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1
Tito, Gilvanise Alves, Josely Dantas Fernandes, Lucia Helena Garófalo Chaves, Hugo Orlando Carvallo Guerra, and Edilma Rodrigues Bento Dantas. "Organic carbon mineralization of the biochar and organic compost of poultry litter in an Argisol." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, no. 6 (August 12, 2021): 3167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6p3167.
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The dynamics of the organic residues added to the soil are closely related to its mineralization rate. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the organic carbon mineralization in soil samples incubated with different doses of biochar and organic compost from poultry litter. Carbon mineralization was evaluated experimentally by measuring the C-CO2 liberated by incubating 200 g of soil mixed with different doses 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha-1 of both biochar and organic compost for 61 days. The soil microbial activity, and consequently the carbon mineralization, increased with the application of doses of biochar and organic compost from the poultry litter. The highest C-CO2 mineralization was observed in the treatments that received organic compost. The carbon mineralization process followed chemical kinetics with two simultaneous reactions. The greatest amount of released and accumulated C-CO2 was observed in the soil incubated with 15 and 20 t ha-1 of organic compost from the poultry litter. The doses of biochar did not influence the content of mineralized carbon; this behavior was not verified with the use of this compost, whose highest content corresponded to 85.69 mg kg-1, applying 20 t ha-1.
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She, Ruihuan, Yongxiang Yu, Chaorong Ge, and Huaiying Yao. "Soil Texture Alters the Impact of Salinity on Carbon Mineralization." Agronomy 11, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010128.
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Soil salinization typically inhibits the ability of decomposer organisms to utilize soil organic matter, and an increase in soil clay content can mediate the negative effect of salinity on carbon (C) mineralization. However, the interactive effects of soil salt concentrations and properties on C mineralization remain uncertain. In this study, a laboratory experiment was performed to investigate the interactive effects of soil salt content (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 1.0%) and texture (sandy loam, sandy clay loam and silty clay soil with 6.0%, 23.9% and 40.6% clay content, respectively) on C mineralization and microbial community composition after cotton straw addition. With increasing soil salinity, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the three soils decreased, but the effect of soil salinity on the decomposition of soil organic carbon varied with soil texture. Cumulative CO2 emissions in the coarse-textured (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) soils were more affected by salinity than those in the fine-textured (silty clay) soil. This difference was probably due to the differing responses of labile and resistant organic compounds to salinity across different soil texture. Increased salinity decreased the decomposition of the stable C pool in the coarse-textured soil, by reducing the proportion of fungi to bacteria, whereas it decreased the mineralization of the active C pool in the fine-textured soil through decreasing the Gram-positive bacterial population. Overall, our results suggest that soil texture controlled the negative effect of salinity on C mineralization through regulating the soil microbial community composition.
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She, Ruihuan, Yongxiang Yu, Chaorong Ge, and Huaiying Yao. "Soil Texture Alters the Impact of Salinity on Carbon Mineralization." Agronomy 11, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010128.
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Soil salinization typically inhibits the ability of decomposer organisms to utilize soil organic matter, and an increase in soil clay content can mediate the negative effect of salinity on carbon (C) mineralization. However, the interactive effects of soil salt concentrations and properties on C mineralization remain uncertain. In this study, a laboratory experiment was performed to investigate the interactive effects of soil salt content (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 1.0%) and texture (sandy loam, sandy clay loam and silty clay soil with 6.0%, 23.9% and 40.6% clay content, respectively) on C mineralization and microbial community composition after cotton straw addition. With increasing soil salinity, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the three soils decreased, but the effect of soil salinity on the decomposition of soil organic carbon varied with soil texture. Cumulative CO2 emissions in the coarse-textured (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) soils were more affected by salinity than those in the fine-textured (silty clay) soil. This difference was probably due to the differing responses of labile and resistant organic compounds to salinity across different soil texture. Increased salinity decreased the decomposition of the stable C pool in the coarse-textured soil, by reducing the proportion of fungi to bacteria, whereas it decreased the mineralization of the active C pool in the fine-textured soil through decreasing the Gram-positive bacterial population. Overall, our results suggest that soil texture controlled the negative effect of salinity on C mineralization through regulating the soil microbial community composition.
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Chapman, Samantha K., Matthew A. Hayes, Brendan Kelly, and J. Adam Langley. "Exploring the oxygen sensitivity of wetland soil carbon mineralization." Biology Letters 15, no. 1 (January 2019): 20180407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0407.
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Soil oxygen availability may influence blue carbon, which is carbon stored in coastal wetlands, by controlling the decomposition of soil organic matter. We are beginning to quantify soil oxygen availability in wetlands, but we lack a precise understanding of how oxygen controls soil carbon dynamics. In this paper, we synthesize existing data from oxic and anoxic wetland soil incubations to determine how oxygen controls carbon mineralization. We define the oxygen sensitivity of carbon mineralization as the ratio of carbon mineralization rate in oxic soil to this rate in anoxic soil, such that higher values of this ratio indicate greater sensitivity of carbon mineralization to oxygen. The estimates of oxygen sensitivity we derived from existing literature show a wide range of ratios, from 0.8 to 33, across wetlands. We then report oxygen sensitivities from an experimental mesocosm we developed to manipulate soil oxygen status in realistic soils. The variation in oxygen sensitivity we uncover from this systematic review and experiment indicates that Earth system models may misrepresent the oxygen sensitivity of carbon mineralization, and how it varies with context, in wetland soils. We suggest that altered soil oxygen availability could be an important driver of future blue carbon storage in coastal wetlands.
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Li, Wanying, Zhen Guo, Juan Li, and Jichang Han. "Response of the characteristics of organic carbon mineralization of soft rock and soil composed of sand to soil depth." PeerJ 9 (June 4, 2021): e11572. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11572.
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The addition of soft rock to aeolian sandy soil can improve the level of fertility and ability of the soil to sequester carbon, which is of substantial significance to improve the ecological environment of the Mu Us sandy land and supplement newly added cultivated land. S oft rock and sand were combined using the ratio (v/v) of 0:1 (CK), 1:5 (S1), 1:2 (S2), and 1:1 (S3). The process of mineralization of organic carbon at different depths (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm) in the combined soil was studied by 58 days of incubation indoors at a constant temperature. The content of soil nutrient s increased significantly under the S2 and S3 treatments and was higher in the 0–10 cm soil depth. The mineralization of rate of soil organic carbon (SOC) of different combination ratios can be divided into three time periods: the stress mineralization stage (1–7 d), the rapid mineralization stage (7–9 d) and the slow mineralization stage (9–58 d). At the end of incubation, the rates of mineralization of SOC and accumulated mineralization amount (Ct) were relatively large in the 0–10 cm soil depth, followed by the 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm soil layers , indicating that the stability of SOC in the surface layer was poor, which is not conducive to the storage of carbon. The content of potentially mineralizable organic carbon (C0) in the soil was consistent with the trend of change of Ct. Compared with the CK treatment, the cumulative organic carbon mineralization rate (Cr) of the S2 and S3 treatment s decreased by 7.77% and 6.05%, respectively; and the C0/SOC decreased by 22.84% and 15.55%, respectively. Moreover, the Cr and C0/SOC values in the 10–20 cm soil depth were small, which indirectly promoted the storage of organic carbon. With the process of SOC mineralization, the contents of soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) tended to decrease compared with the initial contents, with larger amplitudes in the 20–30 cm and 10–20 cm soil depth s, respectively. SOC, total nitrogen, available potassium, SMBC and DOC were all closely related to the process of mineralization of organic carbon. Therefore, the accumulation of soil carbon could be enhanced when the proportion of soft rock and sand composite soil was between 1:2 and 1:1, and the 10–20 cm soil depth was relatively stable. These results provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of desertified land.
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Guo, Zhen, Jichang Han, Yan Xu, Yangjie Lu, Chendi Shi, Lei Ge, Tingting Cao, and Juan Li. "The mineralization characteristics of organic carbon and particle composition analysis in reconstructed soil with different proportions of soft rock and sand." PeerJ 7 (September 16, 2019): e7707. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7707.
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The organic carbon mineralization process reflects the release intensity of soil CO2. Therefore, the study of organic carbon mineralization and particle composition analysis of soft rock and sand compound soil can provide technical support and a theoretical basis for soil organic reconstruction (soil structure, materials and biological nutrition). Based on previous research, four treatments were selected: CK (soft rock:sand=0:1), C1 (soft rock:sand=1:5), C2 (soft rock:sand=1:2) and C3 (soft rock:sand=1:1), respectively. Specifically, we analyzed the organic carbon mineralization process and soil particle composition by lye absorption, laser granulometer, and scanning electron microscope. The results showed that there was no significant difference in organic carbon content between C1, C2 , and C3 treatments, but they were significantly higher than in the CK treatment (P < 0.05). The organic carbon mineralization rate in each treatment accords with a logarithmic function throughout the incubation period (P < 0.01), which can be divided into a rapid decline phase in days 1 to 11 followed by a steady decline phase in days 11 to 30. The cumulative mineralization on the 11th day reached 54.96%–74.44% of the total mineralization amount. At the end of the incubation, the cumulative mineralization and potential mineralizable organic carbon content of the C1, C2 and C3 treatments were significantly higher than those of the CK treatment. The cumulative mineralization rate was also the lowest in the C1 and C2 treatment. The turnover rate constant of soil organic carbon in each treatment was significantly lower than that of the CK treatment, and the residence time increased. With the increase of volume fraction of soft rock, the content of silt and clay particles increased gradually, the texture of soil changed from sandy soil to sandy loam, loam , and silty loam, respectively. With the increase of small particles, the structure of soil appear ed to collapse when the volume ratio of soft rock was 50%. A comprehensive mineralization index and scanning electron microscopy analysis, when the ratio of soft rock to sand volume was 1:5–1:2, this can effectively increase the accumulation of soil organic carbon. Then, the distribution of soil particles was more uniform, the soil structure was stable (not collapsed), and the mineralization level of unit organic carbon was lower. Our research results have practical significance for the large area popularization of soft rock and sand compound technology.
