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1
Parks, Olivia Waverly. "Effect of water temperature on cohesive soil erosion." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49663.
Full textAbstract:
In light of increased stream temperatures due to urbanization and climate change, theeffect of water temperature on cohesive soil erosion should be explored. The objectives of this study are to: determine the effect of water temperature on the erosion rates of clay; determine how erosion rates vary with clay mineralogy; and, explore the relationship between zeta potential and erosion rate. Samples of kaolinite- and montmorillonite-sand mixtures, and vermiculite-dominated soil were placed in the wall of a recirculating flume channel using a vertical sample orientation. Erosion rate was measured under a range of shear stresses (0.1-20 Pa) for a period of five minutes per shear stress at water temperatures of 12, 20, and 27�"C. The zeta potential was determined for each clay type at the three testing temperatures and compared to mean erosion rates. The kaolinite erosion rate doubled when the temperature increased from 12 to 20�"C, and erosion of vermiculite samples tripled when the temperature increased from 20 to 27�"C. The montmorillonite samples generally eroded through mechanical failure rather than fluvial erosion, and the limited fluvial erosion of the montmorillonite-sand mixture was not correlated with water temperature. The data suggest correlation between zeta potential and erosion rate; however, due to the small sample size (n=3), statistically significant correlation was not indicated. Research should continue to explore the influence of water temperature on cohesive soil erosion to better understand the influence of clay mineralogy. Due to the high degree of variability in cohesive soil erosion, multiple replications should be used in future work. The vertical sample orientation enabled discrimination between fluvial erosion and mass wasting and is recommended for future studies.
Master of Science
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Heyns, Gerhardus Johannes. "Influence of macro- versus microcooling on the physiological and psychological performance of the human operator." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016247.
Full textAbstract:
This study evaluated the effect of a macro- versus a microcooling system on the cognitive, psychomotor and physiological performance of human operators. Male subjects (n = 24) were acclimatized for four days and then subjected to three different environmental conditions: hot ambient (40°C; 40% RH), microcooling and macrocooling. Each environmental condition was repeated twice; once under a rest condition and once while simulating a physical workload of 40 W. Four performance tests (reasoning, eye-hand coordination, memory, reaction time) were conducted once every hour for four hours. Five physiological measurements, viz rectal temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, total sweat loss and sweat rate, were taken. A significant difference existed between the physiological responses under the hot ambient condition and both cooling conditions. For all five physiological parameters he human operator benefitted substantially whatever the cooling condition. The psychological performance results indicated a greater benefit under the cooling conditions, though various external factors may have influenced responses. User perception showed that macrocooling was perceived to be the optimal method of cooling. The results showed that there was no difference in the extent to which both rectal temperature and heart rate (for rest and work conditions) decreased over the 4-hour study period with micro- and macrocooling. In the baseline hot environment both increase. Sweat rate was lowest when resting or working in a microcooled environment and at its highest in the hot baseline environment. Mean skin temperature was lowest (for rest and work conditions) with microcooling and highest in the hot baseline environment. Reaction time and memory/attention were the same under all three environmental conditions. Eye-hand coordination was better with cooling than without, but did not differ between the two cooling conditions. Reasoning ability was poorest under the hot baseline condition and best in the macrocooled environment. User perception showed that the subjects found macrocooling highly acceptable. Microcooling was found to be uncomfortable, particularly because cold air (18 - 21°C) entered the jacket at one point which caused numbness of the skin at that point. Jackets did not always fit subjects well and the umbilical cord restricted free movement.
3
Anderson, Dawn E. "Effects of caffeine on the metabolic and catecholamine responses to exercise in 5 and 28p0sC environments." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/833465.
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The influence of caffeine on the metabolic and catecholamine responses to mild exercise in a cold and a warm environment was studied in eight healthy males. The subjects performed 60 minutes of cycling at 50% VO2max in a cold environment (5°C and 70% relative humidity) and a warm environment (28°C and 50% relative humidity) 30 minutes after ingesting caffeine (5mg/kg body weight) or placebo (dextrose). Caffeine ingestion prior to exercise in the warm environment resulted in increased plasma epinephrine, with no effect on plasma norepinephrine. Neither lipid nor carbohydrate metabolism was altered by caffeine in the warm trial. Exercise in the cold environment (placebo) produced increased oxygen consumption and carbohydrate metabolism, decreased lipid metabolism, and no difference in plasma catecholamines compared with the warm-placebo trial. Responses to the combination of caffeine ingestion and the cold environment did not differ from cold-placebo responses in oxygen consumption or respiratory exchange ratio during the cycling bout. However, in the cold-caffeine trial plasma epinephrine was elevated. In addition, fat oxidation, serum free fatty acids, and serum glycerol were elevated in the cold-caffeine condition. Carbohydrate oxidation was depressed, while serum glucose and blood lactate were elevated in this trial. The results of this study indicate that caffeine increases plasma epinephrine; cold increases oxygen consumption and carbohydrate metabolism, while decreasing lipid metabolism; and the combination of caffeine and cold during exercise increases plasma epinephrine and lipid metabolism, but decreases carbohydrate metabolism.Human Performance Laboratory
4
El-Bishti, Magda Bashier. "Determination of soil moisture using dielectric soil moisture sensors : effect of soil temperature and implication for evaporation estimates." Thesis, University of Reading, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487102.
Full textAbstract:
The reliability and accuracy of several sensors that employ the relationship between dielectric constant and soil moisture constant, e, in particular capacitance sensors were investigated. Results obtained from laboratory examinations ,of a Theta probe, TP, selected as a representative model for capacitance sensors, suggested that the sensor output was affected by temperature variations, electrical conductivity levels, spatial variation in sample bulk density as well as the level of compaction of the soil surrounding the sensor's rods. Detailed in situ e data collected usmg capacitance sensors were used to calculate sub-daily estimates of evaporation, E, using the soil water balance method, combined with the zero-flux-plane (ZFP) approach, for plots of bare soil, rapeseed and a maize field. These sensors comprised Theta probes (TP), Profiles probes (PP), ECH20 probes (EP) and Aquaflex sensors (AF). / The field output data of these sensors were analysed and compared with e obtained with both, the gravimetric and neutron probe method. The absolute values of B as measured by the various capacitance sensors differed considerably. Furthermore, the outputs of these sensors (apart from the AF probes) were found to be affected by temperature, which would result in an anomalous course of diurnal E. Also, B-data were subject to noise which required smoothing to ensure a physically realistic variation in E, when compared to estimates with the Penman-Monteith equation, EPAf, and the eddy-covariance method (maize field). E was determined from diurnal changes in vertically integrated soil moisture content above the ZFP. Smoothed values of Bwere temperature-corrected using fieldbased and laboratory-based correction equations. A considerable difference between field- and laboratory-based temperature corrections procedures was noticed, and correction factors strongly depended on B. As this resulted in an overly complicated correction procedure, which consequently gave unreliable E-values, it was then decided to use a constant correction factor (based on the field correction procedure), for each capacitance probe. For the bare soil plot, with the exception ofPP and EP only Bprofiles obtained with the TP and AF sensors produced relatively reliable E values when compared to Enf. By contrast, when these capacitance sensors were used under a canopy, all sensors yielded satisfactory E-values. This was most likely caused by reduced amplitudes of soil temperatures under the canopy and the fact that the dimensions of most sensors do not allow installation in the top soil (~3-5cm) layer at which most evaporation would take place in bare soils. We therefore recommended that these sensors can be used for diurnal B measurements and E determination under canopy provided that an appropriate temperature-correction procedure for each sensor is applied. To obtain reliable Band E estimates in bare soil, more research needs to be done. For more reliable e and E estimations in bare soils further extensive field trials would be strongly advised
5
Stomph, Tjeerd Jan. "Seedling establishment in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) : the influence of genotype, physiological seed quality, soil temperature and soil water." Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276632.
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Wollmuth, Lonnie Paul. "Norepinephrine and temperature regulation in goldfish." PDXScholar, 1987. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3727.
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Cannulae were implanted into forebrain loci of goldfish (Carassius auratus; 45-90 g) to determine (i) the effects and site of action of intracranial norepinephrine (NE) injections on behavioral thermoregulation and (ii) the mechanism and the types of adrenoreceptors involved in the thermoregulatory effect of NE. After 30 min in a thermal gradient, implanted fish were injected with norepinephrinebitartrate salt (2.5-500 ng NE) in a total volume of 0.2 ul (carrier was 0.7% NaCl). Injections of 5, 10, 25, and 50 ng NE into the anterior aspect of the nucleus preopticus periventricularis (NPP1 Peter and Gill 1975) led to consistent, dose-dependent decreases in selected temperature. No effect on temperature selection was observed following injections of 2.5 ng NE or control injections of 100 ng tartaric acid. The effects of injections into other loci, including intraventricular injections, were dependent upon the dose and proximity to the anterior NPP1 at sites adjacent to the anterior NPP, larger doses were required, and the effects became inconsistent. At sites further removed, no effect on selected temperature was observed1 included in this category were more caudal sites within the NPP and the nucleus preopticus.
