, PR2, XH300, PM100, and ML3; the mention of model names does not constitute an implied endorsement) used in four different soil types. The experiment was conducted inside a greenhouse using a specially constructed box that contained the soil samples. The soil samples were first saturated and subsequently drained before starting the measurements. The soil moisture co

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Shaporina, N. A., and E. A. Sayb. "Using Decagon EC-5sensors for monitoring soil moisture." Почвы и окружающая среда 4, no. 3 (2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31251/pos.v4i3.153.

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The aim of the study. To assess the possibilities of using the Decagon EC-5 sensor in research practice, especially under the conditions of its stationary installation; and to study with its help the dynamics of soil profile moistening and moisture migration under different weather conditions. Location and time of the study. The study was carried out on the territory of the Ust-Kamensky (forest-steppe) research station of the Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (55.005507 N, 83.858635 E). The object of the study was the da

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Hendrickx, Marit G. A., Jan Vanderborght, Pieter Janssens, et al. "Pooled error variance and covariance estimation of sparse in situ soil moisture sensor measurements in agricultural fields in Flanders." SOIL 11, no. 1 (2025): 435–56. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-435-2025.

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Abstract. Accurately quantifying errors in soil moisture measurements from in situ sensors at fixed locations is essential for reliable state and parameter estimation in probabilistic soil hydrological modeling. This quantification becomes particularly challenging when the number of sensors per field or measurement zone (MZ) is limited. When direct calculation of errors from sensor data in a certain MZ is not feasible, we propose to pool systematic and random errors of soil moisture measurements for a specific measurement setup and derive a pooled error covariance matrix that applies to this s

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Okasha, Abdelaziz M., Hasnaa G. Ibrahim, Adel H. Elmetwalli, Khaled Mohamed Khedher, Zaher Mundher Yaseen, and Salah Elsayed. "Designing Low-Cost Capacitive-Based Soil Moisture Sensor and Smart Monitoring Unit Operated by Solar Cells for Greenhouse Irrigation Management." Sensors 21, no. 16 (2021): 5387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165387.

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Precise and quick estimates of soil moisture content for the purpose of irrigation scheduling are fundamentally important. They can be accomplished through the continuous monitoring of moisture content in the root zone area, which can be accomplished through automatic soil moisture sensors. Commercial soil moisture sensors are still expensive to be used by famers, particularly in developing countries, such as Egypt. This research aimed to design and calibrate a locally manufactured low-cost soil moisture sensor attached to a smart monitoring unit operated by Solar Photo Voltaic Cells (SPVC). T

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Lopez Aldaba, Aitor, Diego Lopez-Torres, Miguel Campo-Bescós, et al. "Comparison between Capacitive and Microstructured Optical Fiber Soil Moisture Sensors." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (2018): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091499.

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Soil moisture content has always been an important parameter to control because it is a deterministic factor for site-specific irrigation, seeding, transplanting, and compaction detection. In this work, a discrete sensor that is based on a SnO2–FP (Fabry-Pérot) cavity is presented and characterized in real soil conditions. As far as authors know, it is the first time that a microstructured optical fiber is used for real soil moisture measurements. Its performance is compared with a commercial capacitive soil moisture sensor in two different soil scenarios for two weeks. The optical sensor show

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Makange, Nelson Richard, leonard mwankemwa, Evance Kabyazi, et al. "Comparative Study on Sensitivity Variations in Three Soil Moisture Sensors to Optimize Water Use Efficiency in IOT-Based Automated Irrigation." International Research Journal of Scientific Studies 2, no. 1 (2025): 25–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14747871.

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Efficient water management in agriculture is crucial for improving productivity. In this study, Automated irrigation systems using soil moisture sensors for precise water discharge control and Internet of Things (IoT) technology were studied to achieve real-time data monitoring. The sensitivity of different types of soil moisture sensors varies, especially in field conditions. Hence, poses a challenge in optimizing irrigation water, leading to lowered productivity. Therefore, we provided insights into optimizing sensor selection and calibration for more effective water resource management in a

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Abdelmoneim, Ahmed A., Christa M. Al Kalaany, Roula Khadra, Bilal Derardja, and Giovanna Dragonetti. "Calibration of Low-Cost Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensors for Irrigation Management Applications." Sensors 25, no. 2 (2025): 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25020343.

