Academic literature on the topic 'Soil - Physical attributes. eng'
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Journal articles on the topic "Soil - Physical attributes. eng"
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Camara, Rodrigo, Camila Santos da Silva, Gilsonley Lopes dos Santos, Gabriel Santos Aguiar, Marcos Gervasio Gervasio Pereira, Cristiane Figueira Silva, and Eliane Maria Ribeiro Silva. "PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL SOIL ATTRIBUTES UNDER ANALOG AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM AND PASTURE SITES." FLORESTA 50, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v50i1.57476.
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Analog agroforestry system uses native tree species to improve soil conditions and the microclimate of degraded areas. This study aimed to assess the impact of analog agroforestry on physical, chemical, and biological soil attributes. We tested the hypothesis that some of these attributes can be used as indicators of soil quality improvement compared to a managed pasture area. Two experimental sites were selected, an analog agroforestry site and a pasture site. In October 2016 (end of the dry season), soil samples were collected from the 0–5 and 5–10 cm depths and the soil fauna community was sampled using pitfall traps. The analog agroforestry system led to increased total abundance, total richness, mean richness, evenness, and diversity of the soil fauna community as well as higher gravimetric soil moisture, sand content, pH, calcium, magnesium, and sum of exchangeable bases, which are good indicators of soil quality. Adults of Coleoptera, Diptera, Gastropoda, Hymenoptera, Isopoda, Lepidoptera, Poduromorpha, Symphypleona, Pseudoscorpionida, Lepidoptera and larvae of Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Neuroptera were the most abundant taxonomic groups in the analog agroforestry system.
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Parr, J. F., R. I. Papendick, S. B. Hornick, and R. E. Meyer. "Soil quality: Attributes and relationship to alternative and sustainable agriculture." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 7, no. 1-2 (June 1992): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300004367.
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AbstractDifferent chemical, physical, and biological properties of a soil interact in complex ways that determine its potential fitness or capacity to produce healthy and nutritious crops. The integration of these properties andine resulting level of productivity often is referred to as “soil quality.” Soil quality can be defined as an inherent attribute of a soil that is inferred from its specific characteristics and observations (e.g., compactability, erodibility, and fertility). The term also refers to the soil's structural integrity, which imparts resistance to erosion, and to the loss of plant nutrients and organic matter. Soil quality often is related to soil degradation, which can be defined as the time rate of change in soil quality.Soil quality should not be limited to soil productivity, but should encompass environmental quality, human and animal health, and food safety and quality. There is inadequate reliable information on how changes in soil quality directly affect food quality, or indirectly affect human and animal health. In characterizing soil quality, biological properties have received less emphasis than chemical and physical properties, because their effects are difficult to measure, predict, or quantify. Improved soil quality often is indicated by increased infiltration, aeration, macropores, aggregate size, aggregate stability, and soil organic matter, and by decreased bulk density, soil resistance, erosion, and nutrient runoff. These are useful, but future research should seek to identify and quantify reliable and meaningful biological/ecological indicators of soil quality, such as total species diversity or genetic diversity of beneficial soil microorganisms, insects, and animals.Because these biological/ecological indexes of soil quality are dynamic, they will require effective monitoring and assessment programs to develop appropriate databases for research and technology transfer. We need to know how such indexes are affected by management inputs, whether they can serve as early warning indicators of soil degradation, and how they relate to the sustainability of agricultural systems.
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PACHECO, FÁBIO PALCZEWSKI, LÚCIA HELENA PEREIRA NÓBREGA, MICHELLE TONINI, ARIANE SPIASSI, DANIELLE MEDINA ROSA, and CLÁUDIA TATIANA DE ARAÚJO DA CRUZ-SILVA. "PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES OF SOIL AFTER SWINE WASTEWATER APPLICATION AS COVER FERTILIZER ON MAIZE CROP AND BLACK OATS SEQUENCE." Revista Caatinga 30, no. 4 (December 2017): 955–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n416rc.
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ABSTRACT The rate of swine wastewater application (SW) in agricultural production could result in the replacement of chemical fertilizers. However, SW destroys soil physical properties by decreasing pore bulk, which negatively affects both crop yield and development. In this context, this study aimed at monitoring the influence of swine wastewater as a cover fertilizer in maize and black oats in sequence on soil physical properties. Five application rates (0, 100, 200, 300 and 537 m3ha - 1 equivalent to 0, 11.2, 22.3, 33.5 and 60 kg ha-1 N, respectively, based on the average nitrogen concentration in SW) were tested with four replications each. In the studied area, soil porosity, density, and water content, before maize sowing and at the end of the cycles of maize and black oats, were determined by the volumetric ring method. Data were submitted for regression analyses. There was a reduction in the macroporosity and total porosity of the soil when the SW application rate, before maize cultivation, was higher. The introduction of black oats helped to improve the physical quality of the soil and reduced the compaction of the surface layer from 0 to 15 cm and 100 to 300 m3 ha-1 SW rates.
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Proffitt, APB, RJ Jarvis, and S. Bendotti. "The impact of sheep trampling and stocking rate on the physical properties of a red duplex soil with two initially different structures." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 4 (1995): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950733.
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The effect of sheep trampling and stocking rate on the physical properties of a red duplex soil with two initially different structures was examined over an 8 week period when the soil was wet following winter rains. The experimental site was located at Merredin in Western Australia where the average annual rainfall is 307 mm. A previous long-term tillage and gypsum trial at the experimental site had resulted in the development of contrasting topsoil structures. Three grazing treatments were imposed at the trial site: grazing at the normal high stocking rate (8 DSE ha-1), grazing at half the normal stocking rate (4 DSE ha-1), and no grazing (where pasture was mown to simulate grazing without trampling). Topsoil structure was assesed by measuring water-stable aggregation (> 2 mm diameter aggregates), the relative contribution of dispersion and slaking to structural instability (measured as soil strength on < 2 mm fine earth soil fractions), steady-state infiltration rates (at 10 mm tension), and in situ soil strength characteristics (measured as penetration resistance). At the end of the grazing period, all structure attributes measured showed that topsoil structure had been damaged as a result of sheep trampling. The magnitude of such structure damage was affected by the initial physical condition of the soil and stocking rate. When compared with ungrazed pasture, there was a greater decline in structural condition as a consequence of grazing on less well-structured soil than on better-structured soil. Halving the normal stocking rate reduced the degree of structure damage on both soils. Within-season variability in soil hydraulic properties was large. The temporal changes in infiltration rates were attributed to changes in drainage pore volume brought about by the growth and decay of pasture roots, the formation and disruption of a surface crust, and the processes of soil compaction and remoulding resulting from animal trampling (no direct measurements were made). The variability in hydraulic behaviour found in this study emphasizes the need to maintain consistent sampling dates and soil water contents at sampling in long-term studies on soil structure changes.
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Krnáčová, Zdena, Juraj Hreško, and Miriam Vlachovičová. "An evaluation of soil retention potential as an important factor of water balance in the landscape." Moravian Geographical Reports 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2016-0016.
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AbstractThe ability of soil to retain water in its profile is one of the most important soil functions. It is expressed as the water storage capacity or retention capacity of the soil, and it is primarily affected by the physical properties of the soil. Given the fact that the direct measurement of hydrological data for the soil is very difficult in terms of capacity, statistically expressed pedotransfer functions (PTF) are currently used for the indirect estimation of hydrolimits. The data most commonly used for the PTF are easy-to-measure and usually readily available soil data on particle size, bulk density, organic carbon and morphometric parameters of the environment (e.g. slope of the relief, etc.). The listed pedotransfer functions are deficient for the complex evaluation of soil cover; given disagreements about the attributes, they cannot be directly used for the vector database of classified soil-ecological units in the Slovak Republic. Therefore, we have created a model of an algorithm from selected parameters compatible with the vector database of classified soil-ecological units, which also allows for the spatial distribution of the cumulative coefficient of water retention capacity (CWRC) for the soils of the SR. The results of this evaluation are presented using case studies of the areas of Levoča and Hriňová.
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Welivitiya, W. D. Dimuth P., Garry R. Willgoose, and Greg R. Hancock. "A coupled soilscape–landform evolution model: model formulation and initial results." Earth Surface Dynamics 7, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 591–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-591-2019.
