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Williamson, Derek Guthrie. "Relating release and biodegradation kinetics in soils containing aged mixtures of hydrocarbons /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Anunike, Chidinma. "Deployment of calcium polysulphide for the remediation of chromite ore processing residue." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=227912.
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Chromium contamination of groundwater and soils continues to pose a major environmental concern. Soils may have become contaminated with chromium through former industrial activities geochemical enrichment. The nature of the industrial activity will determine the form and concentration of the chromium as well as the presence of co-contaminants and the pH and redox of the soil. Chemical reductants have been widely used for the transformation of hexavalent chromium in the environment. Over recent decades attention focused on the chemical reductant calcium polysulphide which has performed effectively in the treatment of groundwater and soil samples contaminated with Cr(VI). Yet a detailed understanding of calcium polysulphide (CaSx) performance has not yet been established. Hexavalent chromium concentrations in aqueous and groundwater samples were significantly reduced by calcium polysulphide and CaSx:chromate molar ratio of 1.5 was sufficient to prevent partitioning of Cr(VI) into solution and to precipitate the solution phase. Calcium polysulphide was used for the remediation of solid chromite ore processing residue (COPR) samples. Prior to the application of calcium polysulphide to COPR, each of the key steps were optimized. A range-finding experiment was conducted to understand the dosage and treatment regime at which Cr(VI) immobilization within COPR was optimal. The results indicated that unsaturated deployment of CaSx into the medium outperformed that in saturated systems. A higher polysulphide amendment dose of 5% w/v concentration enhanced the final treatment of Cr(VI) within COPR. The toxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) over Cr(III) requires a technique capable of discriminating between valencies. The EPA Method 7196A specifically quantifies the concentrations of Cr(VI) in environmental samples and was used for all analysis to differentiate between Cr(VI) and Cr(III). Cr(III) was calculated as the difference between the Cr(VI) and Cr-total concentrations. In addition to the EPA 7196A, a novel ion exchange resin (IER) procedure was developed to differentiate the two species of chromium. After optimisation, Amberlite resins IRA 400 and IR-120 were used for the specific sorption and subsequent analysis of aqueous Cr(VI) and Cr(III) solutions. For the selective removal of chromate from groundwater, waste water and soil samples, Amberlite IRA 400 achieved a consistent performance of >97% removal in a range of trials. The IERs in this work were applied as analytical tools however they could be applied as remediation tools. While aqueous treatment of chromium contaminated media using CaSx was very successful, COPR treatment proved to be difficult due to the complex nature of the system. An understanding of stoichiometric responses to CaSX has been established, but the nuances of soil physicochemical interactions require more thorough investigation.
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Tsang, Chiu Wa. "Nonequilibrium transport of heavy metals in soils and its influence on soil remediation /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202006%20TSANG.
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Choi, Chung-ming. "Land contamination and its remediation methods : a case study in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14709156.
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Mewett, John University of Ballarat. "Electrokinetic remediation of arsenic contaminated soils." University of Ballarat, 2005. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/12797.
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"Arsenic is a common soil contaminant in Australia and worldwide. There is a need to find safe, effective and economic methods to deal with this problem. The soils used in this research were collected from central Victoria. They were contaminated with arsenic by historic gold mining activity or by past sheep dipping practices. This research investigated ten different leaching agents for their effects on three different arsenic contaminated soils. [...] Electrokinetic experiments were conducted on three arsenic contaminated soils. [...] The arsenic in these soils appears to be relatively stable and immobile under oxidising conditions. The soils had a high iron content which assists in the stabilisation of arsenic. This is beneficial with respect to the environmental impact of the arsenic contamination, however, it remains an obstacle to low cost electrokinetic remediation."<br>Masters of Applied Science
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Mewett, John. "Electrokinetic remediation of arsenic contaminated soils." University of Ballarat, 2005. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/14633.
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"Arsenic is a common soil contaminant in Australia and worldwide. There is a need to find safe, effective and economic methods to deal with this problem. The soils used in this research were collected from central Victoria. They were contaminated with arsenic by historic gold mining activity or by past sheep dipping practices. This research investigated ten different leaching agents for their effects on three different arsenic contaminated soils. [...] Electrokinetic experiments were conducted on three arsenic contaminated soils. [...] The arsenic in these soils appears to be relatively stable and immobile under oxidising conditions. The soils had a high iron content which assists in the stabilisation of arsenic. This is beneficial with respect to the environmental impact of the arsenic contamination, however, it remains an obstacle to low cost electrokinetic remediation."<br>Masters of Applied Science
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Spracklin, Katherine Helen. "The remediation of industrially contaminated soil." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/656.
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The remediation of two contaminated soils in the Tyne and Wear Metropolitan district was examined. These were a sediment dredged from the river bed at Dunston Coal Staiths on the River Tyne (downstream from Derwenthaugh coke work site) and coke work-contaminated soil from the Derwenthaugh site, Blaydon, Nr. Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The river Tyne dredgings were of a very fine material (70% silt; 24% clay) with high water retention capacity. Levels of (EDTA available) Zn (490mg/kg), total Cd (7.5mg/kg) and total Pb (510mg/kg) were above the Department of Environment's (1987) threshold values for soil contaminants. Barley (Hordeuin vulgare L. cv Kym) sown in the drcdgings in ten outdoor plots (Irn x 0.5m), grew very poorly (yield = 2.4g dry wt. /plant, compared with that on an uncontaminatedc. ontrol soil (7.4g dry wt./ plant). The barley exhibited all the classic signs of metal phytotoxicity despite the addition of fcrtiliscr and organic waste (straw and spent mushroom compost). When lime was added to raise the pH of the dredgings in the plots to over pH 7.1, the growth rate and the yield of barley improved significantly (yield = 6.8g dry wt. /plant). Levels of available Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in the limed dredgings were now lower than in the unlimed dredgings. Copper and zinc levels in leaves of barley raised on the limed material were lower than levels in barley grown on unlimed dredgings. There was no significant difference in yield or growth rate between the different plots of dredgings in which organic supplementation parameters were varied. In conclusion, pH was the dominant factor in the remediation of the heavy metal phytotoxicity in the dredged material. Gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometry analysis showed the principal contaminants of the coke works soil to be organic. The soil was heavily contaminated with coal tars (19.0%) consisting of a complex mixture of aliphatic, polycyclic and aromatic compounds including phenols (160mg/kg). Viable counts of the soil microflora, on selective media, showed the presence of bacteria capable of degrading phenol and several of its alkylated homologues and thiocyanate, which was converted to ammonia and used as aN source. The coke works soil was treated on a laboratory scale using microbially based clean-up methods. Soil was incubated in glass jars under laboratory conditions. Nu trients (yeast extract) and microbial biomass (a mixed culture, previously isolated and enriched by growth on cresol and thiocyanate, but capable of oxidising a wide range of alkylated phenols), were inoculated into the contaminated soil. The addition of such biomass (106 organisms /g soil) led to a marked improvement in the rate of phenolic degradation in the soil (26% loss in'22 weeks, compared with 9% in the untreated control. ). Degradation rates decreased after 14 days but a repeated application of biomass (106 organisms/g soil) caused further phenolic loss (47% total loss). Cresol (100mg/kg) subsequently added to the bacterial ly-amended soil disappeared within 7 days, showing that the biomass amendment was still biochemically very active. These findings demonstrate the importance and the effectiveness of two different treatment methods in the rcmediation of contaminated soil.
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Loverde, Laura Elizabeth. "Effect of rate-limited interfacial tension reductions on the displacement of residual NAPLs during surfactant flushing." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19280.
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Kogbara, Reginald Baribor. "Process envelopes for and biodegradation within stabilised/solidified contaminated soils." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609546.
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Welker, Andrea Louise. "In-situ remediation of contaminated soils using prefabricated vertical drains /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Rana, Nadeem Ahmed. "A laboratory study on bioremediation of a diesel-contaminated fine-textured soil." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0001/MQ44253.pdf.
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Fallgren, Paul Harold. "Parameter-based models estimating microbial hydrocarbon-degrading activity in a diesel-contaminated soil." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1320951271&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Dominguez, Elena. "Phytoremediation of soils contaminated by used motor oil." Virtual Press, 2002. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1246470.
