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1
Kennette, Debra. "The bioavailability of trace metals to soil invertebrates in urban contaminated soils." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0001/MQ44194.pdf.
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Cook, Nicola. "Bioavailability of trace metals in urban contaminated soils." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34934.
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There are two main components to the research: the theoretical and the experimental. Chapter 2 contains an analysis of the state of soil quality guidelines and the scientific methods used to determine them. A number of recommendations to improve soil quality criteria for trace metals are offered including the importance of considering bioavailability and the need to use realistic conditions, trace metal sources and organisms.A critical review of the literature dealing with predicting the availability of trace metals to plants is presented in Chapter 3. We found little agreement among hundreds of similar studies which relate plant metal uptake to the amount of metal extracted by selective chemical dissolution procedures. An extensive summary of the data shows clearly that the extraction methods are not widely applicable. Differences between individual soils, their metal retention capacities, as well as plant factors and environmental conditions contribute to the variability of the results. Alternative ways of assessing bioavailability are suggested.
The experimental component of the thesis focuses on the availability of trace metals to plants. In Chapter 4 the uptake of Cu from different soil pools was examined and the free metal ion (Cu2+) was found to be the best predictor of uptake by lettuce (Latuca sativa cv. Buttercrunch), ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Barmultra) and radish (Raphanus sativus cv. Cherry Belle).
In Chapters 5 and 6 we examined the effect of low-cost in-situ treatments on the availability of metals to plants in greenhouse and field experiments. Synthetic zeolites, P amendments, organic matter and clean soil were used and their effect on the bioavailability of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn evaluated. The plants for the experimental work were lettuce and perennial ryegrass. Only the clean soil treatment was consistently effective in reducing the concentration of metals in the plant. We also wanted to determine whether the trace metals in the plant tissue came from the soil or from direct deposition of pollutants on the leaf surfaces. We found little evidence that metals in plants were a result of atmospheric fallout.
A method for the accurate analysis of total metal concentrations in a range of contaminated soils including those containing oil and grease was developed (Chapter 7). For this research the trace metals of concern are Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn---all commonly found in urban/industrial soils. The proposed method using HNO3/HClO4 has several advantages over the common HNO3/H2O2 procedure. We were able to digest larger soil samples and hence the final concentration of trace metals was usually in the range for analysis by inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption spectrometry or flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
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Stephens, Samantha Rose. "Trace element associations in dredged canal sediments : implications for disposal of dredgings to land." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390619.
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Ge, Ying 1974. "Trace metal speciation and bioavailability in urban contaminated soils." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21555.
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Urban soils are often contaminated with trace metals and the toxicity of the metals depends, in part, on their speciation in soil solutions. The objectives of this project were to estimate the metal speciation in urban soils and to evaluate the predictability of soil metal pools on plant uptake. The chemical speciation of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn was estimated by using the Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM). In soil solutions, Cd, Ni and Zn were present mainly as free ions when the solutions were acidic and their organic complexes were dominant as the pH was over 7.5. The other two metals mostly formed complexes with organic ligands. The activities of Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn 2+ were affected by soil pH and total soil metal burdens. All five metals were under-saturated with respect to the minerals which could potentially control the metal solubility.Metal uptake by plants in the contaminated railway yards was generally not correlated with free, dissolved and total soil metal pools. A pot experiment demonstrated better correlations between the metal pools and the metal content in wild chicory. Multiple regression analysis showed that the metals in the leaves and roots of wild chicory could be adequately predicted by the soil total metals and soil properties such as pH and exchangeable Ca.
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Negim, Osama. "New technique for soil reclamation and conservation : in situ stabilisation of trace elements in contaminated soils." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13821/document.
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Les sols sous contraintes que ce soit du point de vue charges polluantes comme avec les Métaux Traces (MT) ou bien du point de vue stress hydrique (perte des capacités de rétention menant à la désertification des sols) concernent de nombreux espaces du territoire national, de même que la région du pourtour Méditerranéen. Le nombre de sites pollués par des substances inorganiques affectant de larges espaces est en constante augmentation. Les stratégies pour leur rémédiation sont variées mais très peu envisagent la dépollution tout en restaurant les propriétés pédologiques des sols concernés. La rémédiation comme la restauration des capacités fertilisantes de sols pollués sont un enjeu international. Pour cela, la stratégie de cette étude porte sur le développement d’outils technologiques innovants basée sur la phytorémédiation assistée par des matrices duales de sols contaminés par des MT (Cuivre, Chrome, Arsenic). Ces matrices duales ont une action double concomitante en permettant une immobilisation ou un piégeage des MT tout en favorisant la repousse végétale ou la catalyse de la croissance végétale. Le piégeage peut se faire par l’apport d’amendement ayant des capacités d’échanges (généralement liées à l’existence de phase allophane et/ou d’un réseau poral important) et de rétention (liées au réseau porale et à l’existence de phases minérales type phosphates, silice amorphe, oxydes hydroxydes de fer-manganèse). L’élaboration, à partir de laitiers d’aciéries, d’une matrice susceptible d’adsorber des MT (aspect dépollution) tout en favorisant la pousse végétale (aspect amendement) nous a permis de tester ce produit de synthèse. La seconde originalité de cette étude est d’analyser le potentiel de ces matrices, non seulement à différentes échelles (du pot en passant par le stade mésocosme et jusqu’au champ), du point de vue impact écotoxique – dépollution de sols associé à une re-végétalisation. Cette dernière participe également au transfert des charges polluantes (MT) depuis l’amendement de synthèse ou du sol vers, et dans le réseau racinaire des radicelles et ainsi favoriser la réhabilitation des propriétés hydriques des sols par le développement d’un couvert végétale pérenne. On conjugue ainsi un apport dépolluant à celui de maintient de la potentielle anti-désertification grâce au développement de solutions innovantes respectueuses de l’environnement sur la base de technologie douce valorisant les co produits de l’industrieSoil contamination by trace elements is a widespread problem in many parts of the world. The accumulation of toxic metals in soil is mainly inherited from parent materials or inputs through human activities. In fact, one of the sources of soil contaminations is very important resulting from chemical widely used wood preservative industries in aquatic environments and storing the wood after treatment by chromated copper arsenate (CCA). Elements such as As, Cu, Cr, and Zn can be found in excess in contaminated soils at wood treatment facilities, especially when Cu sulphates and chromated copper arsenate (CCA) were used as a preservative against insects and fungi, which may result in soil phytotoxicity as well as toxic to plants, animals and humans. New techniques are being developed to remediate trace elements in contaminated soils such as phytoremediation and in situ stabilization. In situ stabilization technique or in situ immobilisation is one of the common practices for reducing negative effects of metals and metalloids such as As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn in contaminated soils by adding amendments. Alkaline materials are usually added to acidic soils to improve soil chemical and physical properties and also to reduce the mobility and bioavailability of contaminant. Slag, which consists of calcium oxide, phosphorus oxide, silicon oxide, iron oxide, and other metal oxides, is an alkaline by-product of metallurgical processes or a residue of incineration processes. Slags have been successfully used to soil reclamation and soil fertiliser. It has been used as a soil additive to reduce various metals contaminated soil by precipitation and adsorption on the surface of metal oxide. The objectives of this Ph.D study were to evaluate the physical, chemical soil properties and the distribution of trace elements in contaminated soil. Also to evaluate the characteristics of two different slags samples, a basic slag (BS) and a basic slag phosphate (BSP) which are alkaline by-products of the French steel industry and which used as a soil amendments to improve soil properties and for the in situ immobilisation of copper and metals in chromated copper arsenate (CCA) contaminated soil
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Ge, Ying 1974. "Speciation and complexation of trace metals in eastern Canadian soils." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82879.