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Abstract. This paper describes the coupling of the State Space Soil Production and Assessment Model (SSSPAM) soilscape evolution model with a landform evolution model to integrate soil profile dynamics and landform evolution. SSSPAM is a computationally efficient soil evolution model which was formulated by generalising the mARM3D modelling framework to further explore the soil profile self-organisation in space and time, as well as its dynamic evolution. The landform evolution was integrated into SSSPAM by incorporating the processes of deposition and elevation changes resulting from erosion and deposition. The complexities of the physically based process equations were simplified by introducing a state-space matrix methodology that allows efficient simulation of mechanistically linked landscape and pedogenesis processes for catena spatial scales. SSSPAM explicitly describes the particle size grading of the entire soil profile at different soil depths, tracks the sediment grading of the flow, and calculates the elevation difference caused by erosion and deposition at every point in the soilscape at each time step. The landform evolution model allows the landform to change in response to (1) erosion and deposition and (2) spatial organisation of the co-evolving soils. This allows comprehensive analysis of soil landform interactions and soil self-organisation. SSSPAM simulates fluvial erosion, armouring, physical weathering, and sediment deposition. The modular nature of the SSSPAM framework allows the integration of other pedogenesis processes to be easily incorporated. This paper presents the initial results of soil profile evolution on a dynamic landform. These simulations were carried out on a simple linear hillslope to understand the relationships between soil characteristics and the geomorphic attributes (e.g. slope, area). Process interactions which lead to such relationships were also identified. The influence of the depth-dependent weathering function on soilscape and landform evolution was also explored. These simulations show that the balance between erosion rate and sediment load in the flow accounts for the variability in spatial soil characteristics while the depth-dependent weathering function has a major influence on soil formation and landform evolution. The results demonstrate the ability of SSSPAM to explore hillslope- and catchment-scale soil and landscape evolution in a coupled framework.
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Aisenberg, Geison Rodrigo, Felipe Koch, Gustavo Zimmer, Gustavo Henrique Demari, Vinícius Jardel Szareski, Ivan Ricardo Carvalho, Manoela Andrade Monteiro, et al. "Sowing periods, agronomic performance and seed quality of soybean cultivars in the Planosol soil." 2019 13, (03) 2019 (March 20, 2019): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.03.p994.
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Understanding of sowing in an ideal season for each region and cultivar is essential for the crop to reach each of its stages in more favorable climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different sowing times on agronomic attributes of two soybean cultivars and the physiological quality of soybean seeds in soil type Eutrophic Haplic Planosol. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a factorial scheme 4 x 2, with four sowing times and two soybean cultivars, with eight replications. The sowing was executed at the beginning and end of November (1st and 2nd epochs) and beginning and end of January (3rd and 4th epochs), using the cultivars: Fundacep 64 RR and BMX Potência RR. The experiment was carried out in polyethylene vessels with volumetric capacity of 10 liters. The morphological attributes of the plants were evaluated, such as: height, stem diameter, number of pods and seeds per plant, 1000 seed weight, as well as seed germination and vigor. Seeding after January 1st negatively affected the agronomic behavior of soybean plants, with reduction of plant height, stem diameter, number of pods and seeds per plant. The sowing on November 1st favored the obtaining of seeds with lower physical quality in terms of 1000 seed weight; however, seeds with superior physiological performance. Late sowing showed an alternative for the production of soybean seeds in the South region of Rio Grande do Sul, mainly due to the higher quality of the seeds produced in this period.
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Findura, Pavol, Koloman Krištof, Ján Jobbágy, Peter Bajus, and Urszula Malaga‑Toboła. "Physical Properties of Maize Seed and its Effect on Sowing Quality and Variable Distance of Individual Plants." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, no. 1 (2018): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866010035.
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Precision sowing has been a major thrust of agricultural engineering research for many years; however, most of the research and development work has dealt with seeders for agronomic crops. Sowing quality means required vertical (depth) and horizontal (spatial) spacing of seeds in the soil with minimal damage to the seeds. The spatial distribution of seeds (horizontal spacing) is given by distance between the rows and spacing of the seeds in a row. The objective of the study was the evaluation and comparison of the sowing quality of sowing machine JD MaxEmerge XP with mechanical filling of ladle holes with holding fingers within usage of seeds with different dimensional and shape attributes in agricultural conditions. As it was observed that shape attributes have a significant effect on seeding quality and at the end it affects emergency and whole further growth of maize seeds. Sowing machine JD MaxEmerge XP reached good results for the quality especially when using the angular seeds. It reached the sowing quality expressed by the standard deviation of 46.95–50.76 % when seeds PR 37 N01 and for seeds PR 37 N01 it is 47.43–48.73 %. Another evaluative criterion is dual sowing of seeds or plants (DRR), it was reached the average value 3.65–2.45 % for angular seeds and the average of 1.54–3.71 % for approximately spherical seeds.
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Ceresoli, Lavito Luiz, Luiz Ricardo Sobenko, Briane Kreitlov, and Robson Andre Armindo. "VARIABILIDADE ESPACIAL DOS ATRIBUTOS FÍSICO-HIDRÁULICOS DO SOLO EM UMA ÁREA E ESTIMATIVA DA LÂMINA DE IRRIGAÇÃO DE PRECISÃO." IRRIGA 1, no. 01 (June 18, 2018): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2016v1n01p179-190.
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VARIABILIDADE ESPACIAL DOS ATRIBUTOS FÍSICO-HIDRÁULICOS DO SOLO EM UMA ÁREA E ESTIMATIVA DA LÂMINA DE IRRIGAÇÃO DE PRECISÃO Lavito Luiz Ceresoli1; Luiz Ricardo Sobenko2; Briane Kreitlov e Silva3 E Robson André Armindo4* 1 Eng. Agrônomo, UFPR; Curitiba, PR, Brasil.2 Doutorando em Engenharia de Sistemas Agrícolas, ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil.3 Mestranda em Ciência do Solo, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.4 Professor Associado, Núcleo de Atividades de Engenharia e Biossistemas (NAEB), DSEA-UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil. E-mail: rarmindo@gmail.com (autor correspondente). 1 RESUMO Neste trabalho, teve-se como objetivo apresentar duas estratégias de gerenciamento de lâminas de irrigação de precisão a partir da análise dos atributos físico-hidráulicos do solo e da evapotranspiração da cultura do milho de uma área agrícola localizada no município de Sorriso-MT. Os atributos físicos do solo têm grande importância para o dimensionamento e manejo dos sistemas de irrigação, em projetos onde se busca eficiência e adequada operação. Os atributos analisados da área foram: textura, densidade do solo e das partículas, porosidade total e de aeração, carbono, condutividade hidráulica e retenção de água no solo. Por meio dos resultados foram recomendados quatro mapas temáticos de lâminas de irrigação de precisão, sendo um a partir da variabilidade espacial (v.e.) da capacidade de água disponível (CAD), outro a partir da v.e. da água facilmente disponível (AFD) e os dois últimos a partir da correlação positiva dos mapas de classes dos atributos físico-hidráulicos do solo com os mapas de CAD e AFD. Palavras-chave: geoestatística; capacidade de água disponível; zona de manejo Ceresoli, L. L.; Sobenko, L. R.; Silva, B. K.; Armindo, R. A.SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES AND IRRIGATION PRECISION DEPTH DETERMINATION 2 ABSTRACT This study aimed to present two strategies for managing irrigation precision. These strategies were based on hydraulic soil physical attributes and on corn evapotranspiration. The study was conducted an agricultural area located in Sorriso city, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. Texture, bulk and particle densities, porosity and air-filled porosity, carbon, hydraulic conductivity and water retention were analyzed in this area. By the results, four thematic maps of irrigation precision were recommended, one from the spatial variability (s.v.) of the available water capacity (AWC), another from readily water range s.v. (RAW) and the last two between the positive correlation of physical attributes maps and of AWC and RAW maps. Keywords: geostatistics, avaliable water capacity, and management zone.
