To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Soil physical and chemical properties.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Soil physical and chemical properties'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Soil physical and chemical properties.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Alrajehy, Abdulrahman Mohammed. "Relationships between reflectance and soil physical and chemical properties." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2002. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-10012002-122014.
Full text
2
Hara, Yuto 1959. "Physical and chemical soil properties affecting the growth habits of agave species." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278200.
Full textAbstract:
Nine physically and chemically different soil samples from five study sites in which agaves grew, or were grown, were investigated to evaluate the effects of soil physical and chemical properties on the growth habits of agaves. In five Arizona study sites, biomass data of seven agave species has been recorded for the past ten years. Agaves were grown experimentally in the greenhouse using two widely different soil types from the five sites to evaluate growth under controlled conditions. Influence of edaphic factors on agave growth for the study sites and greenhouse experiment was evaluated. The results show that the determinant primary factors were water availability and temperature. Soil texture, soil pH, soil CO2 concentration, nitrogen, and soluble salt concentration were placed as influential secondary factors for the growth of agave. The degree of influence of these soil factors depends highly upon the genetic characteristics of agave species.
3
Maribeng, Lebea. "The influence of parent material (granite and schist) on physical and chemical properties of soils on the Syferkuil Experimental Farm." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/606.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Sc. (Soil Science)) --University of Limpopo (Turfloop campus), 2007The influence of parent material on physical and chemical properties of soil was studied on granite and schist derived soils on the Syferkuil Experimental Farm, situated in the Mankweng area of the Limpopo Province of South Africa. A total of 49 samples of virgin soils were collected, where granite soils constituted 26 samples and schist soils 23. The study design that was used is cross-sectional. The samples were analysed for physical and chemical properties. The physical properties of granite and schist soils were determined as percentages coarse sand, percentages medium sand, percentages fine sand, percentages very fine sand, percentages silt and percentages clay, whilst the chemical properties were determined as concentrations (cmol (+) kg-1) of Na, Mg, Ca, K ,ESP, CEC and P (mg kg-1), as well as pH. Statistical analysis of the results was performed by application of the Unpaired Student’s T Test, with the level of significance at p<0.05. The results showed that soils derived from granite had significantly higher coarse and medium sand fractions than schist soils; whereas schist soils were significantly higher in fine sand, very fine sand, silt and clay. The concentrations of Na, Ca, ESP and P, as well as CEC and pH in schist derived soils were higher than in granite derived soils although the differences were insignificant. However, significant differences occurred in K and Mg concentrations where schist derived soils had higher concentrations than granite derived soils. However, the concentrations of nutrient elements were found to be insufficient for proper production in agriculture. The sodium concentration was found to be low enough to not lead to sodic soil conditions. It was concluded that both granite and schist soils can be used for agriculture but require careful management because both soils indicated poor nutritional status.
4
Magomani, Matimba Israel. "The effect of fire management on chemical and physical properties of rangelands." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6191.
Full textAbstract:
The use of fire in rangeland has become standard practice for decades; however, there is no shared understanding of how fire affects soil properties. The exact relationship between fire and soil properties is still yet to be understood. The differences in fire frequency, fire intensity, fire severity, the period between fire and sampling resulted in contradictory results amongst studies. A long-term trial at the University of Fort Hare provides a valuable experimental layout for fire research. The trial was established in 1980 with the aim of investigating the effect of burning frequency on vegetation species composition and biomass production. The objective of this study was however to determine the effect of fire management on soil chemical and physical properties under the long-term burning experiment. The treatments of the study site were: no burn (K), annual (B1), biennial (B2), triennial (B3), quadrennial (B4) and sexennial (B6) burns. A line intercept sampling technique was used to collect the soil samples from the surface (0 to 75 mm) for both chemical and physical analysis. All Burning treatments significantly (p < 0.05) increased the bulk density (Db), soil pH, total cations, Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca), but reduced the soil porosity and exchangeable acidity when compared to the control. Hydraulic conductivity (Ks), water conducting macroporosity (WCM) and total nitrogen were reduced under more frequent burning treatments (B1, B2), as compared to less frequent burning treatments (B3, B4, B6). The aggregate stability showed an opposite trend. Total organic carbon (TOC) was reduced only under annual burning treatment. Burning frequencies did not impact the extractable Phosphorus (p), Potassium (K), Sodium, soil water repellency and water content significantly (P > 0.05). The risk associated with annual burning showed in this study might facilitate processes such as overflow that lead to soil degradation. Triennial burning in rangeland ecosystem supports soil conservation practices. Further studies that measure the quality of rangeland in triennial burning is necessary.
5
Jonsson, Sofia. "The influence of soil and contaminant properties on the efficiency of physical and chemical soil remediation methods." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-21040.
Full textAbstract:
A vast number of sites that have been contaminated by industrial activities have been identified worldwide. Many such sites now pose serious risks to humans and the environment. Given the large number of contaminated sites there is a great need for efficient, cost-effective remediation methods. Extensive research has therefore been focused on the development of such methods. However, the remediation of old industrial sites is challenging, for several reasons. One major problem is that organic contaminants become increasingly strongly sequestered as they persist in the soil matrix for a long period of time. This process is often referred to as ‘aging’, and leads to decreasing availability of the contaminants, which also affects the remediation efficiency. In the work underlying this thesis, the influence of soil and contaminant properties on the efficiency of various physical and chemical soil remediation methods was investigated. The investigated contaminants were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Briefly, the results show that as the size of soil particles decreases the contaminants become more strongly sorbed to the soil’s matrix, probably due to the accompanying increases in specific surface area. This affected the efficiency of the removal of organic pollutants by both a process based on solvent washing and processes based on chemical oxidation. The sorption strength is also affected by the hydrophobicity of the contaminants. However, for a number of the investigated PAHs their chemical reactivity was found to be of greater importance for the degradation efficiency. Further, the organic content of a soil is often regarded as the most important soil parameter for adsorption of hydrophobic compounds. In these studies the effect of this parameter was found to be particularly pronounced for the oxidation of low molecular weight PAHs, but larger PAHs were strongly adsorbed even at low levels of organic matter. However, for these PAHs the degradation efficiency was positively correlated to the amount of degraded organic matter, probably due to the organic matter being oxidized to smaller and less hydrophobic forms. The amount of organic matter in the soil had little effect on the removal efficiency obtained by the solvent-washing process. However, it had strong influence on the performance of a subsequent, granular activated carbon-based post-treatment of the washing liquid. In conclusion, the results in this thesis show that remediation of contaminated soils is a complex process, the efficiency of which will be affected by the soil matrix as well as the properties of the contaminants present at the site. However, by acquiring thorough knowledge of the parameters affecting the treatability of a soil it is possible to select appropriate remediation methods, and optimize them in terms of both remediation efficiency and costs for site- and contaminant-specific applications.
6
Rockhill, Tyler K., and Tyler K. Rockhill. "Influence of Soil Physical and Chemical Properties on Soil Co2 Flux in Semi-Arid Green Stormwater Infrastructure." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626391.
Full textAbstract:
Rapid population growth and urbanization in semi-arid and arid regions has led to alterations in the water, carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) cycles (Gallo et al. 2014), prompting demands for mitigation strategies. Green Infrastructure (GI) is one of the methods used in urban storm water mitigation that delays and attenuates stormwater runoff by storing water in vegetated depressions. In the Southwest these depressions, also called bioswales, have the potential to act as biogeochemical hot spots, encouraging nutrient cycling, infiltration, plant growth, and microbial activity (McClain et al. 2003). An influx of water to GI initiates a combination of physical and microbial processes that result in increased CO2 efflux and N mineralization known as the Birch Effect (Birch, 1958). This study examines GI in Tucson, AZ through inducing an artificial precipitation regime and determining how soil properties, GI design, and biogeochemical characteristics influence the response. In natural systems it has been shown that soil moisture, soil properties, organic matter, length of dry period, nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen, and microbial biomass influence soil respiration and nitrogen mineralization (Borken and Matzner 2009). The purpose of this study is to determine the role that the Birch Effect plays in urban stormwater GI. Additionally we seek to determine how soil and nutrient properties and precipitation regime affect the amplitude of the response. It was found that soils from GI features tend to have higher concentrations of organic matter, total carbon, and total nitrogen, as well as higher water holding capacity and lower bulk density. It was also shown that soils originating from GI features tend to illicit a greater CO2 flux upon rewetting than soils from adjacent areas. The linear relationships found between % clay, pH, bulk density, WHC, SOM, TC, and TN suggest that the reason for the greater response to wetting is due to the altered physiochemical composition. The results of this study can be utilized to increase microbial activity and remediation in urban GI features. This fits into the larger goal of GI to help mitigate many of the issues associated with Urban Stream Syndrome (USS) such as flashier hydrography response, increased nutrient and contaminant concentrations, increased erosion, altered channel morphology and reduced biodiversity (Meyers et al. 2005).
7
Eldiabani, Gibrel S. "Forest fires and their effect on chemical and physical properties of soils in North-eastern-Libya. Assessment of the changes in soil chemical and physical properties of soils in North-eastern-Libya." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5402.
Full textAbstract:
Forest areas are particularly susceptible to fires, which are often manmade. Too-frequent fires are likely to adversely affect the soil properties as well as vegetation composition, and possibly lead to soil erosion and desertification. One of the most fire affected forest regions in the world is the Mediterranean. Libya, in the Mediterranean region, has soils that are considered to be arid except in a small area called Aljabal Alakhdar (Green mountain), which is the geographic area covered by this study. It is the wettest part of Libya, and has an extensive forest and many agricultural crops. Like other forests in the Mediterranean it has suffered extreme degradation. This is mainly due to people removing fire wood, or sometimes converting forested areas to agricultural use, as well as fires which may alter several soil chemical and physical properties. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of fires on the physical and chemical properties of soil of Aljabal Alakhdar forest in the north-east of Libya. The physical and chemical properties of soil following fire in two geographic areas have been determined, with those subjected to the fire compared to those in adjacent unburned areas in one coastal and one mountain site. Physical properties studied were: soil particle size, soil water content, soil porosity and soil particle density; and chemical properties studied were: soil electrical conductivity (EC), soil pH, soluble and exchangeable Na, K, Ca and Mg, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soluble Cl, CO3 and HCO3, SO4, organic matter, total N and total P. For the first time in Libyan soils, the effect of burning on the magnetic susceptibility properties of soils was also tested. The results showed that except for the soil water content and magnetic susceptibility, fire has not had a clear effect on the soils¿ physical properties, while there has been a strong impact of fire on most of the studied chemical properties. These results have been used to create an index of burning for such soils in each of the geographic areas, as a step towards creating a model which will enable a subset of soil parameters to be used to estimate how recently a site was burned, as well as defining fire severity at a site.Libyan Government
8
Eldiabani, Gibrel Salah. "Forest fires and their effect on chemical and physical properties of soils in North-eastern-Libya : assessment of the changes in soil chemical and physical properties of soils in North-eastern-Libya." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5402.
Full textAbstract:
Forest areas are particularly susceptible to fires, which are often manmade. Too-frequent fires are likely to adversely affect the soil properties as well as vegetation composition, and possibly lead to soil erosion and desertification. One of the most fire affected forest regions in the world is the Mediterranean. Libya, in the Mediterranean region, has soils that are considered to be arid except in a small area called Aljabal Alakhdar (Green mountain), which is the geographic area covered by this study. It is the wettest part of Libya, and has an extensive forest and many agricultural crops. Like other forests in the Mediterranean it has suffered extreme degradation. This is mainly due to people removing fire wood, or sometimes converting forested areas to agricultural use, as well as fires which may alter several soil chemical and physical properties. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of fires on the physical and chemical properties of soil of Aljabal Alakhdar forest in the north-east of Libya. The physical and chemical properties of soil following fire in two geographic areas have been determined, with those subjected to the fire compared to those in adjacent unburned areas in one coastal and one mountain site. Physical properties studied were: soil particle size, soil water content, soil porosity and soil particle density; and chemical properties studied were: soil electrical conductivity (EC), soil pH, soluble and exchangeable Na, K, Ca and Mg, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soluble Cl, CO3 and HCO3, SO4, organic matter, total N and total P. For the first time in Libyan soils, the effect of burning on the magnetic susceptibility properties of soils was also tested. The results showed that except for the soil water content and magnetic susceptibility, fire has not had a clear effect on the soils' physical properties, while there has been a strong impact of fire on most of the studied chemical properties. These results have been used to create an index of burning for such soils in each of the geographic areas, as a step towards creating a model which will enable a subset of soil parameters to be used to estimate how recently a site was burned, as well as defining fire severity at a site.