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MOTT, S. C., J. R. DAVENPORT, and R. L. THOMAS. "MINERALIZATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF CARBON FROM SURFICIAL AND BURIED CORN STALKS." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 68, no. 4 (November 1, 1988): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss88-066.
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Although corn (Zea mays L.) stalks contribute to the total quantity of organic material in soil, their direct influence on soil structural stabilization may be small. In a laboratory study 14C-labelled corn stalks were placed on the surface of, or buried at, a 5-cm depth in a sandy loam soil. The soils were incubated at 25 °C for 119 d to determine the extent of organic carbon redistribution. Approximately 70% of the buried stalk carbon and 90% of the surface stalk carbon remained in the soil after incubation. Most of the residual carbon was identifiable as stalk tissue. Less than 5% of the added carbon was intermixed with the soil. Both the lack of C redistribution in the soil and the high loss of the mineralized 14C as CO2 stress the importance of the initial distribution of added organic materials in soils. The results imply that corn stover is a poor source of soil C and that it would be best used as a surface protectant against raindrop impact. Key words: Carbon mineralization, carbon redistribution, corn stalks, soil structure
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Aka Sağlıker, Hüsniye, and Neslişah Mutlu. "Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi Sanayi Alanı Topraklarında Karbon Mineralizasyonu." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 7 (July 20, 2018): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i7.940-944.1935.
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In this study; it was determined some trace element contents [Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn (mg/kg)] and carbon mineralization (28° C, 45 days) in three soil sampled depending on the distance from three different plots of Industrial Zone which has a great number of iron and steel and metal industry enterprises and one soil sample from Osmaniye Korkut Ata University campus which is located far from this Industrial Zone. CO2 respiration method was used in carbon mineralization experiments. It was determined that trace element contents of these four soils was lower than the limit values. Carbon mineralization [15.0 mg/C(CO2)/100 g DS] of the soil number 1 sampled nearly the Industial Zone was significantly lower than campus soil numbered 4 [30.0 mg/C(CO2)/100 g DS]. The similarity were also observed among the carbon mineralization rates of four soils and three soils of the Industrial Zone were found significantly lower than the campus soil. All these findings exhibited that the carbon mineralization and trace element contents of the soils did not change with distance of Industrial Zone; the soil may vary depending on the organic carbon and nitrogen contents together with pH.
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Ansong Omari, Richard, Dorothea Bellingrath-Kimura, Yoshiharu Fujii, Elsie Sarkodee-Addo, Kwame Appiah Sarpong, and Yosei Oikawa. "Nitrogen Mineralization and Microbial Biomass Dynamics in Different Tropical Soils Amended with Contrasting Organic Resources." Soil Systems 2, no. 4 (November 23, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems2040063.
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The use of location-specific and underutilized organic residues (OR) as soil amendments in small-holder agro-ecosystems is promising. Six ORs (Leucaena leucocephala, Centrosema pubescens, Gliricidia sepium, Pueraria phaseoloides, Azadirachta indica, and Theobroma cacao) were amended to three tropical soils each at 24 mg g−1 dry soil in 120-day incubation study to estimate their nitrogen (N) mineralization and microbial biomass carbon (C) dynamics. Inorganic N contents varied among ORs, soil type and incubation days. Regardless of soil type, Gliricidia had the highest inorganic N among the studied ORs. Mineralization rate of 1.4 to 1.5 mg N kg−1 soil day−1 was observed for Lego and Tec soils, respectively, and was twice higher than Nya soil. However, Nya soil released higher inorganic N than Tec and Lego soils, implying high N mineralization efficiency in the former. Consistent soil pH increase was respectively observed for Theobroma and Pueraria treatments in all soils. Moreover, Theobroma and Pueraria amendments showed the highest soil microbial biomass C (MBC) at the end of the incubation. The assessed soil properties likely affected by the dominant edaphic factors and management influenced differences in MBC and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) while OR quality indices controlled N mineralization. Thus, we conclude that soil properties and OR type are important factors for optimal utilization of organic resources.
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Moretti, Sarah Mello Leite, Edna Ivani Bertoncini, and Cassio Hamilton Abreu-Junior. "Carbon Mineralization in Soils Irrigated with Treated Swine Wastewater." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 3 (February 13, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n3p19.
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Treated swine wastewater agricultural use can promote environmental and agronomical improvements, however, the inappropiate management of this organic load added on soil can cause unbalances in soil fertility and in availability of nutrients and/or contaminants. Thus, this study aim was evaluate the organic matter biodegradation of treated swine wastewater (WB) and diluted swine wastewater (WBD) applied in Oxisol clayey texture (CS) and in Ultisol (SS) with medium-sandy texture. The treatments studied were: R1 – CS control; R2 – irrigation with WB on CS; R3 – irrigation with WBD on CS; R4 – SS control; R5 – irrigation with WBD on SS; R6 – irrigation with WBD on SS. Three applications were done in flasks containing 500 g of soils sampled from depth of 0-20 cm, the C-CO2 evolutions and degradation fractions were quantified after each application. The results obtained were adjusted to first-order chemical kinetics model. More than half organic matter was biodegraded between 4 and 10 days of incubation, when higher WB amount was applied (33.3 mm). Sucessive WBD use caused degradation of organic matter remaning of previous application. Higher CO2 evolutions were obtained for Oxisol treatments due to higher carbon contents of this soil. SW use caused depletion of Ultisol native organic matter. However, the WB use in Oxisol provided accumulation of organic matter. Soon, the respirometry test evidenced the importance of evaluate the soil depuration capacity before agricultural use, since that this process can affect the contents of organic matter native of these soils and the availabity of nutrient/contaminant for soil-water-plant system.
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Bischoff, Norbert, Robert Mikutta, Olga Shibistova, Alexander Puzanov, Marina Silanteva, Anna Grebennikova, Roland Fuß, and Georg Guggenberger. "Limited protection of macro-aggregate-occluded organic carbon in Siberian steppe soils." Biogeosciences 14, no. 10 (May 24, 2017): 2627–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2627-2017.
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Abstract. Macro-aggregates especially in agricultural steppe soils are supposed to play a vital role for soil organic carbon (OC) stabilization at a decadal timescale. While most research on soil OC stabilization in steppes focused on North American prairie soils of the Great Plains with information mainly provided by short-term incubation experiments, little is known about the agricultural steppes in southwestern Siberia, though they belong to the greatest conversion areas in the world and occupy an area larger than that in the Great Plains. To quantify the proportion of macro-aggregate-protected OC under different land use as function of land use intensity and time since land use change (LUC) from pasture to arable land in Siberian steppe soils, we determined OC mineralization rates of intact (250–2000 µm) and crushed (< 250 µm) macro-aggregates in long-term incubations over 401 days (20 °C; 60 % water holding capacity) along two agricultural chronosequences in the Siberian Kulunda steppe. Additionally, we incubated bulk soil (< 2000 µm) to determine the effect of LUC and subsequent agricultural use on a fast and a slow soil OC pool (labile vs. more stable OC), as derived from fitting exponential-decay models to incubation data. We hypothesized that (i) macro-aggregate crushing leads to increased OC mineralization due to an increasing microbial accessibility of a previously occluded labile macro-aggregate OC fraction, and (ii) bulk soil OC mineralization rates and the size of the fast OC pool are higher in pasture than in arable soils with decreasing bulk soil OC mineralization rates and size of the fast OC pool as land use intensity and time since LUC increase. Against our hypothesis, OC mineralization rates of crushed macro-aggregates were similar to those of intact macro-aggregates under all land use regimes. Macro-aggregate-protected OC was almost absent and accounted for < 1 % of the total macro-aggregate OC content and to a maximum of 8 ± 4 % of mineralized OC. In accordance to our second hypothesis, highest bulk soil OC mineralization rates and sizes of the fast OC pool were determined under pasture, but mineralization rates and pool sizes were unaffected by land use intensity and time since LUC. However, at one chronosequence mean residence times of the fast and slow OC pool tended to decrease with increasing time since establishment of arable use. We conclude that the tillage-induced breakdown of macro-aggregates has not reduced the OC contents in the soils under study. The decline of OC after LUC is probably attributed to the faster soil OC turnover under arable land as compared to pasture at a reduced plant residue input.
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Kolář, L., F. Klimeš, R. Ledvina, and S. Kužel. "A method to determine mineralization kinetics of a decomposable part of soil organic matter in the soil." Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 1 (December 10, 2011): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4082-pse.
