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1
Jones, Edward. "Proximal sensing in soil profiles." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18722.
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Objective and quantitative soil information is crucial for pedological investigations and to inform diverse decision making processes. New techniques are required so that soil information can be ascertained in a timely manner to support sampling at finer spatial and temporal resolutions. Currently, no single technique can provide information on all of the properties of interest. This research investigated the conjoint use of visible near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (VisNIR) and portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (pXRF) for the in situ investigation of soil properties, profile variability and description. Fifteen soil pits across New South Wales, Australia, were selected for their diverse representation of soil properties. Sampling at these sites involved scanning three vertical with sensor readings taken at 2.5 cm intervals to a depth of 1 m within each transect. Soils were described by traditional pit description techniques and horizon based sampling was conducted to characterise the soil in terms of mineral composition, OC, TC, TN, CEC, EC, pH and PSA. A data fusion approach involving model averaging, and a mass balance was implemented to characterise the mineral composition of soils, including phyllosilicates sesquioxides, carbonate, gypsum, quartz and feldspars. Results were validated against X-ray diffraction analysis. To explore the predictive capability of scans taken in situ, existing spectral libraries were used to calibrate VisNIR and pXRF models and identify the best use of proximal sensor data to maximise soil information gain. As not all properties of interest have detectable spectral activity by either VisNIR or pXRF, a spectral soil inference system (SPEC-SINFERS) to augment the number of predicted properties. This system involved the propagation of sensor and model uncertainties through one hundred independent simulations for each calculation, and allowed the integration of both regression models and machine learning techniques.
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Eaton, Frank Edward. "Generation of predetermined soil profiles in a soil bin." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290268.
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The soil preparation in soil bins must be capable of generating a number of soil density profiles varying from uniform to heavily compacted layers lying below more friable soil. A subsurface rotating rod firmed the soil beneath the rod and repeated passes produced desired profiles. Retrofitting the existing instrumentation with virtual instrumentation methods resulted in measurements that were more precise and improved repeatability. A Wheatstone bridge force transducer measured Cone Index pressure as a function of soil penetration depth. Soil surface elevation and implement depths were located with ratiometric linear transducers. Speed and distance were measured with an optical encoder. Prime mover hydraulic oil temperatures and pressures were gauged with current loop sensors. Three Null Hypotheses were tested: a horizontal subsurface rotating rod will not cause an increase in soil cone index; repeated operation of the horizontal rotating rod will not result in increased soil cone indexes; and soil water content is not relevant to the resultant compaction level. The first two Null Hypotheses were rejected at the 5% level in the overall case although not in each case while the third Null Hypotheses was rejected at the 5% level in all cases.
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Wickremesinghe, Damika Sampath. "Statistical characterization of soil profiles using in situ tests." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29319.
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Several statistical procedures that would enhance the site characterization capabilities of insitu test data with special emphasis on the cone penetrometer test have been proposed and presented.
Two methods to identify different soil layers from a profile have been described. One of these procedures is based on the effects of the individual parameters, namely, cone bearing, sleeve friction and pore pressure, while the other method employs a multivariate scheme of analysis, which has the capability of handling all three or any two parameters, simultaneously. The advantages of these statistical methods over the conventional methods of soil layer identification, have also been highlighted. Critical levels of the values of the Intraclass Correlation coefficient and the D statistic have been proposed for the identification of layer boundaries as primary or secondary for both sand and clay type soils.
Methods of trend analysis have been proposed while the complications arising from the presence of correlations have been discussed. The role played by methods of statistical filtering and smoothing, in the identification of trends, have also been illustrated. Statistical procedures have been proposed, for the purpose of verification of non-stationarity or stationarity, in the event it cannot be determined from a visual inspection.
The need for the consideration of geotechnical data as random has been emphasized, together with applications of random field theory in the determination of exceedance probabilities of given threshold values over spatial averages of a soil layer. A computationally more convenient method for the determination of the scale of fluctuation has been proposed while emphasizing its importance in several areas of applications, with respect to the cone penetration test.
Time Series methods have been employed in order to model the stationary component of soil profiles and also have been extended to obtain the measurement noise of different test methods. A comparison of the measurement noise of different insitu testing devices, obtained by the time series method has been compared to a procedure based solely on the autocorrelation function of the data, resulting in a good agreement. The relatively low value of measurement noise obtained for the cone penetration test confirms its superiority over other insitu testing methods like the field vane test which gave fairly high estimates of the measurement noise.
A two dimensional interpolation procedure considering the correlation between data points has been recommended. This procedure which uses the autocorrelation function, has been applied to a set of cone penetrometer test data and the results of which have been compared with the actual profile at that location. The reasonable comparison of the predicted with the actual, clearly indicate the need for the consideration of correlations if they do exist, in interpolating geotechnical data in two or three dimensions.
IBM - PC compatible interactive micro computer programs have been developed in order to perform most of the techniques proposed in the thesis. These programs cater to any type of data format and have several inbuilt options available to the user. Detailed user manuals for these programs are also available.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Ketteringham, Wayne Stuart. "Transient flow of water in saturated-unsaturated soil profiles." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8296.
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Includes bibliography.In this thesis tile transient flow of water, during tile drainage process in saturated-unsaturated soil profiles, was studied. Drainage experiments were performed on two different soil profiles. The first experiment undertaken was tile drainage of a vertical column of sand. This experiment was performed on two sands of differing grain size and grading. The second experiment undertaken was the drainage towards a well from a wedge of sand (cake slice) using yet a different coarse sand.
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Lorz, C. "Ein substratorientiertes Boden-Evolutions-Konzept für geschichtete Bodenprofile : Genese und Eigenschaften von lithologisch diskontinuierlichen Böden /." Berlin : Gebrüder Borntraeger, 2008. http://d-nb.info/987000470/04.
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Timmenga, Hubert J. "The transport of mineral and organic matter into the soil profile by Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27551.
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The biology and ecology of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister, 1843, and its effects on the turn-over of organic matter and soil are not well known. To gather this information, the ingestion and egestion rates were measured using a litterbag technique and the transport of organic matter was quantified with a newly developed method, using soil columns to which ¹⁴C labelled plant material was added.
The feeding habits of the worm were positively influenced by temperature in wet soils (> -15m of water) and were negatively influenced in dry soil (< -15 m of water). The total egestion rate changed from 0.3 g.g⁻¹.day⁻¹ at 5 °C to 1.0 g.g⁻¹. day⁻¹ at 20° C in moist soil (- 5 m of water). The egestion rate at medium range temperatures, 10 and 15° C, was less affected by drought stress than at 5 and 20 °C. The egestion rate of carbon was a more stable parameter than the total egestion rate, and ranged from approximately 20 mg.g⁻¹.day⁻¹ at 5 °C, to 50 mg.g⁻¹.day⁻¹ at 20 °C.
The moisture and temperature effects were apparent in the Q₁₀ of the total egestion rate and of the egestion rate of carbon. The Q₁₀ ranged from 1.66 in wet soils to 3.27 in dry soils in the 5-15 °C interval and from 1.98 to 0.32 in the 10-20 °C range. For the egestion rate of carbon, the Q₁₀ ranged from 1.92 to 3.21 and from 1.28 to 0.47, respectively.