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An important task of research on trace metals in soils is to evaluate how much metals are potentially bioavailable and may cause toxic effects. In this thesis, the chemical speciation and complexation of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) were examined in eastern Canadian soils collected from different locations around smelters. Our goal is to be able to predict metal binding in the soil solution and on the solid phase under a wide range of field conditions.In Chapter 2, speciation of Cd, Cu and Pb in the lysimeter soil solutions was determined using an ion exchange technique (IET) involving a resin column. The IET-speciation data were used to estimate the metal-dissolved organic carbon (DOC) binding constants using the non-ideal competitive adsorption (MICA)-Donnan model, which assumed a continuous distribution of binding affinities on the DOC molecule. The published Cd and Pb speciation data in a variety of soils (Chapter 3) were also used to test the effectiveness of two speciation models, the MICA-Donnan model and WinHumicV. Both models satisfactorily predicted the concentrations of Cd2+ and Pb2+. The two chapters of metal speciation demonstrated that the NICA-Donnan model could estimate the binding strength of organic matter in soil solutions.
Proton and metal complexation to the surface of soil particles (Chapters 4 and 5) was investigated using back-titration and batch adsorption procedures. It was shown that the surface binding of H+, Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ was significantly related to soil organic matter (SOM). Though the soil particle surface was covered by a mixture of organic and mineral components, a two-site distribution could be identified from the titration curves. With the parameters derived from the back-titration and adsorption data, the MICA-Donnan model reasonably predicted the surface complexation of proton and metals. Furthermore, the statistically significant relationships between the model parameters and soil organic matter supported the assumptions in this thesis: (1) Organic matter was the most important sorbent on the particle surface; (2) The MICA-Donnan model may be used to interpret the surface binding data in these soils.
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Siaka, I. Made, of Western Sydney Nepean University, and Faculty of Science and Technology. "The application of atomic absorption spectroscopy to the determination of selected trace elements in sediments of the Coxs River Catchment." THESIS_FST_XXX_Siaka_I.xml, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/238.
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An investigation of heavy metal concentrations in sediments from Coxs River catchment, a tributary of the Hawkesbury-Nepean River system, has been undertaken. A number of digestion methods were assessed for the determination of Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni, Mn, Fe, Co and Cr in reference materials by flame AAS. The method that produced the best recovery is reverse aqua regia, HNO3-HC1 with ultrasonification followed by heating on a hotplate. Based on analysis of sediments from 133 sites, background concentrations were established. Elevated heavy metal concentrations were recorded in some samples. The three most polluted areas were investigated for heavy metal associations and distributions. Metal bioavailability was assessed from sediment samples by using selective extraction techniques. The association of heavy metals with different solid phases was assessed by a sequential extraction technique involving a series of extraction reagents. Pd, Cu, Fe and Cr were mainly associated with Fe/Mn oxides and organic matter plus sulphide phases. While Cd, Zn, Ni and Co which behave similarly were extracted from each step, the largest percentages of these metals were found in Fe/Mn oxides and organic matter phases. Mn was different to other metals, in that it predominantly associated with the ion exchangeable form.Master of Science (Hons)
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Ginnever, Rhoda C. "Soil and plant contents of lead and other trace elements with special reference to the influences of parent rock and pollution." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324309.
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Tambasco, Giuseppe. "Methods to predict and reduce trace metal levels in lettuce grown on contaminated urban soils." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0001/MQ44294.pdf.
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FABRÍCIO, NETA Adelazil de Brito. "Teores naturais de metais pesados em solos da Ilha de Fernando de Noronha." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2012. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4858.
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The archipelago of Fernando de Noronha lies 360 km from the continent and is part of the Volcanic Islands of Brazil. Fernando de Noronha is a Marine National Park protected by The Institute Chico Mendes for Biodiversity Conservation and represents a low impacted environment where natural concentrations of metals in soil cand be studied. Thus, the work was carried out to determine the natural concentrations of Ag, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Sb, V and Zn in such soils. Additionally, the guidelines values of metals required by the Brazilian legislation (CONAMA, 2009) were also provided. In general, the natural concentrations of metals in the archipelago soils were higher than observed for continental soils. The concentrations varied according to the parent material, being highest in Cambisols and lowest in Arenosols for the majority of metals analyzed. The Soil Quality Values calculated to Ag, Co, Cu, Mo, V and Zn indicated that Fernando de Noronha soils pose no risks for human health and ecosystem. On the other hand, the concentrations of Ni, Cr, Sb, and Ba are above the Prevention Value and monitoring is mandatory to assess the contamination risks.
O arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha situa-se distante do litoral e integra as Ilhas Vulcânicas Oceânicas do Brasil. Atualmente é um Parque Nacional Marinho protegido pelo Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade-ICMBio, representando um ambiente pouco alterado e, por estar afastado de fontes de contaminação antrópica, pode representar bem os teores naturais de metais em solos de origem vulcânica. Por esta razão, este trabalho objetivou a determinação dos teores naturais de Ag, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Sb, V e Zn, e o estabelecimento de valores de referência de qualidade (VRQ) para nove solos da Ilha de Fernando de Noronha. As amostras de solo foram submetidas à digestão ácida pelo método 3051A, em conformidade com as especificações da legislação vigente no país, e as determinações realizadas por espectrofotometria de emissão por plasma. De modo geral, os teores naturais de metais pesados observados para a ilha foram maiores que teores normalmente observados em áreas continentais. Estes teores variaram em função da ordem de solo e do material de origem, sendo constatados no Neossolos os teores mais baixos e, nos Cambissolos, os mais altos, para a maioria dos metais analisados. Os VRQ calculados para Ag, Co, Cu, Mo, V e Zn indicam que os solos avaliados apresentam teores destes metais que atendem ao critério de valor de qualidade exigido pelo Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA). Para os elementos Ni, Cr, Sb e Ba foram calculados teores que ultrapassam o valor de prevenção adotado pelo CONAMA.
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Li, Juan 1963. "Fractionation and speciation of trace metals in contaminated urban soils from Montreal, Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20266.
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A variety of extractants were used to fractionate the trace metals Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in contaminated urban soils. The metals were mostly held in soil solid phases but not in soluble and exchangeable forms. Except for Mn, extractability of metals by selective chemicals was mainly a function of the contamination level. The speciation of these elements in water, 0.01 M CaCl2, and pH-adjusted water extra was calculated using the chemical equilibrium model MINEQL+. The free ions of Cd, Ni, and Zn were the predominant species in most of the water and 0.01 M CaCl2 extracts while PbCO30 was the main form of Pb. Organically complexed Cu accounted for over of the total dissolved Cu. The solubility of trace metals increased as solution pH was decreased. Metals Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn combined with Cl- at low pH (<5). Organically complexed Cu was shifted to Cu2+ when pH was decreased.Except for Mn, the activities of the other metals in water, 0.01 M CaCl 2 extracts, and pH-adjusted water extracts were undersaturated with respect to established minerals in soils. MnHPO4 seems to be controlling the solubility of Mn in these extracts.
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Murray, Patricia 1964. "Site specific evaluation of urban brownfields contaminated with trace metals." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21612.