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A new method was proposed that complements the value of active carbon in the soil expressed as hot-water soluble carbon Chws. The method is based on vacuum measurements of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of soil suspensions using an Oxi Top Control system manufactured by the WTW Merck Company that is destined for hydrochemical analyses of organically contaminated waters. Measurements will provide BOD values for particular days of incubation; total limit BODt can be determined from these values, and it is possible to calculate the rate constant k1 of mineralization of a decomposable part of soil organic matter. It is typical of soil organic matter (SOM) of a given soil sample and comparable with the BOD5:COD (chemical oxygen demand) ratio that is used to evaluate degradability of water organic contamination in hydrochemical analytics.
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Mishra, Amit, Narendra Kumar, Rajiv Kumar, Robin Kumar, and Dinesh Tomar. "Mineralization of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur from different organic wastes in silty clay loam soils." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i1.738.
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Mineralization of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and suphur was studied by incubating soil samples for 90 days at 30°C temperature with four different organic materials viz. Press mud, sugarcane trash, paper mill bagasse and pine needle. The results showed that the carbon mineralization in soil was significantly higher from sugarcane trash followed by press mud as compared to control. The cumulative percent of carbon mineralization increased with incubation period and maximum mineralization was recorded at 90 DOI (days after incubation). The maximum cumulative percent N-mineralization (16.88%) in soil was shown by paper mill bagasse followed by sugarcane trash and pine needle. The percent N-mineralization from all added organic amendments increased incubation period up to 45days of incubation DOI (days after incubation) after then it gradually declined, while the pine needles showed maximum cumulative P-mineralization in soil followed by sugarcane trash while minimum was recorded from press mud. The paper mill bagasse showed highest cumulative S-mineralization in soil followed by sugarcane trash. Irrespective of organic wastes, cumulative S-mineralization significantly increased after 15 days of incubation up to 45 days later on it showed declined trend. Among the organic wastes, sugarcane trash showed maximum Cmineralization in soil exhibited fast decomposition in comparison to other wastes. So, it can be used for composting.The paper mill bagasse showed more N and S mineralization while maximum mineralization of P was found in pine needle. The press mud and sugarcane trash showed potential for short duration enriched compost.
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Saidy, Akhmad Rizalli. "Relationship between Water Content and Mineralization of Carbon and Nitrogen in Soils Varying in Physical and Chemical Characteristics." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 18, no. 1 (March 8, 2013): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.v18i1.45-52.
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An understanding on relationship between water content and mineralization of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) across soils varying in physical and chemical characteristics is required to assess the influence of soil physico-chemical properties on soil organic matter decomposition. However, such information is rarely available. Relationship between C and N mineralization of three soils varying in physico-chemical properties with different measurements of water content (water-filled pore space, gravimetric water content, volumetric water content, and water holding capacity) was studied through an incubation experiment for 8 weeks. Results of the experiment showed that C and N mineralization increased with increasing water content, reached a maximum, and then decreased with subsequent increasing water content levels. Maximum C and N mineralizations were observed at 70-80% and 50% water-filled pore space (WFPS), respectively. The ranges of WFPS for C and N mineralization were the narrowest among other measurements of water content. Therefore, it was likely that a single WFPS could be used in subsequent incubations to examine either C or N mineralization of soils with different characteristics. Result of this study suggests that the preliminary experiment on the relationship between mineralization of C and N and water content is necessary to do where mineralization is needed to be assessed in soils that have different physico-chemical characteristics.Keywords: Carbon and nitrogen mineralization, percent of water-filled pore space, water content[How to Cite : Saidy AR. 2013. Relationship between Water Content and Mineralization of Carbon and Nitrogen in Soils Varying in Physical and Chemical Characteristics. J Trop Soils, 18 (1) : 45-52. doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.1.45][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.1.45]
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Huang, Jinquan, Changwei Zhang, Dongbing Cheng, Bo Hu, Pingcang Zhang, Zhigang Wang, Jigen Liu, and Zhongwu Li. "Soil organic carbon mineralization in relation to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by differently sized aggregates." Open Chemistry 17, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0051.
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AbstractThe dynamics of eroded and retained soil organic carbon (SOC) may provide critical clues for evaluating impacts of soil erosion on global carbon cycling. Distribution patterns of soil aggregates in eroded and deposited environments are shaped by selective transport of water erosion. Therefore, detecting the pattern of SOC mineralization in soils dominated by aggregates of different sizes is essential to accurately explore the dynamics of eroded and retained SOCs in eroded and deposited environments. In the present study, the characteristics of SOC mineralization and its relationship to microbial dynamics in subtropical red soils dominated by different sizes of soil aggregates were investigated. The results demonstrated that the SOC mineralization rate of soils dominated by graded aggregates were significantly different, indicating that SOC mineralization in eroded and deposited environments are shaped by selective transport of water erosion. The highest mineralization rate was found in soils containing 1-2 mm aggregates at the initial stage of the experiment, and the daily average mineralization rate of the < 0.5 mm aggregates was significantly higher than that of the 2-3 mm aggregates. During the incubation, fungal communities exhibited a low dynamic character, whereas the composition of bacterial communities in all treatments changed significantly and had obvious differences relative to each other. Bacterial species diversities and relative abundances in the <0.5mm and the 2-3mm aggregates showed opposite dynamic characteristics. However, there were no statistical interactions between the dynamics of microbial communities and the changes of SOC or soil water content. Changes in bacterial community structure had no significant impact on the mineralization of SOC, which might be related to the quality of SOC or the specific utilization of carbon sources by different functional groups of microorganisms. Mineralization of the eroded and retained SOCs with specific qualities in relation to their functional microorganisms should be further explored in the future.
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Maestrini, B., S. Abiven, N. Singh, J. Bird, M. S. Torn, and M. W. I. Schmidt. "Carbon losses from pyrolysed and original wood in a forest soil under natural and increased N deposition." Biogeosciences 11, no. 18 (September 29, 2014): 5199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5199-2014.
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Abstract. Pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) plays an important role as a stable carbon (C) sink in the soils of terrestrial ecosystems. However, uncertainties remain about in situ turnover rates of fire-derived PyOM in soil, the main processes leading to PyOM-C and nitrogen (N) losses from the soil, and the role of N availability on PyOM cycling in soils. We measured PyOM and native soil organic carbon losses from the soil as carbon dioxide and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) using additions of highly 13C-labelled PyOM (2.03 atom %) and its precursor pinewood during 1 year in a temperate forest soil. The field experiment was carried out under ambient and increased mineral N deposition (+60 kg N-NH4NO3 ha−1 year−1). The results showed that after 1 year: (1) 0.5% of PyOM-C and 22% of wood-C were mineralized as CO2, leading to an estimated turnover time of 191 and 4 years, respectively; (2) the quantity of PyOM and wood lost as dissolved organic carbon was negligible (0.0004 ± 0.0003% and 0.022 ± 0.007% of applied-C, respectively); and (3) N additions decreased cumulative PyOM mineralization by 43%, but did not affect cumulative wood mineralization and did not affect the loss of DOC from PyOM or wood. We conclude that mineralization to CO2 was the main process leading to PyOM losses during the first year of mineralization in a forest soil, and that N addition can decrease PyOM-C cycling, while added N showed no effect on wood C cycling.
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Szyszko-Podgórska, Katarzyna, Marek Kondras, Izabel Dymitryszyn, Anita Matracka, Mirosław Cimoch, and Ewa Żyfka-Zagrodzińska. "Influence of soil macrofauna on soil organic carbon content." Environmental Protection and Natural Resources 29, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2018-0018.
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Abstract Macrofauna plays a very important role in the functioning of the natural environment. It plays an important role in the decomposition of organic matter by mixing and crushing organic matter in soil. Invertebrate faeces influence the development of microorganisms and their dead bodies stimulate mineralization in the soil. They also influence the humification processes. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of macrofauna and litter distribution and the accumulation of organic carbon in soil. The study showed a significant influence of this thick animal on the processes taking place in the soil. Significant correlations were observed between the organic carbon content in the litter and the organic carbon content in the soil, macrofauna activity with litter decomposition and its influence on the organic carbon accumulation.
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Kalala, Daniel M., Victor Shitumbanuma, Noah Adamtey, and Benson H. Chishala. "Organic Inputs and Chemical Fertilizer on Carbon Mineralization From Two Ultisols." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 11 (October 15, 2020): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n11p223.
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There are challenges that limit the use of organic inputs for soil fertility management. Amongst them is the limited knowledge of factors that affect rates of decomposition and nutrient release from different organic inputs. A study was conducted on surface soil samples of two Ultisols to determine factors affecting carbon (C) mineralization from selected organic inputs. A loamy sand (LS) from a Kandiustult and a sandy clay loam (SCL) from a Paleustult were used. Fine earth fractions of the soils mixed with organic inputs with and without chemical fertilizer were incubated for 13 weeks and the CO2 evolved was measured. Organic inputs used were biomasses of Cajanus cajan, Tephrosia vogelii, Crotalaria juncea, Mucuna pruriens, a mixture of native grasses and shrubs and composted cattle manure. The latter two inputs are traditionally used by farmers, while the leguminous plants were recommended by scientists. Treatments with chemical fertilizer only, representing the conventional farming practice, and a control with soil alone were included. Addition of organic inputs with or without fertilizer increased total CO2 emissions by 81 to 129% on the LS and by 18 to 34% on the SCL. Adding chemical fertilizer significantly (p < 0.05) increased C mineralization rate constant (k) by 116% on the LS and 48% on the SCL. The mean residence time of organic carbon from treatments grouped by input type followed the order: Control > Traditional > Legumes > Conventional on both soils. In general, the k on the LS was double that on the SCL. The type of organic input, soil texture and application of chemical fertilizer significantly affected C mineralization rates from the soils.