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Nieuwenhuis, Jenifer M. "Nitrogen and phosphorus modification within a petroleum contaminated biopile at the Oneida County Sanitary Landfill /." Link to abstract, 2004. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/abstracts/2004/Nieuwenhuis.pdf.
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Furman, Olha. "Reactivity of oxygen species in homogeneous and heterogeneous aqueous environments." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2009/o_furman_072109.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, August 2009.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed on Sept. 1, 2009). "Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering." Includes bibliographical references..
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Leighton, Rachel. "A combined plant-microbe system for the remediation of co-contaminated soils." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270204.
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Mossop, Katherine Fiona. "Investigation of the assessment and remediation of land contaminated with heavy metals." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2002. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21376.
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The investigation and remediation of land contaminated with metals (copper, nickel, lead and zinc) was investigated. Calcium, iron and manganesele vels within the soils studied were also investigated. Several soils were used to assessth e three-stageB CR sequential extraction procedure and recent recommended modifications to this procedure. In general the modifications to the procedure were found to increase levels of copper, lead and iron extracted by the reductant used in the procedure. The modified BCR sequential extraction procedure was then used to assess the success of remediation strategies. Column leaching experiments, with EDTA, were set up to simulate soil-flushing technologies. Soil was extracted using the BCR procedure both before and after treatment. The experiments highlighted the need to consider the soil characteristics when determining a remediation strategy. The technique was shown to be successful for the leaching of the more mobile forms of copper, lead and zinc from the soils studied. Phytoremediation and chelate assisted phytoremediation were also investigated using the BCR sequential extraction procedure. Taraxacum officianale (dandelion) was grown in soil contaminated with zinc. The experiment was designed to study the ability of the plant to accumulate metals and also to study the effect of the addition of the chelator EDTA and the effect of the addition of a fertiliser. These methods were shown to remove significant proportions of zinc, copper and lead from the soil studied, however the time frame for remediation based on such techniques may be considerably longer than that for conventional methods.
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Mgbeahuruike, Leonard Udochi. "An investigation into soil pollution and remediation of selected polluted sites around the globe." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2018. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/620676/.
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In this study, simulated soil (SS), as well as its constituents (quartz sand [QS], bentonite clay [BC] and peat moss [PM]) were used as a model to study the leaching behaviour of potential toxic elements (PTEs) in a batch process using EDTA as an extractant and comparing it with the extraction capacities of the other extractants EDDS, 2, 4-pentanedione [Hacac], citric acid [CA] and tartaric acid [TA]). Prior to leaching, SS and its constituents QS, BC, and PM were contaminated with single metals (SM) and multi-metals (MM) at different concentrations. EDTA was the most efficient and TA the least efficient extractant. Hacac showed preferential recovery for Cu and Ni. Metal recovery by EDDS in SS was significantly diminished compared to EDTA. Once the leaching behaviour in the batch process had been established, other process configurations (column and heap) were investigated. The effect of three different leaching processes and 4 different leaching agents on the extraction of five metals showed that total metal extraction of up to 50% efficiency could be achieved. EDTA proved to be the best overall extractant when used in a batch leaching process. Different metals showed preferential recoveries with specific processes and extractants. The results obtained from the multi-metal leaching profile of the SS was used to predict the leaching capacities of the three environmental soils sourced from Nigeria (Nig-S) and Romania (Ro-SB and Ro-PH), using column and heap leaching processes. The behaviour of SS compared in practice with the leaching behaviour exhibited by the Ro-SB. The leaching profiles of the base metals from the different soils (both natural and simulated) was studied by using first-order, power function and Elovich equations. The Elovich equation provided the best fit of the experimental data. The rate of metal release was higher for the SS and Ro-SB soils than the Nig-S and Ro-PH soils. Subsequently, the data were analysed to determine the B/C Ratio, NPV, and payback period of the study. The analysis gave a B/C Ratio of 0.2, negative NPV of £ 1797.70 and £ 351.77 (for 50% and 90% recovery of EDTA-Heap process respectively) and payback period of 4 years. These indicators are suggestively below the decision criteria. Thus, the process is not economically viable. However, a sensitivity analysis performed based on 25% and 50% changes in the prices of the various metals and extractants shows that when 90% of the extractants could be recycled, a significant change in the process economics could be achieved. Overall the results suggest that the design of a contaminant-specific leaching process performed in a sequential manner could practically leach all the metals, and offer a potential separation of the metals from the leach liqour.
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Ugwuegbu, Benjamin U. "A laboratory study on the development of a biological pollution control system for contaminated soils /." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34691.
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This study describes a laboratory scale development of an in-situ bioremediation method, which uses a water table management system to supply nutrients to subsoil microorganisms, for biostimulation and subsequent biodegradation of pollutants such as fertilizer-nitrate and hydrocarbons (e.g., diesel oils), in the unsaturated zone of the soil. The study, which was divided into two parts: first nitrate bioremediation and secondly diesel biodegradation, was carried out on packed soil columns.<br>For the nitrate study, different levels of glucose were introduced into packed soil columns, 1,000 mm long x 200 mm, diameter, via subirrigation in order to supplement the organic carbon levels in the soil. Two sandy soils were used, with 1.6% and 3.4% organic matter content, respectively; and the water table in the soil columns was maintained at a depth of 350 mm below the surface. Fertilizer-nitrate was applied to the soil surface at a rate of 180 kg/ha nitrate-N. Simulated rainfall was used to leach nitrates to lower depths. The efficacy of using the subirrigation system, as a method for nutrient delivery in the bioremediation of leached nitrate, was monitored with time and with reference to the nitrate residue, redox potential of the soil solution, and solubilized Fe and Mn.<br>Leached nitrate was denitrified to less than 10 mg/L nitrate-N, which is the limit permitted in drinking water. The ideal organic carbon range was considered to be the glucose level (20 mg/L glucose-C) that reduced mom nitrate and gave redox potential and soluble Fe and Mn levels, similar to the control soil solution, when subjected to 96 days of subirrigation. Successful delivery of nutrient for the bioremediation of nitrate, within the farm boundaries, will be considered a "break through" toward nitrate residue control if this novel approach to nitrate control is demonstrated in the field. The delivery method will offer a technical solution to on-farm nitrate pollution. It is inexpensive, easy to adopt, and does not require major changes in the current farm practices.<br>In the second part of the study, a diesel contaminated sandy soil was packed in columns, 2,000 nun long x 200 nun diameter. The subirrigation method was used to supply two different combinations of treatments to the microorganisms in the soil for the biodegradation of the diesel namely: air, water and nutrients (N, P etc.), and air and water. The success of using subirrigation, to deliver nutrients to the soil in the columns, was monitored by measuring the trend in the reduction of soil diesel-TPH (diesel-total petroleum hydrocarbon) residue with time. Results obtained from the treated columns were compared with each other, and with the control columns undergoing passive biodegradation.<br>The study showed that subirrigation can be used as a method of nutrient delivery in the -bioremediaton of diesel contaminated soil. The TPH in the contaminated soil decreased, from an initial 670 mg diesel TPH/kg soil to an acceptable level of 40 mg diesel TPH/kg soil, in 82 days in the columns subjected to a combination of nutrient, air and water treatments. If this method of delivering biostimulants to the subsoil microbial population is demonstrated in the field, it will be invaluable to in-situ bioremediation of contaminated soils.
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Wasay, Syed A. "Bioremediation of soils polluted by heavy metals using organic acids." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0017/NQ44624.pdf.
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Opdyke, Daniel Robert. "Probabilistic groundwater transport of chemicals under non-equilibrium sorption conditions /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Klemmer, Katherine Alyn. "Cost-benefit analysis of remediation methods for the Fairfax, Virginia Texaco terminal oil plume." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06112009-063524/.
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Ma, Zhongyun. "Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil using indigenous cultures /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0011/MQ34201.pdf.
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Choi, Chung-ming, and 蔡頌明. "Land contamination and its remediation methods: a case study in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125312X.
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Nwachukwu, Olayinka Ibiwumi. "The use of organic materials as amendments in the remediation of soils contaminated by lead, copper and zinc." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/847/.
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Andrade, Marc-David. "Field testing of a biological system for reducing nitrate pollution." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0031/MQ50709.pdf.
