Journal articles: 'Soil salinity/waterlogging'

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Medeiros, Wiliana Júlia Ferreira de, Francisco Ítalo Fernandes de Oliveira, Claudivan Feitosa de Lacerda, Carlos Henrique Carvalho de Sousa, Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante, Alexandre Reuber Almeida da Silva, and Jorge Freire Da Silva Ferreira. "Isolated and combined effects of soil salinity and waterlogging in seedlings of ‘Green Dwarf’ coconut." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, no. 4 (August 2, 2018): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n4p1459.

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Soil salinization is a problem commonly found in semi-arid regions. In addition, the problem of salinity is aggravated in clayey soils when accompanied by cycles of waterlogging in the rainy season or when excess irrigation is applied. In this work we evaluated the isolated and combined effects of soil salinity and waterlogging on the responses of young plants of ‘Green Dwarf’ coconut. The experiment was conducted under controlled environment in a complete randomized block design, arranged in split plots with five replications. The plots comprised five waterlogging cycles (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4), each with a duration of four days, and applied at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days into the experimental period, with the sub-plots consisting of five levels of soil salinity (1.70, 11.07, 16.44, 22.14 and 25.20 dS m-1). Response of coconut seedlings to waterlogging was dependent on the level of soil salinity, with waterlogging significantly impairing biomass accumulation and leaf expansion at low soil salinity levels, but causing no additional harm at elevated salinity. Leaf gas exchange was reduced mainly due to soil salinity, and this response was related to stomatal and non-stomatal effects. Seedlings of ‘Green Dwarf’ coconut used in this study were classified as moderately-tolerant to salinity when grown in soils with an electrical conductivity up to 11.07 dS m-1, having the potential to be used in revegetation programs of salt-affected areas, provided that these areas are not exposed to frequent waterlogging cycles.

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Grieve, AM, E. Dunford, D. Marston, RE Martin, and P. Slavich. "Effects of waterlogging and soil salinity on irrigated agriculture in the Murray Valley: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 6 (1986): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860761.

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A physical model was used to assess the effects of surface waterlogging and soil salinity on the productivity of winter cereals and irrigated dairy pastures on irrigation farms in the Berriquin and Wakool Irrigation Districts of the Murray Valley region of New South Wales. Parameters describing the physical properties of major soil types were combined with statistically derived estimates of rainfall excess over evapotranspiration to establish the incidence of waterlogging. Soils predisposed to waterlogging occupy 150000 ha of Berriquin District (45% of District) and 24 800 ha of Wakool District (73%). Estimates of yield losses from waterlogging ranged from 12.5% in annual subterranean clover-based pastures, 20% in winter cereals, to 25% for perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures. The relationships between yield and soil salinity were determined for barley, wheat, white clover, subterranean clover, and irrigated annual and perennial pastures growing under existing management practices in shallow watertable areas of the 2 Districts. Response functions were applied to soil salinity frequency distributions to derive production loss coefficients. Surveys showed that average soil salinities were lower in Berriquin than in Wakool. In 1984, 43% the soils in shallow watertable areas of Berriquin could be classed as saline, whereas, in 1982 the corresponding figure for Wakool was 72%. A further survey taken in 1984, 2 years after the inception of a deep drainage scheme, showed that saline soils in Wakool had decreased to 46% of the total area.We assessed economic losses associated with soil salinity and waterlogging by applying the derived loss coefficients to achievable yields for known production areas. Total annual losses for the 2 Districts exceeded $A13 million, or 16% of the 1984 value of the District's agricultural production. This figure underestimates real losses because we excluded livestock enterprises other than dairying, as well as summer cropping, from the study. Losses due to waterlogging ($A10 million overall) were more serious than those due to soil salinity (nearly $A4 million), particularly in Berriquin where shallow watertables were less extensive. In Wakool, 2 years' operation of the deep drainage scheme reduced losses due to soil salinity by $A750 000.Thus surface waterlogging and soil salinity cause serious economic losses in the irrigated areas of southern New South Wales. Research into appropriate techniques for on-farm irrigation management may reduce these losses, and delay further development of shallow watertables and soil salinisation, with sub of stantial economic and environmental benefits.

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Valipour, Mohammad. "Drainage, waterlogging, and salinity." Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 60, no. 12 (April 9, 2014): 1625–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2014.905676.

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Lima, Alan D., Carlos H. C. Sousa, Claudivan F. de Lacerda, Marlos A. Bezerra, Evandro N. Silva, and Antônia L. R. Neves. "Gas exchange of four woody species under salinity and soil waterlogging." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 21, no. 10 (October 2017): 670–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n10p670-674.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate gas exchanges in seedlings of forest species grown in saline soils and subjected to soil waterlogging cycles. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement, with four forest species: Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr Allemão, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth, Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex. DC.) Standl and Azadirachta indica A. Juss, two soil salinity levels (1.2 and 8.6 dS m-1) and two water regimes (with and without waterlogging). Measurements of stomatal conductance, transpiration and CO2 assimilation rate were performed before and after each waterlogging period. The interaction of the highest saline level (8.6 dS m-1) and waterlogging caused greater reductions in leaf gas exchange, except for Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex. DC.) Standl was the species with highest sensitivity to both studied factors of stress.

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Amer, Reda. "Spatial Relationship between Irrigation Water Salinity, Waterlogging, and Cropland Degradation in the Arid and Semi-Arid Environments." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061047.

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Water scarcity in arid and semiarid regions has resulted in using of low-quality waters for crop irrigation. This study aims to investigate the spatial relationship of low-quality irrigation water and waterlogging in arid and semiarid environments. The multi-decadal (1990–2020) time series Landsat images and hadrochemical water analysis were employed within geographical information system mapping (GIS) to understand the relationship between irrigation water, soil salinity, and waterlogging in the western Nile Delta, Egypt. The normalized difference water index (NDWI) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from the Landsat images were combined to quantify the Spatiotemporal changes in the croplands and waterlogging from 1990 to 2020. ArcGIS inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation was used to create spatial layers of irrigation water salinity from electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and soluble sodium percentage (Na%). The results demonstrated a significant spatial relationship between waterlogging and EC, SAR, and Na% in irrigation groundwater. Long-term irrigation with high salinity groundwater led to increased soil salinity, low soil permeability, and waterlogging. This study offers a time- and cost-efficient geospatial method for regional monitoring of surface waterlogging and mitigation strategies for cropland degradation and agricultural drainage water recycling that would benefit stakeholders and decision-makers.

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Nichols, P. G. H., A. D. Craig, M. E. Rogers, T. O. Albertsen, S. M. Miller, D. R. McClements, S. J. Hughes, M. F. D'Antuono, and B. S. Dear. "Production and persistence of annual pasture legumes at five saline sites in southern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 4 (2008): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07167.