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Gibson, Robert H. "The effect of elevated core temperature upon excess post exercise oxygen consumption." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/941356.
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A great deal of research has been done to assess the effects of exercise intensity and duration on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). But the effects of an elevated core temperature (Tc) post-exercise have not been directly examined. To assess the effects of an elevated Tc on EPOC, eight healthy, active male subjects (27.5 ± 6.1 years) underwent two 45 minute exercise trials at =70% VO2max in an environmental chamber (36 °C / 10% RH) followed by a 45 minute recovery in either the environmental chamber (42 °C / 10% RH) wearing insulating clothing (HC), or in the ambient conditions of the testing lab (22 °C / 42% RH) without any additional clothing (AM). Oxygen consumption (V02), minute ventilation (VE), heart rate (HR), and rectal temperature (Tc) were recorded pre-, exercise, and post- during both trials. Subjects were monitored postexercise for 45 minutes. EPOC was determined by subtracting pre-trial V02 from the recovery V02 until the difference between the values equaled zero or until 45 minutes had elapsed. Within 25 minutes post-exercise, V02 during the AM recovery had returned to near resting levels (p = 0.146), while V02 during the HC recovery remained significantly elevated for at least 45 minutes (p = 0.027). Given that V02 remained significantly elevated through 45 minutes of recovery, and that all other measured variables (HR, VE, and respiratory exchange ratio) were significantly affected during the HC recovery, it is clear that an elevated Tc has an effect on EPOC.School of Physical Education
8
Marsh, Melinda L. "Physiological responses to submaximal exercise in a cold and neutral temperature in children." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/834639.
Full textAbstract:
Physiological and thermoregulatory responses to exercise in a cold environment have been well documented in adults. However, limited information is available regarding the physiological and perceptual responses in children exercising in a cold environment. The purpose of this study was to compare the metabolic, cardiorespiratory, and perceptual responses of children performing submaximal exercise in a cold and neutral temperature. Sixteen children (8 male, 8 female), with a mean ± SD age, height, and weight of 11.4 ± 0.9 yrs, 149.4 ± 8.8 cm, and 40.0 ± 7.2 kg, respectively, participated as subjects in this study. Laboratory assessments occurred on three different days. On the first day of testing, a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer was administered to determine ventilatory threshold (VT) and VO2max (1.21 + 0.18 I-min-1, 1.74 + 0.21 1-min-1, respectively). On seperate days, subjects cycled in 5°C or 22°C for 30 minutes at an intensity corresponding to VT (103 ± 11 W). The order of testing was counterbalanced. V02, HR, and RPE were assessed every 5 minutes; blood samples from an indwelling catheter were taken every 10 minutes for blood lactate (LA) determination. Data were analyzed using arepeated measure ANOVA. V02, VE, HR, and LA responses were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the cold (1.36 ± 0.18 vs 1.14 ± 0.18 1-min-1, 35.6 ± 5.3 vs 29.2 ± 5.8 1-min-1, 165.7 ± 12.3 vs 155.9 ± 12.9 bpm, and 2.18 ± 1.18 vs 1.53 ± 0.84 mmol-l-1, respectively) (Mean ± SE). RPE values tended to be higher in the cold (13.6 + 3.4 vs 12.6 + 2.9); however, the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). More research is needed to determine the factors responsible for cold-induced alterations in the exercise response.School of Physical Education
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Quinn, Amie L., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "The impacts of agricultural chemicals and temperature on the physiological stress response in fish." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbirdge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2007, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/676.
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Fish are exposed to multiple stressors in their environment. The interactive
effects of pesticide exposure and increased temperature on the physiological stress
response were investigated in a comparative field study with cold-water (whitefish,
Prosopium williamsoni) and cool-water (sucker, Catostomus) fish from the Oldman
River, Alberta, Canada, and in a laboratory study with rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus
mykiss. Physiogical stress indicators were measured, and exposure to pesticides was
estimated using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. Species-specific differences in
AChE activities and responses of the physiological stress axis were detected in whitefish
and suckers, suggesting that whitefish are a more sensitive species to temperature and
pesticide stress. In vivo Dimethoate exposure inhibited AChE activity in various tissues
and disrupted the physiogical stress response. Commercial Dimethoate, in vitro, caused a
decrease in viability and cortisol secretion while pure grade Dimethoate did not. The
results from this study can be used in predictions of fish vulnerability to stress.ix, 137 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.
10
Manley, Elizabeth. "The effects of whole body immersion in cold water upon subsequent terrestrial aerobic performance : a study in hypothermia." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007458.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined the extent to which physiological and psychological concomitants of aerobic terrestrial performance were affected by body cooling of varying degrees induced by cold water immersion (CWI). Thirteen male and 13 female subjects underwent three randomly assigned 30 min treadmill runs: a control run without prior manipulation of the subjects' thermal status and the same exercise after "central" (core temperature 1°C below pre-immersion) and "peripheral" cooling (skin heat loss 100kcal.m⁻².h⁻¹). During treadmill runs core temperature was measured, together with chest, leg, arm and hand temperatures, from which mean skin temperature (T [subscript]s[subscript]k) and mean body temperature (T[subscript]b) were calculated. Heart rate, oxygen consumption (VO₂,), carbon dioxide production (VCO₂), minute ventilation (V₂ (BTPS)), breathing frequency (f), cadence and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and thermal sensation (PTS) were also measured. Both central and peripheral cooling resulted in significantly reduced T[subscript]r[subscript]e (males : control 37.9±0. 3°C; central cooling : 36.8±0.5°C; peripheral cooling: 37.5±0.4°C; females: control: 37.9±0.4°C; central cooling: 37.2±0.5; p<0.05) during subsequent treadmill running, except following peripheral cooling for females (37.9±0.3°C) . For males and females T[subscript]s[subscript]k was lower following peripheral cooling than control values and lowest after central cooling (males: control: 30.0±1.3°C; central cooling: 36.8±0.5°C; peripheral cooling: 37.5±0.4°C; females: control: 30.5±1.2°C; central cooling: 25.9±1.8°C; peripheral cooling: 26.9±1.9°C; p<0.05). Female subjects experienced significantly higher T[subscript]r[subscript]e than males following central and peripheral cooling and a lower T[subscript]s[subscript]k following central cooling. Females experienced less of an increase in heart rate than males during exercise following central and peripheral cooling (control: l57.7±23.7b.min⁻¹; central cooling: 143.5±20.5b.min⁻¹; peripheral cooling 151.7±16.7b.min⁻¹; p<0 .05). Male responses were the same following central cooling but higher for peripheral cooling than control values (control: 139.1±7.3b.min⁻¹; central cooling 134.7±17.5b.min⁻¹; peripheral cooling: 145.0±16.4b.min⁻¹; p<0.05). These data indicate a depression in cardiovascular function for females following peripheral cooling that was not apparent for males. The VO₂ was not different between tests for males; only peripheral cooling resulted in a raised VO₂ of 28.6±3 .3ml.kg⁻¹.min⁻¹ (p<0 .05) for females compared to 27.6±2.6ml.kg⁻¹.min⁻¹ (control). A biphasic response was evident for VO₂ VCO₂ and V[subscript]B (BTPS). For both sexes overall RPE was lower for peripheral cooling (males: 9.4±1.9; females: 8.7±1.3; p<0 .05) than for control and central cooling. Central RPE was only changed for females following peripheral cooling. Changes in cadence and step length together with the effect of low skin and leg temperatures resulted in higher local RPE for females after central cooling (9.6±1.2; p<0.05) than control (9.4±1.9) and peripheral cooling (8.9±1.2 ). Males and females rated the same ambient temperature during the same exercise lower after peripheral cooling (males: 4.6±1.5; females : 5.3±1.3) than control values and lower still after central cooling (males: 3. 8±1.8; females: 2 .7±l. 5) In this study T[subscript]s[subscript]k was the primary determinant of PTS after precooling.KMBT_363
Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
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El-Majbari, Farag Ali Mustafa 1946. "Effect of soil moisture stress on photosynthesis and other physiological characteristics of seven sorghum cytoplasms." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277168.