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Alves, Pablo Fernando Santos, Silvânio Rodrigues dos Santos, Marcos Koiti Kondo, Rodinei Facco Pegoraro, and Arley Figueiredo Portugal. "SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN BANANA CROPS FERTIGATED WITH TREATED WASTEWATER." Revista Caatinga 32, no. 1 (March 2019): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252019v32n123rc.
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ABSTRACT Determining the effects of using wastewater as fertilizer on soil chemical properties allows a safe reuse of this effluent in agriculture. This study evaluated the effects of fertigation with tertiary treated wastewater (TTW) from the Janaúba sewage treatment plant on chemical properties of a Latosol (Oxisol) with banana crops of the Prata-Anã cultivar in the semiarid region of Brazil. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used to test four TTW rates (70%, 130%, 170%, and 200% of the limit of 150 kg ha-1 year-1 of Na that can be applied to the soil) and compare them to a control without TTW. Soil samples from the 0.0-0.2, 0.2-0.4, 0.4-0.6, and 0.6-0.8 m layers were collected at the end of the first crop cycle to evaluate soil chemical properties-pH, soil organic matter (SOM), P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, potential acidity (H+Al), base saturation, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, remaining P, and electrical conductivity (EC). The use of TTW increases soil pH and decreases exchangeable Al content, thus, reduces the need for liming. However, Na contents increased faster than EC in the soil, indicating that the use of TTW tends to alter soil physical properties over time. The use of TTW had no effect on the soil OM, P, Ca, Mg, and micronutrients contents, potential acidity, and base saturation. The changes in soil chemical attributes observed at the end of the first crop cycle were not limiting to the banana crop.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Soil - Physical attributes. eng"
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Martins, Alba Leonor da Silva. "Indicadores de qualidade de um latossolo vermelho e produtividade do milho sob sistemas de manejo /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100845.
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Orientador: Itamar AndrioliBanca: José Frederico Centurion
Banca: Adilson Pelá
Banca: Renato de Mello Prado
Banca: Marlene Cristina Alves
Resumo: A avaliação da qualidade do solo é considerada um componente fundamental na sustentabilidade dos sistemas de produção agrícolas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os indicadores físicos e químicos de qualidade do solo e a produtividade do milho sob sistemas de manejo em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico argiloso. O experimento foi conduzido na fazenda experimental da UNESP/FCAV - Jaboticabal/SP, utilizando o delineamento em blocos casualizados com três repetições, em esquema de parcelas sub-subdivididas. Os tratamentos principais constituíram de nove sistemas de manejo do solo (parcelas), adubação de cobertura com N no milho (subparcelas) e as camadas: 0-5; 5-10; 10-20 e 20- 30 cm (sub-subparcelas). Os nove sistemas de manejo foram: 1. Preparo do solo com arado de aiveca (AI) + grade niveladora; 2. Plantio direto com feijão de porco (Canavalia ensiformes) após preparo com arado de aiveca - (D_AI_FP); 3. Plantio direto com lablab (Dolichus lablab ) após preparo com arado de aiveca (D_AI_LL); 4. Plantio direto com feijão de porco após preparo com arado de disco (D_DS_FP); 5. Plantio direto com lablab após preparo com arado de disco (D_DS_LL); 6. Plantio direto com feijão de porco após preparo com grade pesada (D_GR_FP);7. Plantio direto com lablab após preparo com grade pesada (D_GR_LL); 8. Preparo do solo com arado de disco (DS) + grade niveladora; 9.Preparo do solo com grade pesada (GR) + grade niveladora. Foram avaliados: porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade, densidade do solo, diâmetro médio ponderado, diâmetro médio geométrico, grau de floculação da argila, índice de estabilidade de agregados, agregados maiores que 2 mm, pH, carbono orgânico, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, acidez potencial, soma de bases, capacidade de troca de cátions, saturação de bases, curva de retenção de água no solo, índice S e produtividade do milho... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The assessment of soil quality is considered a fundamental component in the sustainability of agricultural production systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical indicators of soil quality and productivity of maize under soil management systems on an clayey Oxisol. The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of UNESP/FCAV - Jaboticabal/SP, using a randomized complete block with three replications in splitsplit- plot design. The main treatments were nine management systems (plots), top dressing with nitrogen in maize (subplots) and the layers: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20- 30 cm (sub-subplots). The nine management systems were: 1. Aiveca plow (AI) + leveling bars; 2. No-tillage with jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis) under aiveca (D_AI_FP); 3. No-tillage with lablab (Dolichus lablab) after aiveca (D_AI_LL); 4. No-tillage with jackbean after disk (D_DS_FP); 5. No-tillage with lablab after disk (D_DS_LL); 6. No-tillage with jackbean after heavy bars (D_GR_FP); 7. No-tillage with lablab after heavy bars (D_GR_LL); 8. Disk plow (DS) + leveling bars; 9. Heavy bars (GR) + leveling bars. Were evaluate: total porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, bulk density, the mean weight diameter aggregates, the mean geometric diameter of aggregates, the degree of clay flocculation, stable aggregates index, percentage of stable aggregates > 2 mm, pH, organic carbon, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, exchangeable potassium and phosphorus, sum bases, potential CEC, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, retention curve of soil water, S index and maize yield. The physical quality indicators, bulk density and porous system did not evidenced differences among the soil management systems. The chemical quality indicators ranged from medium to high in all management systems. The aggregation indexes differentiated the no-tillage systems to conventional systems... (Complete abstract click eletronic access below)
Doutor
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Kitamura, Aline Emy. "Inter-relações da variabilidade espacial da granulometria do solo e a produtividade do feijoeiro sob plantio direto /." Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98833.
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Orientador: Morel de Passos e CarvalhoBanca: Ednaldo Carvalho Guimarães
Banca: José Augusto de Lollo
Resumo: O conhecimento dos atributos do solo, principalmente aqueles relacionados com sua distribuição granulométrica, tem grande influência na produtividade vegetal. No ano agrícola de 2002/2003 foram analisados atributos da planta e do solo: produtividade de grãos do feijoeiro (PG), produtividade de palha (PP), teor de argila (ARG), de silte (SIL) e de areia (ARE) de um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico sob plantio direto, do Campus Experimental da Faculdade de Engenharia/UNESP (Ilha Solteira/SP - Brasil: latitude 20°18S; longitude 52°39W). O objetivo foi analisar a variabilidade dos atributos pesquisados, de forma a caracterizar suas dependências espaciais, e as correlações, linear e espacial, entre eles. Foi instalada uma malha experimental para a coleta dos dados estabelecida com espaçamento de 10 x 10 m, contendo 135 pontos amostrais distribuídos numa área de 8000 m2. A variabilidade dos dados foi baixa para a ARG, média para o SIL e ARE, e alta para a PP e PG. A maioria apresentou moderada dependência espacial, com alcances entre 19,8 m (SIL) e 103,1 m (ARE), e de 29,8 m para a PG. Foi observada uma evidente correlação espacial entre todos os que apresentaram, dois a dois, os maiores coeficientes de correlação. Entretanto, entre aqueles que apresentaram os menores, os dados sugeriram, em alguns casos, haver uma moderada correlação espacial.
Abstract: The knowledge of the soil attributes, mainly those related with its particle-size diameter, has great influence on the vegetal productivity. In the agricultural year of 2002/2003 attributes of the plant and soil had been analyzed: grain productivity of common bean (GP), straw productivity (SP), clay content (CL), silt (SI) and of sand (SA) of a Red Latosol under no-tillage, pertainning to Experimental Station of Faculdade de Engenharia/UNESP (Ilha Solteira/SP - Brazil: 20º18' Latitude S; 52º39' Longitude W). The objective was to analyze the variability of the researched attributes to characterize its spatial dependences. Also, to study the correlations, linear and spatial, between them. An experimental grid for the collection of the data was installed, established with distance of 10 x 10 m, contends 135 points shows in an area of 8000 m2. The data variability was low for the CL, medium for the SI and SA, and high for SP and GP. The majority then presented moderate spatial dependence, with ranges between 19.8 m (SI) and 103.1 m (SA), and of 29.8 m for the GP. An evident spatial correlation was observed between all the ones that had presented, two to two, the biggest correlation coefficients. However, between the ones minors, the data had suggested, in some cases, to have an moderate spatial correlation.