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Herbage production and persistence of 42 annual pasture legumes from 33 species were measured at five sites across southern Australia. Medicago polymorpha L. was highly productive on soils, particularly those not prone to waterlogging, with soil surface (0–10 cm soil depth) salinity [estimated by electrical conductivity (ECe)] levels in summer of up to 36 dS/m, whereas M. truncatula Gaertn. was productive on ECe levels of at least 11 dS/m. Trifolium michelianum Savi and T. resupinatum L. were highly productive on soils subject to waterlogging, but only where 0–10 cm summer ECe levels were less than 8 dS/m. No commercial species were adapted to highly saline (0–10 cm summer ECe levels >8 dS/m), waterlogged sites. However, Melilotus siculus (Turra) Vitman ex B.D. Jacks. has the potential to fulfil this role, provided an appropriate Rhizobium strain can be selected. Mixtures of species and cultivars should be sown to account for high spatial variability for salinity and waterlogging. Traits for annual legume success in saline landscapes include salinity and waterlogging tolerance in germinating seedlings and mature plants, early flowering, hardseededness and delayed softening of hard seeds. Establishment of regenerating seedlings is associated with the timing of hardseed softening in relation to rainfall events capable of leaching topsoil salts. It is proposed that salinity measurements to determine annual legume suitability for winter-dominant rainfall areas are made in summer or early autumn, when at their highest levels. Transects along salinity and waterlogging gradients are suggested as an alternative method to traditional plots for genotype evaluation.

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Singh, Gyanendra, Timothy L. Setter, Muneendra Kumar Singh, Neeraj Kulshreshtha, Bhupendra Narayan Singh, Katia Stefanova, Bhudeva Singh Tyagi, Jang Bahadur Singh, Bhagwati S. Kherawat, and Edward G. Barrett-Lennard. "Number of tillers in wheat is an easily measurable index of genotype tolerance to saline waterlogged soils: evidence from 10 large-scale field trials in India." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 6 (2018): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18053.

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Over 100 wheat varieties and breeding lines from India and Australia were screened in alkaline and waterlogged soils in 10 environments over two years at one drained location and two naturally waterlogged locations in India. Mean trial grain yield was reduced up to 70% in the environments where genotypes were waterlogged for up to 15 days at the vegetative stage in alkaline soil relative to plants in drained soils. Agronomic traits (plant height, tiller number, 1000-grain weight) of genotypes were also reduced under waterlogging. At one waterlogged site, up to 68% of the genetic diversity for predicted grain yields under waterlogging could be accounted for by number of tillers (r2 = 0.41–0.68 in 2011 and 2010, respectively) and positive correlations also occurred at the second site (r2 = 0.19–0.35). However, there was no correlation between grain yields across varieties under waterlogging in any trials at the two waterlogged locations. This may have occurred because waterlogged sites differed up to 4-fold in soil salinity. When salinity was accounted for, there was a good correlation across all environments (r2 = 0.73). A physiological basis for the relationship between tillering and waterlogging tolerance is proposed, associated with crown root development. Results are compared with findings in Australia in acidic soils, and they highlight major opportunities for wheat improvement by selection for numbers of tillers when crops are waterlogged during vegetative growth.

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Masilamani, P., K. Arulmozhiselvan, and A. Alagesan. "Prospects of biodrainage to mitigate problems of waterlogging and soil salinity in context of India - A review." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.vi.2285.

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Major parts of agricultural lands in arid and semi-arid regions of India are affected by soil salinity and waterlogging in canal command area and outside. Waterlogging is caused by a rising water table and poor drainage conditions. Stress due to waterlogging and salinity are serious to plants in all stages from seed germination to active growth and maturity. Unmanaged affected agricultural lands turn into low productive marshlands in the long run. Physical provision of surface or sub-surface drainage structures can rescue in such a situation. Yet, high skill and investment are required in the installation and maintenance of such structures. Alternatively, biodrainage method has been evolved as an effective method recently world over. In biodrainage, plants are raised over a larger area, which can transpire and remove an enormous amount of water from the soil. Plants having adequate adaptive traits and tolerance mechanisms are desirable to mitigate waterlogging and salinity. Biodrainage is suitable in rainfed and irrigated conditions. Planting of right plant species in optimum population and geometry decides the efficiency of biodrainage. Further, combining biodrainage with the conventional drainage can improve land and water productivity. Eucalyptus is the most suitable tree species for biodrainage as it has well performed in versatile environments. It possesses appreciable tolerance to salinity, sodicity and waterlogged conditions of the soil. Fast-growing with a straight trunk, deep rooting ability, low shading effect and high transpiration capacity are promising characteristics of this tree. Prominent woody species like Acacia nilotica, Dalbergia sissoo, Hardwickia binata can also be grown for high profit.

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Gellie, Nick, Kieren Beaumont, Duncan Mackay, Molly Whalen, and Laurence Clarke. "Growth responses of Baumea juncea (Cyperaceae) plants from inland artesian spring and coastal habitats to salinity and waterlogging treatments." Australian Journal of Botany 63, no. 6 (2015): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt15005.

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Artesian springs of arid inland Australia provide permanent water that supports naturally fragmented wetland communities. Some plant species that occur at springs have more extensive populations in coastal wetland areas of Australia where they may experience quite different environmental conditions. The present study investigated the growth response of one such species, Baumea juncea (R.Br.) Palla (Cyperaceae), to salinity and waterlogging. Plants from each region were subjected to combinations of salinity (freshwater or 20% seawater) and waterlogging (unsaturated or saturated soil), in a factorial design, for a period of 5 months. All plants survived and although the final aboveground biomasses did not differ significantly among the treatment combinations, for spring plants, the relative growth of roots was greater in unsaturated soil than in saturated soil. For the growth parameters of total biomass, culm biomass and rhizome biomass, spring and coastal plants showed contrasting responses to the treatment combinations; for spring plants in fresh water, these parameters were greater in the saturated treatment than in the unsaturated treatment, whereas for spring plants in saline water, these variables were lower in the saturated treatment than in the unsaturated treatment. Coastal plants displayed the reverse pattern. For the remaining parameters of root biomass, root : culm ratio and aboveground : belowground biomass ratio, plants from spring and coastal regions grown under saline conditions displayed contrasting responses to waterlogging. Our findings showed that the growth responses of plants of B. juncea to waterlogging and salinity differ for spring and coastal plants, suggesting potential differential adaptation by populations in these disjunct and distinct environments.

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Merga, Bulti, and Abdulatif Ahmed. "A Review on Agricultural Problems and Their Management in Ethiopia." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 8 (August 9, 2019): 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i8.1189-1202.2626.

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Ethiopia’s agricultural production has been challenged by waterlogging, salinity, acidity, parasitic weed, and irrigation scheduling problems which has resulted in lower yields than the potential. Waterlogging is the main drainage problem in the small scale irrigation schemes in the Vertisols dominated highland areas while salinity and salinization is a common phenomenon in the large and medium scale irrigation schemes located in the lowlands of the country’s major river basins with predominantly salt affected soils. Soil acidity and associated low nutrient availability is one of the constraints to crop production on acid soils. Lime requirement for crops grown on acid soils is determined by the quality of liming material, status of soil fertility, crop species and varieties, crop management practices, and economic considerations. A considerable loss in growth and yield of many food and fodder crops is caused by root-parasitic flowering plants. Globally, Striga and Orobanche have a greater impact on human welfare than any other parasitic angiosperms because their hosts are subsistence crops in areas marginal for agriculture. In irrigated agriculture, efficient water management is an important element. Such practices can help bust sustainable production and maintain farm profitability in which there is limited water resource.