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Ma, Xiang, Qingqing Zhang, Haibing Wu, and Jing Liang. "Deciphering the Effects of Waste Amendments on Particulate Organic Carbon and Soil C-Mineralization Dynamics." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 3790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073790.
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It is important to understand the dynamics of soil carbon to study the effects of waste amendment inputs on soil organic carbon decomposition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of waste amendment carbon input on the soil organic carbon (SOC) content, soil particulate organic carbon (POC) content and soil organic carbon mineralization rate dynamics. A 60-day experiment was carried out in the laboratory. The following treatments were compared: (1) CK: soil without amendments; (2) FW1: soil with food waste compost (soil/food waste compost = 100:1); (3) FW2: soil with food waste compost (soil/food waste compost = 100:2); (4) GW1: soil with garden waste compost (soil/garden waste compost = 100:0.84); (5) GW2: soil with garden waste compost (soil/garden waste compost = 100:1.67); (6) FGW1: soil amendments mixture (soil/food waste compost/garden waste compost = 100:0.5:0.42); (7) FGW2: soil amendments mixture (soil/food waste compost/garden waste compost = 100:1:0.84); the inputs of amendment carbon to FW1, GW1 and FGW1 were 2.92 g kg−1, the inputs of amendment carbon to FW2, GW2 and FGW2 were 5.84 g kg−1. The results showed that the addition of waste amendments increased the amount of cumulative mineralization from 95% to 262% and accelerated the rate of soil mineralization. After adding organic materials, the change in the soil organic carbon mineralization rate could be divided into two stages: the fast stage and the slow stage. The dividing point of the two stages was approximately 10 days. When equal amounts of waste amendment carbon were input to the soil, there was no significant difference in SOC between food waste and garden waste. However, SOC increased with the amount of amendment addition. However, for POC, there was no significant difference between the different amounts of carbon input to the garden waste compost treatments. SOC and POC were significantly correlated with the cumulative emissions of CO2.
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Verberne, E. L. J., J. Hassink, P. de Willigen, J. J. R. Groot, and J. A. van Veen. "Modelling organic matter dynamics in different soils." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 38, no. 3A (September 1, 1990): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v38i3a.16585.
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A mathematical model was developed to describe carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling in different soil types, e.g. clay and sandy soils. Transformation rates were described by first-order kinetics. Soil organic matter is divided into four fractions (including microbial biomass pool) and three fractions of residues. The fraction of active soil organic matter was assumed to be affected by the extent of physical protection within the soil, as was the soil microbial biomass. The extent of protection influenced the steady state level of the model, and, hence, the mineralization rates. The mineralization rate in fine-textured soils is lower than in coarse-textured soils; in fine-textured soils a larger proportion of the soil organic matter may be physically protected. The availability of organic materials as a substrate for microorganisms is not only determined by their chemical composition, but also by their spatial distribution in the soil. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Yang, Kai, Jiaojun Zhu, and Shuang Xu. "Influences of various forms of nitrogen additions on carbon mineralization in natural secondary forests and adjacent larch plantations in Northeast China." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, no. 5 (May 2014): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0485.
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Soil organic matter decomposition, a major process that affects soil carbon (C) storage, is controlled by the available nitrogen (N) in soils. However, little is known about the effects of the various forms of N input on organic matter decomposition in typical temperate forest types such as secondary forests and larch plantations. A 56-day laboratory incubation experiment was performed to determine the effects of dominant N forms (ammonium dominant = NH4+; ammonium nitrate dominant = NH4NO3; and nitrate dominant = NO3−) and four N levels (control = no N added; low N = 25 mg N·kg soil−1; medium N = 50 mg N·kg soil−1; and high N = 75 mg N·kg soil−1) on soil C mineralization in secondary forest and larch plantation soils. The results indicated that the addition of N inhibits C mineralization, regardless of the form of N applied in the secondary forest soil, whereas NH4+-dominant soil decreased C mineralization in the larch plantation soil. Furthermore, among the various forms of N, the addition of NH4+ reduced C mineralization the most compared with NO3– and NH4NO3 additions in the secondary forest soil. Additional N generally suppressed phenol oxidase activity but had no effects on activities of exoglucanase, β-glucosidase, and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase or soluble organic C in the secondary forest soil. The decrease in phenol oxidase activity that was associated with the addition of N is likely to have an effect on soil C mineralization. We also observed that soil pH decreased with the increasing rate of N input in the secondary forest soil, which indicates that soil C mineralization may be sensitive to the amount of N through changes in soil pH. Overall, the addition of N resulted in changes in soil C mineralization that depended on the form of the N input and the forest type. The application of NH4+-dominant N influenced soil C dynamics in the secondary forest and larch plantation soils in this short-term experiment.
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Tsai, Chen-Chi, and Yu-Fang Chang. "Carbon Dynamics and Fertility in Biochar-Amended Soils with Excessive Compost Application." Agronomy 9, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090511.
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In Taiwan, farmers often apply excessive compost to ensure adequate crop yield in frequent tillage, highly weathered, and lower fertility soils. The potential of biochar (BC) to decrease soil C mineralization and improve soil nutrient availability in excessive compost application soil is promising, but under-examined. To test this, a 434-day incubation experiment of in vitro C mineralization kinetics was conducted. We added 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% (w/w) woody BC composed of lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de. Wit) to one Oxisol and two Inceptisols in Taiwan. In each treatment, 5% swine manure compost was added to serve as excessive application. The results indicated that soil type strongly influences the impact of BC addition on soil carbon mineralization potential. Respiration per unit of total organic carbon (total mineralization coefficient) of the three studied soils significantly decreased with increase in BC addition. Principal component analysis suggested that to retain more plant nutrients in addition to the effects of carbon sequestration, farmers could use locally produced biochars and composts in highly weathered and highly frequent tillage soil. Adding 0.5% woody BC to Taiwan rural soils should be reasonable and appropriate.
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Hu, Lening, Shuangli Li, Ke Li, Haiyan Huang, Wenxin Wan, Qiuhua Huang, Qiuyan Li, Yafen Li, Hua Deng, and Tieguang He. "Effects of Two Types of Straw Biochar on the Mineralization of Soil Organic Carbon in Farmland." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 10586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410586.
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To investigate the effects of biochar on soil carbon composition and transformation, the effects of 1%, 2%, and 5% mass ratios of banana and cassava straw biochar on carbon dioxide release, total organic carbon (TOC), soluble organic carbon (SOC), and enzyme activity in soil were studied in incubation experiments at a constant temperature in the laboratory. The results showed that the cumulative CO2 emissions from cassava straw were 15.82 (1% addition ratio) and 28.14 μg·kg−1 (2%), which were lower than those from banana straw, i.e., 46.77 (1%) and 59.26 μg·kg−1 (2%). After culture, the total organic carbon contents of cassava straw were 8.55 (5%), 5.27 (2%), and 3.98 μg·kg−1 (1%), which were higher than those of banana straw, i.e., 6.31 (5%), 4.23 (2%), and 3.16 μg·kg−1 (1%). The organic carbon mineralization rate in each treatment showed a trend of increasing first, then decreasing, and finally stabilizing. There was a very significant positive correlation between catalase and urease activity in soil with cassava straw biochar and between catalase activity and SOC mineralization with banana straw biochar. It plays an important role in the transformation and decomposition of organic carbon. These results show that the application of biomass carbon can significantly improve the organic carbon content and enzyme activity of farmland soil, increase the cumulative mineralization amount and mineralization rate of SOC, and thus increase the carbon sequestration capacity of soil.
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Liyanage, Liyana Rallage Mahesh Chaminda, Muhammad Firdaus Sulaiman, Roslan Ismail, Gamini Perera Gunaratne, Randombage Saman Dharmakeerthi, Minninga Geethika Neranjani Rupasinghe, Amoda Priyangi Mayakaduwa, and Mohamed M. Hanafi. "Carbon Mineralization Dynamics of Organic Materials and Their Usage in the Restoration of Degraded Tropical Tea-Growing Soil." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 1191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061191.
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Understanding carbon mineralization dynamics of organic amendments is essential to restore degraded lands. This study focused on the restoration potentials of tea-growing soils using organic materials available in tea ecosystems. The Selangor-Briah soil series association (Typic Endoaquepts) consisted of a high- (soil A) and a low-carbon (soil B) soils were incubated with different organic materials and released carbon dioxide (CO2) measured. Two kinetic models were applied to depict the mineralization process. Soil health parameters including microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, dehydrogenase and catalase activities were determined to assess the restoration potentials. The parallel first-order kinetic model fitted well for all amendments. Gliricidia markedly enhanced the net cumulative CO2 flux in both soils. Charged biochar, tea waste and Gliricidia improved the microbial biomass carbon by 79–84% in soil A and 82–93% in soil B, respectively. Microbial quotients and biomass nitrogen were increased over 50 and 70% in amended soils, respectively. Dehydrogenase activity was significantly accelerated over 80% by compost, charged biochar and tea waste. Charged biochar remarkably increased the soil catalase activity by 141%. Microbial biomass, dehydrogenase and catalase activities, and cumulative CO2 flux were positively correlated (r > 0.452) with one another. The studied amendments showed greater potential in improving the soil quality, while charged biochar, raw biochar and compost enrich the soil recalcitrant C pool ensuring the soil health in long term. Even though biochar sequesters carbon, it has to be charged with nutrients to achieve the soil restoration goals.