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The calibration of capacitive soil moisture sensors is an essential step towards their integration into smart solutions. This study investigates the calibration of a widely used low-cost capacitive soil moisture sensor (SKU:SEN0193, DFRobot, Shanghai, China) in a loamy silt soil typically found in the Puglia region of Italy. The calibration function was derived from a random sample of 12 sensors, with three soil sample replicas per sensor, each of which had one of five gravimetric soil moisture contents, from relatively dry (5%) to full saturation (40%). The study reports the resulting calibra

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Nakamoto, Trang, Dung Nakamoto, Kenji Tamenori, and Kozo Taguchi. "Soil Moisture Content Sensor: Utilizing Bacterial Cells as Living Sensors." E3S Web of Conferences 514 (2024): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202451401003.

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Soil moisture affects water and heat exchange between soil and air, weather and climate, and plant growth. Therefore, controlling and predicting soil moisture is vital for irrigation, nutrient supply, absorption, and crop productivity. Soil microbial fuel cell (SMFC) is a recent technology that generates electricity from soil microorganisms and chemicals. SMFC can be used to sense soil moisture and treat polluted soil. In this study, we designed a low-cost, portable, and easy-to-install SMFC for soil moisture sensing, and it was tested at four moisture levels: 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% soil wate

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Aringo, M. Q., C. G. Martinez, O. G. Martinez, and V. B. Ella. "Development of Low-cost Soil Moisture Monitoring System for Efficient Irrigation Water Management of Upland Crops." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1038, no. 1 (2022): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1038/1/012029.

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Abstract With the advancement of information and communication technology, various types of soil moisture sensors have been developed. Coupled with data loggers, these sensors could prove useful in monitoring soil moisture in upland crop production areas which in turn could be used for efficient irrigation water management. However, most of these sensors are costly and unaffordable to most farmers in developing countries. Hence, a low-cost soil moisture monitoring system intended to facilitate irrigation water management in upland crop production systems was developed in this study. The device

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Lapuag, Ryan Carlo. "Electrical Properties of Soil in Bohol: Basis for Automated Irrigation System." Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal 25, no. 6 (2024): 756–66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13825120.

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Irrigation is vital for Philippine agriculture, particularly in regions like Bohol, where water resources are under pressure due to competing demands and seasonal droughts. Despite introducing automated irrigation technologies designed to enhance efficiency, many areas still need to rely on updated manual methods, leading to water wastage and reduced productivity. This study explores the potential of automated irrigation systems to improve water use efficiency by evaluating soil's physical and electrical properties in Bohol's greenhouses. Specifically, it investigates soil texture, bulk densit

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Ferrarezi, Rhuanito Soranz, Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira, and Sara Gabriela Cornejo Zepeda. "Performance of Soil Moisture Sensors in Florida Sandy Soils." Water 12, no. 2 (2020): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020358.

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Soil moisture sensors can improve water management efficiency by measuring soil volumetric water content (θv) in real time. Soil-specific calibration equations used to calculate θv can increase sensor accuracy. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the performance of several commercial sensors and to establish soil-specific calibration equations for different soil types. We tested five Florida sandy soils used for citrus production (Pineda, Riviera, Astatula, Candler, and Immokalee) divided into two depths (0.0–0.3 and 0.3–0.6 m). Readings were taken using twelve commercial sensors (CS6

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Coimbra, Henrique Lopes, Daniel Campanelli de Andrade, Rafael Faria Caldeira, Wesley Esdras Santiago, and Igor Alexandre de Souza. "CALIBRAÇÃO DE SENSORES PARA ESTIMATIVA DE UMIDADE EM QUATRO CLASSES DE SOLO." IRRIGA 28, no. 4 (2023): 720–30. https://doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2023v28n4p720-730.