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Elhag, Mohamed. "Evaluation of Different Soil Salinity Mapping Using Remote Sensing Techniques in Arid Ecosystems, Saudi Arabia." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7596175.

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Land covers in Saudi Arabia are generally described as salty soils with sand dunes and sand sheets. Waterlogging and higher soil salinity are major challenges to sustaining agricultural practices in Saudi Arabia principally within closed drainage basins. Agricultural practices in Saudi Arabia were flourishing in the last two decades. The newly reclaimed lands were added annually and distributed all over the country. Irrigation techniques are mostly modernized to fulfill water saving strategies. Nevertheless, water resources in Saudi Arabia are under stress and groundwater levels are depleted rapidly due to heavy abstraction that may exceed crop water requirements in most of the cases due to high evaporation rates. The excess use of irrigational water leads to severe soil salinity problems. Applications of remote sensing technique in agricultural practices became widely distinctive and cover multidisciplinary principal interests on both local and regional levels. The most important remote sensing applications in agricultural practices are vegetation indices which are related to vegetation and water especially in an arid environment. Soil salinity mapping in an arid ecosystem using remote sensing data is a demanding task. Several soil salinity indices were implemented and evaluated to detect soil salinity effectively and quantitatively. Thematic maps of soil salinity were satisfactorily produced and assessed.

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Fitzpatrick, RW, SC Boucher, R. Naidu, and E. Fritsch. "Environmental consequences of soil sodicity." Soil Research 32, no. 5 (1994): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9941069.

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Australia has the highest ratio of salt-affected soils in relation to total surface area of any continent in the world, with approximately one third of the land mass being covered by sodic soils and 5% affected by soil salinity. Sodicity often coincides with the distribution of duplex soil profiles. In many areas these duplex soils are under agriculture. Sodicity substantially limits agricultural productivity. Although sodicity is considered to be an intrinsic property of the clay fraction of an affected profile, its full impact may be revealed through interactions with hydrological processes, resulting in various forms of both on-site and off-site environmental degradation. Some of the concepts, criteria and properties used to diagnose and classify sodic soils are discussed as a prelude to reviewing the nature and causes of the complex interactions which exist between related environmental problems such as dryland salinity, water erosion, waterlogging and water quality. There is a need for detailed studies to evaluate more thoroughly pertinent soil variables which link sodicity to both current and future environmental hazards, so that appropriate management strategies can be formulated.

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Houk, Eric, Marshall Frasier, and Eric Schuck. "Irrigation technology decisions in the presence of waterlogging and soil salinity." Global Business and Economics Review 7, no. 4 (2005): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/gber.2005.008294.

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Sui, Na, Yu Liu, and Bao Shan Wang. "Comparative Study on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Two Ecotypes of Euhalophyte Suaeda salsa L. Grown Under Natural Saline Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 4488–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.4488.

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Suaeda salsa L. grown in the intertidal zone and those in high salinity soils of the Yellow River Delta were used to investigate the category and characteristic of photosynthesis and fluorescence. Results showed that the water content, Na+ and Cl- contents of the high salinity soils were lower. The temperature on the surface of soil and in the depth of 10 cm from the surface, the content of K+ and Ca2+ of the high salinity soils were significantly higher than those in the intertidal zone soils. Pn, Gs, Fv/Fm, ФPSII, the fresh weight and dry weight per plant of S. salsa grown in the high salinity soils were higher. However, Ci of S. salsa grown in the high salinity soils were lower. These suggested that S. salsa grown in the high salinity soils was mainly suffering from salt stress, while S. salsa in the intertidal zone soils was suffering from waterlogging, low temperature and salt stress together. S. salsa in the intertidal zone soils decreased light absorption and alleviated photoinhibition, but as a result the biomass was reduced.

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Dracup, M., RK Belford, and PJ Gregory. "Constraints to root growth of wheat and lupin crops in duplex soils." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 7 (1992): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920947.

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Duplex soils constitute about 60% of the cropping region of Western Australia and are usually cropped with wheat or lupins. Extensive and deep root growth is particularly important to crop production on these soils, because the nutrient- and water-holding capacities of the A horizon are frequently low. However, properties of the soils and the Mediterranean-type climate impose several constraints to root growth. Physical and chemical properties of duplex soils are spatially variable, leading to pronounced variation (from metres to tens of metres) in the growth of roots and shoots. Both the A and B horizons often impede root growth mechanically, with bulk density and penetrometer resistance frequently exceeding 1.8 Mg/m3 and 2 MPa, respectively. Also, saturated conductivities of the B horizon are often <0.01 m/day, leading to waterlogging. Topsoil acidity is often a problem in lighttextured A horizons, with pH declining about 0.1 unit each decade in yellow duplex soils near Beverley, Western Australia, where pH is already usually <4.8. Conversely, in the B horizon of red-brown earths and, sometimes, yellow duplex soils, pH >7 restricts growth of roots of Lupinus angustifolius. Major constraints to root growth often occur together (e.g. waterlogging with acidity, salinity, or mechanical impedance), and this exacerbates problems of root growth and necessitates identification and amelioration of the particular combination of constraints to improve root growth. Although L. angustifolius is often grown on duplex soils, its roots are not suited to these soils. Rooting depth is restricted, and unlike wheat roots, those of L. angustifolius are poorly adapted to ramifying through the soil for efficient water and nutrient extraction. Lupinus angustifolius is also particularly sensitive to high pH, salinity, and, probably, waterlogging. Other species of lupin which are more tolerant of high pH (e.g. L. pilosus) and waterlogging (e.g. L. luteus) may be more appropriate on duplex soils.

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Craig, GF, DT Bell, and CA Atkins. "Response to Salt and Waterlogging Stress of Ten Taxa of Acacia Selected From Naturally Saline Areas of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 6 (1990): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900619.

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Ten taxa of Acacia were selected from areas of moderate to high soil salinity (electrical conductivities of saturated soil paste extracts (ECe) between 1000 mS m--1 and 4800 mS m-1 at 50-600 mm depth) and sodicity to test the tolerance of young, symbiotic plants to increasing levels of salinity both with and without waterlogging. Nodulated plants, 3 months old, were grown in glasshouse experiments which consisted of four treatments: non-saline drained control (12 weeks); saline drained (12 weeks); non-saline waterlogged (5 weeks); and saline waterlogged (5 weeks). Acacia cyclops, A. brumalis, A. redolens (Ravensthorpe) and A. aff. lineolata had 100% survival after 12 weeks irrigation with saline solution (final ECw = 9500 mS m-1). Generally, the species tested were sensitive to waterlogging with A. patagiata, A. cyclops and A. brumalis being the most sensitive, having 19-44% mortality with no salt in the solution. The combined treatment of salt and waterlogging greatly increased the mortality of plants, with four species having > 70% dead after 5 weeks treatment (ECw = 3900 mS m-1). A. aff. lineolata and A. mutabilis subsp. ,stipulifera were highly tolerant of salt plus waterlogging, with 100% and 96% survival respectively. In salt plus waterlogged treatments, Na+ concentration in phyllodes of all taxa exceeded (0.37-2.13 mmol g-1 dry wt) that taken up by plants in freely drained salt treatments (0.03-0.42 mmol g-1 dry wt). Taxa with the slowest rates of growth tended to accumulate the highest concentrations of Na+ in the uppermost phyllodes. Provenances of A. redolens and A. patagiata collected from sites of high soil salinity (ECe > 2200 mS m-1) had less than half the Na+ concentration in uppermost phyllodes (0.22 mmol -1 dry wt) at the termination of the salt treatment, compared with provenances of the same species collected from moderately saline areas (ECe = 1100 mS m-1). This indicates that Acacia provenances collected from the most saline sites had greater potential to survive high levels of external salinity in the longer term than those from less saline sites.