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Wang, Zemin, Don L. Crawford, Anthony L. Pometto III, and Fatemeh Rafii. "Survival and effects of wild-type, mutant, and recombinant Streptomyces in a soil ecosystem." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 35, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m89-085.
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In a laboratory simulation, selected wild-type, mutant, and recombinant Streptomyces were released into a silt loam soil. Strains included genetically enhanced lignin decomposers and those expressing recombinant plasmids. Their survival and effects on soil organic carbon mineralization were monitored in sterile and nonsterile soil, with and without lignocellulose supplementation. Survival was followed by viable plate counts on selective media. CO2 evolution was monitored in respiration cabinets. All strains, whether released as spores or mycelia, survived in nonsterile soil for up to 30 days. Selected strains released as spores survived for at least 10 months. With all strains, the numbers of colony-forming units per gram of soil slowly declined until relatively similar, stable population levels were achieved. Spores were more stable than mycelia. Only one recombinant survived significantly better in nonsterile soil than did its corresponding nonrecombinant parent, but only during the 1st to 2nd week after release. With two exceptions, there were no statistically significant short-term effects of release on the rates of carbon mineralization in unamended or lignocellulose-amended sterile and nonsterile soils. One recombinant, Streptomyces lividans TK23-3651, significantly affected the short-term rate of soil organic carbon turnover. After its release, the rate of soil organic carbon mineralization increased, particularly in nonsterile soil amended with lignocellulose. The cumulative amount of CO2 evolved over a 30-day period was significantly higher than for control soils or those inoculated with other Streptomyces. Another recombinant, S. lividans TK23/pSE1, temporarily reduced carbon mineralization rates, but only in nonsterile, unamended soil during the first few days after release. This is the first report of released, genetically altered Streptomyces having a measurable effect on a natural ecosystem. The significant enhancing effect of strain TK23-3651 was transient, and additional studies showed that this strain was genetically unstable in soil.Key words: Streptomyces, recombinant, soil, environment, release.
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Entry, James A., and William H. Emmingham. "Influence of vegetation on microbial degradation of atrazine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in riparian soils." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 76, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss96-014.
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Mineralization of atrazine (2 chloro-4 [ethylamino]-6[isopropylamino]-s-triazine) and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in the organic layer and the top 10 cm of mineral soil was measured with radiometric techniques seasonally in coniferous forests and deciduous forests and grassland riparian soils. Active bacterial biomass and active fungal biomass, total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were also measured. In the organic horizon, atrazine mineralization was higher in conifer than in deciduous forests during all seasons. Mineralization of 2,4-D was higher in coniferous than deciduous forests in autumn and spring. Grassland vegetation did not form an organic horizon. In mineral soil, atrazine mineralization was higher in coniferous than deciduous forests in the spring and higher in grassland soils in all seasons of the year. In mineral soil, 2,4-D mineralization was higher in coniferous and deciduous forests than grassland soils in autumn, winter, and spring. 2,4-D mineralization in mineral soils did not differ between coniferous and deciduous forest soils. We found no abiotic variables or active fungal or bacterial biomass that correlated with atrazine or 2,4-D mineralization. We hypothesize that the soil microbial communities that develop under coniferous forests are capable of mineralizing greater amounts of atrazine and 2,4-D than those that develop under deciduous forests or grassland ecosystems. Key words: Forest riparian soils, forest soils, herbicides, microbial biomass
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Chevallier, T., E. Blanchart, A. Albrecht, C. Feller, and M. Bernoux. "Impact of pasture establishment on CO2 emissions from a Vertisol: Consequences for soil C sequestration (Martinique, West Indies)." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 5 (November 1, 2006): 779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-022.
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Establishing pasture on cultivated tropical Vertisols can increase soil organic carbon (SOC), but it is not known whether this increase results solely from enhanced inputs or also from suppressed mineralization. We measured CO2 emissions from a Vertisol under market gardening, and under “young” and “old” Digitaria decumbens pastures. Emissions of CO2-C increased in pastures, compared to market gardening, but relative SOC mineralization (CO2-C/SOC) decreased, implying the protection of SOC against mineralization with pasture establishment. Key words: Tropical pasture, carbon fluxes, soil organic carbon, physical protection, C storage
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Wang, Sining, Jie Tang, Zhaoyang Li, Yuqing Liu, Zihao Zhou, Jingjing Wang, Yunke Qu, and Zhenxue Dai. "Carbon Mineralization under Different Saline—Alkali Stress Conditions in Paddy Fields of Northeast China." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 6, 2020): 2921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072921.
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization (conversion of carbonaceous material to carbon dioxide) plays a central role in global carbon cycle. However, the effects of SOC mineralization under different saline–alkali stress conditions are poorly understood. In order to understand the carbon mineralization processes, four paddy fields with different saline and alkali degrees were chosen as the experimental samples and the soil CO2 emission fluxes at nine different time steps of the whole simulation experiment were observed. The physical and chemical properties of soils of four field conditions were compared for the dynamic changes of CO2 flux in the progress of paddy field cultivation simulations. The results showed that the first three fields (P1, P2, and P3) were weakly alkaline soils and the last one (P4) was strongly alkaline soil. The SOC content of each plot was significantly different and there was a near-surface enrichment, which was significantly negatively correlated with the degree of alkalization. The accumulation process of the SOC mineralization during the incubation time was consistent with the first-order kinetic model. In the initial stage of mineralization, the amount of CO2 released massively, and then the release intensity decreased rapidly. The mineralization rate decreased slowly with time and finally reached a minimum at the end of the incubation period. This study indicates that the SOC mineralization process is affected by a variety of factors. The main factors influencing SOC mineralization in the saline–alkaline soils are the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), followed by enzyme activities. Salinization of the soils inhibits the rate of soil carbon cycle, which has a greater impact on the carbon sequestration than on the carbon source process. The intensity and completeness of the SOC mineralization reactions increase with increasing SOC contents and decrease with increasing ESP levels.
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Yang, Xueqin, Mingxiang Xu, Yunge Zhao, Liqian Gao, and Shanshan Wang. "Moss-dominated biological soil crusts improve stability of soil organic carbon on the Loess Plateau, China." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 2 (February 1, 2019): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/473/2018-pse.
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The succession of biological soil crust (biocrust) may alter soil organic carbon (SOC) stability by affecting SOC fractions in arid and semi-arid regions. In the study, the SOC fractions were measured including soil easily oxidizable carbon (SEOC), soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil water soluble carbon (SWSC), and soil mineralizable carbon (SMC) at the Loess Plateau of China by using four biocrusts. The results show that SOC fractions in the biocrust layer were consistently higher than that in the subsoil layers. The average SOC content of moss crust was approximately 1.3–2.0 fold that of three other biocrusts. Moss crusts contain the lowest ratio of SEOC to SOC compared with other biocrusts. The ratio of SMC to SOC was the highest in light cyanobacteria biocrust and the lowest in moss crust, but no difference was observed in SMBC to SOC and SWSC to SOC in biocrust layers among four studied biocrusts. The results show that the moss crusts increase the accumulation of organic carbon into soil and reduce the ratio of SEOC to SOC and SMC to SOC. Together, these findings indicate that moss crusts increase the SOC stability and have important implications that SOC fractions and mineralization amount are good indicators for assessing the SOC stability.
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Levi-Minzi, R., R. Riffaldi, and A. Saviozzi. "Carbon mineralization in soil amended with different organic materials." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 31, no. 4 (August 1990): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(90)90231-2.
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Albers, Christian Nyrop, Magnus Kramshøj, and Riikka Rinnan. "Rapid mineralization of biogenic volatile organic compounds in temperate and Arctic soils." Biogeosciences 15, no. 11 (June 15, 2018): 3591–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3591-2018.
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Abstract. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are produced by all life forms. Their release into the atmosphere is important with regards to a number of climate-related physical and chemical processes and great effort has been put into determining sources and sinks of these compounds in recent years. Soil microbes have been suggested as a possible sink for BVOCs in the atmosphere; however, experimental evidence for this sink is scarce despite its potentially high importance to both carbon cycling and atmospheric concentrations of these gases. We therefore conducted a study with a number of commonly occurring BVOCs labelled with 14C and modified existing methods to study the mineralization of these compounds to 14CO2 in four different topsoils. Five of the six BVOCs were rapidly mineralized by microbes in all soils. However, great differences were observed with regards to the speed of mineralization, extent of mineralization and variation between soil types. Methanol, benzaldehyde, acetophenone and the oxygenated monoterpene geraniol were mineralized within hours in all soils. The hydrocarbon monoterpene p-cymene was mineralized rapidly in soil from a coniferous forest but was mineralized slower in soil from an adjacent beech stand, while chloroform was mineralized slowly in all soils. From our study it is clear that soil microbes are able to completely degrade BVOCs released by above-ground vegetation as well as BVOCs released by soil microbes and plant roots. In addition to the possible atmospheric implications of this degradation, the very fast mineralization rates are likely important in shaping the net BVOC emissions from soil and it is possible that BVOC formation and degradation may be important but little-recognized parts of internal carbon cycling in soil.