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CALIBRAÇÃO DE SENSORES PARA ESTIMATIVA DE UMIDADE EM QUATRO CLASSES DE SOLO IGOR ALEXANDRE DE SOUZA1; HENRIQUE LOPES COIMBRA1; WESLEY ESDRAS SANTIAGO1, RAFAEL FARIA CALDEIRA1; DANIEL MAI1 E DANIEL CAMPANELLI DE ANDRADE1 1Instituto de Ciências Agrárias – ICA, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri – UFVJM, Avenida Universitária, 1000, Universitários, 38610-036, Unaí, MG Brasil igor.alexandre@ufvjm.edu.br; henrique.lopes@ufvjm.edu.br; wesley.santiago@ufvjm.edu.br; rafael.faria@ufvjm.edu.br; daniel.mai@ufvjm.edu.br; daniel.campanelli@icrop.com.br 1 RESUMO Os sensores de umidade

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Xie, Yi, Guotao Cui, Kaifeng Zheng, and Guoping Tang. "Integrating Sentinel-1 SAR and Machine Learning Models for Optimal Soil Moisture Sensor Placement at Catchment Scale." Remote Sensing 17, no. 13 (2025): 2330. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17132330.

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Accurate calibration and validation of remote sensing soil moisture products critically depend on high-quality in situ measurements. However, effectively capturing representative soil moisture patterns across heterogeneous catchments using ground-based sensors remains a significant challenge. To address this, we propose a machine-learning-based framework for optimizing soil moisture sensor network deployment at the catchment scale. The framework was validated using Sentinel-1 SAR-derived soil moisture data within a humid catchment in southern China. Results show that a network of nine optimall

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Schilardi, C., J. Morábito, and L. Martín. "Field Calibration of FDR Sensors-Limitations and Potentialities." Agrociencia 19, no. 3 (2015): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31285/agro.19.285.

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Monitoring soil moisture content is an appropriate method to optimize agricultural irrigation. The use of capacitance sensors has increased over the last years because they have a convenient cost-benefit ratio when compared to neutron moisture gages or time domain reflectometers, which are the most accurate methods to estimate soil moisture content. This project is about the field calibration of a capacitance sensor in clay soils. Two calibration models were applied: a linear model and a quadratic one, which correlate the gravimetric content measured in field soil moisture samples with the exc

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González-Teruel, Juan, Roque Torres-Sánchez, Pedro Blaya-Ros, Ana Toledo-Moreo, Manuel Jiménez-Buendía, and Fulgencio Soto-Valles. "Design and Calibration of a Low-Cost SDI-12 Soil Moisture Sensor." Sensors 19, no. 3 (2019): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030491.

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Water is the main limiting factor in agricultural production as well as a scarce resource that needs to be optimized. The measurement of soil water with sensors is an efficient way for optimal irrigation management. However, commercial sensors are still too expensive for most farmers. This paper presents the design, development and calibration of a new capacitive low-cost soil moisture sensor that incorporates SDI-12 communication, allowing one to select the calibration equation for different soils. The sensor was calibrated in three different soils and its variability and accuracy were evalua

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González-Teruel, Juan D., Roque Torres-Sánchez, Pedro J. Blaya-Ros, Ana B. Toledo-Moreo, Manuel Jiménez-Buendía, and Fulgencio Soto-Valles. "Design and Calibration of a Low-Cost SDI-12 Soil Moisture Sensor." Sensors 19, no. 3 (2019): 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030491.

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Water is the main limiting factor in agricultural production as well as a scarce resource that needs to be optimized. The measurement of soil water with sensors is an efficient way for optimal irrigation management. However, commercial sensors are still too expensive for most farmers. This paper presents the design, development and calibration of a new capacitive low-cost soil moisture sensor that incorporates SDI-12 communication, allowing one to select the calibration equation for different soils. The sensor was calibrated in three different soils and its variability and accuracy were evalua

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Millán, Sandra, Cristina Montesinos, and Carlos Campillo. "Evaluation of Different Commercial Sensors for the Development of Their Automatic Irrigation System." Sensors 24, no. 23 (2024): 7468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24237468.

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Reliable soil moisture information is essential for accurate irrigation scheduling. A wide range of soil moisture sensors are currently available on the market, but their performance needs to be evaluated as most sensors are calibrated under limited laboratory conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of six commercially available moisture sensors (HydraProbe, Teros 10, Teros 11, EnviroPro, CS616 and Drill & Drop) and three tensiometers (Irrometer RSU-C-34, Teros 32 and Teros 21) and to establish calibration equations for a typical sandy soil of the Doñana National

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Shakya, Matina, Amanda Hess, Bridget M. Wadzuk, and Robert G. Traver. "Quantifying the Impact of Soil Moisture Sensor Measurements in Determining Green Stormwater Infrastructure Performance." Sensors 25, no. 1 (2024): 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25010027.