Mestre
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Miranda, Luiz Paulo Montenegro de. "Temperatura e atributos físico-químicos de um latossolo em recuperação com adubação verde, gramínea e lodo de esgoto, cultivado com Gonçalo-Alves /." Ilha Solteira: [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98813.
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Orientador: Ricardo Antonio Ferreira RodriguesBanca: Marlene Cristina Alves
Banca: Jolimar Antonio Schiavo
Resumo: Reduzir as variações térmicas do solo com a cobertura vegetal favorece o armazenamento de água e aumento nos teores de matéria orgânica e nutrientes disponíveis às plantas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a temperatura e alguns atributos físicos e químicos de um Latossolo em recuperação com adubos verdes, gramínea e lodo de esgoto, cultivado com Gonçalo-alves. O experimento foi realizado em área de empréstimo no município de Selvíria/MS. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições, os tratamentos foram: Solo Exposto (testemunha); espécie arbórea Gonçalo-alves; Gonçalo-alves + crotalária; Gonçalo-alves + feijão-de-porco; Gonçalo-alves + braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens) + lodo (60 t ha-1), e comparadas com uma condição natural de Cerrado (mata adjacente). No tratamento com Gonçalo-alves + braquiária + lodo os valores de P-resina foram elevados em todas as camadas, proporcionando incrementos de Ca+2 e Mg+2 e elevação da CTC, evidenciando os efeitos do lodo como fertilizante. Não foram observadas contribuições dos adubos verdes sobre a fertilidade do solo, apenas sobre a macroporosidade do solo. Houve melhor estruturação do solo com aumento do tamanho e da estabilização de agregados em água, na superfície para Gonçalo-alves + braquiária + lodo, assim como maior diâmetro médio ponderado de agregados, semelhante ao solo de Cerrado. A umidade do solo foi maior no Cerrado e em Gonçalo-alves + braquiária + lodo com cobertura vegetal permanente. O efeito da gramínea foi capaz de reduzir a temperatura do solo na superfície, principalmente para o verão. A capacidade térmica do solo foi maior para todos os tratamentos em relação ao Cerrado. Foi observado para todos os tratamentos correlação positiva entre a capacidade térmica (seco e úmido)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Reduce the temperature variations of the soil with plant cover promotes the storage of water and increase in soil organic matter and nutrients available to plants. This study aimed to evaluate the temperature and some physical and chemical attributes of a soil in recovery with green manure, sewage sludge and grass, grown with Gonçalo-alves. The experiment was carried out on loan in Selvíria/MS. The experiment was arranged in blocks with five treatments and five replicates, the treatments were: Bare Soil (control) tree species Gonçalo- alves; Gonçalo-alves + sunn; Gonçalo-alves + jack bean ; Gonçalo-alves + Brachiaria (Brachiaria decumbens) + sludge (60 t ha-1), and compared to a natural condition of Cerrado (adjacent forest). In dealing with Gonçalo-alves + Brachiaria + sludge silt values Brachiaria resin-P were elevated in all layers, providing increments of Ca+2 and Mg+2 and elevation of CEC, showing the effects of sludge as fertilizer. There were no contributions from the green manures on soil fertility, only on the soil macroporosity. There was a better soil structure with increasing size and the stabilization of aggregates in water, surface-to Goncalo alves Brachiaria + + sludge, and increased mean weight diameter of aggregates, similar to the Cerrado soil. Soil moisture was higher in the Cerrado and Gonçalo-alves Brachiaria + Brachiaria + sludge with permanent vegetative cover. The effect of grass was able to reduce the soil temperature at the surface, especially for the summer. The heat capacity of soil was higher for all treatments in relation to Savannah. Was observed for all treatments positive correlation between the heat capacity (dry and wet) and bulk density. The temperature was positively correlated with soil bulk density only in treatments with Gonçalo-Alves, Gonçalo- alves + sunn and Gonçalo-alves + bean pork... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Arruda, Otton Garcia de. "Uso de resíduo da extração de celulose e o impacto em solo de cerrado cultivado com eucalipto e espécie arbórea nativa /." Ilha Solteira: [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98784.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Marlene Cristina AlvesBanca: Francisco Maximino Fernandes
Banca: Rafael Montanari
Resumo: Com a produção de papel e celulose as indústrias do setor têm gerado diariamente grandes quantidades de resíduos sólidos e efluentes, constituindo-se em uma grande preocupação ambiental e econômica. No intuito de retornar com estes subprodutos de forma sustentável à natureza, esse trabalho teve como objetivo testar a eficácia de um resíduo orgânico advindo da indústria de papel e celulose quanto a sua influência sobre os atributos químicos e físicos do solo e desenvolvimento de plantas arbóreas. O experimento foi implantado em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico no município de Selvíria, MS. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, onde se avaliou o clone Eucalyptus spp. e a espécie nativa Mabea fistulifera com cinco tratamentos: sem adubação (controle), adubação mineral, 10 t ha -1, 15 t ha-1 e 20 t ha-1 do resíduo celulósico. Nas camadas de solo de 0-0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m avaliaram-se os atributos químicos: MO, pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, H + Al, Al e calculou-se a SB, CTC e V%; e os atributos físicos: macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total, densidade do solo, estabilidade de agregados em água, resistência do solo à penetração e infiltração de água. Para as características dendrométricas das plantas foram avaliados: altura média de plantas, diâmetro do caule na superfície do solo (DSS) e diâmetro médio das copas (DMC) trimensalmente, até os 21 meses. Para a cultura do eucalipto, também foram determinados o diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP), o volume de madeira e o incremento médio anual do volume de madeira aos 21 meses. Os resultados foram analisados aplicando-se a comparação entre médias, contrastes e análise de regressão. Concluiu-se que o uso de resíduo celulósico influenciou os atributos do solo estudado, principalmente nas camadas superficiais do solo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: A large amount of solid waste and effluents have been daily generated by industries due to the cellulose and paper production, becoming a major environmental and economic concern. In order to return with these by-products in a sustainable way to nature, the aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of an organic waste from cellulose and paper industry as its influence on soil chemical attributes and development of eucalyptus plants. The experiment was implanted in an Oxisol in the city of Selvíria, MS, Brazil. A randomized block design was used, which evaluated Eucalyptus spp. and and the native species Mabea fistulifera with five treatments: no fertilization (control), mineral fertilizers, 10 t ha -1, 15 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1 of cellulosic residue. In the soil layers of 0-0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10 - 0,20 and 0,20 - 0,40 m, were evaluated: organic matter, pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, H+AL, Al and calculated the sum of bases, CEC and base saturation, and physical attributes: macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, bulk density, aggregate stability in water, soil resistance to penetration and water infiltration. For the plants dendrometric characteristics were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter at the soil surface and diameter of the crown quarterly, up to 21 months. For the cultivation of eucalyptus the diameter at breast height, the volume of wood and the average of the annual increment of timber volume were also determined. The results were analyzed by comparison of means, contrasts and regression analysis. In conclusion, the use of cellulosic waste influence the soil characteristics studied mainly in the surface layers of soil (0-0,10 m), negatively macroporosity and infiltration of water to the cultivation of eucalyptus and stabilit y of aggregates M. fistulifera. For the chemical increased the contents of Ca, Mg, SB and CEC of the soil for eucalyptus... (Complete abstract click electronic acces