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The experiment was conducted at the University of Arizona Campus Agricultural Center to evaluate the effect of soil moisture stress on photosynthesis, transpiration, diffusive resistance, temperature differential, leaf temperature, and specific leaf weight of seven sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cytoplasms represented by nine lines. As soil moisture stress increased, diffusive resistance and leaf temperature increased whereas photosynthesis and transpiration decreased. Temperature differential was highest under high soil moisture stress and lowest under medium soil moisture stress. Specific leaf weight was highest under medium soil moisture stress. Three lines, AKS37, AKS38, and A2Tx398, representing two different germplasms under high soil moisture stress exhibited high photosynthesis and transpiration rates, high specific leaf weights, and low diffusive resistance. Differences in photosynthesis rates under non-soil moisture stress between A1 and A2 cytoplasmic sterility systems were significant.
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Pollock, Neal William. "The contribution of elevated peripheral tissue temperature to venous gas emboli (VGE) formation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28538.
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This purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of post-dive peripheral tissue warming to the production of venous gas emboli (VGE) in divers.
Inert gas elimination from the tissues is limited by both perfusion and diffusion. If changes in diffusion are matched by corresponding perfusion (vasoactive) changes, decompression should be asymptomatic (within allowable exposure limits). Under conditions when the diffusion of inert gas from the tissues is not matched by blood perfusion, VGE will ensue. Increasing tissue temperature will decrease inert gas solubility and thus diffusion into the blood. It has been demonstrated that problems may arise during rapid changes in peripheral temperature, as often occurs post-dive, when divers previously exposed to cold water actively rewarm themselves in showers or baths. The effect of moderate rewarming, however, may be to increase the rate of inert gas elimination without the formation of VGE since increased perfusion is encouraged. The effect of mild post-dive warming was investigated.
Ten male subjects, between the ages of 21 and 29 years completed two dry chamber dives to 70 feet for 35 minutes (no decompression limit of the Canadian Forces Air Diving tables). Each dive was followed by a 30 minute head-out immersion in either a thermoneutral (28°C) or warm (38°C) bath. Non-invasive Doppler ultrasonic monitoring was then carried out at 30 minute intervals for the next 150 minutes to assess measurable VGE. Subjects did not display VGE formation in either the control or experimental conditions.
Our findings suggest that: 1) the Canadian Forces table limits (for the profile employed) provide safe no-decompression limits not compromised by mild post-dive warming, and 2) mild peripheral warming, since not bubble generating, may be a useful adjunctive therapy in the management of decompression sickness by increasing the rate of inert gas elimination.Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate
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Contant, Hélène. "Modification of microclimate by the blueberry leaf-tier, Cheimophila salicella (Hbn.) (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae)." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27862.
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The ecology of Cheimophila salicella Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), a blueberry leaf-tier was studied on high-bush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L., in Richmond, British Columbia. The females frequently laid their eggs in the lichen Xanthoria sp., an oviposition site not previously reported for this species. The possible microclimatic advantages of such behaviour are discussed. In the Field, females required longer than males to complete their 6th instar, so females were usually bigger than males in that instar.
The leaf shelter made by the larvae modified their microenvironment in the field. On clear and sunny days, measurements of shelter temperature were 6-7°C above those of ambient air. The shelter temperature remained warmer than the air as long as the incoming radiation levels were high. As the radiation levels dropped, the shelter temperature fell to, or a little below, air temperature. On cloudy days, there was no significant difference between the daily maximum shelter and air temperatures.
Under clear skies, the daily amplitude of temperature fluctuations was greater inside the shelter than outside. A laboratory investigation of the effects of such fluctuations on development showed that a large amplitude increased the developmental rate of the lst-4th instars. This increase in rate of development was probably due to an accumulation of extra thermal units (Yeargan 1980) occurring in the large-amplitude regime. However, the high temperature of this regime retarded pupation, and the later instars required longer to complete their development. Overall, larvae in the small and large amplitude regimes required the same amount of time to develop from hatching to pupation. A third regime, "medium amplitude", slowed larval development, probably because the length of its thermophase was longer than that which the insect normally encountered in the field. Fifth- and sixth-instar females took longer than males to complete their development, both in the laboratory and in the field. The larger amplitude regime produced heavier pupae; females were, on average, 12.7 mg heavier than males.
The microclimate of the shelter provides the larvae with more degree-days than if they were subjected to ambient air and therefore promotes faster development. Without the extra degree-days provided by the shelter, C. salicella would not be able to complete its larval development before the first lethal autumn frost.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Matheron, Michael, Martin Porchas, and Michael Maurer. "Effect of Temperature and Moisture on Survival of Phytophthora in Citrus Grove Soil." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223839.
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Before replanting a citrus grove in Arizona, different preplant cultural activities may be performed, such as immediate replanting of the new citrus grove, allowing soil to lay fallow for various lengths of time, or planting the site to alfalfa for one or more years before the new citrus grove is established. A study was conducted to compare the effect of these different cultural preplant practices on the survival of Phytophthora in citrus grove soils. In June, 1998, and July, 1999, a total of 18 soil samples were collected within mature lemon groves. Each initial bulk sample was pretested, found to contain Phytophthora parasitica, then thoroughly mixed and partitioned into 1-liter plastic containers, which were subjected to different environmental and cultural conditions. The soil in each 1-liter container was tested for the presence of P. parasitica 1 and 3.5 to 4 months later. All soil samples then were placed in the greenhouse and a 6-month-old Citrus volkameriana seedling was planted in soil samples not containing plants. Three 1-liter sub-samples from each of ten 7-liter volumes of soil incubated outside for three months were also planted to citrus in the greenhouse. The soil containing plants in the greenhouse was watered as needed for 3 months, then again tested for the presence of Phytophthora. Irrigating soil infested with Phytophthora parasitica, whether it was planted to a host (citrus) of the pathogen, planted to a non-host (alfalfa) of the pathogen, or not planted at all, did not lower the pathogen to nondetectable levels. Phytophthora became and remained nondetectable only in the soil samples that were not irrigated and subjected to mean temperatures of 35 to 37° C (94 to 98° F). On the other hand, the pathogen was detectable in some soil samples subjected to dryness at lower mean temperatures of 26 to 30° C (79 to 86° F) after a citrus seedling subsequently was grown in the soil for 3 months. A dry summer fallow period following removal of a citrus grove (including as much root material as possible) was the only cultural practice among those tested that reduced the level of Phytophthora to nondetectable levels in all soil samples tested.
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Venable, Adam Steven. "Women Have Higher Skin Temperature on the Back during Treadmill Exercise in a Hot, Humid Environment." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc794927/.
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A common measurement of body temperature during exercise in a hot, humid environment is mean skin temperature collected from 3-12 sites on the body. However, such an approach fails to demonstrate localized differences in skin temperature that are likely to exist as a function of gender. The purpose of this study was to examine potential differences in skin temperature between men and women at 17 different locations on the body. Young women (21 ± 1 y; n = 11) and men (23 ± 3; n = 10) were recruited to complete a 60-min walk/jog interval protocol in a hot (34 ± 1 °C), humid (64 ± 8%) environment while skin temperature was measured. Data was analyzed using a repeated-measures ANOVA (p < 0.05) and location of interaction effects determined using a Fisher’s least squares difference test. We observed a higher change (p < 0.05) from baseline skin temperatures (ΔTsk) for women in three locations: left upper back (women: avg. ΔTsk = 4.12 ± 0.20 °C; men: avg. ΔTsk = 2.70 ± 0.10 °C), right upper back (women: avg. ΔTsk = 4.19 ± 0.07 °C; men: avg. ΔTsk = 2.92 ± 0.05 °C), and right mid-back (women: avg. ΔTsk = 4.62 ± 0.14 °C; men: avg. ΔTsk =3.55 ± 0.09 °C). Individual time differences between genders occurred after 7- (left upper back) and 15-min (right upper back, right mid-back) of exercise and were maintained until the end of exercise. Women have a greater increase in skin temperature at three locations on the back following the onset of exercise in a hot, humid environment. This report provides important information regarding the implications of women exercising in a hot, humid environment.
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Pack, Jessica Spencer. "Effect of Localized Temperature Change on Vigilance Performance." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1429286666.
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Jungqvist, Gunnar. "Effect of climate change on soil temperature and snow dynamics in Swedish boreal forests." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-202854.