9
Kurek, Danielle K. "Effects of prescribed burning on soil physical, biological, and chemical properties of the Oak Openings region of Northwest Ohio." Toledo, Ohio : University of Toledo, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1271430752.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Toledo, 2010.Typescript. "Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters of Science Degree in Biology." "A thesis entitled"--at head of title. Title from title page of PDF document. Bibliography: p. 58-63.
10
Fajardo, Gabriela Isabel. "Physical and Chemical Soil Properties of Ten Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) Mitigation Wetlands." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31304.
Full textAbstract:
In 1998, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) adopted standards for soil handling and amendments to improve created non-tidal wetland soil conditions. This study was conducted in sites where these new reconstruction practices were supposedly being implemented. Specific objectives were (i) to determine the relative effects of soil reconstruction practices on mitigation site soils, (ii) to assess the degree to which hydric soil indicators were present, and (iii) to evaluate the relative edaphic potential of mitigation site soils. Soil physical, chemical and morphological properties were analyzed in ten mitigation wetlands located in Virginiaâ s Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Surface soil pH was high due to liming, although some sites demonstrated low subsoil pH, indicating the presence of sulfidic materials. Nutrient levels varied, while C:N ratios were low (<25:1), suggesting a high quality organic matter complex. Organic amendments were generally applied at a rate of 4% soil organic matter content. Actual measured carbon content was <2.6% (<50 Mg ha-1). Sites not receiving organic materials and associated tillage had root-limiting bulk densities at the surface, while the majority of sites had root-limiting subsoil (30 cm) bulk densities due to weakly developed soil structure and a lack of deep ripping practices. Many sites also contained high sand content (>50%), which may negatively affect other soil properties. Nine sites had confirmed Hydric Soil Indicators, with their occurrence in a site as high as 70%. Soil reconstruction methods need to incorporate higher organic amendment rates and/or routine disking/ripping practices to improve mitigation wetland soil conditions.Master of Science
11
SANTOS, JANILSON S. "Remediacao de solos contaminados com agrotoxicos pelo tratamento com radiacao gama." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9431.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
12
Phefadu, Kopano Conferance. "Physico-chemical characterization and spatial variability of soils in the research block at University of Limpopo Experimental Farm." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1686.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MSc. (Soil Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015There exists a considerable level of spatial variability in soil physical and chemical properties within the research block; and the soils are generally shallow. Of all the measured parameters, electrical conductivity, Bray-1 P, exchangeable potassium, calcium and sodium as well as extractable iron and zinc showed a huge percent of variation across the field. Soil variability maps indicated the degree of variability within the research block. The spatial variability of the characterized parameters was significant across the research block. A correlation study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the measured soil physical and chemical properties. Regular soil analyses should be conducted to avoid failure/delay of experiments. It is recommended that inputs such as irrigation and fertilizer application must be varied based on varying soil conditions across the research block.
VLIR project 6 leaders
13
Karczewska, Hanna. "The effects of acid leaching on some physico-chemical properties of Quebec soil /." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64017.
Full text
14
Silva, Junior João Fernandes da [UNESP]. "Métodos geoestatísticos na caracterização espacial de óxidos de ferro em diferentes pedoformas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88229.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2012-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:30:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
silvajunior_jf_me_jabo.pdf: 787738 bytes, checksum: 7b3e41cb53972e8468ad03ecb64cfbe1 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Os óxidos de ferro são importantes indicadores ambientais e possuem grande influência nos atributos físicos e químicos do solo. Entretanto, para o melhor entendimento de sua formação e ocorrência são necessários estudos de variabilidade espacial. A geoestatística é a melhor ferramenta para este estudo, sendo que a Krigagem ordinária (KO) é um interpolador de mínimos quadrados, mais utilizado em ciência do solo. Porém, ela suaviza os detalhes locais da variação espacial, superestimando pequenos valores e subestimando altos valores. Por isso, ela revela-se inadequada na avaliação da verdadeira variabilidade espacial dos óxidos de ferro. Embora a krigagem mostre a melhor estimativa de um atributo Z, ele não representa bem a variação. Deste modo, a alternativa é simulação geoestatística que avalia e quantifica a incerteza de um atributo, de maneira mais realista. A técnica de simulação estocástica mais utilizada é a simulação sequencial gaussiana (SSG), por ser, rápida e direta na construção da função de densidade de probabilidade acumulada condicional (f.d.p.a.c), sendo, portanto preferível à estimação pela KO. Desta forma, é importante testar outros métodos para caracterizar espacial dos óxidos de ferro. Objetivando avaliar o desempenho da (KO), krigagem ordinária dos dados padronizados (KOP) e da simulação seqüencial gaussiana (SSG) da variabilidade espacial dos óxidos de ferro em uma área com pedoformas: côncava e convexa foram coletados 121 amostras de duas malhas nos dois relevos classificados como: côncavo e convexo com espaçamento de 10 metros. O erro médio, o erro quadrático médio e o erro quadrático médio padronizado foram os critérios de avaliação da acurácia da predição. Os valores altos dos coeficientes de variação dos óxidos de ferro afetaram o desempenho dos métodos...
Iron oxides are important environmental indicators and have great influence on the physical and chemical properties of soil. However, for a better understanding of their formation and occurrence studies are necessary spatial variability. Geostatistics is a tool for this study, ordinary kriging (OK) is a least squares interpolator, is the most widely used in soil science. However smooths out local details of spatial, small values overestimating and underestimating high values. Therefore, is inadequate in the evaluation of iron oxides. Although the kriging show the best estimate of an attribute Z, it does not represent well the variation. Thus, the alternative is geroestatisctical simulation that evaluates and quantify the uncertainty of an attribute, more realistically. Since the most widely used is the sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS), to be quickly and directly in the construction of the density function of cumulative probability (fdpac), and are preferred to the estimation. Thus, is important to test other methods to characterize spatially of iron oxides. In order to evaluate the performance of (OK), ordinary kriging of standardized data (OKS) and sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) of the spatial variability of iron oxides in an area with landform: concave and convex 121 samples were collected data in two loops with two reliefs classified as concave and convex with spacing of 10 meters. The average error, the mean square error and root mean square error were standardized criteria for evaluating the accuracy of prediction. High values of coefficient of variation of iron oxides harmed the performance of the methods. The landforms showed variable differentiated by SGS. The maps of OKS and E-type had higher accuracy and greater detail in relation to landforms in the OK. It is recommended that E-type maps instead of maps OK... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
15
Cataldi, Joseph Derik. "Effects of Biosolids on Tall Fescue-Kentucky Bluegrass Sod Production and Soil Chemical and Physical Properties." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51159.
Full textAbstract:
Composted biosolids have been shown to enhance turfgrass establishment and growth more than fertilizer alone, but few studies have investigated the production of turfgrass using uncomposted biosolids. Increasingly employed treatment methods that generate pathogen-free, low pollutant-containing biosolids are creating alternative products for use in urban settings. Understanding the effects of these uncomposted and alternative biosolids products on turfgrass culture and soil chemical and physical properties is essential to understanding the benefits these products may provide in sod production systems. The objectives of this study were to compare processing methods, application and N mineralization rates of two biosolids products and an inorganic fertilizer control for sod fertilization on 1) agronomic parameters related to turfgrass quality, 2) the amount of soil, C and P exported at harvest, and 3) chemical and physical properties of the soil following sod harvest as an indicator of the benefits of biosolids use. The study was conducted on a sod farm in Remington, Virginia on a silt loam Ashburn-Dulles complex from 2009 to 2012. The biosolids products were applied at estimated plant available nitrogen (PAN) rates of 98 kg N ha-1 (0.5X), 196 kg N ha-1 (1.0X) and 294 kg N ha-1 (1.5X) for a tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. \'Rebel Exeda\' \'Rebel IV\' and \'Justice\')/ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. \'Midnight\') mixture. One biosolids product was an anaerobically digested dewatered cake applied at 15, 30.5 and 46 wet Mg ha-1. The second biosolids product was the same cake blended with wood fines applied at 17, 34 and 51 wet Mg ha-1. The biosolids treatments were compared to an inorganic fertilizer control that supplied 196 kg N ha-1 through three applications over the production cycle. There were no differences in establishment between the cake biosolids treatments and the inorganic fertilizer control, but all of the blended biosolids were slower to establish. Only the 1.0X and 1.5X PAN rates from the cake biosolids matched the inorganic fertilizer control in producing an acceptable quality sod in ten months. Lower nitrogen uptake between the blended biosolids treatments compared to the inorganic fertilizer control and lower although acceptable sod quality ratings at harvest of the 1.0X cake biosolids indicate our PAN estimates of 30% organic nitrogen mineralization overestimated the PAN for both materials. There were no differences in sod tensile strength between the 1.5X cake biosolids and inorganic fertilizer control. There were no differences in transplant rooting strength among all treatments. After repeat applications of biosolids, the 0.5X rates did not increase soil extractable phosphorus, while the 1.0X rates steadily increased soil extractable phosphorus at. The 1.0X and 1.5X biosolids rates increased soil organic matter content, but only the 1.5X rate of cake biosolids reduced soil bulk density and mineral matter export at harvest. Overall results indicate that the cake biosolids are an acceptable fertility alternative to inorganic fertilizer, and applications of biosolids for sod production can improve soil quality. Sod growers should consider using biosolids in a rotational system to offset rising production costs and improve production field soil quality.Master of Science
16
Dickie, Jennifer Ann. "Relationships among the physical and chemical properties of soil, vegetation and land degradation in semi-arid environments." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30410.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines the spatial patterns of soil parameters to test the hypothesis that shrub encroachment initiates a change in scale of soil heterogeneity, which consequently influences a landscape's biotic and abiotic interactions and thus the susceptibility of soil to erosion. Grassland, shrubland and badland sites were established in two semi-arid environments; the Karoo, South Africa and the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico, U.S. 108 soil samples from each of the eleven 60m x 60m plots were analysed for bulk density, shear strength, texture, aggregate stability, organic matter content, pH, conductivity and available sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus content. Geostatistical analyses determined that, at a scale representative of the vegetation community, the grassland landscape appeared relatively homogeneous in its distribution of soil parameters. Shrublands, however, demonstrated an increase in heterogeneity of all soil parameters. Periodicity in the semi-variograms indicated that regular patterns across the landscape were evident for all parameters and thus likely to represent the differences between shrub and intershrub regions. Due to the complex plant-soil interactions, and the interactions amongst the soil parameters themselves, the cyclic patterns represent areas of high and low erodibility. More pronounced patterns were identified in the badlands. This indicates that, if the conditions are right, changes in plant-soil interactions caused by soil parameter redistribution in shrubland landscapes can exacerbate erosion leading to further degradation in the form of badlands. Comparisons between the two semi-arid regions suggest that although local variations in soil type and different species of vegetation will affect the intensity of the spatial response, the underlying patterns are similar at both locations and hence, potentially, at a global scale.