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Harden, John Michael. "Elucidation of key interactions between in situ chemical oxidation reagents and soil systems." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2006. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/ETD-browse/browse.
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Haller, Henrik. "Appropriate Technologies for Soil Remediation in Low Prioritized Region : Developing Countries and Sparsely Populated Regions." Licentiate thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-25300.
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Contaminated sites in low prioritized regions demand remediation technologies that are cost- and energy-effective and locally adapted. Parameters such as the time frame during which bioremediation degradation needs to occur may not be as restraining as in urban environments. This licentiate project aims to explore opportunities and constraints for appropriate soil remediation based on organic by-products in tropical developing countries and sparsely populated areas in industrial countries. Ecological Engineering and the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development were explored as planning tools to steer bioremediation methods towards sustainability. The use of the five concepts of Ecological Engineering within the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development can steer bioremediation in low prioritized regions towards sustainability. Pilot-scale and laboratory experiments were undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of such bioremediation methods. Experiments carried out at the experiment station in Chontales, Nicaragua showed some promising results, but also revealed problems associated with the clay rich soils, which are typical for tropical regions. Treatment of diesel contaminated ultisol with 6 mL whey kg-1 dw in a pilot-scale experiment considerably increased the degradation rate of diesel constituents, but no effects on the degradation rates were observed after treatment with compost tea or pyroligneous acid.The soil columns study suggests that despite a favorable particle size distribution for microbial transport, the sandy loam retained a greater fraction of the microorganisms present in the ACT in the top 10 cm than the clay loam, presumably because the lower bulk density and higher SOM in the clay loam aided transport and growth of microorganisms.
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Yongqiang, Cui. "COST-EFFECTIVE STRATEGY FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF POLLUTED SOIL USING GEOSTATISTICS AND A GENETIC ALGORITHM APPROACH." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215523.
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Valori, Federico. "Effects of root exudates on cadmium bioavailability in the rhizosphere : assessment of cadmium toxicity to plants and microorganisms, and soil remediation." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13151.
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Des sols contaminés uniquement en Cd, depuis une longue période, ont d'abord été utilisés pour évaluer les effets d'exsudats racinaires de faible masse moléculaire, libérés dans un système modèle par un filtre placé à la surface du sol, sur les biomasses microbiennes carbonées et azotées, la respiration microbienne, le pool inorganique d'N et la biodisponibilité de Cd dans la rhizosphère (BIOMET®). L'utilisation d'une espèce végétale, Holcus lanatus L. , pour la phytoremédiation aidée de sols contaminés en Cd a été étudiée de façon préliminaire en solution hydroponique sur 4 semaines. Les plantes, dont le système racinaire a été lavé, ont été placées dans une solution nutritive simulant la concentration en Cd extrait et le pH des parcelles d'origine. La concentration et la quantité de Cd ont été quantifiées dans les parties aériennes, les feuilles et les racines. On a mesuré les activités enzymatiques Guaiacol peroxidase dans les feuilles, ainsi que leur densité en chlorophylle et caroténoïdes totaux. L'assainissement des sols contaminés en Cd a été étudié en utilisant une technique de stabilisation in situ basée sur l'apport au sol de l'un des 3 composés inorganiques suivants: beringite + grenailles d'acier, sépiolite, et bentonite. La concentration en Cd a été mesurée dans la solution du sol (Rhizon) au cours des premiers jours suivants l'amendement du sol et après 6 mois. L'efficacité de la remédiation des sols contaminés en Cd par stabilisation in situ a été évaluée en vase de végétation placés sous serre, avec 3 végétaux de sensibilité différente à l'exposition au Cd (sensible: Phaseolus vulgaris, moyennement tolérante: Holcus lanatus, tolérante: Lactuca sativa).
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Yu, Xiezhi. "Assessment and bioremediation of solis contaminated by uncontrolled recycling of electronic-waste at Guiyu, SE China." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2008. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/876.
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Greičiūtė, Kristina. "Karinių poligonų dirvožemio pažeidimų ir taršos tyrimai bei elektrokinetinio metodo taikymo galimybės." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20070305_133717-36511.
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Military grounds are territories with specific purpose. Various kinds of military installations, ammunitions and explosives are used in such areas. Because of these reasons, soil in military grounds is very often polluted with heavy metals and oil products; because of continuous damages, made to the top soil, vegetation is very scarce, in some spots missing – sandy wastelands are formed. Explosions, performed in military grounds, can be characterized by both thermal and chemical effect (soil pollution with such compounds, like lead, zinc, copper etc). Not only soils in military grounds and surrounding areas can be polluted because of military activities, but surface water bodies and groundwater as well. Aiming on determination and estimation of the level of pollution and disturbance of superficial layer of soil in military grounds, it is essential to do comprehensive research on physical (explosions and other mechanical effects) and chemical (pollution with heavy metals) effects on soil, caused by militaryactivities, and to evaluate potential danger of pollutants spread and groundwater pollution. It is important to foreseen changes of soil damage and pollution depending on impact strength, type and intensity of military action, performed in specific area, and to evaluate pollution dispersion in deeper layers of soil, relying on investigation results and long-term prognosis. It is necessary to apply and elaborate effective methods for cleaning of polluted soils from military... [to full text]
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Washo, Dawn Llewellyn. "Using membrane interface probe (MIP) to characterize chlorinated volatile organic compounds in glacial sediments." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.
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Su, Lingcheng. "Soil contamination and plant uptake of metal pollutants released from Cu(In, Ga)Se₂ thin film solar panel and remediation using adsorbent derived from mineral waste material." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2018. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/552.
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The Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin-film solar panels (TFSPs) are widely used in integrated photovoltaic (PV) and solar power systems because of their perfect PV characteristics and ductility. However, the semiconductor layers of these panels contain potentially toxic metals. In this study, the potential environmental pollution arisen by CIGS TFSP treated as construction trash at the end of their useful life was examined. Acid extraction was used to simulate leaching toxicity followed by burying CIGS TFSP material in different soils, namely a synthetic soil, a Mollisol, and an Oxisol, to determine whether metal pollutants might be released into the soil. A vegetable, Brassica parachinensis L. H. Bariley (VegBrassica), was selected to grow in these polluted soils to investigate the uptake of metals and their bioaccumulation. The simulative remediation of contaminated soils was carried out using a remediation module created by the combination of activated carbon and modified mineral waste material (MMWM) in this research. The activated carbon derived from the waste biomass material was produced by an environmental friendly method, and the MMWM was obtained through a thermal dehydroxylation treatment. The physiochemical properties of MMWM, with focusing on mineral phase transformation, were related to the changes in surface morphology due to dehydroxylation occurred during the process of thermal treatment of MMWM samples, and the adsorption performances of metal (lead, Pb) and organic compound (methyl orange, MO) onto this newly modified MMWM were studied. Furthermore, an end-of-life treatment method was designed and proposed for harmless disposal of CIGS TFSP. Various metals, including Pb, zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), gallium (Ga), copper (Cu), indium (In) and aluminum (Al) were found to be released into the soil and caused contamination when scrapped end-of-life CIGS TFSP were buried, and the rates of metal release changed with the variations of both the amounts of CIGS TFSP material in the soil and the soil properties. The increases in concentrations of heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, Ni, Ga, Pb, In, and Cr were correlated with the amounts of CIGS TFSP material added in soils. The Pollution Index and the Nemerow Contamination Index calculated from our results confirmed that, when buried, the CIGS TFSP material polluted the soil. Plants grew well in the synthetic soil and the Mollisol, but those in the Oxisol showed prominent signs of chlorosis and died after 30 days. The bioaccumulation factor (BF) and concentration of Zn were 3.61 and 296 mg/kg, respectively in VegBrassica grown in the synthetic soil with 10% (200 g to 2 kg of soil) of added CIGS TFSP, while the BF and concentration of In were 3.80 and 13.72 mg/kg, respectively in VegBrassica grown in the Mollisol, indicating that bioaccumulation occurred. The thermally treated MMWM samples showed morphological transformation mainly on surface based on the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, and an increasing trend in BET specific surface area (SSA) from 120 to 500 ℃ followed by a decreasing trend up to 1000 ℃. Thermal modification had successfully improved Pb adsorption capacity up to 515 mg/g, corresponding to MMWM modified at 600 ℃ with an SSA of 6.5 m2/g. The MO adsorption capacity was also improved after thermal treatment of MMWM, which performed the best adsorption of 87.6 mg/g at 400 ℃. The adsorption of Pb and MO were mainly chemisorption and monolayer coverage, as pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir equation displayed good relationships of correlation for Pb and MO adsorption data. It is therefore indicated that the newly designed soil remediation modules could significantly remove metals from the contaminated soils. In summary, c
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Louro, André de Souza. "Remediação de solos e lençóis freáticos em postos de gasolina via processo de fenton: estudo de caso." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3773.