The body water content of the worm varied considerably with the soil water potential, and reached a maximum level of 5.5 kg.kg⁻¹ (dwt) between -15 metres of water and -30 metres of water. When under drought stress, worms stopped ingesting large quantities of soil, switched to a diet high in organic matter and lowered their activity.
In the ¹⁴C column experiment, the total cast production was significantly related to depth. L. rubellus produced 15 % of the cast on the surface of the soil, 46 % in the 0-5 cm layer, 22 % in the 5-10 cm layer and 16 % in the 10-15 cm layer.
Independent calculations from a) the uptake of ¹⁴C labelled carbon in earthworms, b) removal of litter from the surface and c) ¹⁴C label recovered from cast, showed that the worms ingested 78-82 % of the offered organic matter as shoot litter and 18-22 % as root litter. ¹⁴C originating from shoot and root litter was recovered in casts throughout the profile, indicating that the worms mixed food from all layers. The total egestion rate found in the column experiment was 5.2 times higher than was found in the litterbag technique under comparable conditions (2.34 vs 0.45 g.g⁻¹.day⁻¹). The egestion rate of carbon was similar in both techniques (37.1 vs. 46.1 mg.g⁻¹.day⁻¹, 10 °C). In preliminary litterbag trials, it was found that L. rubellus egested 15.5 mg.g⁻¹.day⁻¹ of carbon (5 °C) for each of four food types offered. The 5 °C temperature trial of the litterbag technique, showed a similar amount of carbon egested. It was concluded that the worm needed a constant amount of carbon to provide nutrients and energy, of which a part or all may originate from ingested microorganisms.
Based on the distribution of cast in the profile and the feeding strategies of L. rubellus, it was concluded that this earthworm cannot be classified as an epigeic worm. A new strategy class was proposed: eurygeic worms, earthworms living in the litter-soil interface, mixing organic matter into the profile and mineral soil into the litter layer.
Based on the literature and results from the present study, a computer model was developed to simulate the longterm effects of earthworms on an agricultural soil system. Simulations of the mixing of soil and organic matter in a limited-till agricultural system, showed that earthworms negatively affected the accumulation rate of surface litter and positively affected the organic matter content of the mineral soil. The model can be used to predict the trends in organic matter in soils, important in soil conservation, mine reclamation and reforestation.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Jafarzadeh, Aliasghar. "Experimental studies of gypsum migration and deposition in soil profiles." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46842.
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Henderson, Rachel A. "Partitioning Soil CO2 Efflux through Vertical Profiles of Manipulated Forests in MOFEP." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1177701393.
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Schaap, James Cornelis. "Nitrogen fertilization and tree species effect on the soil microbial communities and consequences for soil carbon." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6582.
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In the face of ever increasing atmospheric CO₂ a better understanding of soil properties and processes and the effect of management practices, such as the application of nitrogen fertilizer is of importance and could potentially improve our ability to sustainably manage forestry systems. With that in mind this study was conducted in order to investigate the effects of tree species and fertilization on soil carbon and the soil microbial community. To this end, soil from fertilized and unfertilized plots at Berwick forest, under stands of Pinus radiata and Sequoia sempervirens at Hanmer and under six different tree species at Holt forest was sampled. Two glasshouse pot trials were established using soil collected from the Hanmer and Berwick forest sites and seedlings of Pinus radiata, Sequoia sempervirens, and Eucalyptus nitens were grown.
Soil properties were determined from both the field sites and pot trials including soil organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, and microbial biomass by chloroform fumigation extraction. Biolog ecoplates were used to determine the relative differences in diversity based on substrate utilization patterns of the soil microbial communities in soil sampled from the glasshouse pot trials.
Soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and the ratio of microbial biomass carbon:nitrogen differed significantly between Pinus radiata and the other tree species sampled at Holt forest. Significant effects of fertilization and tree species on soil carbon and microbial biomass were observed in both pot trials. Soil carbon differed significantly between Eucalyptus nitens and both Pinus radiata and Sequoia sempervirens in the first pot trial and relative to both, E. nitens contributed significantly more carbon. No significant effect of either fertilization or tree species on the catabolic diversity of the soil microbial community in both glasshouse pot trials was observed. The results demonstrated the effects that fertilization and tree species can have. Particularly notable was the short-time period in which tree species effects became apparent coupled with the absence of any aboveground inputs to the soil.
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He, Qingping. "Interpretation of fallout radionuclide profiles in sediments from lake and floodplain environments." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358000.
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Bailey, Danielle L. H. "Properties of soil profiles over sodic mine spoil 16 years after construction." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60410.pdf.
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Henderson, Rachel. "Partitioning soil CO₂ efflux through vertical profiles of manipulated forests in MOFEP /." Connect to Online Resource-OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1177701393.
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Becker, Rolf [Verfasser]. "Spatial time domain reflectometry for monitoring transient soil moisture profiles / Rolf Becker." Karlsruhe : Inst. für Wasser und Gewässerentwicklung, 2004. http://d-nb.info/100165093X/34.
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Qian, Leilei. "Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Enteric Bacteria in Swine Feces Before and After Lagoon Treatment." NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-05082007-161836/.
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Antibiotics are used in livestock production for the treatment of diseases and for improvement of feed efficiency and growth. However, agricultural use of antibiotics may be partly responsible for the emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms. Large amounts of managed manure are land applied, which opens the door for the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Thus, the goal of this project was to evaluate the effects of lagoon treatment on the persistence of antibiotic resistant enteric bacteria isolated from swine feces. Both cool season and warm season samples were collected from a swine farm located in Sampson County, NC. Each season samples included three nursery swine fecal samples, three nursery swine lagoon liquid samples, four finishing swine fecal samples, three finishing swine lagoon liquid samples, and four soil samples from both nursery and finishing swine spray field. A total of 4032 E. coli isolates and 4896 Enterococcus isolates were obtained from the samples. The antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates were determined using a set of antibiotics at various concentrations. The antibiotic cephalothin, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, streptomycin, and neomycin were tested for both bacterial species, but different concentrations were applied. For E. coli, rifampicin was also tested; for Enterococcus, chlortetracycline, vancomycin, and amoxicillin were also tested. After antibiotic resistance analysis was achieved, 25 isolates were randomly selected from each sample for further evaluation by polymerase chain reaction test. Soil samples were collected; however, fecal indicator bacteria were not recovered. Additionally, E. coli was not recovered from warm season nursery lagoon samples. All isolates displayed multiple antibiotic resistance, and for the isolates from the same source, the resistance patterns were similar for the antibiotics within the same antibiotic family. Percentages of resistant isolates were greater in nursery fecal samples than in finishing fecal samples for majority of antibiotic tests. For nursery samples, percentages of antibiotic resistant isolates decreased after lagoon treatment for majority of antibiotic tests. For finishing samples, no such trend was obvious. The results indicated that antibiotic resistant isolates still persist in the lagoon liquid, which may cause potential risk to human and environmental health. And because antibiotic resistance may affect later therapeutic and subtherapeutic value of these antibiotics, management strategies of agricultural antibiotic use may be improved. The antibiotic resistance patterns and molecular banding patterns of the isolates were not unique to a specific source. The results suggest that there is considerable overlap among nursery feces, nursery lagoon, finishing feces and finishing lagoon samples. However, if combine of the feces and the lagoon isolates together and only classify isolates from nursery to finishing swine, the percentages of correctly classified isolates became larger. The results suggest that ARA and PCR would best be used for identifying fecal contamination from swine sources based on broad categories (nursery versus finishing) instead of relying on these procedures for specific identification of lagoon and feces separately.