17
Silva, Júnior João Fernandes da. "Métodos geoestatísticos na caracterização espacial de óxidos de ferro em diferentes pedoformas /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88229.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Gener Tadeu PereiraCoorientador: José Marques Júnior
Banca: Ednaldo Carvalho Guimarães
Banca: Marcílio Vieira Martins Filho
Resumo: Os óxidos de ferro são importantes indicadores ambientais e possuem grande influência nos atributos físicos e químicos do solo. Entretanto, para o melhor entendimento de sua formação e ocorrência são necessários estudos de variabilidade espacial. A geoestatística é a melhor ferramenta para este estudo, sendo que a Krigagem ordinária (KO) é um interpolador de mínimos quadrados, mais utilizado em ciência do solo. Porém, ela suaviza os detalhes locais da variação espacial, superestimando pequenos valores e subestimando altos valores. Por isso, ela revela-se inadequada na avaliação da verdadeira variabilidade espacial dos óxidos de ferro. Embora a krigagem mostre a melhor estimativa de um atributo Z, ele não representa bem a variação. Deste modo, a alternativa é simulação geoestatística que avalia e quantifica a incerteza de um atributo, de maneira mais realista. A técnica de simulação estocástica mais utilizada é a simulação sequencial gaussiana (SSG), por ser, rápida e direta na construção da função de densidade de probabilidade acumulada condicional (f.d.p.a.c), sendo, portanto preferível à estimação pela KO. Desta forma, é importante testar outros métodos para caracterizar espacial dos óxidos de ferro. Objetivando avaliar o desempenho da (KO), krigagem ordinária dos dados padronizados (KOP) e da simulação seqüencial gaussiana (SSG) da variabilidade espacial dos óxidos de ferro em uma área com pedoformas: côncava e convexa foram coletados 121 amostras de duas malhas nos dois relevos classificados como: côncavo e convexo com espaçamento de 10 metros. O erro médio, o erro quadrático médio e o erro quadrático médio padronizado foram os critérios de avaliação da acurácia da predição. Os valores altos dos coeficientes de variação dos óxidos de ferro afetaram o desempenho dos métodos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Iron oxides are important environmental indicators and have great influence on the physical and chemical properties of soil. However, for a better understanding of their formation and occurrence studies are necessary spatial variability. Geostatistics is a tool for this study, ordinary kriging (OK) is a least squares interpolator, is the most widely used in soil science. However smooths out local details of spatial, small values overestimating and underestimating high values. Therefore, is inadequate in the evaluation of iron oxides. Although the kriging show the best estimate of an attribute Z, it does not represent well the variation. Thus, the alternative is geroestatisctical simulation that evaluates and quantify the uncertainty of an attribute, more realistically. Since the most widely used is the sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS), to be quickly and directly in the construction of the density function of cumulative probability (fdpac), and are preferred to the estimation. Thus, is important to test other methods to characterize spatially of iron oxides. In order to evaluate the performance of (OK), ordinary kriging of standardized data (OKS) and sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) of the spatial variability of iron oxides in an area with landform: concave and convex 121 samples were collected data in two loops with two reliefs classified as concave and convex with spacing of 10 meters. The average error, the mean square error and root mean square error were standardized criteria for evaluating the accuracy of prediction. High values of coefficient of variation of iron oxides harmed the performance of the methods. The landforms showed variable differentiated by SGS. The maps of OKS and E-type had higher accuracy and greater detail in relation to landforms in the OK. It is recommended that E-type maps instead of maps OK... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
18
Medinski, Tanya. "Soil chemical and physical properties and their influence on the plant species richness of arid South-West Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2157.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MScConsEcol (Conservation Ecology and Entomology)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.Understanding the drivers and mechanisms of changes in plant richness is a basis for making scientifically sound ecological predictions and land use decisions. Of the numerous factors affecting plant richness, soil has a particularly large influence on the composition and structure of terrestrial flora. Infiltrability is one of the most important factors determining soil moisture, and therefore is of particular interest in semi-arid ecosystems, where water is one of the most limiting resources. Other soil properties, such as clay + silt content, electrical conductivity (EC) and pH may also influence plants. Heterogeneity of these properties creates niches with specific conditions, which in turn affects spatial distribution of plants. An understanding of the relationships between plant richness and soil properties is, however, incomplete. The present study has two main foci. Firstly, relationships between plant richness and soil infiltrability, clay + silt, EC and pH (H2O) were investigated, and secondly, due to the strong influence of infiltrability on plant richness, further investigations were undertaken to improve the understanding of the role of particle size fractions, EC of the soil solution and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) on infiltrability. This study only concentrated on the surface 2 cm thick soil layer (known as pedoderm).
19
Mandal, Mili. "Amending subsoil with composted poultry litter effects on soil physical and chemical properties, turfgrass establishment and weed pressure /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4196.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 88 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-88).
20
Zhou, Shuang. "EVALUATING SOIL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES FOLLOWING ADDITION OF NON-COMPOSTED SPENT COFFEE AND TEA FOR ATHLETIC FIELDS." UKnowledge, 2017. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/96.
Full textAbstract:
Physical and chemical properties of non-composted spent coffee (CF) and tea (T) suggest they may have applications as soil amendments for improving poor soils. Studies were conducted to determine 1) the effect of amendments on grass growth and soil properties, 2) the effect of incorporation versus surface application of amendments on soil properties, and 3) the effect of amendment application frequency on grass growth and soil properties. In the first study, amendments were mixed with sand and planted to bermudagrass. Treatments included CF, T, and peat moss (PM) mixed with sand, and 100% sand as a control. In the second study, amendments were topdressed onto a sand base with different timings. Pots were either aerified or not. Treatments included T, CF, PM, and a control. Nutrient contents and soil CEC and OM under CF and T treatments were equivalent to or greater than PM treatments. Tea showed comparable grass cover to the PM treatment, while CF showed an inhibitory effect to grass growth in the first year of the study. Aerification showed no benefit. Additionally, a field study was conducted to evaluate CF and T on surface hardness, VWC, and quality after trafficking. Differences were not observed among treatments.
21
West, Eric. "Effects Of Both Above And Below Ground Biomass On Soil Chemical, Physical And Biological Properties On A Coastal Plain Soil In North Carolina." NCSU, 2010. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-02222010-194850/.
Full textAbstract:
The literature has shown the possibility to enhance many of the soil properties that improve production with additions of plant biomass to the soil in conjunction with long-term conservation tillage. Since it has been proven that reduced tillage is extremely beneficial to a soilâs health, the key question is if the incorporation of deep rooted cover crops and/or large quantities of above ground biomass over a two-year period would result in extensive improvements on a soilâs natural properties throughout the effective rooting depth, or is this too short of a time period for any beneficial effects to occur to the chemical, physical and biological properties of the soil? While SOC additions to the soil surface through decaying biomass can make measurable improvements to a soil in the humid, tropical southeastern U. S., the dynamics of total carbon (total SOC), total nitrogen (TKN), particulate organic matter (POM), potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN), CEC and bulk density (Db) in the 0-5, 5-10, and 10-18 cm depths in a production system that incorporates deep rooted cover crops and/or additions of organic matter from cover crops at rates >6 Mg/ha/yr (3 T/ac) are unknown. The objectives of this research were to determine what effect rye (Scale cereale), barley (Hordeum vulgare), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.), annual white sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis), blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius), rye/hairy vetch (Scale cereale/Vicia villiosa) and alfalfa/rye (Medicago sativa/Scale cereale) would have on the following parameters: total SOC, POM, TKN, PMN, CEC, and Db after two (2) years of seeding. Significant spatial/temporal interactions and main effects were found in Db, PMN, POM and CEC while significant main effects were found in total C and total N. Significant treatment interactions were found in Db, total C, PMN, POM and CEC. Relative to treatment biomass, significant effects were seen between treatments and treatment*year interaction. Results on Db found spatial variability with depth but not with season and a minimal treatment effect depending on surface texture. Total C and total N decreased with depth but were independent spatially and temporally; however, treatment effect on total C was <5 months. Between Db and total C, the two parameters were inversely correlated. PMN either fluctuated between sampling times or declined with time. Notably, rye and rye/hairy vetch effected PMN in the 0-5 cm depth where other treatments showed no effect. POM declined with time regardless of depth implying a priming effect was occurring; however, rye/hairy vetch appeared to show an early reversal trend. As for CEC, there was no consistent trend. Additionally, CEC exhibited a moderate correlation to POM but not total C. Biomass measurements indicated no treatment consistently exceeded >6 Mg/ha/yr. Rye and rye/hairy vetch more often produced the most biomass and lupine achieved the overall maximum yield. Relationships between biomass and N parameters found a moderate, positive effect from the biomass inputs that appeared to compound with time. Overall, rye and rye/hairy vetch were the best cover crop treatments but two years of biomass inputs were not enough to prevent declines in POM. Conversely, PMN fluxed from applied N, and biomass with low C:N ratios oxidized quickly resulting in less carbon. Total C, total N and Db were not responsive to short term management indicating more effort is needed to define and/or develop a cover crop that will consistently reach the >6 Mg/ha/yr.
22
Turner, Chloe Michele. "Soil chemical properties dynamics in glacial moraines across a chronosequence: Breiðamerkurjokull outwash plane, Iceland." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1525601525183877.
Full text
23
Unger, Irene M. "A multi-dimensional investigation into the effects of flooding on the physical, chemical and biotic properties of riparian soils." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5582.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed June 17, 2009). Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
24
Mancino, C. F., D. M. Kopec, and L. Salo. "The Influence of Gypsum on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Turfgrass Soils." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215850.
Full text
25
Arancon, Norman Q. "Influences of field applications of vermicomposts on soil microbiological, chemical and physical properties and the growth and yield of strawberries, peppers and tomatoes /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148639784122097.
Full text
26
Santos, Edgar Bortoli dos [UNESP]. "Atributos físicos e químicos de um solo degradado cultivado com eucalipto e braquiária após reaplicação de biossólido." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98808.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2009-12-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:59:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
santos_eb_me_ilha.pdf: 2249660 bytes, checksum: 0671e80475fb96ecddd11946fe401103 (MD5)O biossólido é um composto passível de utilização agronômica, sendo fonte de nutrientes para as culturas e condicionador de solo. Neste sentido, desenvolveu-se um trabalho que teve por escopo estudar a influência da reaplicação de doses de biossólido na recuperação de atributos físicos e químicos do solo e no desenvolvimento da cultura do eucalipto e da braquiária, num Latossolo Vermelho degradado. O estudo foi realizado cinco meses após a reaplicação do biossólido, numa área em recuperação cultivada há seis anos com eucalipto e braquiária. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo: Solo cultivado com eucalipto e braquiária sem adição de insumos; Solo cultivado com eucalipto e braquiária com adubação mineral; Solo cultivado com eucalipto e braquiária com reaplicação de 4,64 Mg ha-1 (base seca) de biossólido; Solo cultivado com eucalipto e braquiária com reaplicação de 9,28 Mg ha-1 (base seca) de biossólido; Solo exposto (sem qualquer cultivo ou adubação); Solo com vegetação natural de Cerrado. Estudou-se nas camadas do solo de 0,00- 0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,20 e de 0,20-0,40 m, os atributos físicos: macroporosidade; microporosidade; porosidade total e a densidade do solo. Para os atributos químicos nas mesmas camadas os teores de: P, MO, pH, K, Ca, Mg, H+Al, SB, CTC e V%. Já para a cultura do eucalipto estudou-se a altura média de plantas e o diâmetro a altura do Peito (DAP) e na braquiária a massa fresca e seca. Verificou-se que a replicação do biossólido está recuperando o solo tanto em relação aos atributos físicos como químicos, sobretudo nas camadas mais superficiais, e que a maior dose influencia no desenvolvimento do eucalipto. Não foi constatada diferença significativa entre médias dos tratamentos para recuperação do solo da matéria...
The sludge is a compound capable of agricultural use, a source of nutrients for crops and soil conditioner. In this sense, has developed a work which objective on studying the influence of reapplication of biosolids in the recovery of physical and chemical properties of soil and the development of culture of eucalyptus and grass in a degraded Oxisol. The work was conducted five months after the biosolids re-application in a recovery area cultivated for six years under eucalyptus and pasture. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six treatments and four replications, with: Solo under eucalyptus and pasture with no added inputs, soil under eucalyptus and pasture with mineral fertilization, soil under eucalyptus and pasture with reapplication of 4.64 Mg ha-1 (on dry basis) of sludge, soil under eucalyptus and pasture with reapplication of 9.28 Mg ha-1 (on dry basis) of sludge, soil exposed (without any cultivation or fertilization), soil with Savannah vegetation. Was studied in soil layers of 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m, the physical attributes: macroporosity, microporosity; porosity and soil bulk density. For the chemical in the same layers of levels: P, organic matter, pH, K, Ca,Mg, H+Al, SB, CEC and V%. As for the cultivation of eucalyptus studied the average plant height and diameter at breast height (DBH) and the grass fresh and dry. It was found that replication of the sludge is regaining ground in relation to both physical and chemical properties, especially in the surface layers, and the highest dose influences the plantations development. There was no significant difference between treatment means for soil recovery of fresh and dry grass, after reapplication of biosolids
27
Li, Kunzhi. "Long-Term Changes in Soil Physico-Chemical Properties and Crop Productivity in a Maize-Barley Rotation under Intensive Chemical and Organic Fertilizations." Kyoto University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/150762.
Full textAbstract:
Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第8990号
農博第1172号
新制||農||820(附属図書館)
学位論文||H13||N3509(農学部図書室)
UT51-2001-F320
京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻
(主査)教授 堀江 武, 教授 天野 高久, 教授 小﨑 隆
学位規則第4条第1項該当
28
Marwan, M. M. "Changes in physical and chemical properties of saline-sodic soils during removal of salts by leaching with water." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234663.