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The ability to track moisture content using soil moisture sensors in green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) systems allows us to understand the system’s water management capacity and recovery. Soil moisture sensors have been used to quantify infiltration and evapotranspiration in GSI practices both preceding, during, and following storm events. Although useful, soil-specific calibration is often needed for soil moisture sensors, as small measurement variations can result in misinterpretation of the water budget and associated GSI performance. The purpose of this research is to quantify the unce

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Kulmány, István Mihály, Ákos Bede-Fazekas, Ana Beslin, et al. "Calibration of an Arduino-based low-cost capacitive soil moisture sensor for smart agriculture." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 70, no. 3 (2022): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2022-0014.

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Abstract Agriculture faces several challenges to use the available resources in a more environmentally sustainable manner. One of the most significant is to develop sustainable water management. The modern Internet of Things (IoT) techniques with real-time data collection and visualisation can play an important role in monitoring the readily available moisture in the soil. An automated Arduino-based low-cost capacitive soil moisture sensor has been calibrated and developed for data acquisition. A sensor- and soil-specific calibration was performed for the soil moisture sensors (SKU:SEN0193 - D

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Rathod, Prof E. K., Mr Sarfaraj Tamboli, Mr Manav Tengale, Mr Ritesh Murshetwad, and Mr Sourabh Wandhekar. "Automatic Irrigation using Centre Pivot Irrigation System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (2023): 7288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53440.

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Abstract: In most of the agriculture lands the crops are over watered without checking the soil dampness. This leads to the waste of water resource which can be utilized in some other areas where there is in need of water. The project presents the use of correct soil moisture sensors which helps to ease out the pain to monitor and keep records about the changes in soil moisture. Using the Arduino Uno R3 micro controller with, moisture sensor and temperature sensor, temperature are measured and analyzed. The soil moisture sensor for a certain duration, provides information related to the moistu

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Gianessi, Stefano, Matteo Polo, Luca Stevanato, et al. "Testing a novel sensor design to jointly measure cosmic-ray neutrons, muons and gamma rays for non-invasive soil moisture estimation." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 13, no. 1 (2024): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-9-2024.

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Abstract. Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) has emerged as a reliable method for soil moisture and snow estimation. However, the applicability of this method beyond research has been limited due to, among others, the use of relatively large and expensive sensors. This paper presents the tests conducted on a new scintillator-based sensor especially designed to jointly measure neutron counts, muons and total gamma rays. The neutron signal is first compared against two conventional gas-tube-based CRNS sensors at two locations. The estimated soil moisture is further assessed at four agricultural s

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Flynn, Kade D., Briana M. Wyatt, and Kevin J. McInnes. "Novel Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensor Accurately Captures Field-Scale Soil Moisture Trends under Heterogeneous Soil Textures." Water 13, no. 21 (2021): 3038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13213038.

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Soil moisture is a critical variable influencing plant water uptake, rainfall-runoff partitioning, and near-surface atmospheric conditions. Soil moisture measurements are typically made using either in-situ sensors or by collecting samples, both methods which have a small spatial footprint or, in recent years, by remote sensing satellites with large spatial footprints. The cosmic ray neutron sensor (CRNS) is a proximal technology which provides estimates of field-averaged soil moisture within a radius of up to 240 m from the sensor, offering a much larger sensing footprint than point measureme

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Domínguez-Niño, Jesús María, Jordi Oliver-Manera, Gerard Arbat, Joan Girona, and Jaume Casadesús. "Analysis of the Variability in Soil Moisture Measurements by Capacitance Sensors in a Drip-Irrigated Orchard." Sensors 20, no. 18 (2020): 5100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185100.

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Among the diverse techniques for monitoring soil moisture, capacitance-type soil moisture sensors are popular because of their low cost, low maintenance requirements, and acceptable performance. However, although in laboratory conditions the accuracy of these sensors is good, when installed in the field they tend to show large sensor-to-sensor differences, especially under drip irrigation. It makes difficult to decide in which positions the sensors are installed and the interpretation of the recorded data. The aim of this paper is to study the variability involved in the measurement of soil mo

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Hidayat, Muhammad Nurjati, Hemanta Hazarika, and Haruichi Kanaya. "Calibration and Performance Evaluation of Cost-Effective Capacitive Moisture Sensor in Slope Model Experiments." Sensors 24, no. 24 (2024): 8156. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24248156.