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Gonçalves, Fernanda Coelho 1983. "Análise micromorfológica e relação com atributos de um solo sob diferentes usos e manejos /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99921.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Maria Helena MoraesBanca: Kátia Luciene Maltoni
Banca: José Eduardo Corá
Banca: Sandro Roberto Brancalião
Banca: Maria de Fátima Guimarães
Resumo: As modificações antrópicas, causadas por atividades como cultivo e tráfego de máquinas, afetam diretamente a estrutura do solo, causando diminuição da estabilidade de agregados, aumento da densidade, alterações na porosidade e menor disponibilidade de água e aeração e, conseqüentemente, diminuição do desenvolvimento normal das plantas. A observação da morfologia do solo possibilita visualização da estrutura e do espaço poroso do solo em sua forma natural, tornando a micromorfologia e a análise de imagens ferramentas importantes na interpretação dos efeitos do manejo. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito dos sistemas de uso e manejo sobre os atributos de um Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico, com auxílio da micromorfologia do solo. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, com os seguintes tratamentos empregados por 19 anos consecutivos: arado de discos com atuação até a profundidade de 0,20 a 0,25 m + duas gradagens niveladoras, grade pesada com atuação até a profundidade de 0,15 a 0,18 m + duas gradagens niveladoras, semeadura direta, pousio com vegetação espontânea e mata. Foram determinados os seguintes atributos: curva de retenção de água, infiltração de água no solo, matéria orgânica, fracionamento químico da matéria orgânica, densidade do solo, porosidade, resistência do solo à penetração, argila dispersa em água, distribuição de agregados por tamanho e diâmetro médio ponderado. Além disso, foi realizada a análise de imagens dos blocos, para a determinação da macroporosidade, e a análise de âminas delgadas para o estudo da porosidade e estrutura do solo. As amostras indeformadas e deformadas foram coletadas nas camadas de 0,0-0,10 m e 0,10-0,20 m. A análise micromorfológica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The anthropogenic changes caused by activities such as farming and machinery traffic directly affect soil structure, causing a decrease in aggregate stability, increased in soil bulk density, changes in porosity, permeability, lower availability of water and aeration and, consequently, the decrease in the normal development of plants. The observation of soil in its natural form provides better visualization of the structure and behavior of the soil pore space, making the micromorphology and image analysis tools important in interpreting effects of management. This study had as objective to evaluate the effect of the use and management systems on the attributes of a dystroferric Red Nitosol, with the aid of soil micromorphology. The experiment was analysed as a completely randomized design with four replications, and the following treatments employed for 19 consecutive years: disc plow acting to a depth from 0.20 to 0.25 m + two soft harrowings, heavy disc harrow acting to a depth from 0.15 to 0.18 m + two soft harrowings, no tillage, fallow with natural vegetation and forest. The following soil attributes were determined: water retention curve, water infiltration, organic matter, quantification of the humic fractions, bulk density, porosity, resistance to penetration, dispersed clay, distribution of aggregates by size classes and mean weight diameter. The block image analysis were performed to determine the macroporosity, and the analysis of thin sections to study the porosity and soil structure. The undisturbed and disturbed samples were collected in two layers, between 0.0 to 0.10 m and 0.10-0.20 m. The soil micromorphological and micromorfometric analysis allows to characterize the effect of soil use and management... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Lima, Ronaldo Cintra. "Implantação da cultura de cana-de-açúcar em argissolo vermelho do noroeste paulista : preparo do solo e uso de gesso /." Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106698.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Luiz Malcolm Mano de MelloBanca: Salatiér Buzetti
Banca: Élcio Hiroyoshi Yano
Banca: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani
Banca: Carlos Sérgio Tiritan
Resumo: A cana-de-açúcar se destaca como sendo uma importante cultura do mundo tropical, e em especial para o Brasil que vem se destacando como o maior produtor mundial. A demanda crescente, no mercado interno e externo, por combustíveis renováveis, especialmente o Etanol, passou a atrair investimentos para a implantação de novas áreas de cana-de-açúcar para atender a indústria. A inclusão de novas regiões no processo produtivo de cana-de- açúcar, requer maior atenção aos fatores de produção, dentre eles o manejo e correção dos solos, pois é imprescindível a eliminação de impedimentos físicos e químicos do solo, causados por camadas compactadas, toxidez por alumínio, acidez e teores inadequados de cálcio e outros nutrientes. Para tanto, a escolha da modalidade e equipamento de preparo do solo mais adequado, além do uso de corretivos de acidez e condicionador de subsuperfície do solo, é de grande importâcia para proporcionar um ambiente mais propício para que a cultura da cana-de-açúcar desenvolva-se e expresse o seu potencial produtivo. O trabalho foi conduzido em área de implantação de cana-de-açúcar, anteriormente ocupada com pastagem há mais de 15 anos, da Usina Vale do Paraná no município de Suzanápolis - SP, região do Noroeste Paulista. Foi utilizada a variedade RB92-5345 com espaçamento de 1,5 m entrelinhas, em Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico abrúptico textura arenosa/média. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 e seis repetições, sendo os tratamentos constituídos por preparo de solo com três modalidades: arado de aivecas, escarificador e grade pesada; com (1 t ha-1) de gesso e sem gesso. O trabalho objetivou avaliar qual sistema de preparo do solo, com e sem uso de gesso proporciona melhores... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The sugarcane stands out as being an important crop in the tropical world, and especially to Brazil that has emerged as the largest producer. The increasing demand in domestic and foreign markets for renewable fuels, especially ethanol, began to attract investments to roll out new areas of sugarcane to meet the needs of industry. The inclusion of new regions in the productive process of 'sugarcane requires greater attention to factors of production, including management and correction of soil, it is necessary to eliminate physical and chemical impediments of the soil, caused by compacted layers, aluminum toxicity, acidity, and inadequate levels of calcium and other nutrients. To this end, the choice of modality and tillage equipment most appropriate, besides the use of corrective agents of acidity and subsurface soil conditioner is of great importance to provide a more favorable environment for sugarcane crop develop itself and to express their productive potential. The experiment was conducted in an area of expansion of sugarcane at Usina Vale do Paraná in the city Suzanápolis - SP, in the Northwest of Sao Paulo in the area previously occupied by grazing for over 15 years. In the implementation of crop was used variety RB92-5354 at a spacing of 1.5 m between rows in Red Argisol Dystrophic abrupt sandy texture / medium. The experimental design used was a randomized block design with six treatments in a factorial scheme 3 x 2 and six repetitions, and the main treatments consisting of soil preparation with three modalities: moldboard plow, chisel plow and harrow and two secondary treatments with (1 t ha -1) and without gypsum. The study aimed to evaluate which system of tillage, with and without the use of gypsum provides better conditions for development and technological qualities in the sugarcane crop. For this... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Santos, Paulo Ricardo Alves dos. "Corn consortium with forage: attributes physical soil and productivity." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=17324.