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This thesis is part of a broader project that examines three different approaches to evaluating trace metal contamination in urban brownfields: the measure of total soil metals; calculating bioavailable metals; and the use of species as bioindicators of trace metals in soils. Chapter 1 discusses the problems inherent in each approach such as; inconsistent results due to differences in techniques, extrapolation from laboratory to field, and the influence of species differences and environmental conditions. Chapter 2 is a site description measuring biodiversity, community structure and activity of three urban brownfields. The site description was used to select organisms that were subsequently evaluated for their usefulness as bioindicators of trace metals (chapter 3). Of the three plant species used (dandelion, bladder campion, and chicory), dandelion has the possibility of being a suitable bioindicator of Cd, Ni, and Zn, while bladder campion may be suitable for evaluating Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn.
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Reeves, Alastair Ian. "Contaminant tracking through dendro-chemical analysis of tree-radii." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69688.
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The research used dendro-chemical analysis of ash tree rings and current year leaf litter to track Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, and Sn spread and cycling from a closed garbage dump-toxic waste site. This technique allowed for determination of areal extent, contaminant levels and time period of initial contaminant contact. Only Zn, Sn, and Cu were found in elevated quantities in the xylem wood and Pb in the leaf litter. Elemental concentrations of Pb, Sn and Cd in xylem wood and leaves of ash were positively correlated. Tin was the only element to demonstrate a clear initial contact period and elemental accumulation with age. Significant levels of Cu accumulated in the heartwood while Zn revealed significant but inconsistent accumulated patterns. Expected attenuation zones associated with municipal solid waste landfill leachate dispersion were not found; thus the pathway for contaminant dispersion was likely through groundwater flow.An elemental index was developed to facilitate the use of dendro-chemical analysis in periods of suppressed tree growth resulting from environmental pollution.
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COSTA, Welka Preston Leite da. "Metais pesados em solos do Rio Grande do Norte: valores de referência de qualidade e relações geopedológicas." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2013. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5401.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Industrial development and population growth have influenced the heavy metal concentrations in soils as well as impacted the soil quality. In this scenario, environmental protection agencies have been concerned on establishing heavy metal quality reference values (QRV) in order to identify contaminated sites. A first step for QRV establishment is the determination of natural concentrations of metals in soil which represent the metal concentrations with no anthropogenic interference. The work was carried out to determine natural soil concentrations and provide soil reference values for the metals Ag, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, and Zn in soils of the Rio Grande do Norte state according to the Brazilian legislation. The study analyzed 416 soil samples taken from areas with minimal anthropic interference. These samples were digested by USEPA 3051A method and the metals were measured by ICP-OES or flame atomic absorption (FAA). Positive correlations were obtained for metals with pH, CEC, OC, silt and clay contents. Fe and Mg were found in concentrations higher than other Brazil regions and are due to the parent material high in these elements. The results showed that regional geochemical surveys are essential to establish QRV for heavy metals. For example, QRV for the soils of Rio Grande Norte were more restrictive than QRV adopted for other Brazilian states. The confirmation factorial analysis was useful for obtaining QRV more reliable. Such analysis indicated that these values could be obtained from two replicates only.
O crescimento industrial e populacional tem influenciado os teores de metais pesados nos solos e impactado a qualidade deste recurso. A determinação dos teores naturais é o primeiro passo para definição dos valores orientadores de qualidade do solo, os quais são primordiais para a elaboração de uma legislação direcionada ao monitoramento de metais pesados baseados em uma realidade regional. Neste contexto, as agências de proteção ambiental vêm despendendo esforços para o estabelecimento de índices que possam identificar áreas suspeitas de contaminação. Valores de Referência de Qualidade para Solos (VRQs) refletem a concentração natural de uma determinada substância no solo, sem interferência antrópica. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar os teores naturais dos metais Ag, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, V e Zn nos solos do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN) e, a partir destes, estabelecer os VRQs para o Estado. Foram coletadas 416 amostras de solo em áreas de mata nativa, com mínima influência antrópica. Caracterização química e física foi executada, bem como, extração de metais pelo método EPA-3051A. Os metais Ag, Ba, Sb e V foram determinados por espectrometria de emissão ótica e Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn por espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica. Correlações significativas e positivas foram obtidas entre os metais e pH, CTC, CO, silte e argila e negativas com os teores de areia. Os teores naturais dos metais Fe e Mn foram superiores aos determinados em solos de outras regiões do país, o que se deve a composição do material de origem do Estado. Os VRQs do Estado do RN (Ag 0,88; Ba 58,91; Cd 0,10; Co 15,41; Cr 30,94; Cu 13,69; Ni 19,84; Pb 16,18; Sb 0,18; V 28,71 e Zn 23,85 mg kg-1) são menos permissivos apresentando maior rigor para o monitoramento ambiental do que os de outros Estados do Brasil. A análise fatorial de confirmação dos dados mostrou-se eficiente para obtenção de VRQs mais confiáveis.
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Zahaby, Mohamed El. "Contribution à la définition d'une norme des sites pollués : élaboration d'une méthodologie pour l'évaluation de la contamination d'un sol par éléments tracés." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL045N.
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Des études récentes ont montré l'accumulation continue des éléments tracés dans les sols, provoquant des atteintes pour l'environnement et présentant même des dangers pour la santé humaine. De ce fait, apparait aujourd'hui la nécessite d'avoir une nouvelle politique qui peut mettre en place dans un cadre réglementaire et juridique les moyens de protection des milieux naturels. Ce travail de thèse a été effectué dans le but d'établir, au moyen de méthodes statistiques et géostatistiques, un outil de diagnostic et d'évaluation de la qualité du sol et d'apprécier les risques correspondants, afin de contribuer à la détermination de valeurs guides pour les sols français. Dans un premier temps, après avoir rappelé les différents aspects normatifs en Europe et aux USA, ainsi que l'état actuel en France, nous nous attachons à présenter, de façon exhaustive, la répartition des éléments traces dans les différents types de roches et de sols. Vient ensuite une présentation de leur répartition dans les sols au niveau national, dont nous montrons que l'analyse statistique peut permettre d'interpréter au mieux la dynamique et les sources naturelles ou dues à des activités humaines des éléments traces induits dans un sol. Nous mettons notamment l'accent sur la comparaison des teneurs en éléments traces dans les sols français avec les valeurs communément adoptées comme normes ou valeurs guides par les différents pays. Dans un second temps, quatre niveaux de la distribution d'un élément trace dans un sol ont été défini : la concentration de base, le fond géochimique, la contamination et la pollution. Basé sur cette constatation, une méthode a été développée par la suite, avec, pour objectif de différencier le fond géochimique. Un jeu de données de 12 feuilles, 14000 échantillons dans les régions des Vosges et d'Alsace a été fourni par le BRGM afin de mettre au point et de valider les résultats. Enfin, la distribution spatiale des éléments tracés a été modélisée par des méthodes géostatistiques. Une estimation par la méthode de krigeage de probabilité a eu pour objectif la délimitation de la zone de pollution et l'établissement de cartes de risques face à un usage précis du sol.
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Nafeh, Kassir Lina. "Les métaux lourds dans les engrais phosphatés et les sulfates rejetés par les industries des fertilisants : recherche sur leur transfert et leur mobilité dans les sols libanais." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0332/document.