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Alguns cientistas ambientais prevêem que a poluição dos solos será um dos maiores legados com grandes impactos para as gerações futuras, pois atualmente ainda existe desconhecimento das fontes poluidoras e da sua extensão. O Brasil, devido a sua extensão territorial, suas bacias hidrográficas, número de postos de abastecimentos e controles ambientais ainda ineficazes, está muito exposto a esse tipo de poluição. Atualmente, há no Brasil mais de 34.300 postos de combustíveis, com volume de 65.000.000 m3 de gasolina e diesel consumidos anualmente, conforme dados da Agência Nacional do Petróleo Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis , ANP, em 2008. Sendo assim, a exposição e contaminação dos solos e dos lençóis freáticos com constituintes aromáticos do diesel e gasolina torna-se um sério problema ambiental. Dentro deste grupo, encontram-se o benzeno, tolueno, xileno, conhecido como BTEX e os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos, conhecido como PAH.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a remediação in-situ de um posto de combustíveis na região do ABC Paulista, no Estado de São Paulo. Aplicando-se a técnica de Processo Oxidativo Avançado via reagente de Fenton (H2O2 + Fe2+ → Fe3+ + OH- + OH . ), o radical hidroxila gerado mineraliza compostos aromáticos, decompondo-os definitivamente. Amostras de água do posto em estudo apresentavam elevados teores de BTEX e PAH, 2,58 mg.L-1 e 0,298 mg.L-1 respectivamente, estando em níveis não tolerados pelo órgão ambiental paulista CETESB sendo necessária a intervenção para tratamento da área. Com os níveis de poluentes e o perfil hidrogeológico identificados, a remediação foi iniciada com injeções no solo de peróxido de hidrogênio a 8%v.v, FeSO4 a 0,40 mg.L-1 e solução à base de NPK (nitrogênio, fósforo e nitrogênio) a 100 mg.L-1 como nutrientes para os microorganismos do solo. Estes valores são provenientes de experimentos anteriores e tratamentos já realizados. Foram conduzidas campanhas de injeção trimestrais com 100 litros desta solução completa como reagente , e medições trimestrais de BTEX, PAH e outros parâmetros de controle, que foram indicando o sucesso do tratamento. Após 18 meses o local foi considerado tratado pelo órgão ambiental, onde monitoramentos semestrais estão em continuidade para garantir o resultado do tratamento e das ações corretivas. Assim, o estudo real da remediação de solos contaminados com os poluentes orgânicos via processo de Fenton, com concentração de H2O2 a 8%v/v, e FeSO4 a 0,40 mg.L-1 demonstrou-se uma técnica de sucesso. O entendimento dos resultados da remediação, mesmo sujeitos aos fenômenos naturais, como intempéries e chuvas, é uma experiência grande, pois por mais reais que simulações em laboratório possam ser, é muito difícil incluir nestes sistemas, as variações que um tratamento real está exposto<br>Some environmental scientists foresee that soil pollution would be one of the biggest legates to the next human generation, because nowadays there is not enough knowledge about all impacts and origins of such source of pollution. From inadequate batteries disposal to leakage of gasoline underground storage tanks, the range of sources of soil and groundwater pollution is immense. The Brazilian territory and its groundwater are greatly exposed to such contamination, also due to lack of environmental controls and government actions. Luckily, there are available some soil remediation technologies and good literature and previous researches. Nowadays, there are in Brazil around 34,300 gas stations all over the country, and a volume of 65,000,000 m3 of gasoline and diesel consumed annually, according to the National Petroleum Agency (ANP) in 2008. The probability to occur a soil and groundwater contamination is high and accurate processes are needed to quickly stop the underground contamined plume with BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes), found in gasoline and combustion byproducts and the wellness to people and other organisms.
This work has the intention to elucidate an in-situ soil and groundwater remediation process. The site treated was a gas station located in São Paulo state, responsible for almost 60% of gas stations in Brazil. Application of the Advanced Oxidation Process, using Fenton reaction (H2O2 + Fe2+ → Fe3+ + OH- + OH . ), which is a process that deliver into soil-water contamined systems, the hydroxyl radical in order to break undesired aromatic compounds. Water samples from the gas station in study, presented prohibited levels of BTEX and PAH according to the CETESB São Paulo Environmental Company which reason started the soil remediation and the area intervention. After understood of hydro-geological characteristics and the level of pollutants, the Fenton process started with well injections containing hydrogen peroxide ( 8% v/v), iron (II) salts (0,4 mg/L) and NPK based nutrients. At quarterly injections with 100 liters each, the further monitoring of BTEX, PAH and other control parameters, indicated the success of the treatment. After 18 months, the site was considered as remediated. Periodically sampling at each 6 months guarantee that the corrective actions kept successful. Based on that, the in-loco study about remediation of contaminated soils, with organic pollutants presents a great experience, and the Fenton reaction demonstrated a technique of outstanding success. The understand of real and in-situ results, even subjected to rain and other natural phenomena, gives expertise to treat real sites and help the society to stop such contamination. Moreover than laboratory simulation, the real remediation gives a complete snapshot about the Fentons reaction at the soil
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Surridge, Angela Karen Joanna. "Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis characterisation of microbial communities in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and polychlorinated biphenyl contaminated soil." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25070.
Full textAbstract:
Fossil fuels are currently the primary industrial energy source on Earth. They are principally composed of complex hydrocarbons in either long-chain or cyclic conformation. Industrial use of petroleum, diesel, oil, tar and other coal-derived products inevitably leads to pollution of the environment. The most serious pollution is caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) that are not easily removed from soil after a spill. Long-chain and cyclic conformation makes fossil fuel hydrocarbons difficult to break down. However, certain free-living soil microorganisms have adapted to utilising these PAHs/PCBs as a source of energy. In many cases, their efficacy is greatly enhanced by the presence of plants. By inhabiting the rhizosphere, microbes form a mutualistic relationship with the plant, receiving nutrients from it and in return providing a less polluted environment in which the plant can grow. The purpose of this study was to elucidate some of the microbial population diversity in PAH/PCB-polluted soils in South Africa through the use of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). In an initial study, DGGE was employed to separate soil communities in polluted and unpolluted soils into a genetic fingerprint, the main bands of which were sequenced and subjected to a BLAST analysis through a database for possible identification of species present. Phylogenetic and distance studies indicated that unpolluted soils have a far greater species diversity. It thus was evident that PAH/PCB pollution of soil leads to a decrease in microbial diversity by selecting for microorganisms with the ability to activate metabolic pathways allowing them to utilise the pollutants as an alternative source of carbon. Population diversity of pro- and eukaryotes found within polluted and non-polluted soils was compared. DGGE was employed to determine the genetic fingerprint of each population. Following this, dendogram analyses based on Shannon indices were done to determine PAH breakdown potential of prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic communities. A higher diversity and better adaptation potential were evident within prokaryotic than eukaryotic communities in pollution-stressed environments, indicating that the prokaryotic component of these samples had the greatest PAH-metabolism potential. To determine the capacity for PAH/PCB metabolism by the organisms within the soil samples being studied, the presence of xylE and ndoB genes, responsible for toluene/xylene and naphthalene biodegradation, respectively, was determined. DGGE was performed to analyse genetic diversity between these two genes, based on community fingerprints. Polluted soil communities tended to have comparable community diversity within their functional genes, depending on their physical situation, plant species proximity and soil conditions. In general, soil contained indigenous microbes with a high natural potential for biodegradation of PAHs/PCBs. A portion of the 16S gene of eight bacterial isolates representing the most dominant culturable taxa in the polluted soils was sequenced and analysed for identification purposes. These identifications were conducted in conjunction with the use of the catabolic gene probes xylE and ndoB to establish the hydrocarbon degrading capacity of the isolates. Pseudomonas, from the rhizosphere of Cyperus esculentus, was the most common PAH-degrading genus found in this study. Considering the well-established rhizosphere competence and PAH-degrading capacity of Pseudomonas, this genus seems to be the best suited for bioaugmentation purposes in South Africa. The presence of the nifH gene, the general marker gene of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in communities from unpolluted and polluted soils, was determined. It was hypothesised that bioremediation could be enhanced by nitrogen addition to polluted environments. Nested-PCR of the nifH gene was conducted on a diagnostic basis and was followed by DGGE of the product to determine the functional gene diversity within pollution-dwelling, nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities. Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms were present in all the soils sampled but, in only 80% of the pure cultures isolated from polluted and unpolluted soils and rhizospheres. Although different rhizospheres and pollutants were examined, it was found that of the polluted soils studied, most nifH gene diversity of polluted soils existed within machinery oil polluted, wood chip mulched, non-rhizosphere soil. Thus, it would appear that the more polluted the soil the higher the free microbe nitrogen fixation diversity possibly due to environmental stress.<br>Thesis (PhD (Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 2007.<br>Microbiology and Plant Pathology<br>unrestricted
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Morinaga, Carlos Minoru. "Áreas contaminadas e a construção da paisagem pós-industrial na cidade de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16135/tde-02072013-162822/.