Full textAbstract:
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgicoThe intensification of agricultural production systems is increasing in the current agriculture. In this sense, the simultaneous planting forage to grain crops, constitutes an alternative in the intensification of the production system, which can increase or not the productivity of the main crop, and produce straw for mulching. In order to check the occurrence of changes in the physical properties of the soil and in corn yield and dry matter production due to the corn consortium / forage in two sowing dates, this study was conducted in the experimental area of the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the Federal University of CearÃ. The design was used in a randomized block design in a factorial scheme (3x2) + 1 with four replications, totaling 28 experimental units. The treatments consisted of three forages: Brachiaria, Panicum maximum cv. MombaÃa and Crotalaria spectabilis intercropped with maize in two of fodder sowing dates, between the lines of simultaneous sowing maize (season 1 - E1) and corn leading the V4 stage of corn (season 2 - E2), and the control. The results showed that intercropping maize / forage did not interfere in phytotechnical characteristics of corn, nor in productivity, however produced changes in soil physical properties when the day of sowing in season 1. Despite the changes that have occurred in the soil, they were not sufficient to enhance the productivity of maize, which could possibly be related assessments on only one crop cycle. But when the goal was the production of dry straw, it is concluded that fodder Brachiaria brizantha and Mombasa at the time 1 (E1) are recommended
A intensificaÃÃo dos sistemas de produÃÃo agrÃcola à cada vez maior na atual agricultura. Nesse sentido, o plantio simultÃneo de forrageiras com culturas produtoras de grÃos, constitui em uma alternativa na intensificaÃÃo do sistema de produÃÃo, que poderà incrementar ou nÃo a produtividade da cultura principal, alÃm de produzir palha para cobertura do solo. Com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrÃncia de mudanÃas nas propriedades fÃsicas do solo, bem como na produtividade do milho e produÃÃo de matÃria seca em funÃÃo do consÃrcio milho/forrageiras em duas Ãpocas de semeadura, o presente trabalho foi conduzido na Ãrea experimental do Departamento de Engenharia AgrÃcola da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial (3x2) + 1 com quatro repetiÃÃes, totalizando 28 unidades experimentais. Os tratamentos foram constituÃdos por trÃs forrageiras: Brachiaria brizantha, Panicum maximum cv. MombaÃa e CrotalÃria spectabilis consorciadas com o milho em duas Ãpocas de semeadura das forrageiras, na entrelinha do milho simultÃneo a semeadura (Ãpoca 1 â E1) e na entrelinha do milho no estÃdio V4 do milho (Ãpoca 2 â E2), alÃm da testemunha. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a consorciaÃÃo milho/forrageiras nÃo interferiram nas caracterÃsticas fitotÃcnicas do milho, nem tampouco, na produtividade, porÃm proporcionaram modificaÃÃes nas propriedades fÃsicas do solo quando da realizaÃÃo da semeadura na Ãpoca 1. Apesar das modificaÃÃes ocorridas no solo, as mesmas nÃo foram suficientes em incrementar a produtividade do milho, o que possivelmente pode estar relacionado as avaliaÃÃes em apenas um ciclo da cultura. Jà quando o objetivo foi a produÃÃo de matÃria seca de palha, conclui-se que as forrageiras Brachiaria Brizantha e MombaÃa na Ãpoca 1 (E1) sÃo recomendadas
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Jorge, Ricardo Falqueto. "Qualidade física em um latossolo vermelho sob sistema de semeadura direta /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105190.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: José Eduardo CoráBanca: Marlene Cristina Alves
Banca: Paulo Leonel Libardi
Banca: José Carlos Barbosa
Banca: Marcílio Vieira Martins Filho
Resumo: Avaliar o nível de degradação imposta pelo uso agrícola tornou-se fundamental para estabelecer estratégias de manejo sustentáveis que mantenham a qualidade dos solos. A hipótese desse trabalho foi a de que o Latossolo Vermelho argiloso, em sequências de culturas de verão e inverno sob sistema de semeadura direta de longa duração, pode ter sua produtividade e qualidade física influenciada segundo o esquema de rotação de culturas adotado. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: i) determinar o número mínimo de tensões para a determinação da curva de retenção de água no solo de maneira acurada e em menor tempo; ii) determinar o índice S e caracterizar as transformações nos atributos do solo e iii) verificar a qualidade do solo correlacionando o índice S com os atributos físicos do solo e com a produtividade das culturas. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos em faixas com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de dois fatores: quatro sequências de culturas de verão (milho em monocultura - MV; soja em monocultura - SV; rotação soja/milho - RT; e rotação arroz/feijão/algodão - AF); e sete culturas de inverno (milho; girassol; nabo forrageiro; milheto; guandu, sorgo e crotalária). As camadas de solo foram avaliadas nas profundidades de 0-0,1; 0,1-0,2; e 0,2-0,3 m. O conteúdo de água foi medido nas tensões de 0; 10; 20; 40; 60; 80; 100; 200; 300; 500; 700; 1000; 3000; 5000 e 15000 hPa. O índice S foi determinado a partir dos parâmetros ajustados ao modelo de van Genuchten, e os atributos físicos do solo foram avaliados em função do esquema de rotação de culturas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (teste F) e suas médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott (5 % de probabilidade). As curvas de retenção de água (CRA) ajustadas a partir das tensões: 0; 100; 300; 1000 e 15000 hPa ou 0; 80; 300; 700 e ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Assess the degradation level imposed by the agricultural use has become essential to establish sustainable management practices to keep soil quality. The hypothesis of this study was that a Red Latosol (Oxisol), in summer crops sequences and winter crops sequences under no-tillage system of long duration, can have its physical quality and yield influenced according crop rotation. This study aimed to: i) determine the minimum number of tensions to determine the water retention curve (WRC) so accurately and in less time, ii) determine the index S and characterize soil attributes changes, and iii) verify the soil quality by the correlation between the index S and the soil physical attributes and crop yield. The experiment had a complete, in split block design with three replications. The summer crop sequences consisting the main plots were the following: MM - maize monocrop (Zea mays L.); SS - soybean monocrop (Glycine max L. Merrill); SM - soybean/maize rotation, both intercropped every other year; and RBC - rice/bean/cotton rotation, with rice (Oryza sativa L.), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in rotation. Winter crops consisted of maize, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.), millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.). In each growing season, the same winter crop was sown in the same plot. Soil samples were collected at layers 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, and 0.2-0.3 m. The water content was measured at tensions 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 200, 300, 500, 700, 1000, 3000, 5000 and 15000 hPa. The index S was determined from van Genuchten equation parameters and soil physical attributes were evaluated according crop rotation. Variance analysis for data was considered for statistical procedures and the means were ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Simplicio, Antonio Alisson Fernandes. "EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES OF A GROWN IN SOIL WITH WATERMELON fertigated AcaraÃ-CE PERIMETER BASS IRRIGATION." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15393.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorOne of the most important and modern technology currently used in agricultural production systems are fertigation, which consists in applying the necessary nutrients to the the crops, through the water irrigation system, providing an improvement in the production efficiency. The study aimed to evaluate possible changes in the soil physical attributes caused by drip fertigation cropped with watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) and located in the Irrigation Perimeter of the Low Acaraà in the state of CearÃ, Brazil. The soil samples were collected with both deformed and undisturbed structure in three different periods of the crop cycle (at the beginning of the cycle, in the middle of the cycle in the 34 days after planting (DAP) and in the late season with 59 DAP), in two depths (0 - 0.15 and 0.15 to 0.30 m) and in in three situations of irrigation / fertigation managements (area of influence of the wet bulb containing fertilized culture - DC, area of influence of the wet bulb fertigated without culture SC (received only fertigation) and only an irrigated area - SF (without fertigation)). Physical attributes of particle size were determined: total clay and clay dispersed in water, soil bulk density and particle porosity (total macro and micropores), aggregate stability and mean weighted diameter, saturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention curve in the soil; Chemical analysis were determined for pH (hydrogen potential) in water, calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), total acidity (H + Al), phosphorus, total organic carbon, nitrogen, C / N ratio, organic matter and electrical conductivity in the saturation extract (CEes). The experimental data were analyzed considering a completely randomized design with a split plots with 10 replications and it was conducted tests to verify the normality of the data, the F for the analysis of variance, the Tukey test for comparison of means. It was concluded that: a) Despite the predominantly sandy soil, the nutrients contained in fertigation caused positive changes in some physical soil properties studied, causing greater clay flocculation and decreasing the amount of dispersed clay in water, especially in the first layer sampled; b) The irrigation practice tended to alter adversely the quality of the ground, increasing its density and reducing the porosity; c) As the nutrients and water for irrigation were applied predominantly in the first layer of soil it was where it was observed the greatest variations of the physical attributes, including amount of stored water.
Uma das mais importantes e modernas tecnologias atualmente usadas na produÃÃo agrÃcola sÃo os sistemas de fertirrigaÃÃo, que consiste em aplicar os nutrientes necessÃrios pelas culturas, juntamente com a Ãgua da irrigaÃÃo, proporcionando uma melhoria na eficiÃncia de produÃÃo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as possÃveis alteraÃÃes nos atributos fÃsicos de um solo, causadas pela fertirrigaÃÃo por gotejamento, em um cultivo de melancia (Citrullus lanatus L.) no PerÃmetro Irrigado do Baixo AcaraÃ, no Estado do CearÃ. Foram coletadas amostras de solo com estrutura deformada e indeformada em trÃs Ãpocas diferentes do ciclo da cultura (no inÃcio do ciclo da cultura (E1), com 34 dias apÃs o plantio (E2) e 59 dias apÃs o plantio(E3)); para duas camadas (0 â 0,15 e 0,15 â 0,30 m) em trÃs situaÃÃes de manejo de irrigaÃÃo (Ãrea de influÃncia do bulbo Ãmido fertirrigado contendo a cultura â CC, Ãrea de influencia do bulbo Ãmido fertirrigado sem a cultura - SC e Ãrea cultivada apenas irrigada - SF (sem fertirrigaÃÃo)). Foram realizadas anÃlises fÃsicas de granulometria, argila dispersa em Ãgua, densidade do solo e da partÃcula, porosidade (total, macroporosidade e microporosidade), condutividade hidrÃulica do solo saturado e curva caracterÃstica de Ãgua no solo; e anÃlises quÃmicas de pH (potencial hidrogeniÃnico) em Ãgua, cÃlcio (Ca), sÃdio (Na), potÃssio (K), magnÃsio (Mg), alumÃnio (Al), acidez total (H+Al), fÃsforo, carbono orgÃnico total, nitrogÃnio, relaÃÃo C/N, matÃria orgÃnica e condutividade elÃtrica no extrato de saturaÃÃo (CEes). Os dados experimentais foram analisados considerando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo em parcelas sub-subdivididas com 10 repetiÃÃes. Foram realizados testes para verificar a normalidade dos dados, o teste âFâ para a anÃlise de variÃnciae o Tukey para a comparaÃÃo de mÃdias. O trabalho teve como conclusÃes: a) Apesar do solo predominantemente arenoso, os nutrientes contidos na fertirrigaÃÃo causaram alteraÃÃes positivas em alguns atributos fÃsicos do solo estudado, ocasionando maior floculaÃÃo da argila e diminuindo a quantidade de argila dispersa em Ãgua, principalmente na primeira camada estudada; b) A prÃtica da irrigaÃÃo tendeu a alterar de forma negativa a qualidade do solo, aumentando sua densidade e diminuindo a porosidade total; c) Como os nutrientes e a Ãgua para irrigaÃÃo foram aplicados predominantemente na primeira camada do solo, foi nela onde se observou as maiores variaÃÃes dos atributos fÃsicos, inclusive para quantidade de Ãgua armazenada.