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Koch, Maximilian [Verfasser]. "Phosphorus forms in fertilized arable soil profiles and related 33P uptake / Maximilian Koch." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2019. http://d-nb.info/119900541X/34.
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Kupar, James J. "Groundwater effects of land applied alum residuals." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11072008-063235/.
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Shayo-Ngowi, A. J. "The hydrology of soil profiles as affected by long term treatment on Palace Leas hay meadow plots." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234429.
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Hamad, Muawia El-Bedawi. "Phosphorus interactions with some calcareous soils from the Sudan." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.346441.
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Ekanayake, Jagath C. "Soil water movement through swelling soils." Lincoln University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1761.
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The present work is a contribution to description and understanding of the distribution and movement of water in swelling soils. In order to investigate the moisture distribution in swelling soils a detailed knowledge of volume change properties, flow characteristics and total potential of water in the soil is essential. Therefore, a possible volume change mechanism is first described by dividing the swelling soils into four categories and volume change of a swelling soil is measured under different overburden pressures. The measured and calculated (from volume change data) overburden potential components are used to check the validity of the derivation of a load factor, ∝. Moisture diffusivity in swelling soil under different overburden pressures is measured using Gardner's (1956) outflow method. Behaviour of equilibrium moisture profiles in swelling soils is theoretically explained, solving the differential equation by considering the physical variation of individual soil properties with moisture content and overburden pressure. Using the measured volume change data and moisture potentials under various overburden pressures, the behaviour of possible moisture profiles are described at equilibrium and under steady vertical flows in swelling soils. It is shown that high overburden pressures lead to soil water behaviour quite different from any previously reported.
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Bernal, Blanca. "Carbon Pools And Profiles In Wetland Soils: The Effect Of Climate And Wetland Type." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1218226611.
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Morris, Stephen Michael. "The use of phospholipid fatty acid profiles to determine the diversity of soil microbial communities of managed woodland stands." Thesis, University of East London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365987.
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Frohne, Tina [Verfasser]. "Mobilization of metals as influenced by redox potential in slurries of floodplain soil material and biogeochemical fractionation of mercury in floodplain soil profiles / Tina Frohne." Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1054199906/34.
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Abu, Abdul. "Sequestration of selected aromatic compounds in low organic matter soil : relating partition characteristics to thermal desorption profiles." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406459.
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Turner, Stephanie [Verfasser]. "Microbial communities and microbial nitrogen cycling in soil depth profiles over 120,000 years of ecosystem development / Stephanie Turner." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB), 2018. http://d-nb.info/1152965921/34.
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劉, 衛., Wei LIU, 純. 森泉, Jun MORIIZUMI, 弘実 山澤, Hiromi YAMAZAWA, 孝夫 飯田, and Takao IIDA. "Depth Profiles of Radiocarbon and Carbon Isotopic Compositions of Organic Matter and CO_2 in a Japanese Forest Area((2)Summaries of Research Using AMS)." 名古屋大学年代測定資料研究センター, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/13664.
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Arfstrom, John David. "A model of the hydrothermal system at Casa Diablo in Long Valley, California, based on resistivity profiles and soil mercury analyses." FIU Digital Commons, 1993. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1306.
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A description and model of the near-surface hydrothermal system at Casa Diablo, with its implications for the larger-scale hydrothermal system of Long Valley, California, is presented. The data include resistivity profiles with penetrations to three different depth ranges, and analyses of inorganic mercury concentrations in 144 soil samples taken over a 1.3 by 1.7 km area. Analyses of the data together with the mapping of active surface hydrothermal features (fumaroles, mudpots, etc.), has revealed that the relationship between the hydrothermal system, surface hydrothermal activity, and mercury anomalies is strongly controlled by faults and topography. There are, however, more subtle factors responsible for the location of many active and anomalous zones such as fractures, zones of high permeability, and interactions between hydrothermal and cooler groundwater. In addition, the near-surface location of the upwelling from the deep hydrothermal reservoir, which supplies the geothermal power plants at Casa Diablo and the numerous hot pools in the caldera with hydrothermal water, has been detected. The data indicate that after upwelling the hydrothermal water flows eastward at shallow depth for at least 2 km and probably continues another 10 km to the east, all the way to Lake Crowley.
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Bailey, Jonathan Pqul. "Development of shear wave velocity profiles in the deep sediments of the Mississippi Embayment using surface wave and spectral ratio methods." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5635.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 10, 2009 Includes bibliographical references.
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Bhople, Parag [Verfasser]. "Effects of climate change on fungal community structure and organic matter turnover in soil profiles along elevation gradients in alpine ecosystems / Parag Bhople." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1214841066/34.
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Metzner, Ines. "Zur Geochemie ausgewählter Bodenformen im Erzgebirge und Vogtland." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-64364.
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Die geochemischen Verhältnisse der Böden des Erzgebirge und Vogtlandes werden auf der Grundlage der komplexen geochemischen Analyse von ausgewählten, flächenrepräsentativen Bodenprofilen auf Hauptgesteinen des Untersuchungegebietes charakterisiert. Die Wirkungsweisen vorhandener Einflussfaktoren (Gesteinschemismus, Bodengenese, Bodennutzung) werden untersucht und bewertet. Die Untersuchungen stellen eine Grundlage für die Ableitung von geologisch bedingten regionalen Hintergrundbelastungen darA characterization of the soil geochemistry of the Erzgebirge and Vogtland Regions (Saxony) is provided on the basis of the investigation of characteristic soil profiles on major bedrock types of the area. Different factors of influence (rock geochemistry, soil formation, land utilization) are investigated and evaluated. The investigation provides essential information for the development of regional background concentrations
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Ferreira, Sandra Regina. "Análise pedoestratigráfica das formações Rio Claro e Piraçununga, no Centro-Leste do Estado de São Paulo /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102868.