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Brouwer, J., and R. W. Fitzpatrick. "Interpretation of morphological features in a salt-affected duplex soil toposequence with an altered soil water regime in western Victoria." Soil Research 40, no. 6 (2002): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02008.

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This paper is the first of two describing how soil macromorphological and chemical data can be combined with a minimum of hydrological data to distinguish between, and to quantify, past and present hydrological processes. These processes are relevant to both waterlogging and dryland salinity. The purpose of this first paper is to establish a methodological framework. It also describes the initial interpretation of the macromorphological features of the toposequence studied at Gatum on the Dundas Tablelands in western Victoria. A modified version of the soil feature–system–domain grouping method was used. Macromorphological data combined with only limited piezometric data showed that: (1) The soil feature–system–domain grouping method makes it possible to distinguish between the effects of past and present hydrological processes on soil macromorphology at Gatum. (2) Waterlogging of the surface horizons at Gatum is often caused by perching of soil water within the B-horizon (as opposed to on top of the B-horizon). Changes in soil structure and in colour of cutans and mottles can be an indicator of this first restricting layer. (3) It is likely that interpedal cracks and old tree root holes act as preferred paths for water to flow through this first restricting layer. (4) A second fresh perched water table can occur on top of the pallid zone. Where the pallid zone reaches close to the surface the two perched water tables may merge and cause a local increase in waterlogging, as indicated by local soil morphology. When this occurs, hillside seeps can occur quite high up on the slopes, even when there is no apparent irregularity in surface topography. (5) The permanent saline water table occurs on top of the bedrock and causes salting problems where it comes too close to the soil surface. Salting problems at the bottom of a slope are more severe where fresh perched water tables increase waterlogging On the basis of these findings the suitability of various management options to reduce waterlogging and salinisation is discussed. Further findings regarding restricting layers, flow paths through the soils, and relations between duration of saturation and soil morphological features, are discussed in a companion paper (by J. Brouwer and R. W. Fitzpatrick, pp. 927-946 in this issue).

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Farrell, RCC, DT Bell, K. Akilan, and JK Marshall. "Morphological and Physiological Comparisons of Clonal Lines of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. II. Responses to Waterlogging/Salinity and Alkalinity." Functional Plant Biology 23, no. 4 (1996): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9960509.

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Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. has previously been shown to survive and grow in waterlogged, highly saline and highly alkaline soils. The ability of six clones from five provenances of E. camaldulensis to produce biomass and utilise water, and the processes of stomatal conductance and gas exchange under stress conditions was examined under controlled conditions in a glasshouse. A clone originally from Wooramel, Western Australia (M80) produced the largest total plant biomass, the greatest total leaf area and greatest total root dry weight under conditions of waterlogging and gradually increasing salinity. A second clone from Wooramel (M16), however, tended to be among the least productive of the clones under this stress, indicating the wide potential variation in stress tolerance of trees from a single provenance. The response of clones to alkalinity stress was comparable to that measured under waterlogging/salinity stress. Water use was closely related to biomass production. Leaves produced while under salinity and alkalinity stress were comparable in ion content to those produced prior to the test conditions. An ability to control uptake by roots or limit ion transport to leaf tissues were hypothesised as controlling physiological functions resulting in tolerance to severe soil ion imbalances in this species. The impact of solution conductivity on stomatal conductance and water use, secondarily affected photosynthetic rates in these clones of E. camaldulensis. Tolerance of extreme conditions provides the opportunity to use these genotypes to reclaim damaged agricultural landscapes and mine spoils of high soil solution ion concentrations.

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Stevens, R. M., and R. R. Walker. "Response of grapevines to irrigation-induced salinesodic soil conditions." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (2002): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00143.

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The responses of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.), ungrafted and grafted to Ramsey rootstock, to saline irrigation have been investigated in drip-irrigated trials at Loxton, Dareton and Merbein in the Riverland–Sunraysia region of the southern Murray–Darling Basin. Soil type and climate were similar across the sites and the characteristics of the soils were monitored in relation to salinity treatment. The treatments involved application of defined irrigation water salinities throughout the season at Merbein and Dareton, while at Loxton, a high salinity treatment was applied between flowering and veraison with low salinity being applied in the remainder of the season. Between-site comparisons of the same rootstock or same cultivar in the fifth season of irrigation show that for water of similar salinity (volume weighted electrical conductivity of 1.4–1.6 dS/m), the ion accumulation patterns were not equivalent. Leaf petiole sodium ion (Na+) and chloride ion (Cl–) concentrations in ungrafted Sultana vines at Dareton were 2-fold those at Merbein, which aligned with differences in electrical conductivity of the soil saturation paste extract. Differences between salinity of soil and ion content of leaves at the 2 sites were attributed to different irrigation management with the estimated leaching fraction at Merbein nearly double that at Dareton. The average ECe at Loxton was equivalent to that at Merbein. However, the leaf lamina Cl– in vines grafted to Ramsey rootstock at Loxton was 2-fold that at Merbein and leaf lamina Na+ was 10-fold. Cultivar differences between the 2 sites — Sultana at Merbein and Colombard at Loxton — may explain a small part of the increase in leaf Na+ and most of that in leaf Cl–. However, a far more plausible explanation is that vines at Loxton experienced transient waterlogging which increased their uptake of both Na+ and Cl–, and increased the rate of Na+ uptake relative to that of Cl–. Transient waterlogging was probably caused by a combination of soil sodicity, small excesses in irrigation, and the combination for part of the season of low electrolyte concentration and high sodium adsorption ratio in the soil solution. Under waterlogged conditions, the uptake of Na+ relative to Cl– at Loxton would have been further enhanced by the inherent differences between Loxton and Merbein in the properties of the soil solution. The soil solution at Loxton had a higher Na:Cl ratio.

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Davidson, Andrew P. "Soil salinity, a major constraint to irrigated agriculture in the Punjab region of Pakistan: Contributing factors and strategies for amelioration." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 15, no. 4 (December 2000): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300008729.

