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1
Aidarkhanova, A. K., N. V. Larionova, A. S. Mamyrbayeva, Zh E. Tleukanova, T. Yu Bogatyrova, and R. G. Yermakova. "CURRENT LEVELS OF RADIONUCLIDE CONTAMINATION IN WATER BODIES AT THE TELKEM TEST SITE." NNC RK Bulletin, no. 4 (December 30, 2024): 196–204. https://doi.org/10.52676/1729-7885-2024-4-196-204.
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The paper provides data from the comprehensive studies of the levels and distribution pattern of radionuclide contamination in the ‘bottom sediments/soil-to-water-to-plants’ of water bodies at the Telkem site of the Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS). Research objects were water-filled craters Telkem-1 and Telekm-2 that resulted from excavation explosions. As part of these studies, sediments, soil, water, plants were duplicately sampled, in which the content of manmade 90Sr, 239+240Pu and g-emitting radionuclides were determined. As a result, a high level of radioactive contamination is currently found to persist in the ecosystem of water bodies at the Telkem site both for sediments ( 137Cs, 241Am, 90Sr and 239+240Pu) and water ( 90Sr). Based upon findings, the distribution coefficient (Kd) for the ‘sediments-to-water’ system and the concentration ratio (CRs-b) were calculated for the ‘sediments/soil-to-plants’ system. The distribution coefficient Kd for 90Sr averages 10, for 239+240Pu – 3.7·105 . Plants’ capacity to accumulate from sediments and soil of aquatic ecosystems at the Telkem site, with respect to man-made radionuclides, decreases in the series CRs-b 90Sr > CRs-b 60Co > CRs-b 137Cs > CRs-b 152Eu > CRs-b 241Am > CRs-b 239+240Pu.
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Generoso, Tarcila N., Mauro A. Martinez, Genelício C. Rocha, and Paulo J. Hamakawa. "Water magnetization and phosphorus transport parameters in the soil." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 21, no. 1 (2017): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n1p9-13.
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ABSTRACT There are scientific studies describing changes in properties of the water when subjected to the action of a magnetic field, which may favor the availability of some nutrients in the soil solution. Some nutrients, although they are essential to the process of crop development, can be sources of pollution for watercourses and soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of water magnetization on transport parameters of the phosphate ion in a Red Latosol (RL) and in a Quartzarenic Neosol (QN). Saturated leaching columns were connected to bottles containing KH2PO4 solutions. In RL, there were significant differences in phosphorus (P) transport parameters, related to the retardation factor (R) and distribution coefficient (Kd). For the others, Peclet number (Pe), dispersive-diffusion coefficient (D) and dispersivity (λ), there were no significant differences in the comparison between the treatments with magnetized and non-magnetized water. In QN, there were statistical differences in R and Kd. For the other parameters, Pe, D and λ, there were no statistical differences between treatments.
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Rippelová, Veronika, Lenka McGachy, Josef Janků, and Jiří Kroužek. "Estimating Tetrachloroethene Sorption Coefficients Based on Soil Properties in Organic-Poor Soils." Applied Sciences 14, no. 24 (2024): 11761. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411761.
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In the context of contaminated site remediation, the fate of chlorinated solvents in the subsurface and subsequent groundwater contamination is influenced by soil properties governing sorption. The solid–water distribution coefficient (Kd) is a key parameter for modeling contaminant distribution and transport, essential for risk assessment and remediation planning. This study evaluated tetrachloroethene sorption isotherms in 34 low-organic-carbon soils from the Czech Republic, assessing the influence of soil properties on Kd. Soil samples exhibited variability in organic carbon content (˂0.05–0.81%), with clay ranging from 0% to 64.9%, silt 5.1% to 71.2%, and sand 5.2% to 88.9%, specific surface area (0.41–64.39 m2 g−1), particle density (2.05–4.09 g cm−3), and porosity (43.5–67.3%). Batch experiments were conducted using standard procedures, with Kd values ranging from 0.379 to 2.272 L kg−1. Statistical analysis grouped the soils into three textural classes: sandy, clayey fine, and silty loam. The findings reveal that organic carbon content and specific surface area are the primary predictors of Kd, while clay and sand also play a significant role in shaping sorption behavior. Multivariate regression models explained 63.6% to 98.5% of Kd variability with high accuracy, as indicated by low root means square error (0.070–0.329) and mean absolute percentage error (3.8–28.8%) values. These models offer reliable predictions of sorption behavior, providing valuable tools for risk assessment and remediation strategies.