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Afin d'établir l'impact et le risque lié aux fertilisants chimiques depuis leur fabrication jusqu'à leur amendement sur la contamination des sols par les éléments traces métalliques, une étude de leur mobilité et leur transfert s'avère nécessaire. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse était d'évaluer la source de contamination du sol par les éléments traces autour de l'industrie des fertilisants chimiques et suivre l'évolution temporelle de la mobilité et du transfert de ces éléments dans un profil du sol agricole amendé par des engrais phosphatés du type simple superphosphate (SSP) ou du phosphogypse. Pour cela nous avons utilisé des techniques permettant la caractérisation structurale et minéralogique des sols collectés comme la diffraction des rayons X et la microscopie électronique. Puis une caractérisation chimique des sols collectés concernant la concentration totale des éléments traces et des éléments majeurs a été établie. Comme la mobilité n'est pas stable au cours du temps dépendant de plusieurs paramètres physico-chimiques comme le pH, le potentiel redox, la teneur en matière organique, une extraction séquentielle a été adoptée le long de l'étude au cours du temps et dans le profil du sol amendé jusqu'à une profondeur de 55 cm. En outre, l'absorption des éléments traces par les plantes cultivées sur le terrain agricole amendé par les engrais ou le phosphogypse a été analysée au cours du temps afin d'évaluer le risque lié à la chaîne alimentaire et plus particulièrement la chaîne alimentaire humaine induisant des effets négatifs sur la santé. Une comparaison entre l'application du phosphogypse et celle des engrais a été mise en évidence à la finalité de ce travailTo determine the impact and risk of chemical fertilizers, from their manufacture to their amendment, on soil contamination by trace metals, the study of their mobility and transfer would be necessary. The objective of this work was to evaluate the source of soil contamination by trace elements around the industry of chemical fertilizers, and to follow the temporal evolution of mobility and transfer of these elements in the profile of agricultural soil amended by superphosphate (SSP) fertilizers or phosphogypsum. To achieve our objective, we used techniques allowing the determination of structural and mineralogical characterization of collected soil samples, such as X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Chemical characterization related to the total concentration of trace and major elements of collected soils was established. As mobility was unstable over time, depending on several physico-chemical parameters such as pH, redox potential, and organic matter content, a sequential extraction was adopted throughout the study over time in the amended soil profile to a depth of 55 cm. In addition, the absorption of trace elements by agricultural crops cultivated over land amended with fertilizer or phosphogypsum was analyzed over time to assess the risk of their transfer to the food chain, especially the human food chain, imposing health hazards. A comparison between the effects of the application of phosphogypsum and phosphate fertilizer was carried out in concluding this work
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Munzur, Basak. "Chemical Composition Of Atmospheric Particles In The Aegean Region." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609373/index.pdf.
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Daily aerosol samples were collected at the Çandarli which is located on Aegean coast of Turkey. A rural site was selected to monitor atmospheric pollution by long range transport. Sampling was performed in both summer and winter seasons, and in total 151 samples were obtained. Concentrations of elements in the samples were measured in order to identify sources and possible source locations of pollutants. Measured concentrations of trace elements at the Ç
andarli station were compared with those measured at various sites around the world and, also in Turkey. As a result of comparison, level of pollution at the Aegean Region was found to be lower than the Mediterranean Region and Black Sea Region. Air flow climatology at Ç
andarli was investigated in order to determine potential source regions for pollutants. Frequency of air flows from Russia and Western Europe are higher suggesting that emissions from these industrial regions affect the chemical composition of particulate matter. Besides these, it was concluded that contributions from Central and Eastern European countries are significantly high because of frequent air mass transport. Concentrations of elements measured at Ç
andarli station were found to show short and seasonal variations. Such variations in concentrations are explained by variations in the source strengths and transport patterns. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to determine sources of elements and contribution of sources to each element. This analysis revealed 5 sources, two local anthropogenic emissions factor, one soil factor, one sea salt factor and one long range transport factor. Distribution of Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) values showed that main sources of SO42- are observed in Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Ukraine and central part of Aegean region.
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Raveau, Robin. "Contribution au développement d’une filière éco-innovante de phytomanagement de sols pollués par les éléments traces : culture de plantes aromatiques et production d’huiles essentielles The Aromatic Plant Clary Sage Shaped Bacterial Communities in the Roots and in the Trace Element-Contaminated Soil More Than Mycorrhizal Inoculation – A Two-Year Monitoring Field Trial." Thesis, Littoral, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020DUNK0580.
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Le phytomanagement compte parmi les méthodes innovantes de gestion des sites et sols pollués en raison de son adéquation avec le développement durable. Pour répondre à la double exigence de performances environnementales et économiques, les phytotechnologies sont désormais combinées à la valorisation de la biomasse produite sur sols pollués. Parmi les filières éco-innovantes et non-alimentaires de valorisation de cette biomasse, la culture de plantes à parfums, aromatiques et médicinales (PPAM) pour la production d’huiles essentielles (HE), substances biosourcées à haute valeur ajoutée, a été proposée dans le cadre du projet PhytEO, financé par l’ADEME. Ainsi, ma contribution à ce projet a permis d‘évaluer la pertinence d’un mode de gestion reposant sur la culture de la sauge sclarée et de la coriandre, en présence ou non d’un amendement mycorhizien, en s’appuyant sur des démonstrateurs in situ à l’échelle de l’hectare, parcelles historiquement polluées ou non par les éléments traces (ET). La coriandre ainsi que la sauge sclarée ont toutes deux montré une bonne capacité à s’installer, à se développer et à produire une quantité importante de biomasse sur des sols présentant une forte pollution historique par les ET. Bien que l’ajout d’un amendement biologique à base de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules ait permis d’augmenter de façon significative les taux de mycorhization des racines de coriandre et de sauge sclarée, aucun gain n’a été observé ni au niveau de la croissance de ces deux PPAM, ni au niveau de la quantité et de la qualité des HE. Un effet positif en termes d’immobilisation des ET dans le sol, en particulier du Pb, et une réduction des transferts des ET (Cd et Pb) dans les parties aériennes a toutefois été montré chez la sauge sclarée. D’autre part, les HE distillées à partir de la biomasse de sauge sclarée (inflorescences) ou de coriandre (parties aériennes ou graines) cultivées sur sols pollués présentent une qualité très satisfaisante, caractérisée par leur non contamination en ET ou en résidus de pesticides (traces). Leurs compositions chimiques, non altérées par la pollution en ET et l’inoculation mycorhizienne, affichent divers principes actifs dont le linalol, l’acétate de linalyle, le germacrène, l’α-pinène, le γ-terpinène, le 2-décénal, le décanal et le 2-dodécénal. Ainsi, plusieurs propriétés biologiques potentiellement valorisables dans des domaines à vocation non-alimentaire, tels que la protection des cultures (effets fongistatiques, anti-germinatifs et herbicides) ou la santé humaine (effets anti-inflammatoires et antioxydants) ont été mises en évidence. En revanche, en dépit de son fort pouvoir complexant des HE, la β-cyclodextrine n’a montré aucun effet positif sur les propriétés biologiques testées. Par ailleurs, la végétalisation du sol pollué par la sauge sclarée permet une modulation de la structure des communautés bactériennes et fongiques, telluriques et racinaires. Enfin, l’ensemble des résultats de cette étude et de l’analyse technico-économique de la filière PPAM-HE soulignent le haut potentiel de la sauge sclarée dans une démarche de phytomanagement de sols pollués par les ETTo cope with the soil trace element (TE) pollution, phytomanagement was brought forward as an eco-friendly and feasible approach. To meet the dual requirements of environmental and economic performances, phytotechnologies are now combined with the valorisarion of biomass produced on polluted soils. Among the eco-innovative channels intended for the non-food valorisation of the produced biomass, the cultivation of aromatic and medicinal plants producing essential oils (EO), high-added value biosourced products, has been suggested within the framework of PhytEO project, funded by ADEME. Thus, this thesis contributed to evaluate the relevance of a management approach based on clary sage and coriander cultivation, combined or not with a mycorrhizal inoculum, on in situ experimental plots polluted or not with TE. Both clary sage and coriander have shown a good ability to settle in, to grow and to produce high amounts of biomass, despite the presence of high TE concentrations in the soil. The addition of an amendment based on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhanced the mycorrhizal colonisation rates of both coriander and clary sage roots. However, no significant improvement was observed in terms of plants’ growth, EO amounts and quality. Moreover, mycorrhizal inoculation allowed TE immobilisation in soils, in particular Pb, and reduced TE (Cd and Pb) transfers in aerial parts of clary sage. Besides, the EO distilled from clary sage inflorescences and coriander (aerial parts orseeds) grown on TE polluted soils, displayed a highly satisfactory quality, regarding the absence of contamination by TE or pesticide residues (trace amounts). Their chemical compositions were not altered by both TE pollution and mycorrhizal inoculation and were characterized by several active principles, such as linalool, linalyl acetate, germacrene, α-pinene, γ-terpinene, 2-decenal, decanal and 2-dodecenal. Furthermore, several biological properties with potential applications in non-food fields such as crop protection (antifungal, antigerminative and herbicidal) or human healthcare (antioxidant and anti-inflammatory) have been brought forward. However, despite its ability to form inclusion complexes with EO components, β-cyclodextrin has shown no significant improvement of the tested EO biological activities. On another note, the soil revegetation with clary sage displayed a clear shaping of the bacterial and fungal communities, in both the rhizospheric soil and the roots of the aromatic plant species. Altogether, our results combined with the techno-economic feasibility assessment of the channel “aromatic and medicinal plants/EO” have emphasised clary sage as a good candidate for the phytomanagement of TE-polluted soils
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Poon, Tim-leung. "Trace organic pollution in the indoor environment /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498605.