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AbstractSalinity is widely perceived to have severe effects on farmers in Pakistan. However, to date there is little direct evidence on how salinity specifically affects farm operations and the patterns of agricultural activity, and how farmers seek to overcome the effects of salinity. The purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of the causes of soil salinity and to consider possible remedial actions whereby farmers might reduce its adverse effects. Correlation analysis was used to determine whether farmers responded to soil salinity in identifiable patterns of socioeconomic activity and behavior. Throughout these analyses, it was assumed that salinity was the primary force driving the farming systems. Soil salinity was found to pose real constraints to agricultural productivity and the economic livelihoods of Pakistani farmers. With few notable exceptions, no discernible patterns in responses to soil salinity have emerged. Aside from the more traditional and costly methods for dealing with the problem, no new technologies to combat soil salinity have been widely disseminated, due to socioeconomic limitations of most farmers and general lack of awareness. Yet, the data indicate that in order to increase agricultural productivity, alternative technologies are needed, such as trees and shrubs to lower the water table, more effective water management to prevent waterlogging, and salt-tolerant and -resistant strains of edible crops. Without these measures, it is likely the situation will worsen in the coming years.

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Hardie, Marcus A., Richard B. Doyle, William E. Cotching, and Shaun Lisson. "Subsurface Lateral Flow in Texture-Contrast (Duplex) Soils and Catchments with Shallow Bedrock." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/861358.

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Development-perched watertables and subsurface lateral flows in texture-contrast soils (duplex) are commonly believed to occur as a consequence of the hydraulic discontinuity between the A and B soil horizons. However, in catchments containing shallow bedrock, subsurface lateral flows result from a combination of preferential flow from the soil surface to the soil—bedrock interface, undulations in the bedrock topography, lateral flow through macropore networks at the soil—bedrock interface, and the influence of antecedent soil moisture on macropore connectivity. Review of literature indicates that some of these processes may also be involved in the development of subsurface lateral flow in texture contrast soils. However, the extent to which these mechanisms can be applied to texture contrast soils requires further field studies. Improved process understanding is required for modelling subsurface lateral flows in order to improve the management of waterlogging, drainage, salinity, and offsite agrochemicals movement.

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Várallyay, György. "Environmental Stresses Induced by Salinity/Alkalinity in the Carpathian Basin (Central Europe)." Agrokémia és Talajtan 51, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2002): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/agrokem.51.2002.1-2.28.

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In the hydrogeologically closed Carpathian Basin subsurface waters have particular importance in the salinization/alkalization processes. In the poorly-drained low-lying areas the capillary flow transports high amounts of water soluble salts from the shallow, „stagnant” groundwater with high salt concentration and unfavourable sodium-carbonate(bicarbonate) type ion composition to the overlying soil horizons. Due to the strongly alkaline soil solution, the Ca and Mg salts (mostly carbonates and bicarbonates) are not soluble and Na + became absolutely predominant in the migrating soil solution which leads to high ESP even at relatively low salt concentration. High Na + saturation of heavy-textured soils with high amount of expanding clay minerals results in unfavourable physical-hydrophysical properties and extreme moisture regime of these soils, which are their main ecological constrains and the limiting factors of their fertility, productivity and agricultural utility. The simultaneous hazard of waterlogging or overmoistening, and drought sensitivity in extensive lowland areas, sometimes in the same places within a short period, necessitates a precise, “double function” soil moisture control against their harmful ecological/economical/social consequences. Most of the environmental constrains (including salinity/alkalinity/sodicity) can be efficiently controlled: prevented, eliminated, or - at least - moderated. But this needs permanent care and proper actions: adequate soil and water conservation practices based on a comprehensive soil/land degradation assessment. It includes continuous registration of facts and changes (monitoring); exact and quantitative knowledge on the existing soil processes, their influencing factors and mechanisms.

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Dear, B. S., and M. A. Ewing. "The search for new pasture plants to achieve more sustainable production systems in southern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 4 (2008): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07105.

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Increasing the proportion of the landscape planted to deep-rooted perennial pasture species is recognised as one of several remedial actions required for the control of dryland salinity in southern Australia. The widespread use of perennials in farming systems is limited at present by the lack of well-adapted perennials that can be grown to reduce recharge in a landscape where drought, soil acidity, temporary waterlogging, infertile soils and unrestricted grazing prohibit the use of many species. The range of plants adapted to salinity also needs to be expanded to stabilise and ameliorate soils already degraded by rising watertables and to increase the profitability of grazing discharge regions within the landscape. This paper describes the steps involved in a national forage screening and breeding program initiated by the Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Plant-based Management of Dryland Salinity1, seeking to expand the range of perennial and or salt-tolerant forage plants that can be incorporated into farming systems of southern Australia. It describes the target environments, soil constraints, farming systems and the criteria being considered when assessing the potential of new plants, including assessment of the weed risk posed by introducing new species. This paper forms an introduction to a special issue which presents the outcomes of the pasture species field evaluation and plant breeding program conducted by the CRC.

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Ferronato, Chiara, Maria Speranza, Lucia Ferroni, Alessandro Buscaroli, Gilmo Vianello, and Livia Vittori Antisari. "Vegetation response to soil salinity and waterlogging in three saltmarsh hydrosequences through macronutrients distribution." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 200 (January 2018): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.10.019.

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Houk, Eric, Marshall Frasier, and Eric Schuck. "The agricultural impacts of irrigation induced waterlogging and soil salinity in the Arkansas Basin." Agricultural Water Management 85, no. 1-2 (September 2006): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2006.04.007.

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Pezeshki, S. R., R. D. DeLaune, and W. H. Patrick Jr. "Differential response of selected mangroves to soil flooding and salinity: gas exchange and biomass partitioning." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-116.

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Seedlings of Avicenniagerminans (L.) Stearn., Lagunculariaracemosa (L.) Gaertn., and Rhizophoramangle (L.) were subjected to flooding, signified by soil redox potentials around −92 mV, and salinity in the range of 342 mol•m−3. Leaf conductance and net carbon assimilation rates per unit area of leaf did not change significantly under flooding or salinity treatments compared with control plants. There was no significant interaction of flooding and salinity with leaf conductance and net carbon assimilation; however, significant reduction in total leaf area per plant in response to flooding (minus salinity) was found in L. racemosa and A. germinans compared with control plants, which would result in a substantial reduction of net carbon assimilation per plant. In R. mangle, total leaf area per plant did not change significantly in response to various treatments. Generally, salinity alone or combined with flooding enhanced dry weights, whereas flooding (minus salinity) resulted in reduced dry weights. The mean values of leaf conductance and net carbon assimilation differed significantly among the study species, with greatest values recorded in A. germinans. The differences in conductance in combination with changes in net carbon assimilation rates resulted in substantial differences in water-use efficiency among these species. Water-use efficiency was greatest in L. racemosa. The overall results showed that these species were tolerant of a wide range of salinity and waterlogging conditions, with differences in physiological responses being evident in changes in biomass partitioning.

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Nichols, P. G. H., M. E. Rogers, A. D. Craig, T. O. Albertsen, S. M. Miller, D. R. McClements, S. J. Hughes, M. F. D'Antuono, and B. S. Dear. "Production and persistence of temperate perennial grasses and legumes at five saline sites in southern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 4 (2008): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07168.