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Understanding the factors that contribute to slope failures, such as soil saturation, is essential for mitigating rainfall-induced landslides. Cost-effective capacitive soil moisture sensors have the potential to be widely implemented across multiple sites for landslide early warning systems. However, these sensors need to be calibrated for specific applications to ensure high accuracy in readings. In this study, a soil-specific calibration was performed in a laboratory setting to integrate the soil moisture sensor with an automatic monitoring system using the Internet of Things (IoT). This re

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Eso, Rosliana, La Ode Safiuddin, and Asih Nofriasih Kalam. "Soil Moisture Monitoring System and Soil PH on IoT-based Aglaonema Crop." Circuit: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Teknik Elektro 7, no. 2 (2023): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/crc.v7i2.17493.

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Aglaonema is an ornamental plant with soft, watery (herbaceous) stems that dislikes too moist media and needs precise irrigation. Using Internet of Things (IoT) technology, which integrates soil moisture sensors YL-69 Soil moisture sensor, soil pH sensors, and NodeMCU ESP8266 as a microcontroller with the Thingspeak IoT Platform and the Blynk Application via Android, it is possible to monitor soil moisture and pH, which is a determining factor in the planting media for ornamental plant cultivation. Additionally, it may enable remote control operation of a watering system for ornamental plants

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Kaneza, Nice, Aashish Pokhrel, Laureano R. Hoyos, and Xinbao Yu. "Thermally Induced Moisture Flow in a Silty Sand under a 1-D Thermal Gradient." Geosciences 14, no. 8 (2024): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080207.

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Thermally induced moisture flow in unsaturated soils involves complex coupled thermal–hydro processes with the moisture flow in both the vapor and liquid phases. The accurate measurement of the moisture flow in unsaturated sands remains a challenging task due to low moisture migration, the temperature effect on moisture sensors, and the gravity effect on moisture flow. This study aims to accurately measure transient moisture flow, heat transfer, and thermal conductivity in a silty sand with 35% non-plastic fines in a closed heat cell with a controlled 1-D temperature gradient. The heat cell co

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Santos, Fernando Ferreira Lima dos, Leticia Cardoso Madureira Tavares, Guilherme de Moura Araújo, et al. "CONFIDENCE ANALYSIS AND CALIBRATION OF A FC-28 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR MOUNTED ON A MICROCONTROLLER PLATFORM." Nativa 9, no. 1 (2021): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v9i1.9152.

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Nowadays, the global water crisis poses a great challenge to humanity and a risk to be managed by future generations. In order to use this resource consciously, it is known in the area of agricultural irrigation the need to evaluate the amount of water to be used. Among the soil moisture content determination methods, sensors, coupled to a programmable logic controller, emerge as an alternative to conventional laboratory methods, making the procedure faster and less labor intensive. In this sense, the present work aimed to evaluate the reliability and precision of a low-cost sensor to determin

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Arunadevi, K., M. Singh, M. Khanna, et al. "Moisture sensor based irrigation to increase fresh pod yield of pea." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 20, no. 2 (2024): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/20.2/379-384.

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Pea is the delicious vegetable consumed in India. Conventional irrigation is being practiced to cultivate pea crop, which consumes lot of water and uneven distribution of soil moisture. Drip irrigation plays a major role for uniform distribution of water. Further water saving and maximum water use efficiency can be achieved through innovative technologies like soil moisture sensor based irrigation scheduling for pea. Moisture presence in soil can be detected by soil moisture sensors or Tensiometers. When irrigation is scheduled based on soil moisture measurement using tensiometers or soil mois

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Datta, Sumon, Saleh Taghvaeian, Tyson Ochsner, Daniel Moriasi, Prasanna Gowda, and Jean Steiner. "Performance Assessment of Five Different Soil Moisture Sensors under Irrigated Field Conditions in Oklahoma." Sensors 18, no. 11 (2018): 3786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113786.