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This thesis has investigated the possibility of improved soil temperature modeling using an updated version of an existing soil temperature model frequently used in catchment scale biogeochemical modeling. Future (2061-2090) snow dynamics and soil temperature was projected using ensemble of bias-corrected regional climate models (RCM). Effects over a north-south gradient of Sweden were analyzed using the four Swedish Integrated Monitoring (IM) catchments as study sites. Model calibration was applied on the study sites using daily observations of soil temperature for 1996-2008. The calibrated models were able to simulate soil temperature at different depths in the soil profile in a very accurate way in all IM sites. The lowest validation NS-value (objective criterion used for measuring goodness of fit) recorded in the study was 0.93. Even though the overall model performances were good, the simulations had problem of duplicating some of the winter temperatures at the northernmost site, Gammtratten. Whether the updated soil temperature model offered an improvement of the existing model is therefore debatable. The future simulations showed increasing soil temperatures at all study sites on annual basis, more in the south than in the north. Annual soil temperatures were projected to increase by 1.31 – 2.33 °C for the different study sites. Winter soil temperatures were clearly higher than during 1996-2008 for the two southernmost sites, whilst Gammtratten in the north, had colder winter soil temperatures. At the midmost catchment, winter soil temperatures were quite similar to that of the test period. Whether the cold winter soil temperatures at Gammtratten were a result of snow loss was ambiguous. The results from the future simulations showed the complexity of predicting soil temperature and strengthened the conclusion among scientists that any general assumptions of future soil temperature based on e.g. air temperature cannot be done.Det här examensarbetet har undersökt möjligheterna till förbättrad modellering av marktemperaturer genom införandet av en uppdaterad version av en tidigare modell, frekvent använd vid biokemisk modellering på avrinningsområdesnivå. Vidare har framtida (2061-2090) snödynamik och marktemperaturer simulerats genom att en ensemble av bias –korrigerad klimatdata används för att driva modellen. Nutida (1996-2008) klimatdata, samt marktemperatursdata för kalibrering och validering av modellen, tillhandahölls från de fyra platser som ingår i det Svenska miljöövervakningsprogrammet (IM). Dessa platser kom att utgöra en syd-nordlig gradient, längs vilken resultaten analyserades. Det generella omdömet från kalibreringen av modellen var att den kunde erbjuda en bra representation av verkliga förhållanden i fråga om marktemperatur. Det lägsta NS-värdet (objektivt kriterium använt för att mäta modellens passningsgrad) som uppmättes under valideringen var 0,93, vilket ansågs vara mycket högt. Dock hade modellen svårigheter att efterlikna verkliga markförhållanden vid Gammtratten under vintermånaderna, vilket föranledde slutsatsen att vidare undersökningar behöver göras för att kunna fastställa om modellen utgör en förbättring av den tidigare existerande versionen. De framtida simuleringarna visade högre årliga marktemperaturer i jämförelse med dagen värden, särskilt i söder. Baserat på simuleringarna är det troligt att framtida marktemperaturer kommer att vara mellan 1,31 och 2,33 °C högre än idag. Beträffande säsongsmässig variation var maktemperaturerna under vintern högre än dagens värden för de två sydliga platserna medans de var lägre för den nodligaste platsen (Gammtratten). Huruvida de kallare simulerade marktemperaturerna vid Gammtratten var en konsekvens av ett mindre isolerande snötäcke var tvetydigt. Resultaten från de framtida simuleringarna har visat på komplexiteten i att förutspå framtida marktemperaturer och har stärkt uppfattningen om att några generella slutsatser om vad t.ex. högre lufttemperaturer kommer få för konsekvenser för framtida marktemperaturer inte kan göras.
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Mongeau, Ronald. "The effect of solution temperature on the growth and development of NFT lettuce /." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65422.
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Panayiotides-Djaferis, Hercules Theodore. "Decrease in selected temperature after intracranial dopamine injections in goldfish." PDXScholar, 1987. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3733.
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Goldfish (Carassius auratus) (40-80g) were injected with dopamine into the forebrain to study the possible involvement of this amine in central temperature regulation in these fish. Dopamine caused a decrease in selected temperature after injection into the rostral nucleus preopticus periventricularis (NPP). This effect was dependent on the dose of dopamine administered. Doses of 25, 50, 100 and 250 ng were used, injected in a volume of 0.2μ1. Injections in regions adjacent to the NPP elicited hypothermic effects only at the higher dosages. These effects were not consistent. Injections in caudal regions of the NPP elicited no effect. The effects of dopamine were blocked by haloperidol, a selective antagonist of dopamine. It is suggested that dopamine acts on central thermoregulatory neurons, present in the rostral NPP, in the mediation of thermoregulatory behavior. Further, it is suggested that this action is mediated via dopaminergic receptors.
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Zahedi, Morteza. "Physiological aspects of the responses of grain filling to high temperature in wheat." Title page, abstract and contents only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phz19.pdf.
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"June 2001." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-248). The effects of a sustained period of moderately high temperature on physiological and biochemical aspects of grain development were investigated in wheat cultivars grown under controlled environment conditions. The effect of variation in plant nutrition on the responses of cultivars to high temperature was also studied.
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Osman, Hala Elsir Mustafa. "The Effect of Cognitive Limb Embodiment on Vascular Physiological Response." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1528912652918945.
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O'Connor, Candace Sharon. "Effect of ethanol on thermoregulation in the goldfish, Carassius auratus." PDXScholar, 1986. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3703.
Full textAbstract:
In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism by which ethanol affects vertebrate thermoregulation, the effect of ethanol on temperature selection was studied in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Ethanol was administered to 10 to 15 g fish by mixing it in the water of a temperature gradient. The dose response curve was very steep between 0.5% (v/v) ethanol (no response) and 0.7% (significant lowering of selected temperature in treated fish). Fish were exposed to concentrations of ethanol as high as 1.7%, at which concentration most experimental fish lost their ability to swim upright in the water. At concentrations higher than 0.7%, the magnitude of the effect did not increase with increasing concentration of ethanol; treated animals continued to select temperatures about 2 C below temperatures selected by controls. Experiments alternating exposure to 1.0% ethanol and water showed that the rate of onset and disappearance of the ethanol effect was rapid (within 10 min). Other experiments exposing fish to 1.0% ethanol for up to 3 hr showed that the effect remained stable for this period of time. The thermoregulatory responses of fish are behavioral, and therefore relatively easy to observe and quantify. Ethanol produces a prompt, stable and reproducible depression of selected temperature in the goldfish. Because the temperature at which fish regulate is controlled by a central nervous system set point and not altered by effects on peripheral effector systems, it appears that ethanol may cause hypothermia in goldfish by directly acting to lower the set point.
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Mesa, Kathryn A. "The influence of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen on juvenile salmon distributions in a nearshore estuarine environment." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24863.
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This study examines the effects of a low oxygen environment, in concert with fluctuating temperature and salinity conditions, on the nearshore depth distributions (0-1 m) and flood tide movements of juvenile chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and chum (O. keta) salmon. Comparisons are made between an unpolluted and a sewage polluted estuarine intertidal flat in the Fraser River estuary, British Columbia, the polluted area being characterized by the regular occurrence of low dissolved oxygen levels. Results are based on 380 beach seine samples taken between April and June of 1984.
In general, chum and chinook salmon of increasing length were captured in increasing depths, though this pattern was modified by seasonal changes in water temperature. Low dissolved oxygen conditions in deeper waters may have been responsible for the presence of larger, and often sluggishly swimming fish in higher oxygenated surface water layers or in shallow waters near the shore. In both areas, the risk of aerial predation was high.
On a flood tide, the likelihood of capturing a chinook salmon was reduced as temperatures increased and oxygen levels decreased. A combination of avoidance behaviour and a
regularity in the movement patterns of chinook onto the study area in the later stages of the flood tide may account for their rare occurrence in low oxygen concentrations (<6 mg/1) and high temperatures (>20 °C). Fish mortalities were most likely to occur on the ebb tide when fish were forced into waters of low oxygen content by the drainage patterns characteristic of the polluted study area. Though wide ranges in salinity were recorded on both tidal flats, this factor was not strongly correlated to Chinook distributions. However, significantly higher salinity levels in the unpolluted area may account for the greater numbers of chum salmon captured there. An understanding of the influence of estuarine water quality conditions on the distribution of juvenile salmonids may assist in the identification of significant sources of mortality in their early marine life. This knowledge is particularly important in the evaluation of water quality changes as caused by human activity.Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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Mogoa, Eddy Geoffrey Mosoti. "Effects of environmental temperature on pharmacokinetics of, and clinical response to xylazine in goats." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25698.