Full text
29
Mačiulytė-Mikučionienė, Romutė. "Integrated evaluation of the capacity and main properties of gleyic luvisols with different fertilization systems." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100531_151543-44149.
Full textAbstract:
In the long-term fertilization experiment on the light sandy loam over moraine clay (Calc(ar)i-Epihypogleyic Luvisols) there were the integrated evaluation of the changes in arable layer done and the estimation of the tendencies and consistent patterns in the productivity of crop plants performed. The obtained research results of the organic, organic-mineral and mineral fertilization impact on the Gleyic Luvisols bulk density, porosity and composition of aggregates, the changes in qualitative composition of organic matter and humus, the phosphorus and it fractions, the soil nitrogen accumulation, the potassium and also the productivity of crop plants in 4-year crop rotation are novel.
The performed research also gained the knowledge on the main properties and productivity of the Gleyic Luvisols and on the technology patterns within the soil-fertilisers-plant systems evaluation. The mentioned aspects are actual in the agriculture within the tendencies of decreasing in the extent of fertile soil sources.
On the bases of the long-term researches in the Calc(ar)i-Epihypogleyic Luvisols there were either determined the proper fertilisation systems not only for the obtaining of the consistent crop plant productivity but also for the estimating the certain stabilisation and improving of soil use and productivity parameters. The estimated consistents could be further used in performing the fertilisation recommendations, thus, the fertilisation then could correspond the requirements... [to full text]Daugiamečiame tręšimo bandyme, karbonatingame sekliau glėjiškame išplautžemyje, taikant skirtingas tręšimo sistemas, kompleksiškai ištirti armens pokyčiai bei sėjomainos augalų derlingumo tendencijos bei dėsningumai. Gauti nauji tyrimų duomenys apie organinių, organinių-mineralinių ir mineralinių trąšų poveikį glėjiškųjų išplautžemių tankiui, poringumui ir struktūriniams agregatams, organinės medžiagos ir humuso kokybinės sudėties pokyčiams, fosforo ir jo frakcijų pasiskirstymui, o taip pat jo azotingumui, kalingumui, bei augalų derlingumui keturlaukėje sėjomainoje. Šiais moksliniais tyrimais pagilintos žinios apie glėjiškųjų išplautžemių pagrindines savybes bei našumą, išsiaiškintos technologinių grandžių reikšmė apytakos procesų cikle dirvožemis-trąšos-augalas, kas yra aktualu mažėjant žemės ūkio paskirties derlingos žemės ištekliams. Karbonatingajame sekliau glėjiškame išplautžemyje daugiamečių tyrimų pagrindu išaiškintos tinkamiausios tręšimo sistemos ne tik pastoviam žemės ūkio augalų derliui gauti, bet ir užtikrinančios racionalų šio dirvožemio naudojimą bei jo našumo parametrų stabilizavimą ir gerinimą. Nustatytus dėsningumus galima taikyti rengiant rekomendacijas tręšimui, kurios atitiktų keliamus reikalavimus siekiant užtikrinti taršos mažinimą iš žemės ūkio šaltinių bei palaikytų ir gerintų glėjiškųjų išplautžemių derlingumą.
30
Hottle, Ryan Darrell. "Quantifying the impact of biochar on plant productivity and changes to soil physical and chemical properties on a maize soybean rotation in the U.S." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374064522.
Full text
31
Santos, Edgar Bortoli dos. "Atributos físicos e químicos de um solo degradado cultivado com eucalipto e braquiária após reaplicação de biossólido /." Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98808.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Marlene Cristina AlvesBanca: Hélio Ricardo Silva
Banca: Carlos Roberto Espindola
Resumo: O biossólido é um composto passível de utilização agronômica, sendo fonte de nutrientes para as culturas e condicionador de solo. Neste sentido, desenvolveu-se um trabalho que teve por escopo estudar a influência da reaplicação de doses de biossólido na recuperação de atributos físicos e químicos do solo e no desenvolvimento da cultura do eucalipto e da braquiária, num Latossolo Vermelho degradado. O estudo foi realizado cinco meses após a reaplicação do biossólido, numa área em recuperação cultivada há seis anos com eucalipto e braquiária. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo: Solo cultivado com eucalipto e braquiária sem adição de insumos; Solo cultivado com eucalipto e braquiária com adubação mineral; Solo cultivado com eucalipto e braquiária com reaplicação de 4,64 Mg ha-1 (base seca) de biossólido; Solo cultivado com eucalipto e braquiária com reaplicação de 9,28 Mg ha-1 (base seca) de biossólido; Solo exposto (sem qualquer cultivo ou adubação); Solo com vegetação natural de Cerrado. Estudou-se nas camadas do solo de 0,00- 0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,20 e de 0,20-0,40 m, os atributos físicos: macroporosidade; microporosidade; porosidade total e a densidade do solo. Para os atributos químicos nas mesmas camadas os teores de: P, MO, pH, K, Ca, Mg, H+Al, SB, CTC e V%. Já para a cultura do eucalipto estudou-se a altura média de plantas e o diâmetro a altura do Peito (DAP) e na braquiária a massa fresca e seca. Verificou-se que a replicação do biossólido está recuperando o solo tanto em relação aos atributos físicos como químicos, sobretudo nas camadas mais superficiais, e que a maior dose influencia no desenvolvimento do eucalipto. Não foi constatada diferença significativa entre médias dos tratamentos para recuperação do solo da matéria... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The sludge is a compound capable of agricultural use, a source of nutrients for crops and soil conditioner. In this sense, has developed a work which objective on studying the influence of reapplication of biosolids in the recovery of physical and chemical properties of soil and the development of culture of eucalyptus and grass in a degraded Oxisol. The work was conducted five months after the biosolids re-application in a recovery area cultivated for six years under eucalyptus and pasture. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six treatments and four replications, with: Solo under eucalyptus and pasture with no added inputs, soil under eucalyptus and pasture with mineral fertilization, soil under eucalyptus and pasture with reapplication of 4.64 Mg ha-1 (on dry basis) of sludge, soil under eucalyptus and pasture with reapplication of 9.28 Mg ha-1 (on dry basis) of sludge, soil exposed (without any cultivation or fertilization), soil with Savannah vegetation. Was studied in soil layers of 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m, the physical attributes: macroporosity, microporosity; porosity and soil bulk density. For the chemical in the same layers of levels: P, organic matter, pH, K, Ca,Mg, H+Al, SB, CEC and V%. As for the cultivation of eucalyptus studied the average plant height and diameter at breast height (DBH) and the grass fresh and dry. It was found that replication of the sludge is regaining ground in relation to both physical and chemical properties, especially in the surface layers, and the highest dose influences the plantations development. There was no significant difference between treatment means for soil recovery of fresh and dry grass, after reapplication of biosolids
Mestre
32
BRANT, FABIO DE ALBUQUERQUE C. "PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, MINERALOGICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A BASALTIC RESIDUAL SOIL PROFILE FROM A CUT IN THE NORTH-SOUTH RAILWAY IN THE STATE OF TOCANTINS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=6679@1.
Full textAbstract:
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORPROGRAMA DE APOIO A NÚCLEOS DE EXCELÊNCIA
Embora uma vasta área do Brasil esteja localizada em regiões que a formação de basalto se faz presente, são raros os estudos em perfis contendo solo e / ou rochas de caráter básico objetivando correlacionar características químicas e mineralógicas com características geotécnicas. A área do presente estudo localiza-se em um corte em solo na Ferrovia Norte-Sul, no Município de Arguianópolis-TO, em que durante sua execução ocorreram diversos escorregamentos. O maciço de solo do corte em questão é composto em sua maior parte por solos provenientes de alteração de basalto. O presente estudo foi realizado em duas etapas. A primeira refere-se à visita ao local do corte, onde foram realizadas coletas de amostras de solo de caráter indeformado e deformado, com as respectivas descrições morfológicas dos mesmos. A segunda refere-se aos trabalhos desenvolvidos nos laboratórios de Geotecnia e Meio Ambiente do DEC da PUC-Rio, EMBRAPA SOLOS e Departamento de Geologia do Instituto de Geociências da UFRJ, abrangendo ensaios de caracterização; ensaios mineralógicos; análises químicas; obtenção das curvas características solo-água; ensaios de erodibilidade; ensaios especiais para a determinação de parâmetros de resistência e de compressibilidade. A partir dos resultados obtidos, espera-se que os mesmos proporcionem uma contribuição para o melhor entendimento de perfis intempéricos em rochas de caráter básico.
In spite of the fact that basalt formations are found in several regions in Brazil, it is difficult to find investigations on the subject relating chemical and mineralogical characteristics with geotechnical ones. The site of the present study comprises a soil slope on the North-South Railroad, at Arguianópolis, Tocantins State. Several landslides occurred during the construction of the railway. The soil mass is mostly composed by soils resulting from basalt alterations. The present study was developed in two stages. The first stage comprised a visit to the site, when a morphologic description of profiles was made and undisturbed and remoulded soil samples were extracted. The second stage refers to works developed at the Geotechnical and Environmental Laboratory of PUC-Rio, at EMBRAPA Soils and at the Geology Department of the Institute of Geosciences of the UFRJ. Such works comprised soil characterization tests; mineralogical tests; chemical analyses; definition of soil-moisture characteristic curves; erodobility tests and special tests to determine strength and compressibility parameters. The results obtained provide a contribution to a better understanding of weathering profiles in rocks of basic character.
33
Subedi, Santosh. "Determination of fertility rating (FR) in the 3-PG model for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in the southeastern United States." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52588.
Full textAbstract:
Soil fertility is an important component of forest ecosystem, yet evaluating soil fertility remains one of the least understood aspects of forest science. Phytocentric and geocenctric approaches were used to assess soil fertility in loblolly pine plantations throughout their geographic range in the United States. The model to assess soil fertility using a phytocentric approach was constructed using the relationship between site index and aboveground productivity. Geocentric models used physical and chemical properties of the A-horizon. Soil geocentric models were constructed using two modeling approaches. In the first approach, ordinary least squares methods of multiple regression were used to derive soil fertility estimated from site index using soil physical and chemical properties from the A-horizon. Ordinary least squares methods were found unsuitable due to multicollinearity among the soil variables. In the second approach, a multivariate modeling approach, partial least squares regression, was used to mitigate multicollinearity effects. The best model to quantify soil fertility using soil physical and chemical properties included N, Ca, Mg, C, and sand percentage as the significant predictors. The 3-PG process-based model was evaluated for simulating the response of loblolly pine to changes in soil fertility. Fertility rating (FR) is a parameter in 3-PG that scales soil fertility in the range of 0 to 1. FR values estimated from phytocentric and geocentric approaches were tested against observed production. The 3-PG model prediction of aboveground productivity described 89% percent of the variation in observed aboveground productivity using FR derived from site index and 84% percent of the vari- ation in observed aboveground productivity using FR derived from physical and chemical properties of the A-horizon. A response function to model dynamics of FR (∆FR) due to one time midrotatoin fertilization of N and P was developed using the Weibull function. The magnitude of ∆FR varied with intensity of N and time since application of fertilizer. The hypothesis that repeated fertilization with N and P eliminate major nutrient deficiency in the southeastern US was tested and a relationship between baseline fertility rating and fertilizer response was developed. An inverse relationship was observed between fertilizer response and baseline FR.Ph. D.
34
Switzer, Joshua M. "Thinning and prescribed fire for ecosystem restoration in Rocky Mountain forests of British Columbia : changes in physical, chemical and biological properties of forest floors and soil." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/34759.
Full textAbstract:
Prevention of uncontrolled wildfire and restoration of Rocky Mountain forests can be accomplished through ecosystem restoration practices such as thinning followed by prescribed fire. The objective of this study is to determine how much thinned fuel can be left on the ground without causing fire temperatures high enough to impair soil physical, chemical and biological properties. I assess the effects of different fuel loadings on soil properties (forest floor depth, soil pH, carbon and nutrient levels, and soil bacteria and fungal communities) during the first year after fire and explore relationships among fuel loadings, fire temperatures and indicators of soil health.