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Resumo: Neste trabalho são analisados perfis de solo das formações Rio Claro e Piraçununga, na região dos municípios homônimos, com relação às características morfológicas, granulométricas e mineralógicas, com vistas ao entendimento de sua evolução. A partir destas informações e aplicando a técnica de pedoestratigrafia, foi possível estabelecer a ocorrência de uma Unidade Pedoestratigráfica, soterrada por arenitos fluviais das formações estudadas. Os principais minerais encontrados nos perfis de solo são quartzo e caulinita, secundariamente gibsita, clorita, óxidos e hidróxidos de ferro e traços de feldspatos. Ocorrem, ainda, argilominerais interestratificados: nos solos da Formação Rio Claro, encontrou-se caulinita/esmectita e montmorilonita/sepiolita; nos solos da Formação Piraçununga, montmorilonita/vermiculita e caulinita/haloisita. A presença de argilominerais estáveis e instáveis conjuntamente, bem como os índices ki e kr, evidenciam que estes solos ainda não atingiram o grau máximo de pedogênese, constituindo perfis relativamente jovens como os pertencentes às classes dos Cambissolos, Nitossolos e Neossolos; que recobrem antigos solos da Unidade Pedoestratigráfica identificada na base dos perfis. Sedimentos das formações Rio Claro e Piraçununga, amostrados nos perfis estudados, foram datados por termoluminescência, apresentando idades do Pleistoceno e do limite Pleistoceno/Holoceno. A mais antiga foi determinada em perfil da Formação Rio Claro, datando de 745000 AP, e a mais recente, em perfil da Formação Piraçununga, com 15000 AP, esta última em depósitos coluvionares sobrepostos. Os materiais que constituem os perfis modais foram datados entre 400000 AP e 145000 AP, em ambas unidades.Abstract: Soil profiles of Rio Claro and Piraçununga formations are analyzed, in the vicinity of the cities of the same names, with respect to their morphologic, textural and mineralogical characteristics, looking for their pedological evolution. By applying the concepts of Pedostratigraphy, it was stablished one Pedostratigraphic Unit, buried by fluvial sandstones of both units. The main minerals found in soil profiles are quartz and kaolinite; secondary gibbsite, chlorite, iron oxides and hydroxides; and trace feldspar. There were also found interstratified clay minerals: kaolinite/smectite and montmorillonite/sepiolite in soil profiles of Rio Claro Formation; montmorillonite/vermiculite and kaolinite/halloysite in soil profiles of Piraçununga Formation. The occurrence of stable and unstable clay minerals together and the values of ki and kr, indicate that the studied soils have not achieved the maximum grade of pedogenetic development and may be compared to young soils like Inceptsols, Alfisols and Entisols, that overly an old soil of the Pedostratigraphic Unit at the base of the soil profiles. The sandstones of Rio Claro and Piraçununga formations were dated by the method of thermoluminescence, revealing ages of the Pleistocene and of the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary. The oldest age was determined for Rio Claro Formation (745000 AP) and the youngest for the Piraçununga Formation (15000 AP). The sediments of modal soil profiles of both formations range from 400000 AP to 145000 AP ages.
Orientador: Maria Rita Caetano Chang
Coorientador: Chang Hung Kiang
Banca: Paulo Milton Barbosa Landim
Banca: Jairo Roberto Jiménez Rueda
Banca: Wanderley Antonio Tremocoldi
Banca: Reinaldo Lorandi
Doutor
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Fülöp, Réka-Hajnalka. "Quantifying the magnitude and timing of Holocene soil erosion events on parent materials of known age using in-situ cosmogenic C-14 and Be-10 depth-profiles." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3358/.
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Conventional methods for the determination of past soil erosion provide only average rates of erosion of the sediment's source areas and are unable to determine the rate of at-a-site soil loss. This study addresses this issue by exploring the extent to which in situ cosmogenic Be-10 and C-14 depth-profiles can be used to quantify the magnitude and timing of site-specific soil erosion events on soils of known age. The study focuses on two sites located on end moraines of the Loch Lomond Readvance (LLR) in Scotland: Wester Cameron and Inchie Farm, both near Glasgow. The LLR is well documented and several LLR moraine radiocarbon ages exist in the literature allowing for the placement of a first order age constraint on soil/till emplacement. In addition, the site at Wester Cameron is in the proximity of Croftamie, a well-studied LLR type-locality. The site near Wester Cameron does not show any visible signs of soil disturbance and so this has been selected in order to test (1) whether a cosmogenic nuclide depth profile in a sediment body of Holocene age can be reconstructed, and (2) whether in situ Be-10, C-14 and Al-26 yield concordant results. Field evidence suggests that the site at Inchie Farm has undergone soil erosion and so this was selected so as to explore whether the technique can also be applied to determine the broad timing of soil loss. The results of the cosmogenic Be-10, C-14 and Al-26 analyses in the Wester Cameron site samples confirm that the cosmogenic nuclide depth-profile to be expected from a sediment body of Holocene age can be reconstructed. Moreover, the agreement between the total cosmogenic Be-10 inventories in the erratics and the Wester Cameron soil/till samples indicate that there has been no erosion at the sample site since the deposition of the till/moraine. Further, the Wester Cameron depth profiles show minimal signs of homogenisation, as a result of bioturbation, and minimal cosmogenic nuclide inheritance from previous exposure periods. The results of the cosmogenic Be-10 and C-14 analyses in the Inchie Farm site samples show a clear departure from the zero-erosion cosmogenic nuclide depth profiles suggesting that the soil/till at this site has undergone erosion since its stabilisation. The LLR moraine at the Inchie Farm site is characterised by the presence of a sharp break in slope, suggesting that the missing soil material was removed instantaneously by an erosion event rather than slowly by continuous erosion. The results of a Monte-Carlo type analysis carried out to constrain the magnitude and timing of this erosion event suggest that the event was relatively recent and relatively shallow, resulting in the removal of ca. 20-50 cm of soil less than 1500 years BP. The results of sensitivity analyses show that the predicted magnitude and timing of the Inchie Farm erosion event are highly sensitive to the assumptions that are made about the background rate of continuous soil erosion at the site and also about the stabilisation age of the till. The results further indicate that the density of the sedimentary deposit will also affect the magnitude and timing of the predicted erosion event. All three parameters can be independently determined a priori and so despite the method presented in this study being sensitive to variations in these parameters, they do not impede future applications of the method to other localities. The results of the sensitivity analyses further show that the predicted erosion event magnitude and timing is very sensitive to the in situ cosmogenic C-14 production rate used and to the assumptions that are made about the contribution of muons to the total production of this cosmogenic nuclide. Thus, advances in this regard need to be made for the method presented in this thesis to be applicable with confidence to scenarios similar to the one presented here.
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Merkley, Brett J. "Sources and Pathways of Lead Contamination in Urban Community Gardens in Toledo, Ohio." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1555621213052896.
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Ferreira, Sandra Regina [UNESP]. "Análise pedoestratigráfica das formações Rio Claro e Piraçununga, no Centro-Leste do Estado de São Paulo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102868.
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Neste trabalho são analisados perfis de solo das formações Rio Claro e Piraçununga, na região dos municípios homônimos, com relação às características morfológicas, granulométricas e mineralógicas, com vistas ao entendimento de sua evolução. A partir destas informações e aplicando a técnica de pedoestratigrafia, foi possível estabelecer a ocorrência de uma Unidade Pedoestratigráfica, soterrada por arenitos fluviais das formações estudadas. Os principais minerais encontrados nos perfis de solo são quartzo e caulinita, secundariamente gibsita, clorita, óxidos e hidróxidos de ferro e traços de feldspatos. Ocorrem, ainda, argilominerais interestratificados: nos solos da Formação Rio Claro, encontrou-se caulinita/esmectita e montmorilonita/sepiolita; nos solos da Formação Piraçununga, montmorilonita/vermiculita e caulinita/haloisita. A presença de argilominerais estáveis e instáveis conjuntamente, bem como os índices ki e kr, evidenciam que estes solos ainda não atingiram o grau máximo de pedogênese, constituindo perfis relativamente jovens como os pertencentes às classes dos Cambissolos, Nitossolos e Neossolos; que recobrem antigos solos da Unidade Pedoestratigráfica identificada na base dos perfis. Sedimentos das formações Rio Claro e Piraçununga, amostrados nos perfis estudados, foram datados por termoluminescência, apresentando idades do Pleistoceno e do limite Pleistoceno/Holoceno. A mais antiga foi determinada em perfil da Formação Rio Claro, datando de 745000 AP, e a mais recente, em perfil da Formação Piraçununga, com 15000 AP, esta última em depósitos coluvionares sobrepostos. Os materiais que constituem os perfis modais foram datados entre 400000 AP e 145000 AP, em ambas unidades.