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The clinical use of xylazine may result in morbidity and mortality in small ruminants, and it was suspected that exposure to changes in environmental temperature may contribute to these effects. Xylazine hydrochloride was administered intravenously at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg to a group of six indigenous domestic goats with a mean body mass of 28.2 kg. Xylazine was administered at a room temperature of 14°C and relative humidity of 33%, at 24°C and a relative humidity of 55%, and at 34°C with a relative humidity of 65%. The following variables were evaluated: clinical behaviour, cardiopulmonary function, haematology, acid-base balance, plasma glucose and insulin, body temperature, and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of xylazine. Xylazine administration resulted in transient restlessness, followed by sedation, muscle relaxation, and salivation. The onset of these clinical signs was not influenced by environmental conditions. Administration of xylazine resulted in a transient increase in respiratory rate in the 24 and 34°C environments. In the 14°C environment, the respiratory rate decreased significantly (p<0.05) from baseline and continued to decrease for the full duration of the 60 minutes observation period. Heart rate decreased in all three environments, but this decrease was only significant in the 14°C environment for the duration of the observation period. Changes in haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, red blood cell count and mean red blood cell volume were significantly (p<0.05) different 15 minutes after xylazine administration and continued to be so for the duration of the observation period. Total serum protein changed significantly (p<0.05) in the 24° and 34°C environments from 15 minutes after xylazine administration. The white cell count changed significantly (p<0.05) from 15 minutes after xylazine administration for the duration of the observation period in all three environments. Significant (p<0.05) changes occurred after xylazine administration in acid-base balance and arterial blood gas variables independent of environmental conditions. Arterial pH and the partial pressure of oxygen decreased significantly within 5 minutes of xylazine administration, and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, total carbon dioxide and base excess increased significantly (p<0.05). Environmental conditions had no observable on plasma glucose and insulin concentration. Significant (p<0.05) changes occurred in all three environments. Environmental conditions had no influence on body temperature in the control (untreated) animals. Following the administration of xylazine, the body temperature of the goats in the 14 and 24°C environments was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of the goats in the 34°C environment. The maximum decrease in oesophageal temperature of 1.57°C was observed 60 minutes after xy1azine administration to goats maintained in the 14°C environment. Environmental conditions had no influence on all of the pharrnacokinetic parameters of xylazine hydrochloride evaluated. It is concluded that apart from changes in body temperature, changes that occurred in clinical and pharmacokinetic variables after xylazine administration, were independent of the three environmental temperature and humidity conditions.Thesis (DPhil (Surgery))--University of Pretoria, 1999.
Companion Animal Clinical Studies
unrestricted
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Bradford, Michael J. "The role of environmental heterogeneity in the evolution of life history strategies of the striped ground cricket /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70319.
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I examined the effect of heterogeneity in the thermal environment on the life history of the cricket Allonemobius fasciatus. Variation in the life cycle was the result of a mixture of phenotypic plasticity and genetic differentiation in phenology-related traits along a latitudinal cline in growing season. Females from a partially bivoltine population have a conditional life history because they can adjust the proportion of diapause eggs in accordance with the likelihood that a second generation will grow and reproduce before winter. The thermal environment is not variable enough to result in the evolution of a marked bet hedging response, as is predicted by theory. A quantitative genetic analysis of the diapause reaction norm revealed significant heritabilities as well as correlations with other traits that could be related to common physiological mechanisms.
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O'Connor, Candace Sharon. "Thermoregulation in Mice under the Influence of Ethanol." PDXScholar, 1993. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1181.
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Thermoregulation after acute ethanol, during chronic exposure and during withdrawal from ethanol dependency was studied using genetically heterogeneous (HS) mice, and lines of mice selected in replicate for smaller (HOT1, HOT2) or greater (COLD1, COLD2) decline in rectal temperature (Tre ) after intraperitoneal ethanol. First, HS mice were injected with 20% ethanol in 0.9% NaCI, or NaCI alone during sessions of behavioral thermoregulation in individual temperature gradients (9-38°C). Internal temperature (Tj ) was monitored with implanted telemetry devices. An imaging system recorded selected temperature (Tsel ) within the gradient every 5 sec. Acute 2.25 and 2.60 g ethanol/kg produced significantly lower Tj than NaCI. 2.60 g/kg also produced significantly lower Tsel than 2.25 g/kg or NaCI. 2.75 g/kg and above incapacitated mice. Comparison of responses using a thermoregulatory index indicated 2.25 or 2.60 g/kg decreased the regulated temperature. Similar methodology was followed using the selected lines and 10% ethanol (2.0, 2.25, 2.65 g/kg to COLD mice; 2.65, 2.85 g/kg to HOT mice; 3.0 g/kg to HOT2 mice) or NaCI. All responded similarly to NaCl, with transient rise in Tj After an effective ethanol dose mice manifested a regulated decrease in Tj by lowering Tsel concomitant with falling Tj . In both replicate pairs COLD mice were more sensitive than HOT, indicating that a true difference in the CNS regulator of body temperature was selected for in these animals. Photoperiod effect was characterized by quantifying thermoregulatory behavior of COLD2 mice after acute 2.60 g 7.5% ethanol/kg or NaCl, at 0400 , 0800 , 1200, 1600 , 2000 and 2400 hours , using above methodology. Baseline T₁ was significantly lower during hours of light, than during darkness. Photoperiod had little effect on thermoregulatory response to ethanol, possibly because of arousal associated with experiments. Thermoregulatory tolerance to ethanol was investigated using HS mice implanted with telemetry devices and monitored in the gradient on days 1, 2, 4, 7 and 11 of 11 consecutive days of 10% ethanol (2.75 g/kg) or NaCl injections. Dispositional, rapid and chronic tolerance developed, indicating that functional tolerance is a regulated phenomenon in mice. In a separate experiment HS mice were implanted with telemetry devices and injected with ethanol for 11 consecutive days at constant temperature; dispositional but not functional tolerance developed. To characterize thermoregulation during withdrawal, HS mice were made dependent upon ethanol using a vapor chamber; T; Tsel and activity were monitored in the gradient until 26 hours post withdrawal. Withdrawing mice showed unaltered regulated temperature, but lower Tsel than controls. This suggested increased metabolic heat production. Thermoregulation during withdrawal was similarly studied using the selected mouse lines. COLD mice responded like HS mice. Withdrawing HOT1 mice were more active than controls; withdrawing HOT2 mice showed lowest Tsel of any genotype but maintained Ti above controls. These results suggest a more severe withdrawal reaction in HOT, than in COLD mice. To investigate a possible mechanism underlying ethanol hypothermia, responses of HOT and COLD mice to intracerebroventricular serotonin were characterized. Dose-dependent decreases in Tre were measured in mice equipped with indwelling brain cannulae and held at constant temperature after injection of 0.3, 0.8, 2.0, 5.0 or 11.0 μg serotonin into the lateral brain ventricle. COLD mice were significantly more sensitive than HOT mice. Subsequently HOT1 and COLD1 mice were equipped with brain cannulae and implanted telemetry devices; thermoregulatory behavior after 11.0 μg serotonin was monitored. Both genotypes lowered Tj significantly more in the gradient than did similar mice at constant ambient temperature, indicating that decline in Tj after serotonin was a regulated phenomenon. The serotonergic system was altered during selection for differential Tre response to ethanol, indicating a role for serotonin in mediating ethanol hypothermia.
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Singbo, Arnaud. "The effect of zinc and soil ph on grain yield and nutrient concentrations in spring wheat cultivated on potted soil." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2845.
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Thesis (MTech (Agriculture))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.Zinc deficiency on various soil types have been reported in arable soils of sub Saharan Africa (SSA) including South Africa. A pot trial was conducted at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Wellington campus to investigate the interaction of different application rates of Zn at various soil pH on the grain yield and quality of spring wheat in a completely randomized factorial design replicated three times. The four soil pH tested were: pHA: 5.1, pHB: 5.6, pHC: 6.1, pHD: 6.6 which correspond to lime application at 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 t/ha. Five Zn rates (Zn1: 3.5; Zn2: 4.5; Zn3: 5.5 Zn4: 6.5, and Zn5: 7.5 mg /kg soil which correspond to Zn1: 7; Zn2: 9; Zn3: 11; Zn4: 13 and Zn5: 15 kg /ha) were applied at two (planting and flowering) growth stages. Yield and yield component data collected were analyzed using SAS version 9.2 and means were separated by Duncun’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that grain yield and yield components were significantly affected by lime application pHC (6.1): 1t/ha at planting. Zn application at planting had no significant effect on the grain yield and yield components. However, at flowering, the simultaneous increase of Zn along with increase in lime positively affected grain yield and yield components. Plant analysis showed that at both stages (planting and flowering), Zn application, especially at pH 6.6, significantly increased P, K, Ca, Na, Mg Fe, Cu and B concentrations in wheat grain, but the concentrations of N, Mn, Zn and protein remained unaffected. Zn application had no effect on most nutrients due to the presence of lime. While the absence of lime, Zn4: 6.5mg/kg (corresponding to 13kg/ha) significantly increased the nutrients. In addition, Zn3: 5.5mg/kg (corresponding to 11kg/ha) promoted Zn absorption by grain in all treatments.