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Zhang, Pei Cong, Shi Jun Ni, Ke Hui Qiu, Jun Feng Li, Miao Deng, and Yu Chong Qiu. "Impact of Soil Surface Charge Properties on Migration Behavior of Radioactive Uranium, Strontium and Cesium." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2215.
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Static adsorption experiments were conducted to understand the impact of soil surface charge characteristics, such as pH, AEC and CECp values, on migration behavior of radioactive Uranium, Strontium and Cesium. The results demonstrate that distribution coefficient of Uranium (U-Kd value) increases with decreasing initial pH of solution, and increases with increasing AEC values for acidic clay and silty clay that were studied; distribution coefficients of Strontium and Cesium appear to be positively correlated with CECp values of and total contents of montomorillonite and illite in the soil.
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Onyeocha, Veronica O., O. D. Akpan, Ikejiofor A. Onuchukwu, and Maduabuchi A. Chidiebere. "The Dimerization Effects of Some Solutes on the Partition Coefficient kD in Binary Immiscible Solvents." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 80 (December 2018): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.80.40.
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The dimerization of a solute dissolved in binary immiscible solvents shows that the value of the partition coefficient, kD of the solutes are influenced by the dimerization constant, K of the solute in one of the solvents according to the description: (C_X^A)/(C_X^B ) = kD + 2kD2KCxB where CxA and CxB are the concentrations of the solute x in the solvents A and B respectively. Both kD and K are parameters that predict the extent of beneficiation for most minerals. Also, kD is a fundamental parameter that determines the extent of solute recovery during solvent extraction. In this study, it is found that the order K kD and K kD are the effects for acetic and succinic acids respectively in the binary solvents composed of carbon tetrachloride/water and diethylether/water systems respectively. These results suggest that the distributions of these solutes in the solvents are accompanied by the formation of succinic anhydride which is more favoured than the dimerization of the acetic acid. Also, the changes in the values of distribution enthalpies, HD are corroborated to explain these experimental observations.
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Staunton, S. "Sensitivity analysis of the distribution coefficient, Kd, of nickel with changing soil chemical properties." Geoderma 122, no. 2-4 (2004): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.014.
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Sedeño-Díaz, Jacinto Elías, Eugenia López-López, Erick Mendoza-Martínez, Alexis Joseph Rodríguez-Romero, and Sandra Soledad Morales-García. "Distribution Coefficient and Metal Pollution Index in Water and Sediments: Proposal of a New Index for Ecological Risk Assessment of Metals." Water 12, no. 1 (2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010029.
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The Lake of Texcoco is a closed basin with soils that confer salinity, conductivity, and alkalinity to it. It has undergone a reduction in size, incorporation of wastewater, and short-term desiccation, and includes temporary wetlands interconnected during the rainy season, some of which receive treated wastewater. Sediments contain metals, thus affecting water quality. Five artificial lakes were studied, and 12 metals (As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were monitored bimonthly in water and sediments from June 2015 to March 2018. The Metal Pollution Index (MPI) and the Distribution Coefficient (Kd) were computed. Fe and Cd were the most and least stable metals in sediments, respectively (mean Log(Kd) = 4.24 and 2.079). Based on Log(Kd), metals were ranked as Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Mg > Cr > Ni > Ba > Pb > Hg > As > Cd. Log(Kd) values < 3 and > 5 indicate that metals occur mainly in water and sediments, respectively. The Mean Distribution Coefficient Log(Kd MPI) is a novel index proposed to assess ecological risk from metals in a water body. This index allows determining the phase (liquid or solid) where metals predominate, negatively affecting either free-swimming or benthic organisms. Log(Kd MPI) values indicated that metals occur primarily in the liquid phase in all lakes studied.
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Hobart, Justin L., Andrew M. O’Reilly, and Jennifer N. Gifford. "Physical, Chemical, and Mineralogical Controls on Retardation of Anatoxin-a Migration by Sorption to Natural Soils with Implications for Groundwater Protection." Water 14, no. 18 (2022): 2869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14182869.