Soil profiles of Rio Claro and Piraçununga formations are analyzed, in the vicinity of the cities of the same names, with respect to their morphologic, textural and mineralogical characteristics, looking for their pedological evolution. By applying the concepts of Pedostratigraphy, it was stablished one Pedostratigraphic Unit, buried by fluvial sandstones of both units. The main minerals found in soil profiles are quartz and kaolinite; secondary gibbsite, chlorite, iron oxides and hydroxides; and trace feldspar. There were also found interstratified clay minerals: kaolinite/smectite and montmorillonite/sepiolite in soil profiles of Rio Claro Formation; montmorillonite/vermiculite and kaolinite/halloysite in soil profiles of Piraçununga Formation. The occurrence of stable and unstable clay minerals together and the values of ki and kr, indicate that the studied soils have not achieved the maximum grade of pedogenetic development and may be compared to young soils like Inceptsols, Alfisols and Entisols, that overly an old soil of the Pedostratigraphic Unit at the base of the soil profiles. The sandstones of Rio Claro and Piraçununga formations were dated by the method of thermoluminescence, revealing ages of the Pleistocene and of the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary. The oldest age was determined for Rio Claro Formation (745000 AP) and the youngest for the Piraçununga Formation (15000 AP). The sediments of modal soil profiles of both formations range from 400000 AP to 145000 AP ages.
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Vaillant, Grace C. "Nutrient cycling at cattle feedlots field & laboratory study." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/318.
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O'Brien, Patricia Ann, and patricia o'brien@rmit edu au. "COncepts and costs for the maintenance of productive capacity: a study of the measurement and reporting of soil quality." RMIT University. Accounting and Law, 1999. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20040930.170346.
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This thesis studies the role accounting plays in the monitoring and reporting of soil quality in one sector of the agricultural industry, broadacre farming. A survey was conducted with broadacre farmers in the Loddon Catchment, Victoria, Australia. The primary aim was to determine the effectiveness accounting plays in providing information to decision makers relative to the productive capacity in soil quality and not just on profits. The capital asset in this study was defined as soil quality. Soils and soil quality in particular, are major elements in determining land value. The concern is decisions are being made by potential buyers and other decision makers, particularly policy makers, with regards to soil quality on the basis of incomplete and often misleading information. It is proposed that a major reason is due to the fact that different participants in the agricultural and accounting industries require and use different information. The accounting systems used by farmers are those that have been developed for the manufacturing sector which may not be appropriate for managing long-term, complex resources such as soil. The farmers themselves did not find formal accounting reports useful for decision making because these reports are based on uniform standards and market prices. The topic of soil quality and land degradation is viewed from two perspectives. In one perspective, the proprietary view; the accounting emphasis is on the ownership of assets and the change, both in income and capital, in these assets over time. In this case the accounting equation is seen as assets - liabilities = equities. The proprietor takes all the risk. A more recent perspective in accounting, the entity view, emphasises the assets whether financed from equity or debt and where the accounting equation is seen as assets = equities. The emphasis changes to the income flow from these assets and more interest is shown in current market prices as a reflection of the future value of these assets Profit is not necessarily a good indicator of what farmers are doing for their capital asset. There needs to be greater emphasis on costs undertaken for the conservation of soil. Those costs should be considered an investment and put into the balance sheet and not the profit and loss statement. The major finding of study demonstrates that decision making groups have different
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Anne, Cheikh Amadou Tidiane [Verfasser], Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Runge, and Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Wunderlich. "Stratigraphy and properties of soil profiles along transects in Burkina Faso and Benin and their influence on phytodiversity / Cheikh Amadou Tidiane Anne. Gutachter: Jürgen Runge ; Jürgen Wunderlich. Betreuer: Jürgen Runge." Frankfurt am Main : Univ.-Bibliothek Frankfurt am Main, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1045005185/34.
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Chung, Sun-Ok. "On-the-go soil strength profile sensor /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3137684.
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Habig, Johannes Hendrikus. "Soilborne disease suppressiveness / conduciveness : analysis of microbial community dynamics / by Johannes Hendrikus Habig." Thesis, North-West University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/415.
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Take-all is the name given to the disease caused by a soilborne fungus
Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) von Arx and Olivier var. tritici Walker (Ggt), an
ascomycete of the family Magnaportheaceae (Cook, 2003). This fungus is an
aggressive soil-borne pathogen causing root rot of wheat (primary host), barley and rye
crops (secondary host). The flowering, seedling, and vegetative growth stages can be
affected by the infection of the whole plant, leaves, roots, and stems. Infections of roots
result in losses in crop yield and quality primarily due to a lowering in nutrient uptake.
Take-all is most common in regions where wheat is cultivated without adequate crop
rotation. Crop rotation allows time between the planting dates of susceptible crops,
which causes a decrease in the inoculum potential of soilborne plant pathogens to
levels below an economic threshold by resident antagonistic soil microbial communities.
Soilborne disease suppressiveness is an inherent characteristic of the physical,
chemical, and/or biological structure of a particular soil which might be induced by
agricultural practices and activities such as the cultivation of crops, or the addition of
organisms or nutritional amendments, causing a change in the microfloral environment.
Disturbances of soil ecosystems that impact on the normal functioning of microbial
communities are potentially detrimental to soil formation, energy transfers, nutrient
cycling, and long-term stability. In this regard, an overview of soil properties and
processes indicated that the use of microbiological and biochemical soil properties,
such as microbial biomass, the analysis of microbial functional diversity and microbial
structural diversity by the quantification of community level physiological profiles and
signature lipid biomarkers are useful as indicators of soil ecological stress or restoration
properties because they are more responsive to small changes than physical and
chemical characteristics. In this study, the relationship between physico-chemical
characteristics, and different biological indicators of soil quality of agricultural soils
conducive, suppressive, and neutral with respect to take-all disease of wheat as caused
by the soilborne fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt), were investigated
using various techniques. The effect of crop rotation on the functional and structural
diversity of soils conducive to take-all disease was also investigated. Through the
integration of quantitative and qualitative biological data as well as the physico-chemical
characteristics of the various soils, the functional and structural diversity of microbial
IV
communities in the soils during different stadia of take-all disease of wheat were
characterised. All results were evaluated statistically and the predominant physical and
chemical characteristics that influenced the microbiological and biochemical properties
of the agricultural soils during different stadia of take-all disease of wheat were identified
using multivariate analyses. Although no significant difference @ > 0.05) could be
observed between the various soils using conventional microbiological enumeration
techniques, the incidence of Gliocladium spp. in suppressive soils was increased.