Five fuel management treatments were assessed: large piles, small piles, areas of cut-and-leave, deep litter and an unburned control. In all burned treatments, fuel loadings were greatly reduced and maximum temperatures at the forest floor surface ranged from 60 to 850°C. Temperatures were over 300°C for over 3 hours in the large-pile treatment but were lower and of shorter duration in the small-pile and cut-and-leave treatments. The deep-litter treatment had temperatures above 200°C for over 2 hours and complete combustion of the forest floor occurred.
The low moisture content and resulting consumption of the forest floor in the deep-litter treatment resulted in the largest negative impacts on soil chemical and microbiological properties, while few significant differences were evident among the other treatments. Higher nitrate availability and significant increases in pH were found in the forest floors of burned plots and in the mineral soil of the deep-litter treatment. Microbial abundance did not recover to pre-fire levels in any burned treatments after one year, which may be attributed to the persistence of significant increases in pH.
35
Melo, Dirceu de. "Plantas de cobertura em áreas de produção de soja no verão e silagem de milho no inverno, com aplicação de água residuária de suinocultura." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/243.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Tese Dirceu_de Melo.pdf: 6161742 bytes, checksum: 992bb51d09d3032edd3d25cdcf9f0489 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2016-01-19Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
System of intensive agricultural production, adopted by most producers, has brought problems to the no tillage system, especially in areas of silage of entire corn plant production. Physical and chemical properties of soil can be changed when soil management has not been properly done. In this context, this study aimed to monitor changes in physical and chemical properties of soil, in field and laboratory, under cover crops associated with swine wastewater application (SWW), in areas used to prepare the whole corn plant silage under no tillage system. The study was conducted on a farm in Matelândia municipality, western Paraná, in a DYSTROPHIC RED Eutroferric soil with 585 g kg-1 clay, 175 g kg-1 silt and 240 g kg-1 sand. The experimental area consisted of seven soil management systems: soybeans, silage, black oats and turnips (SSAN); soybeans, black oats and turnips (SAN); soybeans, silage, scarified with black oats and turnips (SSEAN); soybeans, silage and brachiaria (SSB); soybeans, black oats and silage (SSA); soybean silage (SS); corn and soybeans (SM), repeated for two consecutive years. The treatments received 100 m3 ha-1 years-1 SWW which were separated in two equal doses to be applied: one dose was applied over the corn crop and the another was applied over the cover crops. The experimental design is a completely randomized design (CRD) in a 2 x 7 factorial (with and without SWW application x seven management systems), with four replications per treatment. The results were submitted to the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. SWW application increased soybeans, as well as fresh and dry mass yield of cover crops; management systems interfered on physical properties of soil and the system that did use cover crops showed the best mechanical resistance to penetration; soil layer with the highest penetration resistance was 0.05 to 0.20 m; scarifying improved physical properties of soil, but they did not change the evaluated crops yield. SWW application did not change physical properties of soil, but there was some phosphorus accumulation on 0-0.1 m layer, as well as acidification trended to occur on soil and there was a saturation decrease by the bases. The SWW application at a dose of 100 m3 ha-1 year-1, under experimental conditions, can be used, although phosphorus and soil acidity must be monitored. Based on these conditions, as long as they use cover crops, it is unnecessary soil tillage. The management system with soybeans in the summer and silage of the whole corn plant in the winter, with cover crops as black oats, is considered the best one.
O sistema de produção agrícola intensivo, adotado pela maioria dos produtores, traz problemas ao sistema plantio direto (SPD), principalmente nas áreas destinadas à produção de silagem de planta inteira de milho. As propriedades físicas e químicas do solo podem ser alteradas quando o manejo do solo não é realizado de maneira adequada. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo monitorar, em campo e laboratório, as mudanças nas propriedades físicas e químicas do solo, sob o cultivo de plantas de cobertura associadas à aplicação de água residuária de suinocultura (ARS), em áreas destinadas à silagem de milho de planta inteira sob SPD. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em uma propriedade agrícola localizada no município de Matelândia, região Oeste do Paraná, em LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Eutroférrico, com 585 g kg-1 de argila, 175 g kg-1 de silte e 240 g kg-1 de areia. A área experimental foi constituída de sete sistemas de manejo do solo: soja, silagem, aveia e nabo (SSAN); soja, aveia e nabo (SAN); soja, silagem, escarificado com aveia e nabo (SSEAN); soja, silagem e braquiária (SSB); soja, silagem e aveia (SSA); soja silagem (SS) e soja milho (SM), repetidos por dois anos consecutivos. Nos tratamentos que receberam ARS, foram aplicados 100 m3 ha-1 ano-1, divididas em duas doses iguais: uma sobre o milho e outra nas plantas de cobertura. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em esquema fatorial 2 x 7 (com e sem aplicação de ARS x sete sistemas de manejo), com quatro repetições por tratamento. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. A aplicação da ARS aumentou a produtividade da soja e produção de massa fresca e seca das plantas de cobertura; os sistemas de manejo interferiram nas propriedades físicas do solo; o sistema que não utilizou plantas de cobertura apresentou maior resistência mecânica à penetração; a camada do solo que apresentou maior resistência à penetração foi de 0,05 a 0,20 m; e a escarificação melhorou as propriedades físicas do solo. No entanto, não houve alteração na produtividade das culturas avaliadas; a aplicação de ARS não alterou as propriedades físicas do solo, mas apresentou acúmulo de fósforo na camada de 0 a 0,1 m, portanto, houve tendência de acidificação do solo e diminuição da saturação por bases. A aplicação da ARS na dose de 100 m3 ha-1 ano-1, nas condições do experimento, pode ser utilizada com o monitoramento do fósforo e da acidez do solo. Nestas condições, desde que se utilizem plantas de cobertura, não é necessário o revolvimento do solo. E, por fim, o sistema de manejo com soja no verão e no inverno silagem de planta inteira de milho, com plantas de cobertura com aveia preta, é o mais indicado.
36
Colodro, Gilberto. "Recuperação de solo de area de emprestimo com lodo de esgoto." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257227.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Carlos Roberto EspindolaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T08:09:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Colodro_Gilberto_D.pdf: 1303522 bytes, checksum: 0ad772710ae2e3db6a985db59816eabf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: Foi avaliado o efeito do lodo de esgoto na recuperação de um subsolo degradado em decorrência da construção da Usina Hidrelétrica de Ilha Solteira, por retirada de espessa camada de solo original (área de empréstimo), há mais de 30 anos. A área está localizada no município de Selvíria, MS, tendo sido utilizados, na construção da barragem, caminhões ¿fora-de-estrada¿ e máquinas pesadas que promoveram elevada compactação do subsolo remanescente e conseqüente decréscimo da sua capacidade produtiva, refletida pela vegetação arbustiva empobrecida que aí se instalou, sem a capacidade de cobrir toda a superfície do terreno. Por tratar-se de gleba inserida na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Unesp do Campus de Ilha Solteira, sua recuperação se afigura fundamental, para inserir-se às demais, produtivas. No processo de recuperação foi empregado lodo de lagoas aeradas, obtido junto à Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Araçatuba, tendo sido aplicado em superfície e incorporado a uma profundidade de 0,10 m. O delineamento estatístico foi o de blocos casualizados com 4 tratamentos e 4 repetições cada, totalizando 16 parcelas com dimensões de 10,0 x 12,0 metros, sendo definidas as seguintes doses de lodo de esgoto: 0, 30, 60 Mg ha-1 em base seca, além de fertilizante mineral, com dosagem estabelecida a partir de análise preliminar do solo e da necessidade da cultura. Foi plantado o Eucalipto citriodora em sulco, com aproximadamente 0,30m de profundidade e semeado capim Brachiária decumbens a lanço, trinta dias após a incorporação do lodo. O espaçamento do eucalipto foi de 1,5 x 2,0 m, totalizando 40 plantas por parcela e 640 plantas no experimento. O experimento foi instalado no início de 2002, e os parâmetros do solo e da cultura avaliados aos 180 e 360 dias após a aplicação do lodo e plantio do eucalipto. Para determinar a qualidade do solo (sua recuperação) foram estudados os seguintes parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos do solo: densidade, porosidade, capacidade de troca catiônica, atividade respiratória, carbono na massa microbiana. Avaliou-se também o desenvolvimento da cultura do eucalipto aos 180 e 360 dias após a incorporação do lodo de esgoto. Pode se afirmar que, nesse período, o manejo empregado promoveu incremento na qualidade do solo, a julgar pelo aumento significativo de fósforo, potássio, magnésio, matéria orgânica e CTC. O lodo de esgoto promoveu redução no valor da densidade do solo, com aumento da macroporosidade e da porosidade total na camada superficial. Entretanto, a microporosidade não se mostrou afetada pelo tratamento com o resíduo, provavelmente em decorrência do curto período de observação, devendo continuar a ser objeto de investigações na área experimental. O lodo de esgoto promoveu aumento na atividade microbiana, confirmando tratar-se de um adequado indicativo de qualidade ao monitoramento da área em recuperação, mesmo para um curto período de observação. Entretanto, os níveis de carbono na biomassa microbiana não se mostraram afetados pelo tratamento com o resíduo, o que deverá ocorrer com o transcorrer do tempo, requerendo observações posteriores. O desenvolvimento das plantas de eucalipto foi outro parâmetro que respondeu muito prontamente ao manejo aplicado
Abstract: The effect of the sewage sludge mud was evaluated in the recovery of an underground degraded due to the retreat of thick layer of original soil (loan area) more than 30 years ago, for occasion of the construction of the Ilha Solteira Hydroelectric Power Plant. The area is located in the municipal district of Selvíria, MS State, having been used in the construction of the dam, trucks "out-of-road" and heavy machines which promoted high compactation of the remaining underground and consequent decrease of its fertility which is visualized by the poorness of the underbrush vegetation that has been settled, without the capacity to cover the whole land surface. The recovery of this area is much more important because it stays in the Experimental Farm of the Unesp, Ilha Solteira campus, and it must to be incorporated in the Farm productive area. In the recovery process it was used aerobic sewage sludge, obtained in the Araçatuba Sewage Treatment Station close to, having been applied in surface and incorporated to a depth of 0,10 m. The statistical design utilized was the randomized blocks with 4 treatments and 4 repetitions each, totalizing 16 plots with dimensions of 10,0 x 12,0 meters, being defined the following doses of sewer mud: 0, 30, 60 Mg ha-1 in dry basis, besides mineral fertilizer, with doses established since previous soil analysis of the soil and of the culture requisitions. The Eucalyptus citriodora was planted with approximately 0,30 m of depth and sowed Brachiaria decumbens grass, thirty days after the sewuage sludge incorporation. The spacing of the eucalyptus was of 1,5 x 2,0 m, totalizing 40 plants for plot and 640 plants in the hole experiment. The experiment was installed in the beginning of 2002, and the parameters of the soil and of the culture determined to 180 and 360 days after the application of the sludge and plantation of the eucalyptus. In order to determine the soil quality (its recovery) the following physical, chemical and biological parameters were studied: soil: density, porosity, cationic change capacity (CTC), breathing activity and carbon level in the microbial mass. It was also evaluated the development of the eucalyptus culture at 180 and 360 days after the sewage sludge incorporation It can be affirmed that in the period, the handling utilized promoted increment in the soil quality, considering the significant increase of phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, organic matter and CTC levels. The sewage sludge promoted reduction in the value of the density of the soil with increase of the macro porosity and of the total porosity in the superficial stratum. However, the micro porosity wasn¿t affected by the treatment with the residue, probably due to the short observation period, should continue to be object of investigations in the experimental area. The sewage sludge increased the microbial activity, confirming to be an appropriate quality indicative of monitoring of the area in recovery, even for a short observation period. However, the biomass microbial carbon levels weren¿t affected by the treatment with the residue, what should happen with elapsing of the time, requesting posterior observations. The eucalyptus plants development was other parameter that answered very quickly to the applied handling
Doutorado
Agua e Solo
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola
37
Mirzaeitalarposhti, Reza [Verfasser], and Torsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Müller. "Development of MidDRIFTS methodologies to support mapping of physico-chemical soil properties at the regional scale / Reza Mirzaeitalarposhti. Betreuer: Torsten Müller." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1063503264/34.
Full text
38
Hanson, Kerri-Lyn. "Effects of pipeline construction on the physical and chemical properties of soils in the Pincher Creek-Crowsnest Pass area, southern Alberta." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ38589.pdf.
Full text
39
Adcock, Clyde Wesley. "Cotton Yield as Related to Selected Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils of the Coastal Plain of Virginia and North Carolina." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29881.