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Herbage production and persistence of 24 perennial legumes from 20 species and 19 perennial grasses from 10 species were measured at five sites across southern Australia that differed in annual rainfall and extent of salinity and waterlogging. At Cranbrook, Western Australia, a site with occasional waterlogging and a summer salinity [estimated by electrical conductivity (ECe)] of 6.9 dS/m in the surface 10 cm of soil, strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.) and Lotus uligonosis Schkuhr produced 2.7 t/ha in the second year and had the highest legume plant frequencies in year 3, while herbage production of L. tenuis Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. and L. corniculatus L. was not significantly lower. No grasses produced more than 0.3 t/ha in the second year, but tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Z.-W. Liu & R.-C. Wang) was the most persistent. At Girgarre, Victoria, another site with occasional waterlogging and a summer ECe of 8.0 dS/m, phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) produced 8.5 t/ha in the second year, while production of tall wheatgrass and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was not significantly lower. Sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) was the only legume that produced more than 1 t/ha. Phalaris, tall wheatgrass and sulla had the highest densities in the third year. At Duranillin (Western Australia) and Keith (South Australia), which both experienced extensive winter waterlogging and had summer ECe >30 dS/m, puccinellia (Puccinellia ciliata Bor) and tall wheatgrass were the only grass or legume species that persisted beyond the first summer. Puccinellia was the only species to produce useful quantities of herbage (1.0 t/ha) in year 3 at Duranillin. No perennial grasses or legumes produced more than 0.35 t/ha in either year 2 or year 3 at Tammin, Western Australia, the lowest rainfall site (330 mm mean annual rainfall) with summer ECe of 10.9 dS/m. Genotypic differences within sites were indicated for several species, suggesting opportunities to develop cultivars better adapted to saline soils

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Boschma, S. P., G. M. Lodge, and S. Harden. "Herbage mass and persistence of pasture legumes and grasses at two potentially different saline and waterlogging sites in northern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 4 (2008): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07115.

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Two adjacent sites (a naturalised pasture and a previously cropped area) with differing potentials for salinity/sodicity and waterlogging near Tamworth, New South Wales were sown with temperate perennial grasses and legumes, temperate annual legumes and tropical perennial grasses to assess their herbage mass and persistence from 2003 to 2006. Plots were either grazed or mown seasonally. Days to flower in the establishment year and seedling regeneration were assessed each year for the annual legumes. In May 2003, salinity levels at soil depths >0.6 m were as high as 8 and 12 dS/m at the naturalised pasture and previously cropped sites, respectively, but generally were >5 and >3 dS/m at a soil depth of 0–0.10 m for these sites in 2004–05. With below average rainfall, no waterlogging was observed at the previously cropped site and only short-term waterlogging of a few days duration occurred at the naturalised pasture site. Under these conditions Puccinellia ciliata cv. Menemen did not establish or perform well, but Thinopyrum ponticum (cvv. Dundas and Tyrrell) was productive and persistent compared with Phalaris aquatica. At both sites, Digitaria eriantha cv. Premier and Chloris gayana cv. Katambora were the best tropical grasses, while the performance of Bothriochloa bladhii subsp. glabra cv. Swann was good at the previously cropped site and Panicum coloratum subsp. makarikariense cv. Bambatsi was best at the naturalised pasture site. At both sites, Medicago sativa had the highest herbage mass and persistence, with cv. Aquarius being superior to cv. Salado after 3 years. Compared with M. sativa, the herbage mass and persistence of Trifolium fragiferum was low. Of the annual legumes, M. polymorpha cv. Scimitar and Melilotus sulcatus had the highest herbage mass.

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Prajapati, Gabbar Singh, Praveen Kumar Rai, Varun Narayan Mishra, Prafull Singh, and Arjun Pratap Shahi. "Remote sensing-based assessment of waterlogging and soil salinity: A case study from Kerala, India." Results in Geophysical Sciences 7 (September 2021): 100024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ringps.2021.100024.

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Lu, S. G., C. Tang, and Z. Rengel. "Combined effects of waterlogging and salinity on electrochemistry, water-soluble cations and water dispersible clay in soils with various salinity levels." Plant and Soil 264, no. 1/2 (July 2004): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:plso.0000047748.50435.fc.

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Jodder, Rajib, Mohammad Asadul Haque, Tapan Kumar, M. Jahiruddin, M. Zulfikar Rahman, and Derek Clarke. "Climate change effects and adaptation measures for crop production in South-West coast of Bangladesh." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 3, no. 3 (December 18, 2016): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v3i3.30727.

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A survey was conducted to determine the effect of climate change on crop production and water quality in 12 villages of Deluty and Garaikhali unions under Paikgacha upazila of Khulna district, Bangladesh. Total of 100 farmers were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire. The climatic hazards as reported on the study area are salinity, cyclone, drought, hailstorm, river erosion and waterlogging, of them salinity is the most dominant hazard. Due to salinity the cropping system has undergone changes. Many crops and varieties have been either extinct or their cultivation has come down. Both soil and water are severely affected by salinity. Most of the farmers (90%) use pond water for irrigation and the majority farmers use pond and rain waters for drinking purpose. Results of the present study serves as a good basis for in-depth study to achieve successful crop production in the south west coastal area of Bangladesh.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.3(3): 369-378, December 2016

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Varadarajan, N., and B. K. Purandara. "SaltMod estimation of root-zone salinity Varadarajan and Purandara Application of SaltMod to estimate root-zone salinity in a command area." Materials and Geoenvironment 65, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rmzmag-2018-0008.

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Abstract Waterlogging and salinity are the common features associated with many of the irrigation commands of surface water projects. This study aims to estimate the root zone salinity of the left and right bank canal commands of Ghataprabha irrigation command, Karnataka, India. The hydro-salinity model SaltMod was applied to selected agriculture plots at Gokak, Mudhol, Biligi and Bagalkot taluks for the prediction of root-zone salinity and leaching efficiency. The model simulated the soil-profile salinity for 20 years with and without subsurface drainage. The salinity level shows a decline with an increase of leaching efficiency. The leaching efficiency of 0.2 shows the best match with the actual efficiency under adequate drainage conditions. The model shows a steady increase, reaching the levels up to 8.0 decisiemens/metre (dS/m) to 10.6 dS/m at the end of the 20-year period under no drainage. If suitable drainage system is not provided, the area will further get salinised, thus making the land uncultivable. We conclude from the present study that it is necessary to provide proper drainage facilities to control the salinity levels in the study area.

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Dwivedi, R. S. "Study of salinity and waterlogging in Uttar Pradesh (India) using remote sensing data." Land Degradation and Development 5, no. 3 (October 1994): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3400050303.

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Rovira, AD. "Dryland mediterranean farming systems in Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 7 (1992): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920801.