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Giacomini, Sandro José, Vera Lúcia Guedes Simon, Celso Aita, Leonardo Mendes Bastos, Douglas Adams Weiler, and Marciel Redin. "Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization in Soil Combining Sewage Sludge and Straw." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 39, no. 5 (October 2015): 1428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01000683rbcs20140324.
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ABSTRACT The combined incorporation of sewage sludge (SS) and oat straw (OS) to the soil can increase straw carbon mineralization and microbial nitrogen immobilization. This hypothesis was tested in two laboratory experiments, in which SS was incorporated in the soil with and without OS. One treatment in which only straw was incorporated and a control with only soil were also evaluated. The release of CO2 and mineral N in the soil after organic material incorporation was evaluated for 110 days. The cumulative C mineralization reached 30.1 % for SS and 54.7 % for OS. When these organic materials were incorporated together in the soil, straw C mineralization was not altered. About 60 % of organic N in the SS was mineralized after 110 days. This N mineralization index was twice as high as that defined by Resolution 375/2006 of the National Environmental Council. The combined incorporation of SS and OS in the soil caused an immobilization of microbial N of 5.9 kg Mg-1 of OS (mean 3.5 kg Mg-1). The results of this study indicated that SS did not increase straw C mineralization, but the SS rate should be adjusted to compensate for the microbial N immobilization caused by straw.
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Maestrini, B., S. Abiven, N. Singh, J. Bird, M. S. Torn, and M. W. I. Schmidt. "Carbon losses from pyrolysed and original wood in a forest soil under natural and increased N deposition." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-1-2014.
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Abstract. Pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) plays an important role as a stable carbon (C) sink in the terrestrial ecosystems. However, uncertainties remain about in situ turnover rates of PyOM in soil, the main processes leading to PyOM C and nitrogen (N) losses from the soil, and the role of N availability in PyOM cycling in soils. We measured PyOM and native soil organic carbon losses from the soil as carbon dioxide and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) using additions of highly 13C-labelled PyOM (2.03 atom %) and its precursor pinewood during one year in a temperate forest soil. The field experiment was carried out under ambient and increased mineral N deposition (+60 kg N ha−1 yr−1). The results showed that after one year: (1) 0.5% of PyOM-C and 22% of wood-C were mineralized as CO2, leading to an estimate of minimum turnover time of 191 and 4 yr respectively, (2) the quantity of PyOM and wood lost as dissolved organic carbon was negligible (0.0004 ± 0.0003% and 0.022 ± 0.007 respectively); and (3) N additions decreased cumulative PyOM mineralization by 43%, but did not affect cumulative wood mineralization and did not affect the loss of DOC from PyOM or wood. We conclude that mineralization to CO2 was the main process leading to PyOM losses during the first year of decomposition in a forest soil, and that N addition can decrease PyOM C cycling while leaving unaltered wood C cycling.
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Paré, T., H. Dinel, and M. Schnitzer. "Carbon and nitrogen mineralization in soil amended with non-tabletized and tabletized poultry manure." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 80, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s99-101.
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The recycling of poultry (Gallus gallus domesticus) manure (PM) needs to be done in a manner that will not only improve soil physical, chemical and biological properties but also minimize environmental risks. Untreated PM is more difficult to handle and more expensive to apply than granular fertilizers; the application of PM in the form of tablets may be a suitable alternative. It is necessary to determine whether C and N mineralization in tabletized PM (T-PM) differs from non-tabletized PM (NT-PM). Net C and N mineralization from a Brandon loam soil (Typic Endoaquoll) amended with NT-PM and T-PM, were measured in an incubation study at 25 °C. After 60 d of incubation, about 62 and 77% of total PM carbon was mineralized in NT-PM and T-PM amended soils, respectively. Carbon mineralization was not stimulated by the addition of PM tablets containing NPK to soil, while in soils mixed with NT-PM + NPK, soil respiration was reduced. Net N mineralization was similar in soils amended with T-PM and NT-PM, although changes in ammonium (NH4+–N) concentrations during incubation differed. Generally more NH4+–N accumulated in soil amended with T-PM and T-PM + NPK than with NT-PM and NT-PM + NPK The concentrations of nitrate (NO3−–N) did not differ in soils amended with T-PM and NT-PM, indicating a reduction in nitrification and NH4+–N accumulation in soils amended with PM tablets. Key words: Poultry manure, tablets, carbon mineralization, nitrogen mineralization, organic fertilizer
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Yan, Ma, Xu Junzeng, Wei Qi, Yang Shihong, Liao Linxian, Chen Suyan, and Liao Qi. "Organic carbon content and its liable components in paddy soil under water-saving irrigation." Plant, Soil and Environment 63, No. 3 (April 4, 2017): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/817/2016-pse.
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Variation of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its liable fractions under non-flooding irrigation (NFI) were investigated. In NFI paddies, the soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and water extractable organic carbon (SWEC) content in 0–40 cm soil increased by 1.73–21.74% and 1.44–30.63%, and SOC in NFI fields decreased by 0.90–18.14% than in flooding irrigation (FI) fields. As a result, the proportion of SMBC or SWEC to SOC increased remarkably. It is attributed to the different water and aeration conditions between FI and NFI irrigation. The non-flooding water-saving irrigation increased soil microbial activity and mineralization of SOC, which broke down more soil organic nutrients into soluble proportion and is beneficial for soil fertility, but might lead to more CO<sub>2</sub> emission and degradation in carbon sequestration than FI paddies.
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Sibih, M., A. N’Dayegamiye, and A. Karam. "Evaluation of carbon and nitrogen mineralization rates in meadow soils from dairy farms under transit to biological cropping systems." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s02-006.
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Mineralized soil N from meadow soils will become an important source of N to following crops in low-input biological cropping systems. The C and N mineralization rates of soils from 34 sites situated on dairy farms recently converted to biological cropping systems were evaluated in a 56-wk incubation at 25° C. Data on C and N mineralization were fitted to first-order kinetic models. Carbon and N generally presented similar patterns of mineralization. Total mineralized N (Nm) ranged between 88 and 235 mg N kg-1 soil, which represented 6.6 to 22% of total N. Carbon mineralization (Cm) rate was between 11 and 17 times greater than N mineralization (1523–2638 mg C kg-1 soil ) and C mineralized represented 9 to 19% of soil organic C. The rate constant was between 0.05 and 0.123 wk-1 for C (kC) and ranged from 0.032 to 0.088 wk-1 for N (kN). The half-life for C (TC0) and for N (TN0) varied, respectively, between 5.6 and 13.3 wk and between 15 and 28 wk. Results show that about 80% of total mineralized C and N were mineralized during the first 25 wk of incubation, corresponding to the mineralizable fraction of soil organic matter (OM). Data on C and N mineralization have been adjusted using a bicompartmental model (active and recalcitrant pools), which corresponded, respectively, to first-order and exponential equations. Total mineralizable C and N (Cm and Nm), and the C and N rate constants (kC and kN) were strongly related, whereas the rate constants of the recalcitrant pools (hc and hN) were negatively related to these parameters. This suggests that C and N mineralizable pools were independent of the humified stable OM (recalcitrant pool). Carbon and N mineralization parameters were positively related to the soil clay and silt contents, but inversely to the sand levels. This study indicates that when ploughed, meadow soils contain large mineralizable N pools, which could sustain following crops with N nutrition in low-input biological cropping systems. Key words: Meadow soils, C and N mineralization rates, low-input systems, dairy farms, soil particles sizes
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Lu, Xiankai, Qinggong Mao, Zhuohang Wang, Taiki Mori, Jiangming Mo, Fanglong Su, and Zongqing Pang. "Long-Term Nitrogen Addition Decreases Soil Carbon Mineralization in an N-Rich Primary Tropical Forest." Forests 12, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060734.
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Anthropogenic elevated nitrogen (N) deposition has an accelerated terrestrial N cycle, shaping soil carbon dynamics and storage through altering soil organic carbon mineralization processes. However, it remains unclear how long-term high N deposition affects soil carbon mineralization in tropical forests. To address this question, we established a long-term N deposition experiment in an N-rich lowland tropical forest of Southern China with N additions such as NH4NO3 of 0 (Control), 50 (Low-N), 100 (Medium-N) and 150 (High-N) kg N ha−1 yr−1, and laboratory incubation experiment, used to explore the response of soil carbon mineralization to the N additions therein. The results showed that 15 years of N additions significantly decreased soil carbon mineralization rates. During the incubation period from the 14th day to 56th day, the average decreases in soil CO2 emission rates were 18%, 33% and 47% in the low-N, medium-N and high-N treatments, respectively, compared with the Control. These negative effects were primarily aroused by the reduced soil microbial biomass and modified microbial functions (e.g., a decrease in bacteria relative abundance), which could be attributed to N-addition-induced soil acidification and potential phosphorus limitation in this forest. We further found that N additions greatly increased soil-dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and there were significantly negative relationships between microbial biomass and soil DOC, indicating that microbial consumption on soil-soluble carbon pool may decrease. These results suggests that long-term N deposition can increase soil carbon stability and benefit carbon sequestration through decreased carbon mineralization in N-rich tropical forests. This study can help us understand how microbes control soil carbon cycling and carbon sink in the tropics under both elevated N deposition and carbon dioxide in the future.