Full textAbstract:
As antigas áreas industriais na cidade de São Paulo têm sofrido uma progressiva perda das suas funções originais, tornando-se objeto de intensas transformações, particularmente no que diz respeito ao reaproveitamento dos imóveis e ao padrão de ocupação do solo existente, mediante a implantação de grandes empreendimentos imobiliários e a introdução de atividades totalmente diversas daquelas que as haviam caracterizado no passado. As formas pregressas de uso dessas áreas tornam possível a ocorrência de contaminação do solo e das águas subterrâneas, o que exige cuidados e procedimentos específicos para o reúso de terrenos ali localizados. Tendo como objeto de estudo a reutilização de antigas áreas industriais em processo de transformação na cidade de São Paulo, a presente tese parte da hipótese principal de que a construção de paisagens pós-industriais, sob a perspectiva da recuperação da função dos espaços urbanos e da garantia das condições de saúde pública e da sustentabilidade ambiental, só pode ser concebida no âmbito de um processo de gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas que contemple as dimensões interdisciplinar e interinstitucional da questão e leve em consideração a participação dos atores envolvidos. Tendo em vista que a reabilitação de áreas contaminadas abrange as dimensões básicas abordadas pelo que se passou a denominar sustentabilidade, a pesquisa teve início com o levantamento das diversas concepções adquiridas pelo termo, assim como das alterações ocorridas nas relações entre homem e natureza e suas implicações sobre as transformações observadas na paisagem ao longo do tempo, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica. O tratamento dado ao problema das áreas contaminadas foi analisado a partir da forma de atuação fragmentada do poder público, mediante exemplos que demonstram a total ausência de integração entre os seus diferentes setores, e também do levantamento de instrumentos de incentivo à reabilitação de áreas contaminadas e de experiências internacionais sobre o tema. Considera-se, por fim, que além da visão interdisciplinar e interinstitucional, a reabilitação das áreas contaminadas na cidade depende da forma de atuação do poder público e da existência de mecanismos de incentivo.<br>The old industrial areas in the city of São Paulo have suffered a progressive loss of their former functions, becoming object of intense transformations, particularly concerning the use of the properties and the existing pattern of occupation of the land, through the construction of huge real estate projects and the introduction of activities totally different from those ones which characterized them in the past. The former uses of these areas make possible the occurrence of soil and groundwater contamination, what requires cares and specific procedures to reuse of the sites located in those places. Taking the reutilization of the old industrial areas in process of transformation in the city of São Paulo as the object of study, the present thesis starts from the main hypothesis that the construction of post-industrial landscapes, under the perspective of the urban space function recovery and the guarantee of the health public and the environmental sustainability, can only be conceived within the scope of a contaminated sites management process which satisfies the interdisciplinary and inter-institutional dimensions and takes into account the stakeholders involved in it. Considering that the rehabilitation of contaminated sites covers the basic dimensions treated by what was called sustainability, the research started with the survey of the various conceptions acquired by the term, as well as the changes occurred in the relationship between man and nature and its implications on the transformations of the landscape along the time, by means of bibliographical research. The treatment given to the contaminated sites issue was analyzed from the fragmented way of acting of the public administration, by means of examples which demonstrate the total lack of integration among their different sectors, and also from the survey of incentive instruments for the rehabilitation of contaminated sites and international experiences on the theme. At last, it\'s considered that, beyond the interdisciplinary and inter-institutional view, the rehabilitation of the contaminated areas in the city depends on the way the public sector acts and the existence of incentive mechanisms as well.
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Desrousseaux, Maylis. "La protection juridique de la qualité des sols." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30080.
Full textAbstract:
Le sol est la couche supérieure de l’écorce terrestre, la surface plane qui s’étire d’un horizon à un autre. Il est la terre que l’on laboure, le sable que l’on égraine, base que l’on piétine, point d’attache des hommes à un territoire : jardin, région ou Etat. Les sols, ces écosystèmes fragiles aux multiples fonctions, à l’origine de tout autant de services écologiques, sont les garants de la qualité de l’environnement. Le droit a intégré diverses conceptions de la notion de la qualité des sols. Mais loin de constituer un statut de protection, cette intégration éparse est indifférente, a priori, leurs qualités environnementales. Or, les sols sont une ressource finie et leur utilisation irraisonnée conduit à leur dégradation, souvent irréversible, et à leur raréfaction. Progressivement, le droit s’est enrichi d’éléments relatifs à la multifonctionnalité des sols, intégrant des pratiques garantissant leur utilisation durable ou organisant de façon cohérente leur affectation. Cette approche utilitariste de la qualité des sols s’avère sélective et demeure concentrée sur la préservation des services écologiques directement bénéfiques à l’homme, dont celui de production des matières premières alimentaires, au détriment des services indirects ou déterritorialisés, tel que celui de stockage de carbone. Cette approche est toutefois complétée par l’émergence d’une conception objectiviste de la qualité, qui révèle les propensions du droit à protéger la valeur intrinsèque des sols<br>The soil is the upper layer of the earth’s crust, the plan surface that stretches from one horizon to the other. It is the crop lands, the scattering sand, the ground we trample on, the link between men and their territory: garden, region, state. The soils, those fragile and multifunctional ecosystems, provide many ecological services and guarantee the environmental quality. The law contains several conceptions of the notion of soils quality. But, far from constituting a protection status, this integration ignores, a priori, their environmental qualities. However, the soils are a finite resource and their non-sustainable use leads to their degradation, often irreversible, and to their growing scarcity. Progressively, the law added elements of soils multifonctionality, integrating sustainable practices. This utilitarian approach of soil quality proves to be selective and remains focused on the preservation of a small part of all the ecological services: the ones that men directly need, like food production and ignores the indirect ones like carbon storage. Nevertheless, this approach is complemented by the raising of an objectivist conception of quality, which reveals the propensity of the law to take into account the intrinsic value of soils
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Baranger, Claire. "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation for soil bioremediation : potential of microfluidics to understand benzo[a]pyrene uptake by the filamentous fungus Talaromyces helicus." Thesis, Compiègne, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COMP2559.