Significant differences @ < 0.05) were observed between agricultural soils during
different stadia of take-all disease of wheat. Although no clear distinction could be made
between soils suppressive and neutral to take-all disease of wheat, soils suppressive
and conducive to take-all disease of wheat differed substantially in their community level
physiological profiles (CLPPs). Soils suppressive / neutral to take-all disease were
characterised by enhanced utilisation of carboxylic acids, amino acids, and
carbohydrates, while conducive soils were characterised by enhanced utilisation of
carbohydrates. Shifts in the functional diversity of the associated microbial communities
were possibly caused by the presence of Ggt and associated antagonistic fungal and
bacterial populations in the various soils. It was evident that the relationships amongst
the functionality of the microbial communities within the various soils had undergone
changes through the different stages of development of take-all disease of wheat, thus
implying different substrate utilisation capabilities of present soil microbial communities.
Diversity indices were calculated as Shannon's diversity index (H') and substrate
equitability (J) and were overall within the higher diversity range of 3.6 and 0.8,
respectively, indicating the achievement of very high substrate diversity values in the
various soils. A substantial percentage of the carbon sources were utilised, which
contributed to the very high Shannon-Weaver substrate utilisation indices. Obtained
substrate evenness (equitability) (J) indices indicated an existing high functional
diversity. The functional diversity as observed during crop rotation, differed significantly
(p < 0.05) from each other, implying different substrate utilisation capabilities of present
soil microbial communities, which could possibly be ascribed to the excretion of root
exudates by sunflowers and soybeans. Using the Sorenson's index, a clear distinction
could be made between the degrees of substrate utilisation between microbial
populations in soils conducive, suppressive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat, as
well as during crop rotation. Furthermore, the various soils could also be differentiated
on the basis of the microbial community structure as determined by phospholipid fatty
acid (PLFA) analysis. Soil suppressive to take-all disease of wheat differed significantly
(p < 0.05) from soils conducive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat, implying a shift
in relationships amongst the structural diversity of microbial communities within the
various soils. A positive association was observed between the microbial phospholipid
fatty acid profiles, and dominant environmental variables of soils conducive,
suppressive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat. Soils conducive and neutral to
take-all disease of wheat were characterised by high concentrations of manganese, as
well as elevated concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids, terminally branched
saturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids which were indicative of Gram-negative
bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and micro eukaryotes (primarily fungi),
respectively. These soils were also characterised by low concentrations of
phosphorous, potassium, percentage organic carbon, and percentage organic nitrogen,
as well as low soil pH. Soil suppressive to take-all disease of wheat was characterised
by the elevated levels of estimated of biomass and elevated concentrations of normal
saturated fatty acids, which is ubiquitous to micro-organisms. The concentration of
normal saturated fatty acids in suppressive soils is indicative of a low structural
diversity. This soil was also characterised by high concentrations of phosphorous,
potassium, percentage organic carbon, and percentage organic nitrogen, as well as
elevated soil pH. The relationship between PLFAs and agricultural soils was
investigated using principal component analysis (PCA), redundancy analysis (RDA) and
discriminant analysis (DA). Soil suppressive to take-all disease of wheat differed
significantly (p < 0.05) from soils conducive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat,
implying a shift in relationships amongst the structural diversity of microbial communities
within the various soils. A positive association was observed between the microbial
phospholipid fatty acid profiles, and dominant environmental variables of soils
conducive, suppressive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat. Hierarchical cluster
analysis of the major phospholipid fatty acid groups indicated that the structural diversity
differed significantly between soils conducive, suppressive, and neutral to take-all
disease of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. The results indicate
that the microbial community functionality as well as the microbial community structure
was significantly influenced by the presence of take-all disease of wheat caused by
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, and that the characterisation of microbial
functional and structural diversity by analysis of community level physiological profiles
and phospholipid fatty acid analysis, respectively, could be successfully used as an
assessment criteria for the evaluation of agricultural soils conducive, suppressive, and
neutral to take-all disease of wheat, as well as in crop rotation systems. This
methodology might be of significant value in assisting in the management and
evaluation of agricultural soils subject to the prevalence of other soilborne diseases.Thesis (M.Sc. (Microbiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
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Monaghan, Áine Marie. "Investigations on the serotypes and virulence profiles of non-O157 Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) isolated from bovine farms and abattoirs." Thesis, Ulster University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.695311.
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This study focuses on emerging E. coil serotypes and has developed methods for the isolation and identification of non-0157 STEC and EPEC. A basal medium for the isolation of these pathogens was developed as well as a serogroup specific PCR assay for the detection of the 02 serogroup. These culture and molecular based techniques have proven to be valuable in the detection, identification, and epidemiological investigation of these groups of emerging pathogens. These methods were applied to 1) a farm study, whereby samples (faecal and soil) and 2) an abattoir study, whereby samples (hide and carcass) were analysed for the presence of non-0157 STEC and EPEC. Isolates were subsequently characterised in terms of serotype/serogroup and virulence markers. The data generated by this work has illustrated the extent of non-0157 STEC and EPEC contamination in the farm and abattoir environments, thus providing scientific background upon which control strategies may be based.
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Szilas, Casper. "The Tanzanian Minjingu phosphate rock : possibilities and limitations for direct application /." Copenhagen : Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Chemistry Department, 2002. http://www.kemi.kvl.dk/c̃asz/thesis_cszilas.pdf.
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Udukumburage, Rajitha Shehan. "Investigation of climatic-induced ground responses in expansive soils." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/198195/1/Rajitha%20Shehan_Udukumburage_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis presents a practical approach for geotechnical practitioners to investigate the climatic-induced ground responses in expansive soils. The method is based on a novel long-term operable instrumented soil column (ISC). This research investigated the applicability of the current displacement models to the Australian context. As a result, the structural damages and maintenance costs due to cracking of light-weight structures founded on such soils can be minimised, and more importantly, the hazards to human lives can be prevented by improved decisions.
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Malvajerdi, Ahmad Sharifi. "Development of a soil compaction profile sensor." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414666.
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Hamade, Firas Nadim. "Sediment removal from urban runoff using seep berms and vegetative filtration." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50271.