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Dick, A. L. "Trace elements in Antarctic snow and air." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376538.
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Reed, Graham Philip. "Control of trace elements and gasification." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313361.
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Wong, Wang-wah. "Trace organics pollution in the aquatic environment /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498356.
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Marchand, Charlotte. "Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and trace elements." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-60839.
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The rapid urbanization and industrialization has led to an increase of disposal petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) and trace elements (TE) into the environment. These pollutants are considered as the most toxic contaminants in the world due to their persistence in the environment, and the long range of toxicological effects for living beings. Recent concerns regarding the environmental contamination have initiated the development of several remediation technologies, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches. In this thesis, gentle soil remediation options (GRO) were investigated at different scales for the reclamation of PHC and TE co-contaminated soil. In the first part of this thesis, laboratory experiments were performed to characterize PHC and TE contaminated soil as well as the indigenous microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) present inside these contaminated soil. It was found that the studied aged contaminated soil had a negative effect on earthworm’s development and L. sativum biomass. Moreover, a high respiration of microorganisms attributed to the transformation/ mineralization of organic matter or/and organic pollutants was observed. This presence of viable microorganisms suggested an adaptation of microorganisms to the contaminant. Further results showed that the long-term exposure of soil microorganisms to high PHC concentration and the type of isolation culture media did not influence the ability of isolates to effectively degrade PHC. However, phylogenic affiliation had a strong on PHC biodegradation. In the second part of this thesis, preliminary studies in greenhouse were assessed to investigate the ability of M. sativa assisted by compost in the greenhouse aided-phytoremediation of PHC and TE. It was found that compost incorporation into the soil promoted PHC degradation, M. sativa growth and survival, and phytoextraction of TE. Residual risk assessment after the phytoremediation trial also showed a positive effect of compost amendment on plant growth and earthworm development. Pilot scale ecopile experiment carried out in the third part of this thesis allow a reduction of up to 80% of PHC and 20% of metals after 17 months. This research demonstrated that M. sativa and H. annus were suitable for phytodegradation of PHC and phytoextraction of TE. Results from this thesis are helpful for further full-scale phytoremediation studies.
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Shahtaheri, Seyyed Jamaleddin. "Trace pesticide analysis using immuno-based solid-phase extraction." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336497.
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Di, Bonito Marcello. "Trace elements in soil pore water : a comparison of sampling methods." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10123/.
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This thesis examined a range of methods for sampling soil pore water to investigate the chemistry of trace elements. In particular, the study assessed whether Rhizon samplers, centrifugation, high pressure squeezing and soil suspensions in simulated pore water can be viable approaches for obtaining representative samples of equilibrated soil pore water. Results for metal solubility and speciation were interpreted in terms of both soil morphological effects on trace metal dynamics and artefacts introduced at various stages during sample preparation and handling. The main soil used in the study was an organic-rich sandy silt from a site which has served as a sewage re-processing facility for almost a century. This soil was chosen because of its importance as a long-term repository for metal-enriched sludge applied to arable land, providing a suitable medium on which to study trace metal behaviour. Pore waters were extracted and analysed for major and trace cations and anions, pH, Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) at two different temperatures (5 degrees Celsius and 15 degrees Celsius), in order to evaluate the extent of bacterial activity, organic decomposition and their consequences on solute composition, during pore water extractions. Speciation was estimated from analysis of pore water chemistry using two software packages (PHREEQCi and WHAM-VI). Pore waters showed different ranges of concentration between the various methods. Different mechanisms and/or chemical reactions were involved during the different extractions; a range of processes was identified, mainly dominated by metal complexation by humus acids and redox reactions. Results revealed that the soil studied was able to partially buffer the free ion activities of the metal ions in pore water with increasing dilutions, but demonstrated virtually no ability to buffer DOC. Identification of the source (i.e. location of pore space) of water extracted was also investigated using water with different isotopic composition (18O/16O). Evidence showed that centrifugation was not able to differentiate between more and less mobile water at FC conditions, rather enhancing the mixing between the two pools of water (native and labelled) by and apparent process of 'infusion'. By contrast, Rhizon samplers appeared to sample water preferentially from the more accessible pool (extra-aggregate), which proved to have a composition showing incomplete mixing with the native water. The results also suggested that mixing of the two pools was rather fast and that was almost completely attained prior to pore water extraction. The study established that the most important factors affecting pore water chemistry during extraction are the conditions to which the samples are exposed during the extraction process. For these reasons Rhizon samplers should be used as a disposable device, and are only applicable for use in high soil moisture soil contents. In contrast, they present no 'side-effects' (providing enough equilibration time) if M2+ (free ion activity) were needed as opposed to Msol (total metal concentration in pore water), as often required in environmental studies. Centrifugation is optimal for bulk solution studies, or when homogenisation represents a key experimental point; targeted studies are also possible. Soil squeezing is subject to severe limitations in the case of prolonged extractions of biologically active soils, due to the effects of anaerobism. Squeezing should only be used for 'fast' extractions of soils. Finally, batch extractions are well suited to studies on M2+ equilibria, but more studies are needed to clarify the effect of soil: solution ratio on metal and DOC solubility.
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Poon, Tim-leung, and 潘添良. "Trace organic pollution in the indoor environment." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252722.
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Aldhaheri, Salem M. "Analysis of trace elements in soils and their uptakes by plants." Thesis, University of Salford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280780.
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Ure, Allan M. "Trace elements in the environment : their determination, occurrence, role and speciation." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288327.
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Santamaria-Fernandez, Rebeca. "New strategies to determine the distribution of trace elements in soils and sediments." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2084.