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The mediterranean region of Australia extends from Geraldton in Western Australia across southern Australia into western and northern Victoria. This region experiences hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters, with 300-600 mm annual rainfall. In the dryland farming zone, the cereal-livestock farming system dominates and produces 30-35% of Australia's total agricultural production. The major soils in the region are deep, coarse-textured sands and sandy loams, duplex soils with coarse-textured sands over clay (generally low in nutrients and organic matter), and fine-textured red-brown earths of low hydraulic conductivity. Major soil problems in the region include sodicity, salinity, soil structural degradation, nutrient deficiencies, boron toxicity, acidity, waterlogging, inadequate nitrogen nutrition, water-repellence, and root diseases. These problems have been exacerbated by excessive clearing of trees, increased frequency of cropping, reduced area sown to pastures, declining pasture production, and a decline in nutrient levels. With improved soil management there is potential for increased productivity from dryland farming areas of the region and improved ecological sustainability.

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Zhang, Lei, Zhicheng Li, Tianliang Yang, and Ping Yang. "Improvement of comprehensive performance of compound green soil in sponge city." Environmental Engineering Research 26, no. 5 (September 14, 2020): 200381–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.381.

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Large-scale constructions of urbanization increase the impervious areas of city, leading to the urban hydrological effects such as urban waterlogging and rainwater runoff pollution. To this end, China proposed to adopt the measure to build sponge cities. However, the existing green soil cannot meet the comprehensive needs of sponge city. In order to quickly evaluate the comprehensive performance of the soil in sponge city, a comprehensive evaluation criterion was designed, which is related to the characteristics of greening soil permeability, porosity, pH, salinity and fertility. Based on the criterion, a new type of composite green soil was obtained with the silt soil: medium sand: sawdust ratio of 72.5%: 20%: 7.5%. Finally, compared with the existing soil, the new green soil not only meets the comprehensive performance requirements of the green soil's fertility, pH, permeability and other factors, but also has higher permeability and water retention. It was proved that the new green soil has apparent advantages in the control of rainwater.

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Sheng, Fang, and Chen Xiuling. "Developing drainage as the basis of comprehensive control of drought, waterlogging, salinity and saline groundwater." Irrigation and Drainage 56, S1 (2007): S227—S244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.370.

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Humphries, A. W., and G. C. Auricht. "Breeding lucerne for Australia's southern dryland cropping environments." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 2 (2001): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99171.

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Lucerne is a deep-rooted perennial forage legume with an important role in preventing dryland salinity in southern Australian cropping regions. Annual cereal production has created a water-use imbalance, which is placing the industry under threat through rising saline watertables and resultant dryland salinity. Lucerne is being incorporated into cropping systems to reduce groundwater recharge and improve the sustainability of grain production. Existing lucerne varieties have been developed for the animal industries, primarily for the areas with high rainfall or irrigation. The new challenge is to develop lucernes specifically for southern Australian cropping systems. This paper provides a background literature review of the breeding challenges that are anticipated in the development of these new types of lucerne. Lucerne is intolerant of acidic soils, waterlogging, saline soils, and intensive grazing. Other important attributes covered include the ability of the plant to fix nitrogen with existing rhizobia and be resistant to diseases that affect lucerne and other crops in the rotation. Finally, this paper addresses some of the breeding strategies that will be used to screen lucerne germplasm for tolerances to these soil conditions and diseases.

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Konukcu, F., J. W. Gowing, and D. A. Rose. "Dry drainage: A sustainable solution to waterlogging and salinity problems in irrigation areas?" Agricultural Water Management 83, no. 1-2 (May 2006): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.09.003.

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Aragüés, R., J. Puy, and D. Isidoro. "Vegetative growth response of young olive trees (Olea europaea L., cv. Arbequina) to soil salinity and waterlogging." Plant and Soil 258, no. 1 (January 2004): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:plso.0000016537.61832.6e.

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Kitomi, Yuka, Eiko Hanzawa, Noriyuki Kuya, Haruhiko Inoue, Naho Hara, Sawako Kawai, Noriko Kanno, et al. "Root angle modifications by theDRO1homolog improve rice yields in saline paddy fields." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 35 (August 17, 2020): 21242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005911117.

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The root system architecture (RSA) of crops can affect their production, particularly in abiotic stress conditions, such as with drought, waterlogging, and salinity. Salinity is a growing problem worldwide that negatively impacts on crop productivity, and it is believed that yields could be improved if RSAs that enabled plants to avoid saline conditions were identified. Here, we have demonstrated, through the cloning and characterization ofqSOR1(quantitative trait locus for SOIL SURFACE ROOTING 1), that a shallower root growth angle (RGA) could enhance rice yields in saline paddies.qSOR1is negatively regulated by auxin, predominantly expressed in root columella cells, and involved in the gravitropic responses of roots.qSOR1was found to be a homolog ofDRO1(DEEPER ROOTING 1), which is known to control RGA. CRISPR-Cas9 assays revealed that otherDRO1homologs were also involved in RGA. Introgression lines with combinations of gain-of-function and loss-of-function alleles inqSOR1andDRO1demonstrated four different RSAs (ultra-shallow, shallow, intermediate, and deep rooting), suggesting that natural alleles of theDRO1homologs could be utilized to control RSA variations in rice. In saline paddies, near-isogenic lines carrying theqSOR1loss-of-function allele had soil-surface roots (SOR) that enabled rice to avoid the reducing stresses of saline soils, resulting in increased yields compared to the parental cultivars without SOR. Our findings suggest thatDRO1homologs are valuable targets for RSA breeding and could lead to improved rice production in environments characterized by abiotic stress.

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Bhutta, Muhammad Nawaz, and Lambert K. Smedema. "One hundred years of waterlogging and salinity control in the Indus valley, Pakistan: a historical review." Irrigation and Drainage 56, S1 (2007): S81—S90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.333.

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Brouwer, J., and R. W. Fitzpatrick. "Restricting layers, flow paths and correlation between duration of soil saturation and soil morphological features along a hillslope with an altered soil water regime in western Victoria." Soil Research 40, no. 6 (2002): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02009.

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This paper is the second of two describing how soil macromorphological and chemical data can be combined with soil hydrological data to distinguish between, and to quantify, past and present hydrological processes relevant to waterlogging and dryland salinity. The first paper provides a methodological framework for the study, and describes the initial interpretation of the macromorphological features of the toposequence studied, using the soil feature-system-domain grouping method. This second paper deals with the added value of extensive piezometric and other hydrological observations relative to soil macromorphological studies, and with quantitative relationships between soil colour and duration of waterlogging. As with the first paper, this paper focuses on a soil toposequence at Gatum on the eastern Dundas Tableland in western Victoria. For the the broad crest with yellow gradational soils or Dermosols (Plinthoxeralfs), the hydrological data confirmed the conclusion from macromorphological observations that: (1) There are three levels at which downward flow of water is restricted: at the top of the largely unaltered mottled zone, that is at 0.8-1.0 m depth, well below the top of the yellow Bt1-horizon (fresh water); at the top of the pallid zone, at about 3-3.5 m depth (fresh water); and on top of the unweathered ignimbrite (saline water). (2) Below about 30 mm depth, down at least as far as 2.0 m and sometimes even more, the major pathways for downward movement of water are indeed root channels, with or without live roots, and not interpedal cracks. The 3-dimensional spacing of the rootholes above and through the less-permeable mottled zone, and the (horizontal) conductivity, storage capacity, and thickness of overlying horizons determine the extent of ponding, runoff, and deep infiltration taking place. In addition, the hydrological observations showed that: (3) If rainfall is regular, well-spaced, and not excessive, ponding is unlikely to take place even where there is a rainfall surplus and there are layers restricting downward flow of water. Furthermore, along the toposequence with yellow duplex soils or Dermosols, Chromosols, and Hydrosols, (4) There were generally good correlations between duration of saturation at the bottom of the E-horizon and colour aspects of the E-horizon (value and chroma of the matrix) and of the B2-horizon (hue, value, and chroma of the matrix). Based on these findings additional suggestions are made for improving identification and management of water logging and salinisation processes.