Full textAbstract:
Cotton (Gossipium hiristum, L) is a warm season perennial with indeterminant growth habit. In 1995, 42,500 and 300,000 hectares were grown in Virginia and North Carolina, respectively. Soil physical and chemical properties may limit cotton yields. The objective of this study was to; 1) determine influences of soil physical and chemical properties on yield, 2) validate existing preharvest yield estimators, and 3) determine the effect of subsoiling and/or subsurface liming on cotton development and root growth. Two hundred sites were sampled across the Coastal Plain of Virginia and North Carolina to a depth of 92 cm representing 5 major soil series. Soil samples were analyzed for selected physical and chemical properties from each horizon. Boll and plant counts were obtained while harvesting a 3-meter length of row at each site to determine yield for the 1996 and 1997 growing season. Cotton was grown in the greenhouse on 30 cm diameter cores of a soil with low subsoil pH and a hard pan to determine the effects of subsoiling and/or subsurface liming. Ninety days after planting, the cotton plants were harvested and the above ground biomass and rootmass were analyzed. Physical and chemical properties explained 52% of yield variability in 1996 and 27% in 1997. Physical and chemical properties that were significant to yield were surface bulk density, available water holding capacity, depth of the water table and Bt horizon, Mg, K, Ca, and Al content. Soil analysis for nutrient status at depths up to 45 cm were better indicators of cotton yield. Subsoiling with or without subsurface liming increased rooting depth over the untreated check. The subsurface liming reached first flower 11 days prior to the other treatments. The additional period for flowering and boll set in Virginia and North Carolina could increase potential yield.Ph. D.
40
Renda, José Lindolfo Carvalho. "Comportamento térmico de óxidos de ferro presentes em solos da savana de Roraima." Universidade Federal de Roraima, 2010. http://www.bdtd.ufrr.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=56.
Full textAbstract:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorNesse trabalho foi estudada uma seqüência de amostras de solos de acordo com os perfis; , com o objetivo de identificar através de análise difratométrica, óxidos de ferro, a partir do concentrado magnético induzido das amostras dos solos coletados em terras nas proximidades de Amajarí, Boa Vista, Bonfim e Alto Alegre em Roraima, visando fornecer subsídios para futuros projetos de uso do solo relacionados às áreas em que esses perfis estão localizados. Em uma primeira etapa as amostras foram coletadas em horizontes superficiais e subsuperficiais sendo definidos em 0,0 a 0,10 m; 0,60 a 1,00 m e 0,80 a 1,00 m e levadas ao laboratório de Manejo de Solos no Centro de Ciências Agrárias, onde procedemos ao tratamento e posterior afinamento das amostras de areia total (TFSA), e a separação do concentrado magnético. Na segunda etapa, as amostras tratadas foram levadas ao Laboratório de Propriedades Magnéticas no campus do Paricarana, onde foram feitas análises mineralógica utilizando a técnica de Difração de Raios-X
In this work was studied a soil sequence sample according to the profiles; and P_5, aiming to identify through analysis diffractogram, iron oxides, from the concentrated samples of induced magnetic soils collected on land near Amajarí, Boa Vista, Bonfim and Alto Alegre, Roraima, to provide data for future projects related to land use areas in which these profiles are located. In a first step the samples were collected in surface and subsurface horizons were defined in 0.0 to 0.10 m: 0.60 to 1.00 m and 0.80 to 1.00 I brought to the laboratory of Soil Management Center of Agricultural Sciences, where he proceeded to treatment and subsequent thinning of the sand samples total (TFSA), and the separation of the magnetic concentrate. In the second step, the treated samples were brought to the Laboratory of Magnetic Properties on the campus of Paricarana where mineralogical analysis was performed using the technique of X-ray diffraction
41
Whatmuff, Mark. "The effect of applied 'high magnesium' bitterns upon the physical and chemical properties of soils from Wakool-Tullakool Irrigation District, New South Wales, Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1991. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26371.
Full textAbstract:
This study was concerned with determining the effect upon soil structure when the drainage scheme evaporation pond product "high magnesium bitterns" was applied to soils from the Wakool-Tullakool irrigation district, N.S.W, Australia.
Two soils were chosen covering the extremes of soil types found in the district.
They were;
1. Burraboi Sandy Loam (Gn 2.63) a Calcic Aqiuc Haplustult and,
2. Moulmein Clay (Ug5.24) a Typic Chromoxerert.
Laboratory tests were carried out to determine the basic physical and chemical properties of the two soils. Clay mineralogy for the two soils was determined using X- ray diffractometry.
Both Na/Ca and Na/Mg cation exchange isotherms were constructed from data obtained using a sequential dialysis equilibration on the clay fraction of both soils. The final solution concentration was set at 0.006 mmol(+)L-1 thus approximating the actual soil solution at field capacity.
Both soil clays showed exchange preference for the divalent cations over the monovalent cation Na. The values of K(VAN) show that Na selectivity at very low values of ENa decreases rapidly with increasing ENa to a minimum value after which Na selectivity increases. The values of Kex, the thermodynamic exchange constant, for Burraboi Sandy Loam were 0.746 for the Na/Ca system and 1.193 for the Na/Mg system. Thus the Ca system shows a decrease in Na selectivity relative to the Mg system. There was no significant difference in between the values of Kex for the Na/Ca and Na/Mg systems in Moulmein Clay. The calculated values of the rational activity coefficients /Na and /M2+ were not equal to unity over the range of Na saturation, and Kex did not remain constant, Thus non-ideal exchange occurred. It was also evident that some heterogeneity of exchange sites existed.
An infiltration trial using diluted bitterns was carried out on Moulmein clay to assess its effect on the infiltration characteristic of the soil. No significant difference between treatments could be detected and it is thought that soil variability masked any treatment effect. A separate experiment on the same site where the infiltered soil was sampled for moisture content in a vertical grid pattern, showed that the downward movement of infiltering solute, when the soil is at the peak of its drying cycle, is governed by vertical movement through conducting macropores. Little lateral movement was seen and the solute did not penetrate the soil matrix to any great extent until redistribution occurred. Upon wetting soil swelling occurred and infiltration effectively ceased.
Laboratory examination of samples taken from the infiltration trial also showed no detectable treatment differences. The total concentration of the immiscibly displaced soil solution increased with depth in all treatments as inferred by electrical conductivity measurements. It is thought that the infiltering solution moved rapidly down the profile carrying salts dissolved from the macropore periphery stopping when the pores became constricted in a region of increased soil moisture and subsequent soil swelling.
Emerson structural stability tests carried out on the infiltration samples showed that the soils treated with the diluted bitterns (0.1 M and 0.01M) had slightly improved structural stability moving from class 1 and 2 to class 3, as defined by Emerson. This could be due to displacement of the Na by Mg or due to an increase in ionic strength in the soil solution.
42
Miranda, Eduardo Jacusiel. "Efeito temporal da cultura da soja nos atributos físico-químicos do solo no Estado do Mato Grosso." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-08022008-160303/.
Full textAbstract:
A humanidade como conhecemos hoje é totalmente dependente da agricultura de grande escala. Estamos chegando próximo ao esgotamento de novas áreas para ampliação ou substituição de áreas agrícolas. Isso torna premente uma avaliação da sustentabilidade dos agroecossistemas a fim de averiguar se eles estão aptos a continuar sua função de prover alimentos a uma população crescente. Este trabalho tem como foco os aspectos físicos e químicos do solo com visão restrita aos processos internos do sistema produtivo, sem uma avaliação da sustentabilidade de toda a cadeia produtiva. O objetivo do presente projeto foi estudar o efeito temporal da cultura da soja nos atributos físicos e químicos do solo, quando uma vegetação de Cerrado é substituída pela atividade agrícola. Utilizando para tanto uma cronoseqüência de 5 áreas agrícolas com tempo de cultivo de 4 anos (C4D3) 12 anos (C12D5) 13 anos (C13D12) 14 anos de cultivo de grãos e 8 anos de cultivo de pastagem (C14P8) e 23 anos (C23D12) tendo como linha de base para comparação uma área sob Cerrado (CE). Todas as áreas apresentaram relêvo plano e mesmo tipo de solo (LATOSSOLO VERMELHO-AMARELO distrófico de textura argilosa) sendo a distância máxima entre elas de 3,4 km e pertencente ao mesmo produtor localizado a 30 km ao sul da cidade de Sorriso MT (12º42`41``S 55º53`38``W). Em cada área foram coletadas amostras para análises física e química do solo em cinco perfis diferentes nas profundidades de 0 a 5, 5 a 10, 10 a 20, 20 a 30, 30 a 50, 50 a 75 e 75 a 100 cm. Foram analisados os teores de macronutrientes, com exceção do enxofre, e de micronutrientes, com exceção do cloro e molibdênio. Ademais foi determinada a textura, densidade e abundância natural do isótopo ?13C que permitiu o cálculo do carbono (C) proveniente de plantas C3 (CC3) e o C proveniente de plantas C4 (CC4). Com essas análises foram quantificados os estoques de C, CC3, CC4 e nitrogênio (N). O estoque total de C de 0 a 100 cm aumentou com o tempo de cultivo a uma taxa média de 0,80 Mg C ha-1 ano-1, sendo que na área que teve o maior acúmulo a taxa foi de 1,09 Mg C ha-1 ano-1. Grande parte desse aumento no estoque de C se deve ao acúmulo de CC4 que apresentou uma taxa de acúmulo médio de 0,77 Mg CC4 ha-1 ano-1 na camada de 0 a 50 cm. Quanto ao estoque de CC3 de 0 a 100 cm na média não houve alterações com o tempo de cultivo sendo os pontos extremos o C14P8 com variação no estoque a uma taxa de -0,41 Mg CC3 ha-1 ano-1 e o C23D12 com aumentou no estoque de 0,52 Mg CC3 ha-1 ano-1. Ocorreu substituição de CC3 oriundo do Cerrado por CC4 proveniente das culturas C4, mas também houve um acúmulo de CC3 proveniente das culturas C3 (no caso soja). A variação no estoque de N não se correlacionou com o tempo de cultivo. O cultivo do solo aumentou o pH e as concentrações de fósforo, potássio, magnésio, cálcio, boro, zinco e cobre e diminui a concentração de ferro, manganês e alumínio tóxico. No quesito balanço nutricional e de carbono o sistema agrícola adotado não só manteve as qualidades originais do solo como aumentou o teor de grande parte dos elementos essenciais ao crescimento das plantas mostrando ser sustentável dentro de uma visão restrita aos processos de balanço nutricional internos do sistema produtivo.Humanity as we know today is totally dependent in the large scale agriculture. We are getting close to the point where it will no longer be possible to expand or substitute agriculture areas. Making an evaluation of the agriculture system sustainability very important, to verify if they are fit to maintain there function as a food provider for a growing population. This work focus on the soil physical and chemical aspect with a restricted vision on the internal farm process, without an evaluation of the entire production chain. The object off this work was to study the temporal effect of the soybean cultivation in the physical and chemical soil properties when a typical Cerrado vegetation is replaced by agriculture. Five agriculture areas with different cultivation time, i.e. 4 years (C4D3), 12 years (C12D5), 13 years (C13D12), 14 years of grain production and 8 years of pasture (C14P8) and 23 years (C23D12) where compared to a nearby Cerrado plot. All plots had the same soil type (LATOSSOLO VERMELHO-AMARELO distrófico de textura argilosa) and relief, being the maximum distance between plots 3.4 km. They all belong to the same farmer located approximately 30 km south of the city Sorriso in the Mato Grosso state (12º 42` 41`` S 55º 53` 38`` W). In each plot five soil sampling pits where made, soil sampling was done at the 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-50, 50-75 and 75-100cm depth. All major nutrients, with the exception off hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur and all minor nutrient, with the exception off chlorine and molybdenum where analyzed. Soil texture and 13C natural abundance, that permitted the calculation off the C3 plants carbon (CC3) and the C4 plants carbon (CC4), was also determined with this results the carbon (C), CC3, CC4 and nitrogen (N) stocks was calculated. The total C stock from 0 to 100cm increased with the cultivation time at a average rate of 0.8 Mg C ha-1 year-1, and on plot with the greatest accumulation (C23D12) the rate was 1.09 Mg C ha-1 year-1. A significant part off this accumulation was due to the CC4 contribution with an average rate off 0.77 Mg CC4 ha-1 year-1 in the 0 to 50cm profile. The CC3 stock in the 0 to 100cm profile did not correlate with the cultivation time, being the extreme points the C14P8 with a depletion off -0.41 Mg CC3 ha-1 year-1 and the C23D12 with a accumulation off 0.52 Mg CC3 ha-1 year-1. This shows that a replacement off the original Cerrado CC3 by the agriculture CC4 (maize) occurred, but that in some areas a accumulation off soybean CC3 also took place. The N stock variation did not correlate with the cultivation time, probably a different variable not measured in this study is driving this element. Soil cultivation increased the pH and phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, boron, zinc and copper soil concentration. Other elements such as iron , manganese and aluminum decreased with the soil cultivation. In the carbon and nutritional balance the agriculture system adopted maintained the soil original qualities and even increase the concentration off some elements. Showing that within the internal soil nutritional balance the system is sustainable.