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Sequential chemical extraction to fractionate metals in soils and sediments into different groups reflecting their "leachability" has been widely employed to determine distribution of metals in different physico-chemical phases. A large number of sequential extraction schemes have been reported, most of them modifications of Tessier's extraction protocol. Although this method has been widely accepted, it is important to highlight that sequential extraction procedures are often tedious and time consuming and that they also suffer from a number of limitations, such as the problem of achieving selective dissolution and the re-adsorption of trace metals during extraction. The objective of this study was to develop, optimise, characterise and apply a novel sequential extraction procedure for the evaluation of trace metal distribution in soils and sediments in order to speed up the process, but more importantly to provide robust data for further aid the chemical characterisation of such samples. The method developed used centrifugation to pass the extractant solution (HNO3) at increasing concentrations, through the soil/sediment sample. The sequential leachates were collected and analysed by ICP-AES for a suite of 18 analytes. The method then utilised chemometrics in order to facilitate processing of the data. Optimisation of the new extraction protocol was performed using an experimental design approach. This was important since the method employed multi-elemental analysis to predict the composition of the physico-chemical phases in a range of soils and sediments. The approach used for data processing was again novel and was based on a simple product of matrices. However many statistical and chemometric approaches are used throughout this thesis to aid both the design of the method and the interpretation of the data obtained. Once optimised, the methodology was evaluated using a range of reference materials and tentative assignments were made in order to characterise the different physico-chemical phases in the soils by comparison with previously obtained data following Tessier's protocol. Significant correlation was obtained for the exchangeable fraction, the fraction associated with carbonates and the iron and manganese oxides fraction. Hence the method proved to be effective in providing Important information in terms of metal distribution in agreement with established procedures. The method was then applied to the study of the effect of humic acids (HA) on trace metal distribution in two different samples. Both samples were spiked with increasing amounts of humic acids and the sequential extraction procedure was used to monitor the changes in metal distribution. Differences when HA were added were found for most of the physico-chemical components in both samples. This provided practical data to support the theoretical assumption that HA interact with the metals present in the soil samples changing their distribution. Using the new method, an evaluation of the trace metal distribution within the Arosa estuary (N.W. Spain) with respect to trace metal contamination was performed. Finally, an on-line automated multisequential extraction system was built "in-house", and coupled with the ICP-AES instrument to allow the fast characterisation of soils and sediment samples. The new system proved to be faster than the batch method and minimised the chance of sample mislabelling, sample contamination etc. Good agreement between results obtained from the on-line method, the batch method, and results using the Tessier scheme was obtained. The automated method clearly offers great potential for a range of environmental pollution studies aiding the quick identication of the physico-chemical components in geochemical samples.
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Wong, Wang-wah, and 黃宏華. "Trace organics pollution in the aquatic environment." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252758.
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McIlwaine, Rebekka. "Sources and concentrations of potentially toxic elements in soils from Northern Ireland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707843.
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Cutajar, Josephine-Anne. "Characterisation of aerosols using carbon and lead stable isotopes and trace elements." Thesis, Open University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339859.
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Herselman, J. E. "The concentration of selected trace metals in South African soils /." Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1390.
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Wan, Yahaya Wan Asrina. "Anaerobic mobilization of arsenic and other trace elements in soil amendes with biosolids." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546534.
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Teets, Paul D. "Analysis of macro-, micro-, and trace elements of soil samples from Sanborn field /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1418071.
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Benneyworth, Laura Mahoney. "Distribution of Trace Elements in Cumberland River Basin Reservoir Sediments." TopSCHOLAR®, 2011. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1113.
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The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Nashville District, maintains ten reservoirs in the Cumberland River Basin in Kentucky and Tennessee, and has been monitoring sediment chemistry in the reservoirs since 1994. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sediment data collected from the reservoirs from 1994 to 2010 to determine if there are any spatial patterns of the trace elements: arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc. The results indicated that trace element levels were consistent with national baseline concentrations measured by the U.S. Geological Survey. Center Hill reservoir had the greatest number of trace element concentrations (all except cadmium) that were significantly higher when compared to all other reservoirs. The degree of urbanization in the reservoir basins was based on population density from the 2000 Census and the percentage of developed land using the 2006 national land cover dataset. Aquatic toxicity values were used as a measure of sediment quality. The reservoirs with the worst aquatic toxicity rankings were not the most urban, instead they were the reservoirs with the longest retention times. Therefore, it may be concluded that retention time has a larger effect on Cumberland River Basin sediment concentrations than the type of land use or the degree of urbanization. The results also indicate that it may be prudent to include an evaluation of quality based on aquatic toxicity when monitoring sediment quality, and that when reservoirs are the subject of sediment quality assessments, the consideration of the physical properties of the reservoir, especially the retention time, is essential for a comprehensive evaluation. This may also imply that sediment quality in reservoirs may effectively be regulated by water resource management techniques at the reservoirs that affect retention time.
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Hayes, Warwick Jay. "Chemical relationships in waters and sediments of some urban streams, with particular reference to heavy metals and phosphorus." University of Technology, Sydney. Department of Environmental Biology and Horticulture, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/361.
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This thesis describes two studies of the chemistry of freshwater streams in the Sydney basin. The first was a survey of 86 waterways, sampled under low conditions. Samples were generally low in salinity, soft, of poor buffering capacity and dominated by sodium and chloride. C0-dominance by calcium, magnesium and (bi)carbonate occured in a number of particular cases. Multivariate analyses indicated three groups, separated primarily by levels of dissolved nutrients, trace metals, turbidity and colour. Groupings were associated strongly with the type of catchment. Streams in areas relatively unaffected by human influence had notable uniformity in chemistry, while those from developed catchments were varied. Heavy metal contamination was relatavely low, although a few of the samples displayed inordinately large levels of one or more metals. In such cases the more extreme measurements of phosphorus and nitrogen were also seen. The findings were consistant with occasional or localised elevation of contaminant levels. The second study invloved monitoring of three Hawkesbury Sandstone streams. Sampling of surface waters, interstial waters and sediments was performing at irregular intervals over a two year period at three stations within each site. The streams predominantly existed under low conditions and showed similar major ion chemistries to the majority of the survey samples. Levels of calcium and total carbonate, plus heavy metals and nutrients were generally higher in the urbanised creeks, comapred to the reference strema. During a heavy storm, high levels of nutrients, suspended solids and colour were detected in all surface waters at peak-flow, as well as alkaline pH, oxidising redox, and reduced conductivity, alkalinity and hardness. The sandy sediments were characterised by very low levels of organic matter and cation exchange capacity. Sequential extractions identified that the sums of secondary phase lead, zinc and copper were over nine, four and two times that of the corresponding residual, respectively. Greatest proportions of zinc and lead were associated with coatings of iron and maganese oxides, or coarse waste particles. Copper was preferentially associated with organic matter. Concentration gradients between interstitial and surface waters were rare and release of sedimentary constituents should occur from the upper-most particulates. Poor water and sediment qualities were often observed in the urban sites. Poor water quality was also seen on occassion in the reference stream. However, since poor sediment quality was not detected at those times and interstitial waters for all sites displayed high within-site variability, surface waters were considered the most reliable short-term indicator of condition for Hawkesbury Sandstone streams. Multidimensional scaling showed that all streams had distinct water and sediment chemistries. High levels of temporal and spatial variability were apparant within the urbanised sites - particularly in interstitial waters - mostly due to concentrations of heavy metals, phosphorus and suspended solids. Seasonal differences were detected, but only in terms of the level of variability between summer and winter samples.
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Langston, Joy. "An examination of selected trace elements in modern and ancient samples of Triticum spelta." Thesis, Durham University, 1994. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5509/.