Full textAbstract:
Ce travail de thèse examine différents aspects de la bioremédiation fongique des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, selon trois grands axes : mobilisation, incorporation, biodégradation. L’étude se concentre sur les interactions entre le polluant, le champignon, et l’environnement à travers l’exemple de la mobilisation du benzo[a]pyrène, un composé cancérogène, mutagène et reprotoxique bien étudié comme modèle de polluant hydrophobe, par Talaromyces helicus, un champignon du sol récemment identifié comme présentant un intérêt pour la dépollution de contaminations multiples. La prédictibilité des résultats en fonction des caractéristiques du site à traiter est un verrou en matière de bioremédiation des sols, ainsi il est important de disposer d’outils expérimentaux adaptés pour identifier des stratégies de biostimulation pertinentes au cas par cas. Plusieurs modèles expérimentaux sont utilisés à cette fin. Dans un premier temps, des tests en cultures liquides ont été réalisés afin de quantifier la biodégradation dans des conditions contrôlées. Les microcosmes de sol sont aussi une approche classique pour l’étude de la bioremédiation de pollutions, utilisés ici pour évaluer les capacités de la souche dans un milieu plus proche d’un site réel, et tester plusieurs paramètres de biostimulation. Enfin, un environnement modèle compartimenté a été mis en place sous la forme d’une puce microfluidique, dans le but de développer un milieu poreux modèle transparent et adaptable pour étudier à une micro-échelle la mobilisation et l’incorporation de polluants par un organisme non motile<br>The present work examines several aspects of the fungal bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, following three main axes: mobilization, uptake and biodegradation. This study focuses on the interactions between the pollutant, fungus and the environment through the example of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) mobilization by Talaromyces helicus. BaP is a carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic compound well-studied as a model hydrophobic pollutant, while T. helicus in a soil fungus recently identified as holding potential for the remediation of multiple contaminations. Result predictability depending on each site’s characteristics is a limitation in the field of bioremediation, and having adapted experimental tools is important to identify relevant biostimulation strategies on a case-by-case basis. Therefore, several experimental set-ups were used. As a first step, tests in liquid cultures were carried out to quantify BaP degradation in controlled conditions. Soil microcosms are also a classical approach for the study of pollution remediation, used here to evaluate the strain’s performance in conditions closer to a real site, and to test several biostimulation parameters. Finally, a compartmentalized model environment was set up in the form of a microfluidic chip, the goal being to develop a transparent, adaptable model of porous medium to study pollutant mobilization and uptake by a non-motile organism at the microscale
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Usman, Muhammad. "Formation of mixed Fe"-Fe"' oxides and their reactivity to catalyze chemical oxidation : remediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10093/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le thème principal de cette recherche est la remédiation des sols contaminés par des hydrocarbures en utilisant des traitements d'oxydation chimique à pH neutre. Les minéraux à base de fer sont susceptibles de catalyser cette réaction d'oxydation. L'étude concerne donc dans un premier temps la synthèse des minéraux réactifs contenant des espèces FeII et FeIII (la magnétite et la rouille verte) et, dans un second temps, leur utilisation pour catalyser l'oxydation chimique. Les procédés d'oxydation testés incluent l'oxydation de type « Fenton-like (FL) » et de type persulfate activé (AP). La formation de la magnétite et de la rouille verte a été étudiée par des transformations abiotiques de différents oxydes ferriques (ferrihydrite, goethite, hématite et lépidocrocite) mis en présence de cations FeII. La magnétite a été utilisée pour catalyser les oxydations (FL et AP) dans la dégradation des hydrocarbures aliphatiques et aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) à pH neutre. Une dégradation importante des hydrocarbures aliphatiques a été obtenue par ces deux oxydants, aussi bien pour des pétroles dégradés naturellement que pour un pétrole brut. L'oxydation catalysée par la magnétite a également été efficace pour la remédiation de deux sols contaminés par HAP provenant d'anciens sites de cokerie. Aucun sous-produit n'a été observé dans nos expériences d'oxydation. En revanche, une très faible dégradation des hydrocarbures a été observée lorsque les espèces FeII solubles ont été utilisées comme catalyseur. Des expériences d'oxydation ont également été réalisées en colonne. Ces études d'oxydation ont révélé l'importance du type de catalyseur utilisé pour l'oxydation, la disponibilité des HAP dans les sols et l'effet de la matrice du sol. Les résultats suggèrent que la magnétite peut être utilisée comme source de fer pour activer les deux oxydations par Fenton-like et persulfate à pH neutre. Ce travail a de fortes implications sur la remédiation par oxydation chimique in situ des sols pollués par des hydrocarbures<br>The main theme of this research is the use of reactive iron minerals in the remediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils via chemical oxidation treatments at circumneutral pH. The contribution of this thesis is two-fold including the abiotic synthesis of mixed FeII-FeIII oxides considered as reactive iron minerals (magnetite and green rust) and their use to catalyze chemical oxidation. Oxidation methods tested in this study include Fenton-like (FL) and activated persulfate oxidation (AP). The formation of magnetite and green rust was studied by abiotic FeII-induced transformations of various ferric oxides like ferrihydrite, goethite, hematite and lepidocrocite. Then, the ability of magnetite was tested to catalyze chemical oxidation (FL and AP) for the degradation of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at circumneutral pH. Significant degradation of oil hydrocarbons occurring in weathered as well as in crude oil was obtained by both oxidants. Magnetite catalyzed oxidation was also effective for remediation of two PAHs contaminated soils from ancient coking plant sites. No by-products were observed in all batch slurry oxidation systems. Very low hydrocarbon degradation was observed when soluble FeII was used as catalyst under the same experimental conditions. Magnetite also exhibited high reactivity to catalyze chemical oxidation in column experiments under flow through conditions. Oxidation studies revealed the importance of catalyst type for oxidation, PAHs availability in soils and the soil matrix effect. Results of this study suggest that magnetite can be used as iron source to activate both Fenton-like and persulfate oxidation at circumneutral pH. This study has important implications in the remediation of hydrocarbon polluted soils through in-situ chemical oxidation
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Souto, Kelen Müller. "Fitorremediação de solo de várzea contaminado com os herbicidas do imazetapir e imazapique." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5044.
Full textAbstract:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Adverse effects of the use of herbicides, such as toxicity to non-target species and production of persistent residues in soil and in surface water, have drawn
attention and stimulated research to better understand the destination in the environment and to the development of efficient methods of decontamination. The Phytoremediation is a process based on the use of plants and their associated microbiota in order to extract, stabilize, metabolize, compartmentalize and / or degrade pollutants. In view of the exposured, this dissertation aimed to: 1) make a review on phytoremediation of soils contaminated with herbicides (Chapter I), 2) select plant species that show tolerance to the herbicide compound made by mixing
Imazapic + imazethapyr (75 + 25 g e.a. L-1) to be tested for its phytoremediation efficiency (Chapter II), 3) evaluate the efficiency of plant species in the remediation of soil contaminated with the studied herbicide mixture, using the irrigated rice cultivar
IRGA 417 as a bioindicator plant (Chapter III) and 4) evaluate the degradation of the herbicide compound formulated mixture of imazethapyr + Imazapic (75 + 25 g e.a. L- 1) in rhizosphere soil from the cultivation of Canavalia ensiformis, Glycine max, Lolium multiflorum, Lotus corniculatus, Stizolobium aterrimum and Vicia sativa
(Chapter IV). The species espécies Avena strigosa, Lolium multiflorum, Secale cereale, Lotus corniculatus, Crotalaria juncea, Vicia sativa, Canavalia ensiformis,
Stizolobium aterrimum, Glycine max and Raphanus sativus showed significant tolerance and phytoremediation potential, being efficient in descontaminating the soil
with compost by the presence of the herbicide formulated mixture imazethapyr + Imazapic (75 + 25 g ai L-1). The highest metabolic activity, evidenced by the release
of CO2 observed in soil vegetated with plant species Lutus corniculatus, Lolium multiflorum, Vicia sativa, Canavalia ensifromis, Stizolobium aterrimum and Glycine max, allows to infer that these species can influence the activity of the microbiota present in rhizosphere of the same, resulting in mineralization of the herbicides imazethapyr and Imazapic.<br>Os efeitos adversos da utilização de herbicidas como sua toxicidade para espécies não-alvo e produção de resíduos persistentes no solo e em águas superficiais, têm chamado a atenção e estimulado pesquisas para melhor compreensão do destino no ambiente e para o desenvolvimento de métodos
eficientes de descontaminação. A fitorremediação é um processo baseado na utilização de plantas e sua microbiota associada com a finalidade de extrair, estabilizar, metabolizar, compartimentalizar e/ou degradar poluentes. Em vista do
exposto, a presente dissertação de mestrado teve por objetivos: 1) fazer uma revisão de literatura sobre a fitorremediação de solos contaminados com herbicidas
(Capítulo I); 2) selecionar espécies vegetais que apresentem tolerância à presença do herbicida composto pela mistura formulada de imazetapir + imazapique (75 + 25 g e.a. L-1) para serem testadas quanto sua eficiência fitorremediadora (Capítulo II); 3) avaliar a eficiência de espécies vegetais na remediação do solo contaminado com a mistura herbicida estudada, utilizando a cultivar de arroz irrigado IRGA 417 como
planta bioindicadora (Capítulo III) e 4) avaliar a degradação do herbicida composto pela mistura formulada de imazetapir + imazapique (75 + 25 g e.a. L-1) em solo rizosférico proveniente do cultivo de Canavalia ensiformis, Glycine max, Lolium multiflorum, Lotus corniculatus, Stizolobium aterrimum e Vicia sativa (Capítulo IV). As espécies Avena strigosa, Lolium multiflorum, Lotus corniculatus, Crotalaria juncea, Vicia sativa, Canavalia ensiformis, Stizolobium aterrimum, Glycine max e
Raphanus sativus apresentaram tolerância significativa e potencial fitorremediador, sendo eficientes na descontaminação do solo com presença do herbicida composto
pela mistura formulada de imazetapir + imazapique (75 + 25 g e.a. L-1). A maior atividade metabólica, evidenciada pelo desprendimento de CO2, observada em solo vegetado com as espécies vegetais Lotus corniculatus, Lolium multiflorum, Vicia
sativa, Canavalia ensiformis, Stizolobium aterrimum e Glycine max, permiti inferir que estas espécies podem influenciar a atividade da microbiota presente na rizosfera das mesmas, resultando na mineralização dos herbicidas imazetapir e
imazapique.