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Meeting the ever-increasing global food, feed, and fiber demands while conserving the quantity and quality of limited agricultural water resources and maintaining the sustainability of irrigated agriculture requires optimizing irrigation management using advanced technologies such as soil moisture sensors. In this study, the performance of five different soil moisture sensors was evaluated for their accuracy in two irrigated cropping systems, one each in central and southwest Oklahoma, with variable levels of soil salinity and clay content. With factory calibrations, three of the sensors had s

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Adla, Soham, Neeraj Kumar Rai, Sri Harsha Karumanchi, Shivam Tripathi, Markus Disse, and Saket Pande. "Laboratory Calibration and Performance Evaluation of Low-Cost Capacitive and Very Low-Cost Resistive Soil Moisture Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 2 (2020): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020363.

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Soil volumetric water content ( V W C ) is a vital parameter to understand several ecohydrological and environmental processes. Its cost-effective measurement can potentially drive various technological tools to promote data-driven sustainable agriculture through supplemental irrigation solutions, the lack of which has contributed to severe agricultural distress, particularly for smallholder farmers. The cost of commercially available V W C sensors varies over four orders of magnitude. A laboratory study characterizing and testing sensors from this wide range of cost categories, which is a pre

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Chulee, Napassakorn, Pichet Suebsaiprom, Anumat Engkaninan, and Chuphan Chompuchan. "Calibration and Temperature Compensation of a Low-Cost Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor for Precision Irrigation in Thailand." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 15, no. 2 (2025): 21123–28. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.9677.

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Low-cost capacitive soil moisture sensors have potential application in precision irrigation in Thailand. However, these sensors require proper calibration and are affected by soil temperature fluctuations that reduce their measurement accuracy. This study developed and validated a combined calibration and temperature compensation approach for the commercially available soil stick sensor. The calibration was performed using soil samples ranging from sandy clay loam to silty clay. A temperature compensation equation was developed by measuring the sensor responses under varying soil temperatures

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Pereira, Rodrigo Moura, Delvio Sandri, and João José da Silva Júnior. "Evaluation of low-cost capacitive moisture sensors in three types of soils in the Cerrado, Brazil." Revista Engenharia na Agricultura - REVENG 30 (August 19, 2022): 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.13083/reveng.v30i1.14017.

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Soil moisture sensors enabled new automation and computerization solutions in agriculture. However, its use still requires prior calibrations to attest its accuracy to estimate soil moisture. Thus, in this study a prototype for soil moisture monitoring was developed using the capacitive sensor SKU:SEN0193 integrated with the Arduino microcontroller. The prototype was calibrated based on the relationship between volumetric moisture and sensor output voltage in deformed samples of Red-yellow Latosol (RYL), Regolitic Neosol (RN), and Red Latosol (RL) of the Cerrado region, Federal District, Brazi

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Aziz, Marjan, Madeeha Khan, Naveeda Anjum, et al. "Scientific Irrigation Scheduling for Sustainable Production in Olive Groves." Agriculture 12, no. 4 (2022): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040564.

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The present study aimed at investigating scientific irrigation scheduling (SIS) for the sustainable production of olive groves. The SIS allows farmers to schedule water rotation in their fields to abate crop water stress and maximize yields, which could be achieved through the precise monitoring of soil moisture. For this purpose, the study used three kinds of soil moisture sensors, including tensiometer sensors, irrometer sensors, and gypsum blocks for precise measurement of the soil moisture. These soil moisture sensors were calibrated by performing experiments in the field and laboratory at

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Schwamback, Dimaghi, Magnus Persson, Ronny Berndtsson, Luis Eduardo Bertotto, Alex Naoki Asato Kobayashi, and Edson Cezar Wendland. "Automated Low-Cost Soil Moisture Sensors: Trade-Off between Cost and Accuracy." Sensors 23, no. 5 (2023): 2451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052451.

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Automated soil moisture systems are commonly used in precision agriculture. Using low-cost sensors, the spatial extension can be maximized, but the accuracy might be reduced. In this paper, we address the trade-off between cost and accuracy comparing low-cost and commercial soil moisture sensors. The analysis is based on the capacitive sensor SKU:SEN0193 tested under lab and field conditions. In addition to individual calibration, two simplified calibration techniques are proposed: universal calibration, based on all 63 sensors, and a single-point calibration using the sensor response in dry s

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Olayaki-Luqman, Mutiat, Olusayo Adekunle Ajeigbe, Jelili Aremu Oyedokun, Olusegun William Adelere, and Opeyemi Pamela Babafemi. "Development of an Automated Irrigation System for Enhancing Water-Use Efficiency." Advances in Research 26, no. 2 (2025): 498–509. https://doi.org/10.9734/air/2025/v26i21317.