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Aratani, Ricardo Garcia. "Qualidade física e química do solo sob diferentes manejos e condições edafoclimáticas no estado de São Paulo /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100855.
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Resumo: Tem crescido o interesse em se avaliar a qualidade do solo nos diferentes manejos dentro do sistema plantio direto, bem como a sua evolução, em função de um aumento de densidade do solo e de resistência mecânica à penetração e redução da macroporosidade devido às pressões provocadas pelas rodas das máquinas e pelo pisoteio animal. Nesse sentido, este trabalho teve por objetivo (i) analisar os efeitos de diferentes manejos na qualidade física e química de dois Latossolos Vermelhos do Estado de São Paulo, (ii) avaliar a qualidade física do solo por meio do índice S e (iii) verificar a influência da condição edafoclimática na discriminação dos diferentes manejos do solo. Para isso, foram avaliadas duas áreas cultivadas com soja na safra 2005/06, uma em Latossolo Vermelho Acriférrico típico (LVwf) de Guaíra (SP), onde foram avaliados: PD12 - SPD irrigado há 12 anos; PD5 - SPD há 5 anos; PD5I - SPD há 5 anos, com 2 anos de integração lavoura-pecuária; PC - preparo convencional e MN - mata natural, e outra em Latossolo Vermelho Eutroférrico típico (LVef) de Pedrinhas Paulista (SP), onde foram avaliados: PD15 - SPD há 15 anos; PD8 - SPD há 8 anos; PD8S - SPD há 8 anos, com sucessão de culturas; PC - preparo convencional e MN - mata natural. A qualidade física dos solos foi avaliada por meio da estabilidade de agregados, densidade, porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade, resistência à penetração, densidade relativa, condutividade hidráulica e índice S, e a qualidade química por meio de análises de rotina para fins de fertilidade do solo, nas camadas de 0-10,0, 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m. Para atingir o objetivo (iii), foi utilizada a estatística multivariada, com análises de agrupamento hierárquico, não hierárquico e de componentes principais. Nos dois solos, o cultivo promoveu redução na qualidade física... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)Abstract: It has grown the interest in evaluating the soil quality in the different management on no-till system, as well as its evolution, in function of an increase of soil bulk density and resistance to penetration and reduction of the macroporosity due to the pressures caused by machine wheels and the animal trampling. In this sense, the aim of this work were (i) to analyze the effect of different soil managements in the physical and chemical quality of two Oxisols from State of São Paulo, (ii) to evaluate the soil physical quality through index S and (iii) to verify the influence of soil type and climatic condition in the discrimination of the different soil managements. For this, two field areas in 2005/06 had been evaluated, one in an Anionic Acrustox (LVwf) from Guaíra, State of São Paulo, where they were evaluated: PD12 - 12 years old irrigated no-till system; PD5 - 5 years old no-till system; PD5I - 5 years old no-till system, with 2 years of croppasture rotation; PC - conventional till and MN - natural forest, and another one in an Eutrudox (LVef) from Pedrinhas Paulista (SP), where they were evaluated: PD15 - 15 years no-till system; PD8 - 8 years no-till system; PD8S - 8 years no-till system without crop rotation; PC - conventional till and MN - natural forest. The soil physical quality was evaluated through the stability of aggregates, soil bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, resistance to the penetration, relative density, hydraulic conductivity and index S, and the soil chemical quality through the data of routine analyses for the soil fertility test, in the layers of 0-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.30 m. To reach the objective (iii), the multivaried statistics was used, with hierarchical clustering method, k-means method and principal components analysis. The results showed that in both soil types, the soil use by agriculture promoted... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: José Frederico Centurion
Coorientador: Onã da Silva Freddi
Banca: Isabella Clerici de Maria
Banca: Aildson Pereira Duarte
Banca: Itamar Andrioli
Banca: Edson Lazarini
Doutor
Book chapters on the topic "Soil - Physical attributes. eng"
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Vieira, Sidney Rosa, Luiza Honora Pierre, Célia Regina Grego, Glécio Machado Siqueira, and Jorge Dafonte Dafonte. "A Geostatistical Analysis of Rubber Tree Growth Characteristics and Soil Physical Attributes." In Quantitative Geology and Geostatistics, 255–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2322-3_23.
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Carvalho, R. S., K. C. Lombardi, and E. G. Pinheiro. "Physical Attributes of Soil Evaluated for 9 Months After Application of Biochar in Planting Eucalyptus benthamii." In Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment, 1013–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5634-2_187.
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Hillel, Daniel. "SOIL PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES." In Soil in the Environment, 55–77. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-348536-6.50010-1.
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Topp, G. C., W. D. Reynolds, F. J. Cook, J. M. Kirby, and M. R. Carter. "Chapter 2 Physical attributes of soil quality." In Soil Quality for Crop Production and Ecosystem Health, 21–58. Elsevier, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-2481(97)80029-3.
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Harden, Carol P., and Glenn G. Hyman. "Agriculture and Soil Erosion." In The Physical Geography of South America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195313413.003.0027.
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People have manipulated the natural environments of South America for agricultural purposes for several millennia. While agriculture is strongly affected by the physical attributes of a place—soil, water, climate, biota, and topography—agriculture changes a landscape’s physical and biological characteristics and processes. Agriculture may involve short- and long-term conversion of forest to cropland and pasture, modification of topography and drainage, and the introduction and propagation of exotic species. Soil erosion, much of which is caused by agriculture, is a major concern in South America. This chapter introduces the patterns of agriculture in South America and examines agricultural trends. It then reviews the causes and consequences of soil erosion at continental to local scales, providing examples from research conducted across the continent. As population grows and demand for agricultural production increases, knowledge of the physical geography of soil erosion will be even more critical for the sustainability of agriculture in South America. Agriculture is broadly defined here to encompass annual and permanent crops, tree crops, and livestock. Agricultural patterns of South America today reflect great differences in the continent’s natural environments. They also reflect the influence of international and global markets, the impacts of national policies, and the imprints of preand post-colonial settlement patterns, preferred species, and cultural preferences. The wide range of climates in South America allows a great variety of temperate and tropical fruits, vegetables, and grains to flourish. Historically, the diverse agricultural capabilities of different parts of the continent have been fundamental influences in the development of pre- and post-colonial human habitation and economic patterns (U.S. Agency for International Development, 1993; see chapters 16 and 17). At the continental scale, agriculture occurs across almost all regions of South America. It is notably absent only in the Gran Chaco, rugged portions of the high Andes, and desert landscapes along the Pacific coast of northern Chile and southern Perú. In practice, there is little cropland in sparsely populated regions, especially in the Amazon basin, and in densely populated urban areas, even where the lands and climates of those places are capable of supporting agriculture.