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Pallu, Ana Paula de Souza. "Biossorção de cádmio por linhagens de Aspergillus sp." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-16052006-143530/.
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Os metais pesados representam o maior resíduo industrial contaminante de solos, plantas e animais no ecossistema, causando graves efeitos tóxicos ao homem principalmente devido a sua ampla distribuição no ambiente, que tem sido intensificado pela industrialização. Um dos metais pesados mais tóxicos é o cádmio, elemento bastante utilizado em processos industriais, o que o torna um importante contaminante ambiental. Pesquisadores preocupados com problemas associados à poluição ambiental por metais pesados iniciaram estudos com técnicas de biorremediação utilizando microrganismos explorando a capacidade desses na remoção de íons tóxicos do ambiente, dentre eles os fungos. Dentre os vários processos utilizados na remediação do cádmio dos efluentes industriais, um dos mais promissores é a biossorção. Essa técnica tem por base a propriedade dos metais se ligarem a vários materiais biológicos, tais como algas, leveduras, fungos, bactérias e plantas; para retenção, remoção ou recuperação de metais pesados de um ambiente líquido. Dentro desse contexto o fungo Aspergillus sp. foi estudado quanto à sua capacidade de biossorção de cádmio. As pesquisas com Aspergillus sp. demonstram que linhagens dessa espécie possuem grande resistência ao cádmio. No presente trabalho foram avaliados parâmetros para a biossorção de cádmio em soluções artificiais com a utilização de biomassa de duas linhagens do fungo Aspergillus sp. (MSE e CadG1). Dentre estes parâmetros, foram avaliados capacidade de biossorção do micélio em diferentes condições fisiológicas do fungo (biomassa viva ou morta), tempo de residência ideal (0, 4, 8 e 12 horas) para as concentrações de sal de cádmio de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 mg.L-1 e os valores de pH 4,0, 7,0 e 10,0 da solução de sal de cádmio. Futuramente, estas linhagens deverão passar por programas de melhoramento genético para uma otimização da eficiência da biossorção. A linhagem MSE mostrou-se superior à linhagem CadG1 em relação a biossorção de cádmio. As biomassas viva e morta não apresentaram diferença estatística significativa entre as médias de biossorção, mostrando que ambas podem ser utilizadas com a obtenção de resultados de biossorção semelhantes, no entanto, na interação entre todos os fatores, os estados fisiológicos diferiram estatisticamente, sendo que a maioria apresentou maiores índices de biossorção de cádmio com a biomassa morta. O tempo de residência que apresentou melhor eficiência foi o de 4 horas para a linhagem MSE e o de 12 horas para a linhagem CadG1. A biossorção é maior, em valores absolutos, quanto maior é a concentração de cádmio na solução e menor, em valores percentuais, quanto maior essa concentração. O pH ótimo para o processo de biossorção é o 7 nas condições avaliadas.<br>The heavy metals represent the major industrial residues contaminant of soils, plants and animals in the ecosystems, causing a toxic effect to humans, mainly due to the wide spread distribution in environment which is intensified by industrialization process. One of most toxics heavy metals is cadmium, commonly used in industrial process, what make it an important environmental contaminant. Researchers looking at to problems linked to environmental pollution by heavy metals have been studied bioremediation techniques using microorganism, among them, the fungi, exploring their ability in to remove toxic ions from environment. Form various remediation techniques used for cadmium in industrial effluents, the most promising is the biosorption. This methodology is based in the heavy metals linkage to biologic material, like algae, yeasts, fungi, bacteria or plant, to retention, removing or recovery of heavy metals from liquid environment. In this context, Apergillus sp. was studied for it ability to biosorption of cadmium. Previous studies with Aspergillus sp. have revealed that strains from this species have a great resistance to cadmium. In the present work were evaluated parameters for biosorption of cadmium in artificial solutions, using two strains of Aspergillus sp. Among evaluated parameters, there were ability to biosorption of mycelia in different physiological condition (viable or nonliving), ideal residence period (0, 4, 8 and 12 hours) in cadmium salt concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 mg.L-1 and the pH values of 4,0, 7,0 and 10,0. In the future such strains must be applied in genetic breeding programs, to optimize the efficiency in cadmium biosorption. The MSE strain revealed to be better than CadG1 strain for cadmium biosorption. Bioamass live and death do not presented statistical differences between values of biosorption, suggesting that both can be used with satisfactory results for cadmium biosorption. However, studying interactions among all factors, physiological state differ statistically, where the most of them presented bigger indices of cadmium biosorption for usage of death biomass. The best residence period was 4 hours in MSE e 12 hours in CadG1. The biosorption was bigger, in absolute values, as bigger is the cadmium concentration in solution and minor in percentual values, as bigger is this concentration. The best pH for biosorption process is 7,0.
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Kamari, Azlan. "Chitosans as soil amendments for the remediation of metal contaminated soil." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2595/.
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Research was conducted to evaluate the potential of chitosan, a fishery waste-based material, and its derivative cross-linked chitosans, as soil amendments for the remediation of metal contaminated land. This research comprised modification of chitosan followed by a characterisation study, a batch sorption study, two pot experiments and a biodegradation study. Chitosan was modified with three cross-linking reagents, namely glutaraldehyde (GLA), epichlorohydrin (ECH) and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE). The characterisation study used X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods to investigate the effect of cross-linking treatment on the surface and physical properties of chitosan, the effect of metal interaction on the surface properties of chitosan and cross-linked chitosans, and the binding mechanism(s) of metal ions onto the chitosans. Cross-linking treatments on chitosan enhanced its chemical stability in acidic media and increased its BET surface area. Metal interaction reduced the crystallinity and changed the surface morphology of the chitosans. FTIR analysis revealed that the complexation of metal ions was through dative covalent interaction with the amino and hydroxyl groups of the chitosans. The batch sorption study evaluated the ability of chitosan and cross-linked chitosans to bind heavy metals. The effects of contact time, initial metal concentration and background electrolyte on metal binding were assessed. The binding behaviour was described by several kinetic and isotherm models. The maximum binding capacity (Q) values, estimated using the Langmuir isotherm model for the chitosans were comparable with other low-cost sorbents reported in the literature. The sorption-desorption study showed that the chitosans were able to retain metal ions on their surfaces, even at dilution factor of x11. The pot experiments evaluated the effectiveness of chitosan and chitosan-GLA in immobilising heavy metals in the contaminated soil. Their effects on plant growth and metal accumulation in plant tissue were determined using Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) and Brassica napus (rapeseed). For perennial ryegrass, the results were dependent on the rate of addition of the chitosans. Low application rates (up to 1% w/w) resulted in an increase in metal uptake, whereas 10% (w/w) addition decreased metal uptake. For rapeseed, metal uptake was decreased at all rates of application of chitosans. The ammonium acetate extractable metals in soil decreased following application of chitosan and plant growth. The biodegradation study measured microbial breakdown of the chitosans in both non-contaminated and contaminated soils. It was estimated that a longer period is required to complete the breakdown of the cross-linked chitosans (up to approximately 100 years) than unmodified chitosan (up to approximately 10 years). The influence of biodegradation on the bioavailable fraction of heavy metals in soil was studied concurrent with the biodegradation trial. It was found that the binding behaviour of chitosan for heavy metals in soils was not affected by the biodegradation process.