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Previous field demonstration projects in metro-Atlanta have shown that seep berms, which are elongated sedimentation basins at the outlet of a disturbed land area, can provide high suspended sediment trap efficiencies with respect to coarse sediments on construction sites having drainage areas greater than five acres. Previous literature has shown that vegetative filter strips are efficient traps for fine suspended sediment in stormwater runoff. A combination of a seep berm and vegetative filter in series was studied in this thesis as an erosion control measure with quantification of its flow resistance and sediment removal efficiency. First, a field demonstration project was implemented to evaluate seep berms as a viable erosion control measure through a side-by-side comparison with the more commonly-used silt fences on construction sites with drainage areas less than five acres in metro Atlanta. High suspended sediment trap efficiencies were recorded for the seep berm on two separate sites, and the seep berm was shown to be superior to silt fences with respect to sediment control in the site runoff. Then a vegetative filter was studied in the laboratory in a specially-built flume for that purpose. The relationship between vegetative drag coefficient and various parameters reflecting flow conditions and vegetation density in steady, uniform open channel flow was studied in the flume. Both rigid, emergent vegetation and submerged, flexible vegetation were studied at two different plant densities. The application of porous media flow concepts to open channel flow through vegetation resulted in a collapse of data for vegetative drag coefficient for the various vegetation types and densities into a single relationship when plotted against vegetative stem Reynolds number. Point velocity and turbulence intensity profiles at different locations in the vegetative filter were recorded with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter to observe the turbulence structure of the flow and its effects on vegetative drag and settling of sediment. A sediment slurry consisting of a suspension of fine sand was fed into the flume, and an automated sampler was used to measure suspended sediment concentrations along the vegetative filter length for a series of discharges from which sediment flux and trap efficiency could be determined. Experimental data for trap efficiency were plotted against a dimensionless settling efficiency for each type of vegetation and density. These relationships, along with the one developed for the coefficient of drag, were applied in a numerical design technique that allows designers to determine the flow depth, velocity and trap efficiency of a vegetative filter of known dimensions for a given flow rate, sediment grain size distribution, slope, and vegetation density. In a typical design example, the combined trap efficiency proved that a seep berm followed by a vegetative filter can be a very effective erosion control measure.
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Tifafi, Marwa. "Different soil study tools to better understand the dynamics of carbon in soils at different spatial scales, from a single soil profile to the global scale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV021/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les sols sont la principale composantede l’écosystème terrestre et le plus grand réservoir de carbone organique sur Terre, étant très réactifs aux perturbations humaines et aux changements climatiques. Malgré leur importance dans les réservoirs de carbone, la dynamique du carbone des sols est une source importante d'incertitudes pour les prévisions climatiques futures. Le but de la thèse était d'explorer différents aspects d’études du carbone des sols (mesures expérimentales, modélisation et évaluation de bases de données) à différentes échelles spatiales (de l'échelle d'un profil à l'échelle globale). Nous avons souligné que l'estimation des stocks globaux de carbone du sol est encore assez incertaine.Par conséquent le rôle du carbone des sols dans la dynamique du climat devient l'une des principales incertitudes dans les modèles du système terrestre utilisés pour prédire les changements climatiques futurs. La deuxième partie de la thèse porte sur la présentation d'une nouvelle version du modèle IPSL-Land Surface appelé ORCHIDEE-SOM, intégrant la dynamique du 14C dans le sol. Plusieurs tests effectués supposent que les améliorations du modèle devraient se focaliser davantage sur une paramétrisation dépendante de la profondeur,principalement pour la diffusion, afin d'améliorer la représentation du cycle global du carbone dans les modèles de surface terrestre, contribuant ainsi à contraindre les prédictions futures du réchauffement climatiqueSoils are the major components ofthe terrestrial ecosystems and the largest organiccarbon reservoir on Earth, being very reactive tohuman disturbance and climate change. Despiteits importance within the carbon reservoirs, soilcarbon dynamics is an important source ofuncertainties for future climate predictions. Theaim of the thesis was to explore different aspectsof soil carbon studies (Experimentalmeasurements, modeling, and databaseevaluation) at different spatial scales (from thescale of a profile to the global scale). Wehighlighted that the estimation of the global soilcarbon stocks is still quite uncertain.Consequently, the role of soil carbon in theclimate dynamics becomes one of the majoruncertainties in the Earth system models (ESMs)used to predict future climate change. Thesecond part of thesis deals with the presentationof a new version of the IPSL-Land SurfaceModel called ORCHIDEE-SOM, incorporatingthe 14C dynamics in the soil. Several tests doneassume that model improvements should focusmore on a depth dependent parameterization,mainly for the diffusion, in order to improve therepresentation of the global carbon cycle inLand Surface Models, thus helping to constrainthe predictions of the future soil organic carbonresponse to global warming
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Tifafi, Marwa. "Different soil study tools to better understand the dynamics of carbon in soils at different spatial scales, from a single soil profile to the global scale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV021.
Full textAbstract:
Les sols sont la principale composantede l’écosystème terrestre et le plus grand réservoir de carbone organique sur Terre, étant très réactifs aux perturbations humaines et aux changements climatiques. Malgré leur importance dans les réservoirs de carbone, la dynamique du carbone des sols est une source importante d'incertitudes pour les prévisions climatiques futures. Le but de la thèse était d'explorer différents aspects d’études du carbone des sols (mesures expérimentales, modélisation et évaluation de bases de données) à différentes échelles spatiales (de l'échelle d'un profil à l'échelle globale). Nous avons souligné que l'estimation des stocks globaux de carbone du sol est encore assez incertaine.Par conséquent le rôle du carbone des sols dans la dynamique du climat devient l'une des principales incertitudes dans les modèles du système terrestre utilisés pour prédire les changements climatiques futurs. La deuxième partie de la thèse porte sur la présentation d'une nouvelle version du modèle IPSL-Land Surface appelé ORCHIDEE-SOM, intégrant la dynamique du 14C dans le sol. Plusieurs tests effectués supposent que les améliorations du modèle devraient se focaliser davantage sur une paramétrisation dépendante de la profondeur,principalement pour la diffusion, afin d'améliorer la représentation du cycle global du carbone dans les modèles de surface terrestre, contribuant ainsi à contraindre les prédictions futures du réchauffement climatiqueSoils are the major components ofthe terrestrial ecosystems and the largest organiccarbon reservoir on Earth, being very reactive tohuman disturbance and climate change. Despiteits importance within the carbon reservoirs, soilcarbon dynamics is an important source ofuncertainties for future climate predictions. Theaim of the thesis was to explore different aspectsof soil carbon studies (Experimentalmeasurements, modeling, and databaseevaluation) at different spatial scales (from thescale of a profile to the global scale). Wehighlighted that the estimation of the global soilcarbon stocks is still quite uncertain.Consequently, the role of soil carbon in theclimate dynamics becomes one of the majoruncertainties in the Earth system models (ESMs)used to predict future climate change. Thesecond part of thesis deals with the presentationof a new version of the IPSL-Land SurfaceModel called ORCHIDEE-SOM, incorporatingthe 14C dynamics in the soil. Several tests doneassume that model improvements should focusmore on a depth dependent parameterization,mainly for the diffusion, in order to improve therepresentation of the global carbon cycle inLand Surface Models, thus helping to constrainthe predictions of the future soil organic carbonresponse to global warming
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Hancock, Steven J. "Geostatistics in soil profile interpretation for irrigated Riverland properties /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbh235.pdf.
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Naudžiūnaitė, Aistė. "Sunkiųjų metalų migracija skirtingų tipų dirvožemių profiliuoe." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090615_114718-15613.
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Darbo objektas – dviejų skirtingų dirvožemių profiliai.
Darbo tikslas – ištirti sunkiųjų metalų migracijos ypatumus atskiruose dirvožemių profilių horizontuose.