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Andresen, Louise C., Anna-Karin Björsne, Samuel Bodé, Leif Klemedtsson, Pascal Boeckx, and Tobias Rütting. "Simultaneous quantification of depolymerization and mineralization rates by a novel <sup>15</sup>N tracing model." SOIL 2, no. 3 (September 6, 2016): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-433-2016.
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Abstract. The depolymerization of soil organic matter, such as proteins and (oligo-)peptides, into monomers (e.g. amino acids) is currently considered to be the rate-limiting step for nitrogen (N) availability in terrestrial ecosystems. The mineralization of free amino acids (FAAs), liberated by the depolymerization of peptides, is an important fraction of the total mineralization of organic N. Hence, the accurate assessment of peptide depolymerization and FAA mineralization rates is important in order to gain a better process-based understanding of the soil N cycle. In this paper, we present an extended numerical 15N tracing model Ntrace, which incorporates the FAA pool and related N processes in order to provide a more robust and simultaneous quantification of depolymerization and gross mineralization rates of FAAs and soil organic N. We discuss analytical and numerical approaches for two forest soils, suggest improvements of the experimental work for future studies, and conclude that (i) when about half of all depolymerized peptide N is directly mineralized, FAA mineralization can be as important a rate-limiting step for total gross N mineralization as peptide depolymerization rate; (ii) gross FAA mineralization and FAA immobilization rates can be used to develop FAA use efficiency (NUEFAA), which can reveal microbial N or carbon (C) limitation.
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Huygens, D., P. Boeckx, O. Van Cleemput, R. Godoy, and C. Oyarzún. "Aggregate structure and stability linked to carbon dynamics in a south Chilean Andisol." Biogeosciences Discussions 2, no. 1 (February 9, 2005): 203–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-2-203-2005.
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Abstract. The extreme vulnerability of soil organic carbon to climate and land use change emphasizes the need for further research in different terrestrial ecosystems. We have studied the aggregate stability and carbon dynamics in a chronosequence of three different land uses in a south Chilean Andisols: a second growth Nothofagus obliqua forest (SGFOR), a grassland (GRASS) and a Pinus radiata plantation (PINUS). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Al as soil organic matter stabilizing agent in this Andisol. In a case study, we linked differences in carbon dynamics between the three land use treatments to physical protection and recalcitrance of the soil organic matter (SOM). In this study, C aggregate stability and dynamics were studied using size and density fractionation experiments of the SOM, δ13C and total carbon analysis of the different SOM fractions, and mineralization measurements. The results showed that electrostatic attractions between and among Al-oxides and clay minerals are mainly responsible for the stabilization of soil aggregates and the physical protection of the enclosed soil organic carbon. Whole soil C mineralization rate constants were highest for SGFOR and PINUS, followed by GRASS. In contrast, incubation experiments of isolated macro organic matter fractions showed that the recalcitrance of the SOM decreased in another order: PINUS > SGFOR > GRASS. We concluded that physical protection of soil aggregates was the main process determining whole soil C mineralization. Land use changes affected soil organic carbon dynamics in this south Chilean Andisol by altering soil pH and consequently available Al.
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Yang, Hui, Biqin Mo, Mengxia Zhou, Tongbin Zhu, and Jianhua Cao. "Effects of Plum Plantation Ages on Soil Organic Carbon Mineralization in the Karst Rocky Desertification Ecosystem of Southwest China." Forests 10, no. 12 (December 4, 2019): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10121107.
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization is closely related to carbon source or sink of terrestrial ecosystem. Understanding SOC mineralization under plum plantation is essential for improving our understanding of SOC responses to land-use change in karst rocky desertification ecosystem. In this study, 2-year, 5-year, and 20-year plum plantations and adjacent abandoned land dominated by herbs were sampled, and a 90-day incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of plum plantations with different ages on SOC mineralization in subtropical China. Results showed that: (1) Plum plantation significantly decreased SOC content compared with abandoned land, but there was no significant difference in SOC content among plum plantations with different ages. Oppositely, the accumulative SOC mineralization (Ct) and potential SOC mineralization (C0) showed different responses to plum plantation ages. (2) The dynamics of the SOC mineralization were a good fit to a first-order kinetic model. Both C0 and Ct in calcareous soil of this study was several- to 10-folds lower than other soils in non-karst regions, indicating that SOC in karst regions has higher stability. (3) Correlation analysis revealed that both Ct and C0 was significantly correlated with soil calcium (Ca), suggesting an important role of Ca in SOC mineralization in karst rocky desertification areas. In conclusion, a Ca-rich geological background controls SOC mineralization in karst rocky desertification areas.
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Chan, C., B. D. Kay, and E. G. Gregorich. "Factors influencing mineralizable carbon in a landscape with variable topography." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 87, no. 5 (November 1, 2007): 495–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss07022.
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Management-induced erosion has substantially increased the spatial variability in soil organic carbon (OC) stocks in landscapes with variable topography, but its impact on C dynamics is not well understood. The variability in cumulative C mineralization of samples from five positions in a landscape was examined in an incubation study and the effects of water content and depth within the A horizon were assessed. Mineralization was generally at a maximum at water contents between 80 and 95% water-filled pore space. The amount of C mineralized increased with OC content, but the proportion of the mineralizable OC decreased with increasing OC content. Few significant differences in C mineralization existed between surface and subsurface layers of the A horizon. The spatial patterns in maximum C mineralization were generally indicative of the patterns obtained when mineralization was calculated using spatial patterns of actual seasonal average water contents. This suggests the spatial pattern of maximum mineralization was not strongly influenced by variable hydrologic conditions on this site and reflects the spatial patterns in annual mineralization. The proportion of OC mineralized was not related to the proportion of the OC in particulate organic carbon (POC) or in the silt + clay fractions, but was significantly negatively related to the saturation of the clay + silt fraction with C. We speculate that the decline in the proportion of mineralized OC with increasing OC content reflects an increased proportion of the capacity of the silt + clay fraction to retain and physically protect OC within microaggregates. Key words: Erosion, deposition, mineralizable organic carbon, spatial variability
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Mamo, M., J. A. E. Molina, C. J. Rosen, and T. R. Halbach. "Nitrogen and carbon mineralization in soil amended with municipal solid waste compost." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, no. 4 (November 1, 1999): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s98-065.
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Municipal solid waste (MSW) compost contains large amounts of organic matter that can be beneficial to soil. The objectives of this study were to measure N mineralization and acid hydrolyzable N in soil amended with MSW compost and correlate corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield with acid hydrolyzable N. The soil, an Orthic Black Chernozem (Entic Hapludoll) cropped to corn, was amended with composts at either 90 dry Mg ha−1 yr−1 from 1993 to 1995, or at 270 dry Mg ha−1 in one application in 1993. Soil samples were collected in the fall of 1994 and 1995 to measure C and N mineralization and acid hydrolyzable N. Potentially mineralizable N was estimated with the NCSOIL model after using C and N mineralization observed in the laboratory to calibrate the model. Net N immobilization occurred in compost-amended soils collected in 1994 with less than 0.2% of the total soil N mineralized in the compost treatments. In 1995, there was net mineralization in compost treatments but less than 5% of total soil N mineralized in 120 d. The addition of compost increased the acid hydrolyzable N of soil with 43–63% of the total soil N being acid hydrolyzable. Acid hydrolyzable soil N did not correlate to No but weakly correlated with corn grain yield. The MSW compost source was more important than the timing of application in inducing differences in soil biochemical properties. Keys words: Municipal solid waste compost, organic matter, potentially mineralizable nitrogen, acid hydrolysis
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Guo, Zhen, Jichang Han, and Juan Li. "Response of organic carbon mineralization and bacterial communities to soft rock additions in sandy soils." PeerJ 8 (April 13, 2020): e8948. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8948.
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Bacteria play a vital role in biotransformation of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, mechanisms of bacterium and organic carbon mineralization remain unclear during improvement of sandy soil using soft rock additions. In this study, four treatments with differing ratios of soft rock to sand of 0:1 (CK), 1:5 (C1), 1:2 (C2) and 1:1 (C3) were selected for mineralization incubation and high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that SOC, total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), nitrate nitrogen (NO${}_{3}^{-}$-N), and mass water content (WC) of sandy soil increased significantly after addition of soft rock (P < 0.05). Compared with the CK treatment, cumulative mineralization and potential mineralized organic carbon content of C1, C2 and C3 increased by 71.79%–183.86% and 71.08%–173.33%. The cumulative mineralization rates of organic carbon treated with C1 and C2 were lower, 16.96% and 17.78%, respectively (P > 0.05). The three dominant bacteria were Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi, among which Proteobacteria was negatively correlated with mineralization of organic carbon (P < 0.01). The mineralization rate constant (k) was positively correlated and negatively correlated with Cyanobacteria and Nitrospirae, respectively. Under C2 treatment, Proteobacteria and Nitrospirae had the largest increase, and Cyanobacteria had the largest decrease. Compared with other treatments, C2 treatment significantly increased bacterial diversity index, richness index and evenness index, and the richness index had a negative correlation with k value. In conclusion, when the ratio of soft rock to sand was 1:2, the k of SOC could be reduced. In addition, the retention time of SOC can be increased, and resulting carbon fixation was improved.