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Walikar, Vinayak P. "Multi-year Operation Effect of Geothermal Heat Exchanger on Soil Temperature for Unt Zero Energy Lab." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc407847/.
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Ground source heat pump (GSHP) uses earth’s heat to heat or cool space. Absorbing heat from earth or rejecting heat to the earth, changes soil’s constant temperature over the multiple years. In this report we have studied about Soil temperature change over multiple years due to Ground loop heat exchanger (GLHE) for Zero Energy Research Laboratory (ZØE) which is located in Discovery Park, University of North Texas, Denton, TX. We did 2D thermal analysis GLHP at particular Depth. For simulation we have used ANSYS workbench for pre-processing and FLUENT ANYS as solver. TAC Vista is software that monitors and controls various systems in ZØE. It also monitors temperature of water inlet/outlet of GLHE. For Monitoring Ground temperatures at various depths we have thermocouples installed till 8ft from earth surface, these temperatures are measured using LabVIEW. From TAC Vista and LabVIEW Reading’s we have studied five parameters in this report using FLUENT ANSYS, they are; (1) Effect of Time on soil Temperature change over Multi-years, (2) Effect of Load on soil temperature change over Multi-years, (3) Effect of Depth on soil temperature change over Multi-years, (4) Effect of Doubling ΔT of inlet and outlet of GLHE on soil temperature change over multi-years and (5) Effect on soil temperature change for same ZØE Laboratory, if it’s in Miami, Florida. For studying effect of time on soil temperature change for multi-years, we have varied heating and cooling seasons. We have four cases they are Case A: GSHP always “ON” (1) 7 months cooling and 5 month cooling and (2) 257 days are cooling and 108 days heating. Case B: GSHP “OFF” for 2 months (1) 7 months cooling and 3 months heating and (2) 6 months cooling and 4 month heating. For Studying Effect of Load on soil temperature change over multi-years, we have considered maximum temperature difference between inlet and outlet for heating and cooling season for simulation. For studying effect of doubling ΔT of inlet and outlet of GLHE, we have doubled the temperature difference between inlet and outlet of GLHP. There will be soil temperature change over year at various depths. For studying Effect of Depth on soil temperature change for multi-years, we have consider 5 depths, they are 4ft, 6ft, 8ft, 110ft and 220ft. The Densities of soil are known from site survey report of ZØE GSHP manufacturers till depth of 13ft. For studying effect of soil temperature over multi-years for same ZØE in Miami, Florida, we have considered equivalent cooling and heating season from weather data for past one year and assuming same number of days of cooling and heating for next 20 years we have simulated for soil temperature change.
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Wallwork, Meredith Anne Blesing. "Investigation of the physiological basis of malting quality of grain developing under high temperature conditions." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw215.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 174-192. This research aims to obtain detailed knowledge on the effects of a period of high temperature on the accumulation of grain dry matter and endosperm starch, protein and B-glucan in the developing grain of the malting barley variety Schooner. Bbarley plants are exposed to high temperatures during mid grain filling for 5 days. Grain growth characteristics are measured prior to, during and following the high temperature period, with the aim of characterising the high temperature response in developing grain. The activities of several enzymes and metabolities of the pathway of starch synthesis are monitored and compared to those in grains maintained at a lower temperature. In addition, grain structure is also compared between control and heat treated grain during development, at maturity and following malting.
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Mathes, Martin Todd. "Effect of water temperature, timing, physiological condition and lake thermal refugia on success of migrating adult Sockeye salmon." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/7549.
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I related survival of adult Weaver Creek sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to
water temperature, migration timing, physiological condition, and lake residence in the lower
Fraser River and Harrison System, British Columbia. Late-run sockeye were intercepted in
the Harrison River after completing the Fraser River component of their spawning migration.
Individual sockeye were tagged with radio or acoustic transmitters (equipped with depth
sensor), biopsied for physiological assessment and released. Additional fish were sacrificed
to increase sample size and to help evaluate baseline physiology. Fish were grouped by river
entry timing (early or normal), migration residency (river or lake), and survival to spawning
grounds. Of the early-timed fish, the majority (64%) resided in Harrison Lake and only those
that resided in Harrison Lake survived to reach spawning grounds, ie none that resided in the
Harrison River survived. In contrast, a majority of normal-timed fish (63%) resided in
Harrison River and 72% of fish that survived to reach spawning grounds were river residents.
Temperatures encountered by migrants during their Fraser River migration were strongly
correlated with their subsequent fate to reach spawning grounds (r = -0.9186, P = 0.0275).
Lake residents used the entire water column, but stayed in the cold, deep regions> 80% of
the time. Estimates of ‘hypothetical’ degree-day (DD) accumulation revealed that early-river
fish could have greatly surpassed (~800 °C DD) a critical disease threshold value of ~450 °C
DD. There was no difference in hypothetical DD accumulation between normal-timed river
fish, the most successful behaviour, and early-timed lake fish. According to calculations of
‘actual’ DD accumulation, based on knowing the precise fate and temperature exposure of a
sub-sample (n = 17), all fish that survived accumulated ≤450 °C DD. Early-timed Weaver
Creek sockeye had elevated levels of physiological stress (e.g. plasma lactate, glucose and hematocrit), which was likely related to higher encountered temperatures and may have
contributed to high levels of mortality in these fish. This thesis illustrates the influence of
temperature on migratory success and the importance of thermal refugia for early migrants
and provides insight into future challenges for a vulnerable species.
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Bolster, Douglas R. "The effects of precooling on thermoregulation during subsequent exercise in the heat." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1041903.
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The purpose of this study was to lower body core temperature prior to a simulated portion of a triathlon (swim-15min; bike-45min) and examine whether precooling could attenuate thermal strain and increase subjective exercise tolerance in the heat. Six endurance trained triathletes (mean ± SE, 28 ± 2 yr, 8.2 ± 1.7 % body fat) completed two randomly-assigned trials, one week apart. The precooling trial (PC) involved lowering body core temperature (-0.5°C) in water prior to swimming and cycling. The control trial (CON) was identical except no precooling was performed. Water temperature and environmental conditions were maintained at -25.6°C and -26.6°C/60% RH respectively, throughout all testing. Mean time to precool was 31:37 ± 8:03 and average time to reach baseline temperature during cycling was 9:35 ± 7:60. Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal sensation (TS), and skin (Tsk) and core (Ta) temperatures were recorded following the swim segment and throughout cycling. No significant differences in mean body (TO or Tsk were noted between PC and CON, but a significant difference (P<0.05) in T, between treatments was noted through the early phases of cycling. No significant differences were reported in HR, V02, RPE, TS or sweat rate (SR) between treatments. Body heat storage (S) was negative following swimming in both PC (92 ± 6 W/m2) and CON (66 ± 9 W/m2). A greater increase in S occurred in PC (109 ± 6 W/m2) vs. CON (79 ±4 W/m2) during cycling (P<0.05) . Precooling attenuated the rise in T,, but this effect was transient. Based on the results from this study, precooling is not recommended prior to endurance exercise in the heat.School of Physical Education
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Teclehaimanot, Dawit Lee Jejung. "Quantitative analysis of moisture content and temperature of landfill soil cover and their effect on methane emission." Diss., UMK access, 2005.
Find full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--Dept. of Geosciences. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2005."A thesis in urban environmental geology." Typescript. Advisor: Jejung Lee. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed March 12, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-119). Online version of the print edition.
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Brook, Timothy Roy. "Effect of temperature, oxygen concentration, and nitrogen sources on the biodegradation of diesel fuel in unsaturated soil." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0019/MQ27484.pdf.
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Kvicala, Jamie L. "The effect of temperature on the rate and extent of crude oil biodegradation in a soil slurry." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ65157.pdf.
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Hine, R. B., P. A. Mauk, and Tesfaye Tedla. "The Effect of Soil Temperature and Inoculum Levels of Thielaviopsis basicola on Black Root Rot of Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204546.
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Two planting dates, March 28, and April 28 were used to study the effect of soil temperature during planting on black root rot of cotton. Also, several cotton varieties were evaluated for response to the disease under varying soil temperatures and inoculum levels.
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Harper, George James. "The effect of cold storage duration and soil temperature on the photosynthetic ability of Picea glauca seedlings." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28774.