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This paper presents the development and calibration of an automated irrigation system designed using Arduino Uno, a micro pump, soil sensors, a relay module, and programmed in C++. The system aims to enhance irrigation efficiency by delivering water to crops based on real-time soil moisture levels. The Arduino Uno serves as the central control unit, continuously receiving data from the sensors embedded in the soil. When the moisture level falls below a predefined threshold, the Arduino activates the micro pump through the relay module to initiate irrigation. The system was programmed using C++

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KASYANOV, A. E., D. D. KOBOZEV, and ISMAIL KHEBA. "SOIL MOISTURE GRADIENT HYDROMETER." Prirodoobustrojstvo, no. 4 (2020): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2020-4-44-47.

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There is proposed the design of a gradient soil moisture meter which includes humidity sensors placed along the horizons of the soil profile, it registers humidity in some soil layers,and it is tested under field conditions. The moisture meter consists of a case, contact block, lead cables, battery, digital voltmeter and capacitive humidity sensors. The contact block is located in the neck of the case, cables are inside the case and capacitive sensors are placed horizontally along the layers of the soil profile. The battery and digital voltmeter are connected to the contact block and placed on

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Kukal, Meetpal S., Suat Irmak, and Kiran Sharma. "Development and Application of a Performance and Operational Feasibility Guide to Facilitate Adoption of Soil Moisture Sensors." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (2019): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010321.

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Soil moisture sensors can be effective and promising decision-making tools for diverse applications and audiences, including agricultural managers, irrigation practitioners, and researchers. Nevertheless, there exists immense adoption potential in the United States, with only 1.2 in 10 farms nationally using soil moisture sensors to decide when to irrigate. This number is much lower in the global scale. Increased adoption is likely hindered by lack of scientific support in need assessment, selection, suitability and use of these sensors. Here, through extensive field research, we address the o

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Doležal, F., T. Litschmann, J. Kučera, et al. "Field and laboratory ad hoc calibrations of Virrib and ThetaProbe dielectric sensors for soil moisture measurements." Soil and Water Research 3, No. 4 (2008): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/18/2008-swr.

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For the research of irrigation optimization and nitrate leaching it is important to know the short-term soil moisture variation during percolation episodes as well as its seasonal pattern. Dielectric soil moisture sensors Virrib (AMET &ndash; Consortium) and ThetaProbe ML2x (Delta-T) were used for this purpose over several years for measuring soil moisture content at hourly intervals in Valečov (49&deg;38&rsquo;40&rdquo; N, 14&deg;30&rsquo;25&rdquo; E, 461 m a.s.l.), Czech Republic, in a deep loamy Stagnosol soil underlain by weathered paragneiss. One-point field ca

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Mohanbabu, M., T. G. Vasista, T. Giridhar, and K. Koteswararao. "Efficiently Estimating Soil Moisture Content: Adopting IoT Technologies." Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence Journal 4, no. 2 (2024): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31763/iota.v4i2.725.

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Soil moisture plays a major role in agricultural yield, hydrological, and environmental monitoring studies. Soil-moisture’s accurate estimation is important for successfully improving crop yield efficiently using agricultural resources and effectively managing water resources. The current article aims to list different approaches to estimating soil moisture such as using microwave, radar, and sensor-based methods of electronic and communication engineering and also IoT-based methods from computer engineering fields to find the journey of use of state-of-the-art technology methods for measuring

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Canja, Juvenaldo Florentino, Benito Moreira de Azevedo, George André Pereira Thé, Michela Mulas, Diogo Sales Frazão, and Luís Gonzaga Medeiros de Figueredo Júnior. "Statistical characterization of a capacitive soil moisture probe, integrated into the water balance system in agriculture in a semi-arid region." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 20 (March 14, 2025): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.3029.

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Soil water balance serves as a key indicator of moisture variability across the soil profile. Traditional instrumentation can significantly benefit from advancements in soil moisture monitoring technologies. The sensors can be integrated into precision irrigation systems. This study aimed to assess the water balance in a drainage lysimeter, integrated with a low-cost soil moisture monitoring system using the HD38 sensor. Soil moisture was tracked over a 50 cm depth using four capacitive probes. Environmental variables, including temperature and relative humidity, were monitored using a low-cos

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