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Matos, Antonio T., Isabela C. C. Diniz, Mateus P. Matos, Alisson C. Borges, and Adriana A. Pereira. "Degradation rate of anaerobically digested sewage sludge in soil." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 1 (November 16, 2017): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.138.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to monitor the degradation and obtain the mineralization fraction of anaerobically digested sludge, also known as digestate, under field conditions, when applied to the surface or incorporated into the soil. Sludge was applied to a dystrophic Inceptisol at a dose of 500 kg ha–1 yr–1 of total nitrogen, where the monitoring period of the mineralization process lasted 131 days. Samples of the soil-residue mixture were collected for analysis of the total organic carbon (TOC) and easily oxidizable organic carbon (OOC), total, ammonia, nitrate and organic nitrogen (ON). The annual mineralization fractions of the digestate, estimated based on the difference between the initial and final contents of TOC, OOC and ON in samples of the material collected, were 99.5 and 100%, respectively, when incorporated with the soil or applied to the soil surface.
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Gruenheid, S., U. Huebner, and M. Jekel. "Impact of temperature on biodegradation of bulk and trace organics during soil passage in an indirect reuse system." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 7 (April 1, 2008): 987–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.207.
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Investigations on the behavior of bulk organics and trace organic compounds in a temperature controlled soil column system are reported. Objective of the research was to assess the importance of temperature for the degradation of bulk and trace organics. The analysis of the bulk organic behavior showed a fast mineralization of easily degradable organic carbon in the first few centimetres of the columns, which does not seem to be temperature-dependent. Along the further infiltration path an influence of the different temperatures on the bioactivity was clearly visible. However, a significant increase of mineralization potential of bulk organic compounds with increasing temperature was shown. The monitoring of the single organic pollutants Iopromide, Sulfamethoxazole and naphthalenedisulfonic acids showed that temperature has an influence on the degradation behavior of the monitored compounds. In most cases higher temperatures increased the mineralization potential.
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Andrade, Felipe Vaz, Eduardo de Sá Mendonça, and Ivo Ribeiro da Silva. "Organic acid adsorption and mineralization in oxisols with different textures." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 37, no. 4 (August 2013): 976–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832013000400015.
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Organic acids play an important role in the nutritional conditions of plants. Their relevance is related to their formation dynamics, mineralization rate and adsorption by soil colloids. This study was carried out to evaluate the dynamics of mineralization and adsorption of organic acid (acetic acid - AA, citric acid - CA and humic acid - HA) applied to the soil. Samples of two Oxisols were used: Rhodic Haplustox (LV) and Typic Haplustox (LVA). The mineralization experiment was arranged in a 2 x 3 x 5 factorial design, based on the factors: two soils (LV and LVA) x three organic acid (OA) types (AA, CA and HA) x five OA rates (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mmol dm-3). Organic carbon mineralization in samples was measured by the C-CO2 efflux, produced by the microbial activity, in a 30-day (measurements after 4, 8, 12, 21, and 30 days) and in a 4-day experiment (measured after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h). Organic acid adsorption was tested in a 2 x 2 x 5 x 4 factorial design, with the factors and levels: two Oxisols; two organic acids (AA and CA); five OA rates (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mmol dm-3) and four adsorption periods (6, 24, 48, and 72 h). The C-CO2 production of soil treated with CA was highest. In the adsorption experiment, the affinity of CA to soil adsorption sites was greatest. The adsorption of organic acids to soils may be an important mechanism by which bioavailability and thus mineralization capacity by microbial activity are reduced.
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Zhang, Qingzhong, Claudia Keitel, and Balwant Singh. "Evaluation of the Influence of Individual Clay Minerals on Biochar Carbon Mineralization in Soils." Soil Systems 3, no. 4 (December 3, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3040079.
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Although association between mineral and biochar carbon have been speculated in some studies, still there is no direct evidence for the influence of individual clay minerals on the mineralization of biochar carbon in soils. To address this, we conducted an incubation study using monomineralic soils constituted by separately mixing pure minerals, i.e., smectite, kaolinite, and goethite, with a sandy soil. Switch grass biochar (400 °C) was added to the artificial soils and samples were incubated for 90 days at 20 °C in the laboratory. The CO2-C mineralized from the control, and biochar amended soil was captured in NaOH traps and the proportion of C mineralized from biochar was determined using δ13C isotopic analysis. The clay minerals significantly decreased the cumulative total carbon mineralized during the incubation period, whereas biochar had no effect on this. The least amount of total C was mineralized in the presence of goethite and biochar amended soil, where only 0.6% of the native soil organic carbon (SOC) (compared to 4.14% in control) and 2.9% of the biochar-C was mineralized during the 90 days incubation period. Native SOC mineralization was significantly reduced in the presence of biochar and the three minerals. Goethite was most effective in stabilizing both biochar and the native soil organic carbon. The short-term data from this study demonstrate that biochar application in Fe oxide rich soils may be an effective strategy to sequester biochar carbon, as well as to stabilize native soil carbon.
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Rutherford, P. M., and N. G. Juma. "Influence of soil texture on protozoa-induced mineralization of bacterial carbon and nitrogen." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 72, no. 3 (August 1, 1992): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss92-019.
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Texture affects pore space, bacterial and protozoan populations and their activity in soil. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that protozoa grazing on bacteria increase the mineralization of bacterial C and N more in coarse-textured soils than in fine-textured soils. The microcosm experiment consisted of samples from three sterilized Orthic Black Chernozemic soils (SiC, CL and SL) inoculated with Pseudomonos bacteria, two treatments (with and without protozoa), and five sampling dates. The Pseudomonas population was labelled in situ by adding glucose- 14C and KNO3-15N (day 0). A species of Acanthamoeba was added to the microcosms on Day 2. On Day 4 bacterial numbers in all three soils were approximately 3 × 109 g−1 soil. The greatest reduction of bacteria due to protozoan grazing occurred between day 4 and day 7. All soils showed increased CO2-14C evolution and NH4-15N mineralization due to protozoan grazing but the mineralization rate of labelled N in the SL soil was much greater than in the fine-textured soils. The effect of texture on protozoan grazing was not as marked between day 12 and day 37 as earlier in the incubation. Protozoan-induced effects were transient in the soils studied and were most apparent in the coarse-textured soil. Key words: 14C, 15N, N mineralization-immobilization, bacteria, organic matter, Typic Cryoboroll, porosity, protozoa
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Curtin, D., H. Steppuhn, C. A. Campbell, and V. O. Biederbeck. "Carbon and nitrogen mineralization in soil treated with chloride and phosphate salts." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 427–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s98-079.
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This study was undertaken to characterize the response of organic matter mineralization to soluble electrolyte concentration. We added salts (either KCl or KH2PO4) to a non-saline Black Chernozem at rates of 0 to 64 mmol kg−1 and measured the amounts of C and N mineralized in a 40 d incubation (21 °C and field capacity). Precipitation of calcium phosphate in KH2PO4-treated soil resulted in electrical conductivity (EC), measured in a 1:2 soil:water extract, being lower than in KCl-treated soil. Dissolved organic C (DOC) was increased (up to twofold) by KH2PO4 addition but KCl had little effect. The relationship between C mineralization and EC appeared to be independent of salt type. Mineralization decreased sharply (by 50%) when EC increased from 0.5 dS m−1 (check value) to 1.3 dS m−1. Inhibition of nitrification was not detected until EC increased to about 2 dS m–1. Key words: Mineralization, organic matter, salinity, chloride, sulfate
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Neubauer, S. C., R. B. Franklin, and D. J. Berrier. "Saltwater intrusion into tidal freshwater marshes alters the biogeochemical processing of organic carbon." Biogeosciences 10, no. 12 (December 11, 2013): 8171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8171-2013.
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Abstract. Environmental perturbations in wetlands affect the integrated plant-microbial-soil system, causing biogeochemical responses that can manifest at local to global scales. The objective of this study was to determine how saltwater intrusion affects carbon mineralization and greenhouse gas production in coastal wetlands. Working with tidal freshwater marsh soils that had experienced ~ 3.5 yr of in situ saltwater additions, we quantified changes in soil properties, measured extracellular enzyme activity associated with organic matter breakdown, and determined potential rates of anaerobic carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) production. Soils from the field plots treated with brackish water had lower carbon content and higher C : N ratios than soils from freshwater plots, indicating that saltwater intrusion reduced carbon availability and increased organic matter recalcitrance. This was reflected in reduced activities of enzymes associated with the hydrolysis of cellulose and the oxidation of lignin, leading to reduced rates of soil CO2 and CH4 production. The effects of long-term saltwater additions contrasted with the effects of short-term exposure to brackish water during three-day laboratory incubations, which increased rates of CO2 production but lowered rates of CH4 production. Collectively, our data suggest that the long-term effect of saltwater intrusion on soil CO2 production is indirect, mediated through the effects of elevated salinity on the quantity and quality of autochthonous organic matter inputs to the soil. In contrast, salinity, organic matter content, and enzyme activities directly influence CH4 production. Our analyses demonstrate that saltwater intrusion into tidal freshwater marshes affects the entire process of carbon mineralization, from the availability of organic carbon through its terminal metabolism to CO2 and/or CH4, and illustrate that long-term shifts in biogeochemical functioning are not necessarily consistent with short-term disturbance-type responses.