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Analyses were made of concentrations of six elements (the micronutrients copper, iron, manganese and zinc, and the macronutrients calcium and magnesium) in samples of Triticum spetta and the soil they were grown on to investigate relationships between the two, and the possibility of sourcing material found in the archaeological record. Charred and fresh grains of geographically and geologically diverse locations were broken down in nitric acid using a microwave digestion technique. The resultant solutions were analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Soil extractions using nitric acid and diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid allowed analyses of total and available elements. The results of soil / grain digests were investigated but no consistently significant relationships could be discerned. Growth experiments were performed by growing grain samples from various locations on one soil type to assess which factors were primarily important in elemental uptake. Calcium and magnesium uptake appears strongly influenced by the growing environment, but that of the micronutrients is additionally affected by genetic factors. In order to assess changes in elemental concentration due to burial, diagenetic experiments were carried out using grain from various locations and a series of differing burial periods. It was found that there was a trend for concentrations of the micronutrients and magnesium to decrease, whilst calcium concentrations increased substantially. On completion of work with modem grain, samples from the archaeological record were analysed. Elemental concentrations were found to be very different in ancient material and more significantly related to the burial environment. It appears possible to differentiate between leached, rural and waterlogged/urban sites.
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Khandoker, Rafiqul Alam. "Distribution of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Soils of Southwest Oregon." PDXScholar, 1997. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4691.
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Soil samples from 118 sites on 71 geologic units in southwest Oregon were collected and analyzed to determine the background concentrations of metals in soils of the region. Sites were chosen in areas that were relatively undisturbed by human activities. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved total-recoverable method was used to recover metals from samples for analysis. The twenty six metals analyzed were: Ag, AI, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V and Zn.
The Klamath Mountains followed by the Coast Range contain the highest soil concentrations of AI, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, V and Zn. Soils of the Coastal Plain and High Lava Plains contain the lowest concentrations of these metals. Unusually high soil As concentrations are found at two sites in the Klamath Mountains. All Be and Cd values above laboratory's reporting limits are also from the Klamath Mountains and Coast Range. Concentrations of soil Ba and La are fairly uniform throughout the region. Soil Pb levels are generally low with a few exceptions in the Klamath Mountains, Coast and Cascade Ranges. The region west of the Cascade Range has higher soil Hg contents than in the east.
Soil metal concentrations are generally much higher in the region west of the Cascade Range, excluding the Coastal Plain, than in the east with the exception ofNa, because of more ultramafic rocks and a wetter climate. Soil metal concentrations are directly related to soil development with the highest concentrations being found in well developed Alfisols and Ultisols and the lowest concentrations in poorly developed Entisols. Most metals have similar averages and ranges of concentration compared to the rest of the United States (U.S.). Metals with high values compared to the rest of the U.S. are Cr, Co, Cu, Mn and Ni.
In general, AI, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, La, Li, Mg, Na, Ni, and V are concentrated in the B horizon while Ba, Ca, Hg, K, Mn, Pb and Zn are concentrated in the A horizon.
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Herselman, Jacoba Elizabeth. "The concentration of selected trace metals in South African soils." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1390.
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Thesis (PhD (Soil Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.Trace elements occur naturally in soils, usually at low concentrations (<0.1% or <1000 mg kg-1 of the earth’s crust), as a result of weathering and pedogenic processes acting on the rock fragments from which soil develops (parent material). Since about 98% of human food is produced on land, soil is the primary source supplying these elements to the food chain. Although cases of trace element deficiency and toxicity have been documented in many parts of South Africa, no comprehensive description of trace element concentration has yet been attempted for South Africa as a whole. The Natural Resources Land Type mapping project, initiated in the mid-1970s, has provided a collection of samples (approximately 4500) from soil profiles selected to represent the main soil forms in each land type and therefore to provide representative coverage of most of the soils of South Africa. These archived samples have now been analysed for a spectrum of trace elements, in terms of both available and total concentrations as well as other soil properties. Although detailed information is available on a wide range of trace metals, the seven trace metals considered to be of most interest in a South African context due to natural geological occurrences were selected for this study, including Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn. This data was used to: • determine baseline concentrations in SA soils; • determining threshold values for South African agricultural soils receiving sewage sludge at agronomic rates; • determining the influence of certain soil properties on the baseline concentrations of these trace elements in SA soils; and • development of a bioavailable trace element distribution map for SA. The range, the mean and standard deviation (both arithmetic and geometric), and the median were used to summarize the data statistically. The baseline concentration range was calculated using the quotient and product of the geometric mean and the square of the geometric standard deviation, including data below the instrument detection limit. The upper limit of the baseline concentration range was set at the 0.975 percentile value of the population in order to minimize the influence of contamination and the lower limit at the 0.025 percentile value to minimize problems that might be associated with analytical uncertainty near the lower limit of detection. The quantile regression statistical approach was followed to illustrate the relationship between soil properties and trace element concentrations in soils. The soil properties that showed the strongest relation were CEC, clay content, pH (H2O) and S value (base status). The soils were then divided into different classes according to these soil properties and baseline concentrations were derived for the different classes. Soils with low clay contents have lower trace element concentrations than soils with higher clay contents, soils with low or high pH levels have lower trace element contents than soils with intermediate pH values and mesotrophic soils have higher trace element concentrations than dystrophic soils. This information is useful for the compilation of trace element distribution maps for South Africa where different soil forms and series/families could be classified into different classes to determine areas of potential deficiencies as well as toxicities. South Africa, with its diverse geology, has areas of both trace element toxicities and deficiencies and for decision-making purposes it is necessary to identify these areas. Mapping of trace element levels based on soil samples would provide valuable information, which cannot be obtained from geological or geographical maps. Statistical analyses of the data (clay %, base status, pH (H2O) and NH4EDTA extractable trace element concentrations) indicated that soils could be divided into five trace element classes based on their clay content, pH and base status (dystrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic). The soil series according to the binomial soil classification system for South Africa were then divided into these different classes. The geometric means for each clay class were determined and the baseline concentration range for each class was calculated. The land type maps were used as basis for the distribution maps. A general trace element distribution map for South Africa was derived from this data as well as Cu and Zn distribution maps. A random selection of 500 soil samples across the country was used to verify the accuracy of the distribution map. The general trace element distribution map indicate, with a confidence level between 89 and 96%, where the potentially available trace element content of South African soils are low (deficient) too moderately high, excluding rocky areas and areas with limited soil. The Cu and Zn maps indicate the distribution and expected baseline concentrations of these specific elements in South African soils. The same methodology could be applied to derive risk maps for all the individual trace elements to indicate the distribution and expected baseline concentrations of the elements in South Africa. This presentation of baseline concentrations, reflecting likely natural ranges in South African soils, is the first quantitative report on the spatial extent and intensity of Zn, Cu and Co deficiency in South African soils. The proposal of new threshold values for trace elements in agricultural soils will be valuable in setting more realistic norms for environmental contamination that accommodate the geochemical peculiarities of the region, one example being rather high Cr and Ni concentrations with low bio-availability. This information should be of value not only in environmental pollution studies but also in health, agriculture, forestry and wildlife management. The following recommendations are made: • The baseline concentrations could be used to determine site specific threshold values based on soil properties and soil type. Soils with lower pH, clay content and CEC would require more protection than soils with high pH, clay content and CEC and therefore the threshold levels for these soils should be lower. • Although the distribution maps can be used to indicate broad areas of trace element deficiencies and toxicities, more detailed investigations are recommended for areas where problems are experienced. The same methodology could be applied on smaller scale to increase the value of the map and to add more value on a regional scale. The maps could be used for regional soil quality assessment especially in areas where trace element deficiencies or toxicities could result in negative effects on plants and animals.