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Xie, Li‐Na, Zhen‐Ming Ge, Ya‐Lei Li, Shi‐Hua Li, Li‐Shan Tan, and Xiu‐Zhen Li. "Effects of waterlogging and increased salinity on microbial communities and extracellular enzyme activity in native and exotic marsh vegetation soils." Soil Science Society of America Journal 84, no. 1 (January 2020): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20006.

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GUPTA, RAJ K., and I. P. ABROL. "SALINITY BUILD-UP AND CHANGES IN THE RICE–WHEAT SYSTEM OF THE INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS." Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 2 (April 2000): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700002076.

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Green revolution technologies of the 1960s and 1970s have led to the emergence of rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) (R–W) as a major cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). Expansion of irrigation through a network of canals and privately owned tube wells was one of the key factors in the success of the new technologies. Since canal water supplies are not demand-driven, farmers increasingly relied on the use of ground water by installing shallow tube wells. The strategy of ground water development and its use in conjunction with canal supplies paid rich dividends in control of waterlogging and secondary alkalization and in increasing the pace of alkali soils reclamation programmes in areas underlaid with fresh quality aquifers. Rice–wheat systems were the preferred choice of farmers. Adoption of the R–W system, however, changed the salt and water balance in north-western parts of the IGP. In the north-east of Punjab and Haryana states it led to receding water tables and waterlogging, and in south-west parts to associated problems of secondary salination. In eastern parts of the IGP in West Bengal, development of ground water aquifers to meet irrigation water requirements for the intensification and diversification of agriculture has led to serious problems of ground water contamination due to dissolution of arsenic-bearing minerals under altered soil moisture regimes, conducive to oxidation of pyritic sediments. These experiences suggest that there is an urgent need for a change in the way food is produced in the IGP for sustainability of the natural resource base. This will depend on the ability to predict long-term consequences of intensification and diversification of agriculture on the farm and regional scale. Whereas issues of favourable regional salt and water balances need attention in the north-west of the IGP, rain-water management and alleviating drainage congestion can facilitate the adoption of agricultural technologies and improve productivity of the R–W systems.

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English, Jeremy P., and Timothy D. Colmer. "Salinity and waterlogging tolerances in three stem-succulent halophytes (Tecticornia species) from the margins of ephemeral salt lakes." Plant and Soil 348, no. 1-2 (July 30, 2011): 379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0924-6.

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Jiménez-Ballesta, Raimundo, Sandra Bravo, Jose Angel Amorós, Caridad Pérez-de-los-Reyes, Jesus García-Pradas, Monica Sánchez, and Francisco Jesús García-Navarro. "An Environmental Approach to Understanding the Expansion of Future Vineyards: Case Study of Soil Developed on Alluvial Sediments." Environments 8, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8090096.

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The importance of soil properties in wine grape production is generally treated as secondary to climate and canopy management. This study was undertaken to characterize and classify a singular soil resource for a vineyard in a traditional viticultural region: Castilla-La Mancha, central Spain. The soil under study was described and sampled using standard soil survey procedures as outlined by FAO, and served as a pedologic window for Gleyic Fluvisol (Calcaric, Humic), according to the FAO System, or Fluventic Haploxerept, according to the Soil Taxonomy System. This soil, developed on alluvial materials of Holocene age related to the Gigüela river (either carbonatic or gypsiferous) has, in addition to obvious hydromorphic features (that reduce its use), high organic matter content (5.5% in the Ap horizon) and moderate salt content (between 1.14 and 2.39 dS/m). Other properties are common to most vineyard soils in Castilla-La Mancha, such as alkaline reactivity (pH between 7.6 and 8.2); calcium and magnesium as the dominant cations followed by sodium and potassium; finally, some deficiency in N (0.11%) and P (12.3 mg/kg). The most restricting soil factors for vineyard growth of this soil type were waterlogging, which can affect vine roots, and the appearance of certain salinity problems. The final conclusion of this study was that the use of the studied soil type for vineyard cultivation could be recommended to farmers only in the case of improving soil properties—for example, draining the river level.

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Issanova, G., A. Saduakhas, J. Abuduwaili, K. Tynybayeva, and S. Tanirbergenov. "DESERTIFICATION AND LAND DEGRADATION IN KAZAKHSTAN." BULLETIN 5, no. 387 (October 15, 2020): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1467.148.

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Desertification and land degradation are common processes in arid and semi-arid regions of Kazakhstan, especially southern parts, where areas are covered by a great variety of desert types. In deserts, soil-forming processes take place in conditions of severe water shortage, and high level of soil degradation and desertification. The main natural factors for these processes are a flat terrain, a high degree of arid climate, soil salinity, carbonate content, a lack of structure and low natural soil fertility. However, the anthropogenic factors of desertification and soil degradation became dominant last decades. The study considers the actual problems of natural and anthropogenic factors of desertification and land degradation within Kazakhstan. The desertification of huge territories is accompanied by soil contamination, waterlogging by surface water and groundwater, soil salinization, erosion (water, wind), degradation of vegetation cover, dehumidification and a decrease in general regional biological capacity. Analysis of the current status of the soil cover has shown intensive land degradation 43 % of the territory of Kazakhstan is subjected to degradation in significant degree; over 14 % of pastures have reached an extreme degree of degradation or are completely degradated. The Aral Sea region, Northern Caspian Sea and Southern Balkhash deserts can be observed as areas of intensive soil desertification, salinization and deflation processes. As well as the desertification process are progressing in the irrigated soils of the deltas of Syrdarya, Shu, Ile and Karatal rivers.

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Datta, K. K., and C. de Jong. "Adverse effect of waterlogging and soil salinity on crop and land productivity in northwest region of Haryana, India." Agricultural Water Management 57, no. 3 (December 2002): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3774(02)00058-6.

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Duhan, Savita, Anita Kumari, and Sunita Sheokand. "Effect of waterlogging and salinity on antioxidative system in pigeonpea plant leaves at different stages of development." Research on Crops 18, no. 3 (2017): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2348-7542.2017.00096.1.

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Song, Jie. "Root morphology is related to the phenotypic variation in waterlogging tolerance of two populations of Suaeda salsa under salinity." Plant and Soil 324, no. 1-2 (March 7, 2009): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-9949-5.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Soil salinity/waterlogging'

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