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In response to concern over the failure and poor growth of many interior and white spruce plantations in British Columbia the effect of storage duration and soil temperature on the photosynthetic ability of white spruce seedlings was explored. Seedlings of Picea glauca were dark freezer stored (-5°C) from 9.6 to 30.6 weeks, thawed and grown for 28 days in a growth chamber at three different soil temperatures (3,7,11°C). During this period gas exchange variables and chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics were followed.
Seedlings stored for periods of 22 weeks or longer had significantly lower rates of photosynthesis dependent on the outplanting soil temperature. Stomatal conductance was initially low upon outplanting and showed a recovery period of 4-7 days duration. The level of stomatal conductance increased in seedlings after they were stored for 26.1 weeks or longer. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements of seedlings stored from 22 to 30.6 weeks showed a recovery period in photosynthetic efficiency (Fy/Fp) related to changes in photosynthesis. A decrease in seedling Fy/Fp with increasing periods of storage was noted at day 5 after outplanting. A disproportionate increase in new root growth with the increasing soil temperatures, measured after the 28 day growth period, suggested a soil temperature threshold for root growth exists between the 7°C and ll°C. In contrast, the stomatal conductance and photosynthesis results suggest the seedling shoots were not directly affected by the cold soil temperatures. In general, the results suggest Picea glauca seedlings stored longer than 22 weeks in freezer conditions have reduced photosynthetic ability, root growth and overall vigor. Fluorescence and bud break data suggest the reduction was possibly due to freezing damage sustained in storage affecting photosynthetic electron transport through photoinhibition upon returning seedlings to the light.Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
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Tolson, Graeme M. "Locomotor responses of juvenile and adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to acute changes in temperature and salinity." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28350.
Full textAbstract:
The locomotor responses of juvenile and adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to concurrent changes in temperature and salinity were examined in a controlled laboratory setting. I hoped to better understand how these environmental factors influence the coastal movements of migrating salmon.
Juvenile sockeye were captured during the downstream migration from Great Central Lake on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The fish were acclimated for 1 wk at 10°C, 20 ppt, and then tested in annular activity tanks. Spontaneous locomotor movements were recorded during concomitant changes in temperature and salinity using infra-red photometry.
Raising the water temperature by 4°C in 1 h caused a dramatic increase in locomotor activity. Decreasing temperature by 4°C or varying salinity by 10 ppt from the control levels did not influence routine swimming speed and there was no interaction between factors.
Adult sockeye homing to the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada were captured along the nearshore migration route in two oceanographically distinct regions. Three groups of fish were collected from the cold, saline waters of Queen Charlotte Strait, near the northern end of Vancouver Island. Two groups of sockeye were captured within 60 km of the Fraser River in the warmer, less saline waters of the Strait of Georgia. The adults were acclimated 2-5 days at 12°C, 30 ppt and locomotor activity was tested in annular activity tanks.
Routine swimming speed and turning rate rose when the water temperature was raised by 4°C in 2 h, however, locomotor activity was not influenced by decreasing temperature. In addition, decreasing salinity by 10 ppt in 2 h had no effect on swimming activity of adult sockeye and there was no interaction between the two factors. Fish taken from the Strait of Georgia generally showed a less dramatic response to increasing temperature than adults captured in Queen Charlotte Strait.
Results indicate that warm coastal temperatures may influence the nearshore migration of both juvenile and adult sockeye salmon.Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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Wang, Baoling 1965. "Low temperature and soil disturbance effects on winter survival and vigour in spring of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30764.
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Mycorrhiza is an association between a host plant and a soil fungus. Experiments were conducted to determine low temperature and soil disturbance effects on AM fungus winter survival and vigour in spring. The results showed that cool temperatures significantly reduced plant root growth and delayed AM formation. Glomus intraradices sporulation was highest at 23°C, while spore metabolic activity was significantly reduced with temperature below 10°C. Root length and colonization percentage decreased at 10°C. Mycorrhizal fungi increased 32P activity of leek leaves at a root zone temperature of 23°C 7 days after 32P injection, and at both 23°C and 15°C 14 days after injection. No difference was found at 0°C between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Amounts of total and metabolically active spores and hyphae varied over sampling times. The infectivity of AM fungi was not affected by soil disturbance, but varied among the sampling times.
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Tucker, Alison. "The effects of cyclic freeze-thaw on the properties of high water content clays /." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63372.
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Hoffman, Christopher John. "THE EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD AND TEMPERATURE UPON ADULT ECLOSION OF THE SWEETPOTATO WHITEFLY, BEMISIA TABACI (GENNADIUS)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275371.
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Xu, Wansu, and 徐万苏. "Effects of apparent temperature on mortality in a cohort of older population in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47052077.
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Tekle, Esayas Welday. "The effect of dietary L-carntine [i.e. carnitine] supplementation on production performance parameters of Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, at sub-optimal water temperature." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50142.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: 60-day growth experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary Lcarnitine supplementation on the production performance parameters of Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mosambicus. A number of approximately 140 tilapia fry with average weight of l.4g ± 0.71g were stocked in each of 40 fine-meshed hapas (I mx 1mx 1.5m) submerged within a complete recirculation pond system. During the first 30 days of the experiment water temperatures ranged from 19 to 23°C where after it decreased to 16-20°C for the consecutive 30-day period. Dietary treatments consisted of 8 replicates of 5 levels of L-carnitine supplementation labelled as Co, C250,C500, C750 and C 1000represented Omg, 250mg, 500mg, 750mg and 1000mg L-carnitine supplementation per kg feed respectively. Results were analyzed for significant differences using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's pairwise comparison test for growth rate, feed intake (FI) and feed conversion efficiency. After completion of the trial 8 fish from each hapa were sacrificed and analyzed for cephalosomatic index (CSI), dress out percentage (viscera, gills and head excluded), viscerosomatic index (VSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSl). Poor production performance results were generally observed as water temperatures were sub-optimal, especially during the second 30-days period. Results from the trial indicate no significant differences (P>0.05) between treatments for weight gain, FCR, FI and VS!. A negative trend was observed for FCR with increasing level of L-carnitine supplementation for both the first 30-day period (1.50±0.07, 1.53±0.08, 1.58±0.09 and 1.61±0.17 for C250,C50Q,C750and C 1000)as well as for the consecutive lower temperature 30-day period (2.22±0.10, 2.25±0.ll, 2.27±0.28 and 2.29±0.2l for C250, C500, C750 and C 10(0)'Although statistically not significant, fish fed the C250showed better performance in dress out percentage weight either than the control or the higher levels. The increasing trend for head weight with increasing level of L-carnitine supplementation were significant (P<0.05) from Co and C250with and above C500.The decreasing trend for liver weight with increasing level of L-carnitine supplementation became significant (P<0.05) with and above C750.The results of the current study showed a trend in the improvement of L-carnitine on the production performance parameters. However, the natural content of L-carnitine in the basal diet impaired with the inclusion levels, thus further research at lower inclusion levels is recommended.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Proef oor 'n tydperk van 60-dae is onderneem om die effek van L-karniten aanvulling op produksie prestasie parameters van Mosambiek tilapia (0. mosambicusi te ondersoek. 140 tilapia vingerlinge met 'n gemiddelde massa van lAg ± 0.7lg is ewekansig uitgeplaas in 40 eksperimentele hapa-hokkies (lmxlmx1.5m) in "n hersirkulasie sementdam-stelsel. Gedurende die eerste 30 dae van die proef het water temperatuur gewissel tussen 19 to 23°C waarna dit gedaal het na tussen l6-20°C vir die opeenvolgende 30-dag periode. Proef-rantsoen behandelings het bestaan uit 8 herhalings van 5 vlakke van L-karnitien aanvulling, naamlik Co,C250, C500, C750 en CIOOOvir Omg, 250mg, 500mg, 750mg en 1000mg L-karnitien aanvulling per kg voer afsonderlik. Resultate was ontleed vir betekenisvolle verskille deur gebruik te maak van analise van variansie (ANOVA) ontleding en die Tukey se vergelykende toets vir groeitempo, voerinname en voeromsettingsverhouding. Aan die einde van die proefperiode is 8 visse van elke hapa ontleed vir liggaamskomponent-samestelling (kop-, ingewande- en hepatosomatiese indekse. Ondergemiddelde produksie resultate is waargeneem wat toegeskryf kan word aan onder-optimale water temperature, veral gedurende die tweede 30-dag periode van die proef. Proef resultate het geen betekenisvolle verskille (P>0.05) in massatoename, voeromsettingsverhouding (VOV) of visserosomatiese indeks tussen behandelings getoon nie. 'n Negatiewe neiging is waargeneem vir VOV met toenemende vlakke van L-kamitien insluiting vir beide die eerste 30 dag periode (1.50±0.07, 1.53±0.08, 1.58±0.09 and 1.61±0.17 for C250, C500, C750 and CIOOO) sowel as vir die opvolgende 30-day periode nie (2.22±0.10, 2.25±0.11, 2.27±0.28 and 2.29±0.21 for C250, C50o, C750 and CIOOO). 'n Toenemende neiging vir kop-massa met toenemende L-kamitien insluiting was betekenisvol (P<0.05) vanaf Co en C250 met en hoër as C500. 'n Dalende neiging vir lewermassa met toenemde L-kinsluiting was betekenisvol (P<0.05) met en hoër as C750. Resultate van die proef dui oor die algemeen op 'n neiging tot verbeterde produksie prestasie parameters van tilapia vingerlinge met toenemde insluiting van Lkamitien. Verdere navorsing word aanbeveel om die invloed van natuurlike Lkamitien in die proteïen-bronne van die basaalrantsoen te op die gebrek aan betekenisvolheid van hierdie neiging te verklaar.