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Poirel, Jessica. "Réponses adaptatives des communautés bactériennes telluriques aux métaux et métalloïdes : liens avec la disponibilité des polluants métalliques dans les sols." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0164.
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La mesure des effets des éléments en traces métalliques (ETM) sur les microorganismes, acteurs majeurs du fonctionnement des sols, constitue une approche complémentaire des analyses physico-chimiques dans l'évaluation de leur impact éco-toxicologique. La démarche scientifique présentée ici visait à déterminer dans quelle mesure la diversité, l'abondance et l'expression de gènes bactériens de résistance aux métaux et métalloïdes pourraient constituer des biomarqueurs pertinents des concentrations biodisponibles en ETM dans les sols contaminés et de leur impact sur les communautés bactériennes. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes focalisés sur les gènes de résistance arsB/ACR3(1) codant les pompes d'efflux de l'arsénite, largement répandues chez les procaryotes, et aioA codant une arsénite-oxydase. Une technique de PCR en temps réel, utilisant des amorces dégénérées conçues au cours de travaux de thèse précédents (Achour et al., 2007 ; Quéméneur et al., 2008), a été développée pour quantifier ces gènes cibles et leurs transcrits dans des systèmes d'étude de plus en plus complexes, de la culture liquide aux microcosmes de sols. Cette recherche d'interprétations physiologiques et écologiques des réponses bactériennes à une exposition à l'arsenic a été intégrée dans le projet ANR Multipolsite (ANR CES 2008). Il a dès lors été possible d'étudier, dans un contexte d'atténuation naturelle et de phytoremédiation, l'abondance des gènes arsB, ACR3(1) et aioA in situ et sur le long terme en fonction de différents traitements telles que la présence de végétation et la désorption-thermique de ce sol multi-contaminé aux HAP et aux ETM. Ces travaux ont également abouti à la conception d'amorces dégénérées ciblant les gènes de résistance aux cadmium, zinc et plomb, gènes codant les ATPases de type PIB étant des pompes d'efflux spécifiques de ces ETMArsenic is a widespread toxic metalloid which is a major issue of public health. Its presence in the environment is naturally due to the geochemical background, i.e. the weathering of parent material and volcanic eruptions, but the main contamination sources are anthropogenic activities such as mining and metalworking industry. We describe a real-time PCR assay for the quantitative detection of arsB and ACR3(1) arsenite transporter gene families, two ubiquitous and key determinants of arsenic resistance in prokaryotes. The aioA gene encoding the large subunit of arsenite-oxidase was monitored in parallel. This study aimed to determine whether diversity, abundance and expression of these arsenite efflux pumps could serve as suitable biomarkers of metalloid stress and provide means to assess the impact of contamination on soil bacterial communities. The assay was applied in batch growth experiments using a wasteland soil bacterial community as an inoculum to investigate the effect of increasing arsenic concentrations on genes and transcripts abundances. To confirm previous results, further studies on the abundance and expression of arsB and ACR3(1) in indigenous soil bacterial communities exposed to different levels of arsenic over various time periods have helped to gain a better understanding of how these genes contribute to the adaptation of the communities to arsenic stress and their role in shaping the community structure and diversity. On the other hand, metal transporting PIB-type ATPases are critical components of bacterial resistance to cadmium, zinc and lead. We therefore designed degenerate PCR primers targeting PIB-type ATPases and tested their specificity on reference strains, metal-resistant soil isolates and soil metagenomic DNA
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Linde, Mats. "Trace metals in urban soils : Stockholm as a case study /." Uppsala : Dept. of Soil Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/2005111.pdf.
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Negim, Osama. "New Technique for Soil Reclamation and Conservation: In Situ Stabilization of Trace Elements in Contaminated Soils." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00408020.
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L'accumulation de métaux toxiques dans le sol est principalement héritée de matériaux parents ou d'éléments résultant de l'activité humaine. Par conséquent, de nouvelles techniques sont en cours d'élaboration pour remédier à ces contaminations dans les sols pollués, telles que la phytoremédiation et la stabilisation in situ. La stabilisation in situ est une technique commune de réduction des effets négatifs des métaux et métalloïdes, tels que As, Cr, Cu, Cd et Zn dans les sols contaminés par l'ajout d'amendements. L'application de matières alcalines telles que les laitiers d'aciéries et un laitier modifié enrichie en phosphates dans le sol constitue un outil prometteur pour la réduction de la mobilité et la biodisponibilité des éléments traces dans les sols contaminés ainsi que pour l'assainissement du sol et l'amélioration de ses propriétés physique, chimique et minéralogique, ainsi que la production végétale.
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Negim, Osama Le Coustumer Philippe Mench Michel. "New technique for soil reclamation and conservation in situ stabilisation of trace elements in contaminated soils /." S. l. : S. n, 2009. http://ori-oai.u-bordeaux1.fr/pdf/2009/NEGIM_OSAMA_2009.pdf.
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Kawatsura, Asako. "ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BACKGROUND CONCENTRATION IN ARABLE SOILS, WOOD COUNTY, OHIO." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1292989076.
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Bradshaw, Gerard Francis. "The distribution, sea water solubility and solid state speciation of some trace elements from the North Sea atmosphere." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333683.
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Wijeyaratne, Dimuthu Nilmini. "Multi-Element Fingerprinting of River Sediments to Identify Diffuse Pollution Sources." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28842.
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This study was carried out in the Souris and Turtle Rivers in North Dakota. The aim of this study was to develop multi-element fingerprints of the Souris River and Turtle River sediments and to evaluate the suitability of these fingerprints to assess the geographic origin of potential pollutants of the two rivers. Preliminary analysis of Souris River sediment samples confirmed that the multi-element fingerprinting can be used to assess the sediment and contaminant loading patterns. Laboratory experiments were performed to assess the validity of linear mixing assumption in multi-element fingerprinting studies. The results of these experiments verified the assumptions and showed that there is a statistically significant spatial and temporal variation in the element concentrations depending on their mobility and re-deposition. Field studies were conducted in the Souris River and Turtle River to assess the variation of element concentrations in the top riverbed samples along the main rivers and their tributaries. The sediment contribution from the tributaries and the phosphorus concentrations in the main channel were used to calculate the phosphorus contributions from the tributary sediments to the Souris River. The differences in phosphorus contributions from tributaries were related to land use, underlying geology, and the size of the watersheds of the tributaries in the Souris River watershed. Similar analysis was used in the Turtle River to calculate Arsenic, Cadmium and Selenium contribution from the tributaries to the Turtle River. The differences in the contribution of these elements were related to the underlying geology and the size of the watersheds. This study provides a detailed analysis of element concentrations and relative sediments and element loading rates from the tributaries to the main rivers along the Souris and Turtle Rivers in North Dakota. The multi-element fingerprinting technique can be successfully used as a tool to identify the relative contribution of sediments and assessing and tracing pollution sources in rivers. Multi-element fingerprinting provides a relatively low cost, rapid tool for sediment tracking, without the need for addition of exotic chemicals such radio-tracers or dyes to natural ecosystems.North Dakota State University. College of Science and Mathematics
North Dakota State University. Department of Biological Sciences. Environmental Conservation Sciences Program
North Dakota Department of Health
ND INBRE
North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute
North Dakota State Water Commission
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Svitana, Kevin D. "Using trace elements as an indicator of materials eroded from surface soils." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1133194308.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 219 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-114). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Lachas, Herve Jean Marie Yves Robert. "Trace element partitioning and emission control during coal gasification." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7143.
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Russell, Keith J. "Soil ingestion by sheep in England and Wales and its contribution to the dietary intake of trace elements." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47235.
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