Darbo metodai - morfologinių dirvožemių profilių savybių tyrimas, dirvožemių profilių horizontų agrocheminių savybių (pH, organinės medžiagos kiekio, granuliometrinės sudėties) tyrimas pagal standartizuotas metodikas, sunkiųjų metalų (Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu) bendrųjų koncentracijų ir judriųjų jonų (CH3COONH4) profilių horizontų dirvožemiuose tyrimas atominės absorbcijos spektrometrijos metodu.
Rezultatai – I dirvožemis buvo giliau glėjiškas pasotintas palvažemis giliai paveiktas antropogeninės veiklos, todėl buvo priskirtas giliau glėjiškam įmėžtajam trąšažemiui. II dirvožemis buvo priskirtas pasotintam giliau glėjiškams balkšvažemiui.. Abiejų dirvožemių profilių horizontų pH (H2O) ir pH (KCl) buvo silpnai šarminis. I profilio visi horizontai buvo praturtinti organine, o II dirvožemyje organinė medžiaga buvo susikaupusi tik Ap horizonte. I profilio dirvožemio granuliometrinė sudėtis buvo lengva (priesmėlis ir smėlis), išskyrus giliausią Ckg horizontą (molis). II profilio viršutinių horizontų dirvožemis buvo priemolis, El – priesmėlis, ElBt – priemolis, o Ckg ir C – molis. Bendrosios Zn, Cr, Pb ir Cu koncentracijos neviršijo DLK ir foninių koncentracijų, išskyrus Cu I foninę koncentraciją II dirvožemyje. Daugiau cinko kaupėsi I dirvožemio profilio viršutiniame horizonte Ap. II dirvožemio profilyje didžiausia cinko... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Object of the work – profiles of two different soils. Purpose of the work was to investigate peculiarities of heavy metals migration in different horizons of soil profiles. Methods of work – investigation of the morphological features of soil profiles; investigation of agrochemical properties (pH, amount of organic mater, texture) in soil profile horizons according to standardized methods; investigation of total concentration of heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu) and mobile ions ( in 1 M CH3COONH4) in profile horizons soil applying the method of atomic absorption spectometry. Results of work. The 1st soil was Endohypogleyi-Eutric Planosol deeply influenced by anthropogenic activity and for that reason attributed to Aric Antrosol. The 2nd soil was attributed to Hapli–Epihypogleyic Luvisol. pH (H2O) and pH (KCl) of profile horizons of both soils were slightly alkaline. All the horizons of the 1st profile were enriched by organic substances, and the 2nd profile has had organic substance only in Ahp horizon. Total concentrations of Zn, Cr, Pb and Cu did not exceed MPC and background concentrations except Cu background concentration in the 2nd soil. A larger amount of zinc accumulated in the upper horizon Ap of the 1st soil. The largest concentration of zinc was in the ElBt horizon of the 2nd soil. Concentrations of Cr varied insignificantly in the 1st profile. The smallest concentrations of Cr have been established in Ckg horizon and the largest ones in El and C horizons. Tendencies... [to full text]
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Sanchez, Pedro Andrade. "Design, development, and field evaluation of a soil compaction profile sensor /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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HAMED, LAMY MAMDOH MOHAMED. "NITROGEN BALANCE IN SOIL PROFILE AS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT SOIL TYPE, SOIL WATER REGIMES, NITROGEN RATE AND APPLICATION METHODS USING 15N TRACER TECHNIQUE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/232140.
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The interaction effect of “Soil type, Soil water regime, Nitrogen fertilizer application Rates and Timing” on Nitrogen balancein soil were studied; in terms of nitrogen gained by plant portions, remained in soil, and losses through different ways under wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Giza 168), in order to identify the most proper and effective combinations of above-studied variables that provides a satisfactory grain wheat yield and minimizes the use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers, to save the surrounding environment and to achieve good water saving.
Two fields of experiments were carried out during November and December –April 2012-13, under Egyptian conditionsrepresents two different textured soils, i.e clay located at (30o 16- N latitude, 30o 56- E longitude), and sand soils located at (30o 24- N latitude, 31o 35- E longitude) as growth media of wheat crop. The application methods of Nitrogen rates, 100, 80 and 60% of recommended rates (Clay, 178 kg N & Sand, 238 kg N), were applied as Mode A, 25% at seedling, 25% and tillering, 50% at jointing AND Mode B, 35% at seedling, 65% at tillering.
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Gregorauskienė, Virgilija. "Cheminių elementų kiekių kaitos dėsningumai Lietuvos dirvožemio profilyje." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20121227_090556-03063.
Full textAbstract:
Disertaciniame darbe analizuojama Lietuvos dirvožemio cheminės sudėties vertikali kaita, paremta akredituotose laboratorijose nustatytais Lietuvos teritorijoje gautais duomenimis, analizuotais taikant standartizuotus matematinius–statistinius metodus. Tai leido objektyviai pagrįsti vertikalaus cheminių elementų pasiskirstymo dirvožemyje bendrus dėsningumus ir išryškinti Lietuvos dirvožemio vertikalios geocheminės sudėties specifiką tarptautiniame kontekste. Dirvožemio granuliometrinės sudėties ir išskirtų frakcijų cheminės sudėties analizė išryškino sąsajas tarp dirvožemio granuliometrinės ir cheminės sudėties. Disertacijoje apibendrintos dirvodarinių uolienų bei atskirų jų litologinių tipų pirminės cheminės sudėties savybės ir šių savybių vaidmuo dirvožemio profilio formavimesi. Apžvelgiant geocheminės sudėties kaitą atskiruose dirvožemio profiliuose, atskleista įvairių dirvodaros procesų bei žmogaus veiklos įtaka vertikaliam elementų persiskirstymui dirvožemyje. Lietuvos teritorijoje tolygiai išdėstytų dirvožemio kasinių geocheminių tyrimų duomenys leido korektiškai suformuoti tipinius smėlio–priesmėlio ir molio–priemolio dirvožemio geocheminius profilius ir atskleisti jų būdingąsias savybes. Realių duomenų pagrindu sudarytas tipinio Lietuvos dirvožemio geocheminio profilio modelis ir išryškintos esminės dirvožemio vertikalios geocheminės sudėties kaičiosios savybės – Lietuvos dirvožemyje vyrauja daugumos elementų išplovimas ir išnešimas už profilio ribų.Vertical alternation of chemical composition in Lithuanian soil profile has been investigated in the study. Investigations are based on the certified analytical data, by applying standard mathematical–statistical data processing that enables to justify the vertical distribution patterns of trace and major elements and obtain internationally comparable concluding results on the national soil geochemistry. Soil grain size analysis and chemical analysis of separated sand, silt and clay particles revealed the relation between the soil grain size and chemical composition. Investigation of chemical composition of the soil parent material reflected its dominance as soil forming factor. Geochemical survey of the 74 individual soil profiles, representing all soil regions and main soil types, allowed to expose various soil forming processes and on its background to generalize geochemical features and ascertain the dominant ones in the sand–loamy sand and the loam–clay soil of Lithuania. On the base of original geochemical data the model geochemical soil profile was created and the dominant geochemical process was determined – element depletion and removal out of soil profile prevails in Lithuania.