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Lord, Alfred. "The effect of cold acclimation on the temperature preference of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, and the brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus." PDXScholar, 1987. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3736.
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Two species of fish, Carassius auratus and Ictalurus nebulosus, were subjected to cold acclimation regimes. Acclimation temperatures were slowly lowered to 3°c, then held for a period of time. At various times during this regime, fish were taken out and allowed to spend time in a temperature gradient to determine their preferred temperatures. Carassius were left in the gradient just long enough to determine a measure of the acute temperature preference, while Ictalurus were left in the temperature gradient for longer periods of time to observe any changes that might occur as the fish adjusted to selected temperatures. In both species of fish, lower acclimation temperatures and increased time spent at low temperatures caused a preference for lower temperatures in the gradient.
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Cleaver, Timothy Grant. "The effects of temperature on the dispersion and reaggregation stages of development in the annual killifish, Austrofundulus limnaeus." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/122.
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The dispersion and reaggreation [sic] stages have been described as a unique feature of embryonic development in annual killifish such as Austrofundulus limnaeus, a killifish that inhabits ephemeral ponds in the Maracaibo basin of Venezuela. These stages have previously been described as an atypical developmental progression in which blastomeres completely disperse on the surface of the yolk and then reaggregate into a mass of cells to form the embryo. Temperature affects the onset as well as the duration of this stage in related annual fishes. We have undertaken this study to show in detail the behavior of blastomere cells and their distributions as a function of developmental temperature. Embryos incubated at either 25 or 30°C were fixed and stained with Hoescht dye to allow visualization and quantification of cell number during the dispersion and reaggregation phases of development. The location of every cell nucleus on the embryo was assessed through photomicroscopy using inverted epifluorescent microsopy [sic]. This analysis revealed that the rate of cell division during the process of dispersion/reaggergation [sic] has a typical sensitivity to temperature with Q10 values of about 2-3. There is no indication that the pattern of blastomere movement and distribution is different in embryos incubated at 25°C versus 30°C. The primary developmental difference was observed as a temporary plateau in blastomere counts at 25°C followed by great variation of blastomere numbers in subsequent timepoints compared to the degree of variation observed in embryos incubated at 30°C. This trend fits the model that embryos developing at 25°C enter into a brief diapause-like event at the dispersion stage from which they emerge at a variable rate. Of great interest, at both temperatures examined, the majority of the dispersed blastomeres do not reaggregate and contribute to the formation of the primary embryonic axis. Prior studies have overemphasized blastomere reaggregation in A. limnaeus due to the limitations of the sampling methods used as well as overdependence upon a statistical test, the coefficient of dispersion. Thus, the present study sheds light on these early mischaracterizations of A. limnaeus development.
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Wong, On-Lam Anderson. "Short term and long term physio-biochemical adaptations of the Japanese eel (Anguilla Japonica, Temminck & Schlegel) to temperaturechanges." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31209014.
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Starowicz, Sharon Ann. "A non-dimensional analysis of cardiovascular function and thermoregulation." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101150.
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The cardiovascular system plays a vital role in protecting the body from temperature extremes due to its unique ability to store, transport, and dissipate heat. A comprehensive study of the thermoregulatory aspects of the system is severely limited by its complexity and the interdependency of its many component variables. Before a formal study can be initiated, certain fundamental properties of the cardiovascular system must be established and the physical processes associated with heat and mass transport must first be understood.
To this end, over six hundred variables relating to the system's heat transport characteristics were identified. The variables were grouped to form dimensionless quantities using the Buckingham Pi Theorem. Each dimensionless quantity, or parameter, is composed of definable physical quantities that reflect the interaction between various components of the system. From the analysis, a series of reference scales was identified and, in turn, used to facilitate the physical interpretation of each resulting parameter.
As a result of this analysis, a working set of physical and experimental quantities was derived to identify significant heat and mass transport processes involved in cardiovascular thermoregulation and to establish the relative rate at which these processes occur.M.S.
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Besson, Anne Amelie, and n/a. "Effects of cool temperature on egg incubation, thermoregulation and physiological performance of tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) : implications for conservation programmes." University of Otago. Department of Zoology, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090713.160643.
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Tuatara (Sphenodon spp.) were once widespread over both the North and the South Islands of New Zealand approximately 1000 years ago but are now restricted to offshore islands due to introduced predators and habitat destruction. The survival of tuatara is now threatened by climate change because of isolation on islands that prevent them from migrating to cooler regions, and by their limited capacity to adapt due to their long life span and low genetic diversity. The thermal suitability of cooler regions for future translocations could be the key for tuatara conservation. The overall aim of the study was to determine the effect of cool temperature on the physiology, behaviour and egg incubation of Cook Strait tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). As well answering specific questions about tuatara and their adaptation to cool temperature this study aimed at answering general questions about the behavioural and evolutionary ecology of reptiles.
I first compared the preferred body temperature, feeding responses and tolerance to cold temperature of tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) with three lizard species that inhabit the Otago region of southern New Zealand: Hoplodactylus maculatus, Naultinus gemmeus and Oligosoma maccanni. As well as testing the co-adaptation hypothesis between preferred body temperature and physiological performance of reptiles, I wanted to determine whether tuatara (which are planned to be reintroduced from a warmer site to the Otago region) have similar responses to cool temperature as do Otago lizard species. I found that tuatara show responses to cold temperatures similar to those of lizards from southern New Zealand, suggesting that if tuatara are translocated outside of their geographical range, they are likely to survive.
I then tested if tuatara were capable of modifying their thermoregulatory behaviour if translocated to a cooler region. To do so, I conducted a laboratory experiment in which tuatara were provided with three thermal treatments corresponding to the thermal environments they would experience in their current habitat and the proposed reintroduction site. Contrary to the prediction of the cost-benefit model of thermoregulation, tuatara became active thermoregulators when the thermal quality of the habitat decreased. The results suggest that the model is less applicable to cold-adapted species and that if translocated to cooler regions, tuatara will be able to adjust their thermoregulatory behaviour to their thermal environment.
Tuatara are temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) reptiles and their translocation to cooler regions could have an dramatic impact on the sex ratio of new populations. To determine if potentially lower incubation temperature would be a limiting factor for the reintroduction of tuatara, I translocated eggs to the proposed reintroduction site. Some tuatara embryos developed at the site (and later hatched in the laboratory), but incubation lasted longer than in natural nests and all hatchlings were female. This trend observed in biased sex ratio might change in the context of climate change as an increase of soil temperature by 3�C would allow the production of males at the proposed site.
The present study demonstrates that the translocation of tuatara further south, outside of their current geographical range, is possible and recommended. Tuatara show similar responses to cool temperatures compared with lizards that live in southern New Zealand, they can also adjust their thermoregulatory behaviour if translocated to cooler habitats, and tuatara embryos could potentially develop successfully in cooler regions. The greatest chance for the future survival of tuatara and TSD species in general, lies in translocation to other locations that are thermally suitable.
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Redar, Sean Patrick. "Low temperature tolerance for Artemisia tridentata seedlings over an elevation gradient." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1760.
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Heuvel, Cameron J. van den. "The role of melatonin in human thermoregulation and sleep /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phv2272.pdf.
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Matoka, Charles Mboya. "Bacterial community responses to soil-injected liquid ammonium nutrition and effect of temperature on Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain yield formation." Göttingen Cuvillier, 2007. http://d-nb.info/987473530/04.
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