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Eftekhari, Farzad. "Foam-surfactant technology in soil remediation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0018/MQ54314.pdf.
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Niarchos, Georgios. "Electrodialytic Remediation of PFAS-Contaminated Soil." Thesis, KTH, Vatten- och miljöteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-239878.
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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of anthropogenic aliphatic compounds, widelyknown for their environmental persistence and toxicity to living beings. While they are ubiquitous in theenvironment, interest has been focused on contaminated soil, which can act as a primary recipient andsource of groundwater contamination. Electrokinetic technology is based on the movement of ionsunder the effect of an electric field. This could be a promising remediation solution, since PFASs areusually present in their anionic form. The contaminants can then be concentrated towards the anode,thus reducing a plume’s volume and possibly extracting the substances from soil. The preliminary aimof the present study was to evaluate the potential of using electrodialysis for the remediation of PFAScontaminatedsoil for the first time. Experiments were run with natural contaminated soil samples,originating from a fire-fighting training site at Arlanda Airport, and at Kallinge, Sweden, as well as inartificially spikedsoil. Electrodes were placed in electrolyte-filled chambers and separated by the soilwith ion-exchange membranes for pH-control. In total, five experiments were conducted. Two differentsetups were tested, a typical 3-compartment EKR cell and a 2-compartment setup, to allow for pHincrease and facilitate PFAS desorption. Two different current densities were tested; 0.19 mA cm-2 and0.38 mA cm-2. After twenty-one days, soil was cut in ten parts lengthwise and triplicate samples wereanalysed for PFAS concentrations, with HPLC-MS/MS. Sixteen out of the twenty-six screened PFASswere detected above MDL in the natural soil samples. The majority of the detected PFASs showed apositive trend of electromigration towards the anode, under both current densities, with only longerchainedcompounds (c>8) being immobile. This can be attributed to the stronger sorption potential oflong-chained PFAS molecules, as has been reported in previous sorption studies. Mass balancedistribution for a high current density (0.38 mA cm-2) experiment revealed that 73.2% of Σ26PFAS wasconcentrated towards the anode, with 59% at the soil closer to the anode, 5.7% at the anion exchangemembrane and 8.5% at the anolyte. It also showed higher mobility for short-chained molecules (c≤6),as they were the only compounds to be extracted from soil and be concentrated in the anolyte. Highercurrent densities were not directly correlated with higher electromigration rates, as to the lack of massbalance data for the low current density experiments. Regardless, electrodialysis could be a viable optionfor PFAS soil remediation and further research to encourage the understanding of the migrationmechanism, as well as combination with other treatment methods is encouraged.<br>Per- och polyfluoralkylsubstanser (PFAS) är en grupp av antropogena alifatiska föreningar, allmäntkända för sin miljöpåverkan och toxicitet för levande varelser. Medan de är allestädes närvarande imiljön har intresset varit inriktat på förorenad mark, som kan fungera som primär mottagare och källatill grundvattenförorening. Elektrokinetisk teknik är baserad på jonernas rörelse under effekten av ettelektriskt fält. Detta kan vara en lovande lösningsmedel, eftersom PFAS är vanligtvis närvarande i sinanjoniska form. Föroreningarna kan sedan koncentreras mot anoden, vilket reducerar en plums volymoch eventuellt extraherar ämnena från jorden. Det preliminära målet med den föreliggande studien varatt utvärdera potentialen att använda elektrodialys för sanering av PFAS-förorenad jord för förstagången. Experimenten kördes med naturliga förorenade jordprover, härrörande från enbrandbekämpningsplats vid Arlanda flygplats, och i Kallinge, Sverige, samt i konstgjort spikedsol.Elektroder placerades i elektrolytfyllda kamrar och separerades av jorden med jonbytesmembran förpH-kontroll. Totalt genomfördes fem experiment. Två olika inställningar testades, en typisk 3-facksEKR-cell och en 2-facksinställning, vilket möjliggör pH-ökning och underlättar PFAS-desorption. Tvåolika strömtätheter testades; 0,19 mA cm-2 och 0,38 mA cm-2. Efter tjugo dagar skärs jorden i tio delari längdriktningen och trippelprover analyserades för PFAS-koncentrationer, med HPLC-MS / MS.Sexton av de tjugosex screenade PFAS: erna detekterades över MDL i de naturliga markproverna.Majoriteten av de upptäckta PFAS-värdena visade en positiv trend av elektromigration mot anodenunder båda strömtätheten, varvid endast längre kedjiga föreningar (c> 8) var immobila. Detta kanhänföras till den starkare sorptionspotentialen hos långkedjiga PFAS-molekyler, vilket har rapporteratsi tidigare sorptionsstudier. Massbalansfördelning för ett experiment med hög strömtäthet (0,38 mA cm-2) visade att 73,2% av Σ26PFAS koncentrerades mot anoden, med 59% vid jorden närmare anoden, 5,7%vid anjonbytarmembranet och 8,5% vid anolyten. Det visade också högre rörlighet för kortkedjigamolekyler (c≤6), eftersom de var de enda föreningarna som skulle extraheras från jord och koncentrerasi anolyten. Högre strömtätheter var inte direkt korrelerade med högre elektromigrationshastigheter,avseende bristen på massbalansdata för experimenten med låg strömtäthet. Oavsett elektrodialys kandet vara ett lönsamt alternativ för PFAS-markrening och ytterligare forskning för att uppmuntraförståelsen för migrationsmekanismen, liksom kombinationen med andra behandlingsmetoder främjas.
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Walter, David J. "Soil enhancement by fluid injection for in situ treatment of contaminated soil." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0008/NQ52695.pdf.
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Malgaretti, Maura. "Decabromodiphenyl ether fate in soil system : sorption in soil matrices and new perspective for soil remediation." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2016. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27554.
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used for decades as flame retardants in polymeric materials. Products containing lower brominated congeners have been banned because of concerns about their toxicity to neurological, reproductive and endocrinal systems. Restrictions on the use of the deca-BDE mixture, which contains 97% of the fully brominated congener BDE-209, have been initially delayed. Nowadays the addition of BDE-209 to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is under evaluation. BDE-209 fate in soil, as for other hydrophobic organic compounds, is strongly related to soil organic fraction. This thesis investigates BDE-209 sorption kinetics and identifies other factors important for evaluating BDE-209 mobility, degradation and bioavailability in soil. Additionally it moves the first steps in the development of a novel bioaugmentation technique through fungi. For this purpose, HPLC analytical methods and extraction techniques commonly used for hydrophobic organic compounds (HOC) have been tested for analysis of BDE-209 in water and soil samples. The best recoveries values were obtained by evaporation and substitution of water (WES) and by pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) of soil. Regarding BDE-209 sorption in soil, the sorption kinetic profiles for two soil matrixes belonging to the mineral domain (kaolin) and organic matter domain (peat) were studied separately. Sorption on kaolin was much faster than in peat (4 hours compared to more than 10 days). This approach made it possible to identify other important factors influencing BDE-209 sorption and partitioning processes: clay minerals and dissolvable organic matter. In relation to the biodegradation aspect, this thesis investigated the tolerance of P.ostreatus (a specie of white rot fungus with documented mycoremediation ability) to BDE-209. The fungus mycelium in co-existence with a soil bacterium demonstrated the ability to colonised straw contaminated with BDE-209 up to 1 mg/kg. The results encourage further investigation on P. ostreatus ability to degrade BDE-209.
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Md, Som Amelia. "The impact of biochar on soil processes and its potential in soil remediation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648221.
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Green, Russell A. "Energy-Based Evaluation and Remediation of Liquefiable Soils." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08132001-170900.
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Schmidt, Monica A. "Genetically-engineered Populus hybrids and metalliferous soil remediation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0019/NQ46418.pdf.
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