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Benedet, Lucas, Guilherme Wilbert Ferreira, Gustavo Brunetto, Arcângelo Loss, Paulo Emílio Lovato, Cledimar Rogério Lourenzi, Sérgio Henrique Godinho Silva, Nilton Curi, and Jucinei José Comin. "Use of Swine Manure in Agriculture in Southern Brazil: Fertility or Potential Contamination?" In Soil Contamination [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94525.
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A major challenge in agricultural production systems is the maximization of resources used to promote the development of crops with a minimum of environmental impact. In this sense, the use of fertilizers of animal origin has great potential to promote the improvement of soil properties. In southern Brazil, swine manure (SM) is widely used in agricultural areas, allowing nutrient cycling within pig units and reducing costs for chemical fertilizers. Much of this manure is applied in liquid form (PS), but other strategies are often used, such as PS compost and swine bedding (DL). The use of these SMs improves the chemical, biological, and physical attributes of the soil, contributing to increased fertility and productivity of crops. However, prolonged use or applications with high doses of SM can result in the accumulation of metals and phosphorus in soils, representing a risk of contamination of soils and surface water resources, mainly due to losses by runoff, and subsurface, by leaching. Therefore, the adoption of criteria and the rational use of PMs need to be adopted to avoid dangerous effects on the environment, such as plant toxicity and water contamination. The potentialities and risks of SM applications are discussed in this chapter.
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Jordão, Half Weinberg Corrêa, Milton César Costa Campos, José Maurício da Cunha, Ivanildo Amorim de Oliveira, Laércio Santos Silva, Ludmila de Freitas, Romário Pimenta Gomes, Elilson Gomes de Brito Filho, and Bruno Campos Mantovanelli. "FRACTAL FEATURES OF SOIL TEXTURE AND PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL DARK EARTH UNDER DIFFERENT USES IN WESTERN AMAZON." In Terra preta arqueológica: Atributos morfológicos, físicos, químicos e efluxo de CO2 em solos sob diferentes usos na região Sul do Amazonas, 187–205. Atena Editora, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.20021070713.
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White, Robert E. "What Makes a Healthy Soil?" In Understanding Vineyard Soils. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199342068.003.0004.
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Soil scientists used to speak of soil quality, a concept expressing a soil’s “fitness for purpose.” The prime purpose was for agriculture and the production of food and fiber. However, to the general public soil quality is a rather abstract concept and in recent years the term has been replaced by soil health. A significant reason for this change is that health is a concept that resonates with people in a personal sense. This change is epitomized in the motto “healthy soil = healthy food = healthy people” on the website of the Rodale Institute in Pennsylvania (http://rodaleinstitute.org/). One consequence of this change is an increasing focus on the state of the soil’s biology, or life in the soil, an emphasis that is expressed through the promotion of organic and biodynamic systems of farming. Viticulture and winemaking are at the forefront of this trend. For example, Jane Wilson (2008), a vigneron in the Mudgee region of New South Wales, is quoted as saying, “the only way to build soil and release a lot of the available minerals is by looking after the biology,” and Steve Wratten (2009), professor of ecology at Lincoln University in New Zealand has said, “Organic viticulture rocks! It’s the future, it really is.” This exuberance has been taken up by Organic Winegrowers New Zealand, founded only in 2007, who have set a goal of “20 by 2020,” that is, 20% of the country’s vineyards under certified organic management by the year 2020. The Cornell Soil Health Assessment provides a more balanced assessment of soil health (Gugino et al., 2009). The underlying concept is that soil health is an integral expression of a soil’s chemical, physical, and biological attributes, which determine how well a soil provides various ecosystem functions, including nutrient cycling, supporting biodiversity, storing and filtering water, and maintaining resilience in the face of disturbance, both natural and anthropogenic. Although originally developed for crop land in the northeast United States, the Cornell soil health approach is readily adapted to viticulture, as explained by Schindelbeck and van Es (2011), and which is currently being attempted in Australia (Oliver et al., 2013; Riches et al., 2013).
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Gray, William G., and Michael A. Celia. "Incorporation of Interfacial Areas in Models of Two-Phase Flow." In Vadose Zone Hydrology. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195109900.003.0006.
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The mathematical study of flow in porous media is typically based on the 1856 empirical result of Henri Darcy. This result, known as Darcy’s law, states that the velocity of a single-phase flow through a porous medium is proportional to the hydraulic gradient. The publication of Darcy’s work has been referred to as “the birth of groundwater hydrology as a quantitative science” (Freeze and Cherry, 1979). Although Darcy’s original equation was found to be valid for slow, steady, one-dimensional, single-phase flow through a homogeneous and isotropic sand, it has been applied in the succeeding 140 years to complex transient flows that involve multiple phases in heterogeneous media. To attain this generality, a modification has been made to the original formula, such that the constant of proportionality between flow and hydraulic gradient is allowed to be a spatially varying function of the system properties. The extended version of Darcy’s law is expressed in the following form: qα=-Kα . Jα (2.1) where qα is the volumetric flow rate per unit area vector of the α-phase fluid, Kα is the hydraulic conductivity tensor of the α-phase and is a function of the viscosity and saturation of the α-phase and of the solid matrix, and Jα is the vector hydraulic gradient that drives the flow. The quantities Jα and Kα account for pressure and gravitational effects as well as the interactions that occur between adjacent phases. Although this generalization is occasionally criticized for its shortcomings, equation (2.1) is considered today to be a fundamental principle in analysis of porous media flows (e.g., McWhorter and Sunada, 1977). If, indeed, Darcy’s experimental result is the birth of quantitative hydrology, a need still remains to build quantitative analysis of porous media flow on a strong theoretical foundation. The problem of unsaturated flow of water has been attacked using experimental and theoretical tools since the early part of this century. Sposito (1986) attributes the beginnings of the study of soil water flow as a subdiscipline of physics to the fundamental work of Buckingham (1907), which uses a saturation-dependent hydraulic conductivity and a capillary potential for the hydraulic gradient.
Conference papers on the topic "Soil - Physical attributes. eng"
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SILVA, S. S., R. V. PORDEUS, J. D. NETO, C. F. REIS, and R. R. CUNHA. "Physical water attributes of soil under pre-dwarf cashew tree cultivation in semiarid region." In IV Inovagri International Meeting. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil: INOVAGRI/ESALQ-USP/ABID/UFRB/INCT-EI/INCTSal/INSTITUTO FUTURE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7127/iv-inovagri-meeting-2017-res1880693.
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Maddin, Kim, Dongliang Lu, and Aleksandar Tomic. "A Novel Approach to Risk Management of Belowground Natural Gas Migration From Leaks on Low-Pressure Pipelines." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9480.
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Abstract Small-diameter, low-pressure pipelines (operated at pressures below 40 percent of specified minimum yield strength [SMYS]) are unlikely to experience a rupture but may be vulnerable to leaks. In general, gas leaks result in less significant consequences to public safety than ruptures; however, under certain circumstances leaks may represent a significant threat. In particular, leaks resulting in belowground gas migration from low-pressure pipelines to a nearby confined space (e.g. the basement of a nearby structure to which the pipeline is not physically connected) may result in significant consequences as accumulation of gas to flammable or explosive levels may be possible. This paper explores the methods by which an Operator may address the threat of gas migration from leaks on low pressure pipelines in its risk assessment and leak management programs. Research was conducted into the specific conditions that contribute to belowground gas migration and included: a literature review of studies into gas migration phenomena, and a review of historical incidents within the United States on similar pipeline systems which resulted in significant property damage, injuries, or fatalities. The research included consideration of the effect of pipeline operating conditions, pipeline attributes (including diameter and depth of cover), leak duration, proximity of nearby structures, attributes of nearby structures (including presence of basements, slabs, and openings in the foundations), leak severity (e.g. pinhole, full separation), ground conditions (including soil permeability and presence of belowground features), and gas odorization. Key conditions impacting the potential for belowground gas migration are identified, and risk assessment methods and leak management practices are recommended based on the likelihood of migration. Based on the research conducted and the environmental conditions identified, a quantitative risk assessment approach, taking into account the likelihood of a leak on a low-pressure pipeline, the likelihood of belowground gas migration, and the potential consequences to public safety, is proposed.