43
Gava, José Luiz. "Relações entre atributos do solo e qualidade da madeira de clone de Eucalyptus grandis para produção de celulose." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-10112005-151917/.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de atributos físicos e químicos do solo na qualidade da madeira, estabelecendo correlações com as variáveis do processo de polpação celulósica. Para tanto, foram selecionadas cinco áreas no planalto ocidental do Estado de São Paulo, plantadas com um mesmo clone de Eucalyptus grandis Hill Ex Maiden (Coff´s Harbour), com idades variando entre 6,5 e 7,0 anos de idade, pertencentes à Suzano Papel e Celulose. Foram coletadas amostras de solo deformadas para fins de análises físicas e químicas. Amostras não deformadas foram utilizadas para análises físico-hídricas. Em cada uma das cinco áreas, foram demarcadas, aleatoriamente, 3 parcelas com 100 plantas cada. Em cada parcela, foram medidos os diâmetros à altura de 1,3 m (DAP) e a altura de todas as árvores. Os dados foram classificados em quatro classes de DAP e obtidos os DAPs médios de cada classe. Foi coletada uma árvore de cada classe e de cada parcela, mensuradas e estimadas as massas de lenho, casca, folha e galhos. Os troncos de cada árvore foram picados, individualmente, em picador industrial. Uma amostra dos cavacos foi utilizada para a análise de extrativos e componentes da madeira, de acordo com os métodos estabelecidos pela TAPPI e ABTCP. As condições de polpação foram estabelecidas, fixando-se o número kappa em 17 ± 0,5, a temperatura de cozimento em 165 °C, o tempo de elevação da temperatura em 90 minutos, o tempo à máxima temperatura em 60 minutos e a sulfidez do licor de cozimento em 24%. A carga de álcali foi variável e necessária para se atingir o número kappa desejado. Buscou-se descrever as relações entre os atributos do solo, a produtividade e a qualidade da madeira. Os resultados mostraram que os atributos físicos do solo, sobretudo o teor de argila, diretamente relacionado à quantidade de água disponível, foram os que mais afetaram a produtividade e a qualidade da madeira. A densidade básica da madeira não se alterou nas diferentes classes de solo. Por outro lado, aumentou exponencialmente com o volume das árvores, independentemente do solo em que cresceram. O teor de lignina total diminuiu e o de holocelulose aumentou exponencialmente, com o aumento do teor de argila do solo (até cerca de 35 a 40% de argila). O teor de extrativos não foi afetado pelos atributos do solo. Atribuiu-se à compensação entre o aumento do teor de holocelulose e a diminuição do teor de lignina total a não-variação da densidade básica da madeira nos diferentes solos. O rendimento de celulose depurada relacionou-se exponencialmente com o teor de argila do solo. No solo com textura muito argilosa (LVd2), o rendimento foi 6% maior do que no solo de textura arenosa (RQ).The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of soil physical and chemical attributes on timber quality, and to establish correlations with cellulose pulping process variables. To achieve this, five areas were selected at the Western Plateau of the State of São Paulo, planted with the same Eucalyptus grandis Hill Ex Maiden (Coff´s Harbour) clone, with ages ranging between 6.5 and 7.0 years, owned by Cia. Suzano Papel e Celulose. Deformed soil samples were collected for physical and chemical analysis purposes. Non-deformed samples were used in the physical and moisture analyses. Three plots containing 100 plants each were demarcated at random in each of the five areas. The diameters at a 1.3 m height (DBH) and heights of all trees were measured for each plot. The data were classified into four DBH classes and the mean DAP values for each class were obtained. One tree was collected from each class and each plot, and its wood, bark, leaf, and branch masses were measured and estimated. The trunks of each tree were individually chopped in a tree chopper. A sample from the chips was used in the analysis of wood extractives and components, according to methods established by TAPPI and ABTCP. The pulping conditions were established by fixing the Kappa number at 17 ± 0.5, cooking temperature at 165 °C, temperature ramp time at 90 minutes, time at maximum temperature at 60 minutes, and cooking liquor sulfidity at 24%. The alkali load was variable and adjusted as needed to reach the desired Kappa number. We sought to describe the relations between soil attributes and wood productivity and quality. The results showed that the soil physical attributes, especially clay content, which is directly related to the amount of available water, affected wood productivity and quality the most. Basic wood density did not change for different soil classes. On the other hand, it increased exponentially with tree volume, regardless of the soil where they were grown. Total lignin content decreased, and holocellulose content exponentially increased as soil clay content increased (until about 35 to 40% clay). The extractives content was not affected by soil attributes. The compensation between the increase in holocellulose content and the decrease in total lignin content was attributed to the lack of basic wood density variation in different soils. Screened cellulose yield exponentially increased with soil clay content. In the very clayey-textured soil (LVd2), yield was 6% higher than in the sandy-textured soil (RQ).
44
Galdeano, Larissa Ruas. "Fertilidade e mineralogia do solo sujeito à disposição de vinhaça de uma fazenda em Santa Cruz das Palmeiras /." Rio Claro, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182301.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Marcelo Loureiro GarciaResumo: Com a crescente produção de etanol no Brasil, houve o aumento da geração da vinhaça, que em certas condições pode ser utilizada para a fertirrigação de lavouras de cana-de-açúcar com o intuito de elevar a fertilidade do solo. A pesquisa consistiu na análise temporal e espacial de dados das características químicas e físicas dos solos de uma lavoura de cana-de-açúcar e da vinhaça aplicada, além da análise granulométrica, química e mineralógica de seis amostras de solo coletadas na área de estudo. A partir dos resultados obtidos, observou-se que elevados volumes de vinhaça foram calculados em 2014, sendo que os resultados indicaram baixas condições de fertilidade com altas concentrações de H+Al e de CTC total. A análise temporal de uma das glebas da fazenda demonstrou que, em dosagens previamente calculadas, a aplicação de vinhaça pode melhorar a fertilidade do solo e promover a redução da acidez e da toxicidade por alumínio. As análises granulométricas, químicas e mineralógicas caracterizaram o latossolo vermelho da área de estudo como um solo arenoso muito fino a médio com altas concentrações de silicatos e óxidos e hidróxidos de ferro e alumínio com minerais de gibbsita, hematita, quartzo e argilominerais do grupo da caulinita. O estudo avaliou a possibilidade de lixiviação dos cátions de base e de concentração de íons H+ e Al3+ pela hidrólise total e parcial da caulinita e da gibbsita e da decomposição da Matéria Orgânica no período chuvoso, sendo que a fertirrigação repõe ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: As the ethanol production has been developing in Brazil, it resulted on the increase of vinasse generation, which under certain conditions can be used for fertirrigation of sugarcane plantations in order to increase soil fertility. The research consisted of temporal and spatial data analysis of chemical and physical characteristics of soils of the soils of a sugar cane yield and the applied vinasse, in addition to the granulometric, chemical and mineralogical analysis of six soil samples collected in the research area. From the results obtained, it was observed that high volumes of vinasse were calculated in 2014, as the results had also indicated low fertility conditions with high concentrations of H+Al and total CEC. The temporal analysis of the plot 15 demonstrated that, in controlled doses, the application of vinasse can improve soil fertility and promote reduction of acidity and toxicity by aluminum. The granulometric, chemical and mineralogical analyzes characterize the red latosol of the research area as a very fine to medium sandy soil with high concentrations of silicates and oxides and hydroxides of iron and aluminum with minerals of gibbsite, hematite, quartz and clay minerals of the kaolinite group. The research evaluated the possibility of leaching of base cations and concentration of H+ and Al3+ ions by total and partial hydrolysis of kaolinite and decomposition of Organic Matter (OM) in rainy season, with soil moisture restoring and reposition of macronutrients... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
45
Gomes, Felipe Haenel. "Gênese e classificação de solos sob vegetação de restinga na Ilha do Cardoso - SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-31032006-151942/.
Full textAbstract:
A vegetação de restinga é uma formação típica que ocorre na costa brasileira em materiais de origem quartzosos e pobres em nutrientes. O principal processo pedogenético que ocorre nos solos sob essa vegetação é a podzolização, sendo os Espodossolos e os Neossolos com podzolização incipiente os solos mais comumente encontrados. A podzolização é freqüentemente estudada em regiões de clima frio, sendo escassos os estudos dos mesmos em clima tropical e desenvolvidos sobre sedimentos marinhos quartzosos. Foram coletados e descritos morfologicamente nove perfis de solos sob vegetação de restinga na Ilha do Cardoso-SP com o objetivo de caracterizá-los em sua química, física, morfologia, mineralogia e estudar a dinâmica do Fe e do Al nestes solos com o intuito não só de se compreender melhor a gênese dos mesmos como para contribuir com o aprimoramento do Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos (SiBCS). Os resultados mostraram solos hidromórficos, arenosos, muito ácidos, com teores variáveis de matéria orgânica e fases não cristalinas Al e Fe, sendo que o Al é o metal que participa mais efetivamente do processo de podzolização, o qual é altamente dependente da hidromorfia. Este fato é evidenciado pela microtopografia, que exerce papel importante na distribuição dos solos. Foi identificada pirita em alguns horizontes (2Cgj), os quais apresentam características distintas em relação aos demais, tais como textura mais fina e presença de esmectita. Este material de origem influencia até os horizontes espódicos, reduzindo o pH bruscamente na determinação da TFSA (terra fina seca ao ar), devido à influência indireta promovida pelo lençol freático. Nos horizontes espódicos, os principais minerais encontrados foram o feldspato e o quartzo na fração silte e a caulinita e o quartzo na fração argila, evidenciando uma assembléia mineralógica mais pobre em relação a outros Espodossolos de clima frio e até mesmo em relação a outros da costa brasileira. Isso ocorre devido principalmente ao próprio material de origem ser muito pobre em minerais primários intemperizáveis. O SiBCS mostrou falhas na classificação da ordem Espodossolos a partir do 2º nível categórico (subordem), principalmente no que diz respeito ao acúmulo de Fe no horizonte espódico. Sugerese a inserção da denominação tiônico no quarto nível categórico, devido à possibilidade da ocorrência de solos tiomórficos, se forem drenados, bem como a adoção de um critério químico na distinção das subordens dos Espodossolos. As relações Carbono/Metal evidenciaram a baixa participação do Fe, sendo o Al o responsável pela precipitação química do complexo organometálico. Os Espodossolos estudados são holocênicos e a podzolização é dependente da hidromorfia. A presença de sulfetos de ferro afeta parte dos solos estudados e pode coincidir com horizontes espódicos.Restinga vegetation is a typical formation that occurs in brazilizan coast, on quartzitic, sandy poor parent material. The main pedogenic process that occurs in soils under this vegetation is the podzolization, being the Spodosols and Quartzipsamments, with incipient podzolization, the most common soils. Podzolization is frequently studied in regions of cold climate, with a lack of studies in tropical climate and quartzitic material. Nine soil profiles under restinga vegetation at Ilha do Cardoso, São Paulo State, had been sampled and morphologically described with the objective to proceed chemical, physical, morphological and mineralogical characterization and study Fe and Al dynamics in these soil with the aim of better comprehend its genesis, as well as contribute to an improvement of the Brazilian System of Soil Classification (SiBCS). The results had shown aquic, sandy, very acid soils with variable contents of organic matter and Al and Fe non crystalline phases. Al appears to be the metal that participate more effectively on podzolization process, which is highly dependent on aquic conditions. Being so, microtopography plays an important role in soil distribution. Pyrite and smectite was also identified in clay horizons (2Cgj) related to a distinct parent material. This material also influences spodic horizon chemistry generating low pH values in dried samples due to water table effects. Spodic horizons are mainly constitute by feldspar and quartz, in the silt fraction, and kaolinite and quartz, in the clay fraction, evidencing a poor mineralogical assembly in relation to other Spodosols of cold climate and even to those of Brazilian coast. This mainly occurs due to parent material which presents few weatherable primary minerals. SiBCS showed imperfections in the classification of Spodosols from 2nd categorical level (suborder), mainly because the absence of a chemical criteria for Fe accumulation in spodic horizon. We suggest the insertion of "thionic " denomination in the 4th categorical level because of the possible formation of acid sulphate soils in response to drainage, as well as the adoption of a chemical criteria in the distinction of subordens of Spodosols. Carbon/Metal ratios had evidenced low participation of Fe, being Al responsible for chemical precipitation of organo-metallic complex. Our Spodosols are holocenic and podzolization process depends on aquic conditions. Presence of iron sulfides affects some of the studied soils an also coincide with spodic horizons.
46
Ghanbarian-Alavijeh, Behzad. "Modeling Physical and Hydraulic Properties of Disordered Porous Media: Applications from Percolation Theory and Fractal Geometry." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1401380554.
Full text
47
Araujo, Suzana Romeiro. "Reflectance spectroscopy vis-NIR and mid-IR applied for soil studies." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-02042013-133023/.
Full textAbstract:
Effective agricultural planning and environmental monitoring requires basic soil information. However, analyzing soil properties by conventional methods is often expensive and time consuming. In addition, these analyses result in chemical residues, which may be environmentally hazardous. In recent decades near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (400-2500 nm) has been shown to be a viable alternative for rapidly analyzing soil properties. Information needs to be mathematically extracted from the spectra in order to correlate them with soil properties, and multivariate statistics are often used to calibrate soil prediction models.However, soils evaluated by the mid-IR region (4000 to 400 cm-1) warrants new studies. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility to use soil spectral data and chemometrics methods to predict soil properties, in order to reduce the number of conventional soil analyses. The understanding of the relationships between spectral characteristics and the physic-chemical properties of soils were evaluated in three different studies with soils of: (i) spectral library (Chapter 1), (ii) amazonian region (Chapter 2), (iii) soils contaminated with heavy metals and tannery sludge (Chapter 3).It was possible to identify regions of the vis-NIR and mid-IR spectra that showed absorption features due to water, iron oxides, and clay minerals. In Chapter 1 the predicted models for clay and soil organic matter showed high accuracy. It reflects the influence of the direct spectral responses of these properties in the NIR. The division of the large library into smaller subsets based on variation in the spectra characteristics was the best alternative to quantify soil attributes in tropical soils by Partial Least Square regressions. Another alternative would be to use Boosted regression trees for the whole library. In Chapter 2, the mid-IR predicted models outperformed the vis-NIR. Comparison of the interpolation results revealed that the predictions of the PLS regression (mid-IR and vis-NIR) adequately reproduced the spatial pattern of the properties evaluated, especially soil organic carbon and cation exchange capacity and, had the ability to predict the soil properties of unknown samples from a different geographical location. In Chapter 3, the metals adsorption to soil constituents caused expressive changes in soil spectral curves, showing spectral differentiation between highly contaminated soil and soils that are relatively contaminant-free. The results indicate that the Cr pseudo-total content can be predicted by spectroscopy reflectance with both sensors data. Fe and Mn also can be predicted accuratley by vis-NIR. The vis-NIR models outperformed the mid-IR. Besides these results, the vis-NIR instrument has less complicated sample and can be used directly in the field using portable spectrorradiometers.Para o planejamento agrícola e o monitoramento ambiental são necessárias informações sobre os solos. As análises de solos realizadas através de métodos convencionais em laboratório são normalmente caras e demoradas. Além disso, geram resíduos químicos que caso não sejam dispostos e/ou tratados adequadamente, podem contaminar o ambiente. Nas últimas décadas a espectroscopia de reflectância difusa na região do visível e infravermelho próximo (vis-NIR, 400-2500 nm) do espectroeletromagnético tem se mostrado uma alternativa viável para analisar atributos de solo de maneira rápida. Para tanto, a informação espectral é matematicamente extraída do espectro e métodos multivariados são usados afim de correlacioná-la com as propriedades do solo. Entretanto, ainda são poucos estudos de solos em que a espectroscopia de reflectância na região do infravermelho médio (mid-IR, 4000-400 cm-1) foi usada. Objetivaram-se com este trabalho investigar a viabilidade da utilização de dados espectrais vis-NIR e mid-IR de solos e métodos quimiométricos para predizer as propriedades dos mesmos, a fim de reduzir o número de análises convencionais de terra. As relações existentes entre características espectrais e propriedades físico-químicas de solos tropicais foram avaliadas em três estudos distintos com solos (i) de uma biblioteca espectral (Capítulo 1), (ii) da região amazônica (Capítulo 2) e, (iii) contaminados com metais pesados e lodo de curtume (Capítulo 3). Foi possível identificar faixas espectrais nas regiões do vis-NIR e mid-IR relacionadas às feições de absorção características da água, óxidos de ferro e minerais de argila. No capítulo 1 os modelos de predição vis-NIR de argila e matéria orgânica do solo apresentaram elevada acurácia. Isto reflete a influência direta destas propriedades do solo na sua resposta espectral. A divisão da biblioteca espectral em subgrupos menores baseada nas características espectrais foi eficiente na quantificação de atributos de solos tropicais. Outra alternativa foi usar o método de regressão de árvores para o conjunto total de dados. No capítulo 2, os modelos de predição mid-IR foram mais precisos que os vis-NIR. Os modelos de carbono orgânico do solo e capacidade de troca catiônica obtidos pela regressão pelo método dos mínimos quadrados parciais permitiram a reprodução do padrão espacial destas propriedades na área estudada (r > 0.81); e puderam ser aplicados em uma área geográfica diferente, em amostras de solos desconhecidas. No capítulo 3, a adsorção de metais em constituintes dos solos provocou mudanças nas curvas espectrais dos mesmos, mostrando diferenças entre solos altamente contaminados por metais pesados e solos livres de contaminação. Os teores de Cr (semi-total) no solo pode ser predito através da espectroscopia de reflectância vis-NIR-mid-IR e regressão por mínimos quadrados parciais. Fe e Mn também foram preditos com acurácia usando dados vis-NIR. Em geral, os modelos de predição vis- NIR de metais pesados foram mais precisos que o mid-IR. A vantagem da utilização do sensor vis-NIR está no preparo mais simples de amostras e na possibilidade de utilizá-lo diretamente no campo.
48
Drlíková, Barbora. "Posouzení kvality půdy zpracované klasickým způsobem ve vybrané lokalitě v Olomouckém kraji." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265451.
Full textAbstract:
Diploma thesis documents the problems of soil quality, which is assessed on the basis of physical, chemical or biological indicators of soil quality. The paper describes the various indicators, its methodology and evaluation. In the practical part evaluates the quality of soil cultivated with the traditional way - using plowing. The experimental area, where the samples were taken from the soil, lies in the Olomouc region in the municipality Šumvald. Evaluated were selected physical, chemical and physico-chemical properties of soil, e.g. particle size distribution, bulk density, porosity, air capacity, hydrolimits, pH, carbonates, humus content and salinity of the soil.
49
Salifu, Francis K. "Physico-chemical properties of soil in the High Forest zone of Ghana associated with logged forest and with areas converted to teak (Tectona grandis Linn. F)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ33448.pdf.
Full text
50
Lima, Carlos José Gonçalves de Souza. "Calibração e manejo de extratores providos de cápsulas porosas e transdutores de pressão para monitoramento de íons na fertirrigação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11143/tde-19022010-093838/.
Full textAbstract:
O manejo da fertirrigação com controle da concentração de íons na solução do solo, apresenta-se como uma alternativa técnica e economicamente viável, sendo necessário a sua calibração para que possa ser efetivamente recomendada. Diante do exposto, este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo determinar equações de calibração a fim de serem utilizadas no monitoramento da condutividade elétrica (CE) e da concentração de íons na solução do solo em dois tipos de solo, com ênfase principal, diferentes intensidades de vácuo, tempo de aplicação do vácuo após o evento da fertirrigação e tempo após a aplicação do vácuo para realização de coleta da solução do solo. O estudo constou de dois experimentos realizados em condições de ambiente protegido. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC) e tipos de solos foram os mesmos para ambos os experimentos, o primeiro em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 x 4, totalizando 32 tratamentos, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por: dois tipos de solo (Franco Arenoso - S1 e Franco Argiloso - S2), quatro intensidades de vácuos aplicadas aos extratores (V1 - 50, V2 - 60, V3 - 70, e V4 - 80 kPa), e quatro níveis de umidade em base peso (100, 72, 61 e 43% no solo S1 e 100, 79, 66 e 60% no solo S2); e o segundo num esquema fatorial 2 x 4 x 3, totalizando 24 tratamentos, com três repetições. Os tratamentos constaram-se de quatro soluções com concentração de 0, 30, 60 e 90% da solução padrão utilizada e três intensidades de vácuos (V1 - 60, V2 - 70, V3 80 kPa). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que é possível, com auxilio de extratores e transdutores de pressão, monitorar o volume e a concentração iônica da solução extraída com ótima precisão, bem como a variação de tensão em tempo real. O tempo mínimo para o equilíbrio iônico, foi de 30 horas após o evento de fertirrigação para aplicação do vácuo em ambos os solos. O tempo necessário entre a aplicação do vácuo até o momento da coleta da solução, aumentou em função da redução de umidade, bem como com o incremento do vácuo aplicado, a menor faixa de tempo observada foi de 0,37 a 0,67 horas na combinação da máxima umidade em ambos os solos com a maior e a menor intensidade de vácuo, respectivamente. A redução da umidade proporcionou um aumento na concentração iônica e na condutividade elétrica. O incremento do vácuo não afetou a concentração iônica para ambos os solos, exceto para K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ e SO4 2-, que tiveram suas concentrações reduzidas no solo (S1) e o volume coletado aumentou. Os níveis crescentes de concentração aplicada proporcionaram um aumento na concentração iônica e na (CE) da solução obtida, exceto o pH, que foi reduzido no solo (S2), já o incremento do vácuo aplicado não proporcionou efeito significativo para nenhum parâmetro avaliado em ambos os solos no Experimento II.The fertigation management with ion concentration control in the soil solution its an alternative technique and feasible economic, however its necessary to calibrate it to be effectively recommended. This work had the aim to determine calibrated equations to monitor the electrical conductivity (EC) and the solution ion concentration in soils of two different textures, with primary focus on different vacuum intensity, vacuum application time after the irrigation event and time after the vacuum application for collection of soil solution. The study consisted of two experiments under greenhouse condition. The statistic delineation utilized was the entirely randomized and the soil types were the same for both experiments; the first in the factorial scheme was 2 x 4 x 4, 32 treatments in the all, with three repetition. The treatments were composed of: two soil type ( loamsandy - S1 and loam-clayish- S2), four vacuum intensity applied to extractors (V1 - 50, V2 - 60, V3 - 70, and V4 - 80 kPa) and four levels of water content on weight base ( 100, 72, 61 e 43% in the soil S1 and 100, 79, 66 and 60% in the soil S2 ); the second in the factorial scheme was 2 x 4 x 3, 24 treatments in all, with three repetition. The treatments had four types of solution with concentration of the 0, 30, 60 e 90% in the utilized standard solution and three vacuum intensity (V1 - 60, V2 - 70, V3 80 kPa). The results showed that its possible, to monitor the volume and ionic concentration of extracted solution with high precision and also the tension variation in real time with the help of extractors and pressure to transductors. The minimum time for ionic equilibrium was the 30 hours after the fertigation event to apply the vacuum in both soils. The necessary time between vacuum applications until the moment of collection of solution, increased with the reduction of water content in soil, and also due to increment in the applied vacuum. The smaller time range observed was from the 0.37 to 0.67 hours under the combination of the maximum water content in both soils with the bigger and smaller vacuum intensity, respectively. The water content reduction resulted an increase in the ionic concentration and electrical conductivity. The vacuum increment did not affect ionic concentration in both soils, except for K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and SO4 2-, which were reduced in the soil S1 and the collected volume increased. The increasing level of the applied concentration provided an increase in the ionic concentration and in the EC of the obtained solution, except for pH, that which reduced in the soil S2; the applied vacuum increment did not affect significantly evaluated parameters in both soils in the second experiment.