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Increasing prevalence of cyanotoxins in surface water bodies worldwide threatens groundwater quality when contaminated water recharges an aquifer through natural or artificial means. The subsurface fate of anatoxin-a (ATX) is not well studied. Laboratory batch experiments were performed to expand the current knowledge of ATX sorption affinities to geologic media, with a focus on natural soil (Vertisol, Ultisol, Alfisol, and Inceptisol) and physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics. For a range of aqueous ATX concentrations (0.3–14 μg/L), linear, Freundlich, and Langmuir isotherms fit observed data well (r2 = 0.92–1.00, RMSE = 0.4–6.3 μg/kg). Distribution coefficient (Kd) and retardation factor (Rf) values were computed for the linear isotherm, giving Kd of 22.3–77.1 L/kg and Rf of 62–256. Average percent removals were 85.0–92.2%. The strongest predictors of Kd were kaolinite and smectite group mineral abundances and for Rf were smectite group and silt and clay abundances. Results indicate that loamy, silty, or clayey soils—particularly Vertisols—tend to substantially slow migration of ATX through natural soil systems. Where implemented as a functionalized amendment in an engineered pollution control media, such soils may enhance natural ATX attenuation processes, thereby supporting the protection of in situ and extracted groundwater during irrigation, natural and managed aquifer recharge, or riverbank filtration.
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Onyeocha, Veronica O., O. D. Akpan, Ikejiofor A. Onuchukwu, and Maduabuchi A. Chidiebere. "The Dimerization Effects of Some Solutes on the Partition Coefficient k<sub>D</sub> in Binary Immiscible Solvents." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 80 (December 4, 2018): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-794j27.
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The dimerization of a solute dissolved in binary immiscible solvents shows that the value of the partition coefficient, kD of the solutes are influenced by the dimerization constant, K of the solute in one of the solvents according to the description: (C_X^A)/(C_X^B ) = kD + 2kD2KCxB where CxA and CxB are the concentrations of the solute x in the solvents A and B respectively. Both kD and K are parameters that predict the extent of beneficiation for most minerals. Also, kD is a fundamental parameter that determines the extent of solute recovery during solvent extraction. In this study, it is found that the order K kD and K kD are the effects for acetic and succinic acids respectively in the binary solvents composed of carbon tetrachloride/water and diethylether/water systems respectively. These results suggest that the distributions of these solutes in the solvents are accompanied by the formation of succinic anhydride which is more favoured than the dimerization of the acetic acid. Also, the changes in the values of distribution enthalpies, HD are corroborated to explain these experimental observations.
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Tungittiplakorn, Warapong, Viranart Kongbua, Anyamanee Tulaphan, and Kannika Kaewtawee. "Mobility of Polyethylene Glycol-Modified Urethane Acrylate (PMUA) Nanoparticles in Soils." E3S Web of Conferences 141 (2020): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014101002.
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Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have been reported for their potential to enhance in situ soil remediation due to their size and stability in water. These properties allow them to pass through soils with minimal loss in soil flushing or pump-and-treat process. The success of nanoparticle-facilitated soil flushing depends on the mobility of nanoparticles in the soil matrix. However, organic carbon content and soil texture can affect the mobility of nanoparticles in soils. This study compared the mobility of polyethylene glycol-modified urethane acrylate (PMUA) nanoparticles in three types of soils with varying organic contents. The results of two consecutive injection experiments showed that the recovery of injected nanoparticles through a soil column were 91 and 97% for sandy soil with carbon content of 0.01%, 81 and 85% for clay loam soil with organic carbon content of 1.20% and 67 and 73% for clay soil with organic carbon content of 3.25%. Furthermore, the batch experiments showed that the distribution coefficient (Kd) of PMUA nanoparticles between water and sandy soil, clay loam soil, and clay soil were 1.86, 2.34 and 3.01 mL/g, respectively. This conforms to the column experiment results and confirms that the increase in organic carbon content in soils increases the adsorption of PMUA nanoparticles, and therefore decreases the mobility of the nanoparticles through soils. Moreover, the distribution coefficient from batch experiments could be used to predict the mobility of PMUA nanoparticles in soils, and the viability of in situ PMUA-facilitated soil flushing method for specific contaminated soils.
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Farenhorst, A., I. V. Florinsky, C. M. Monreal, and D. Muc. "Evaluating the use of digital terrain modelling for quantifying the spatial variability of 2,4-D sorption by soil within agricultural landscapes." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, no. 5 (2003): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-037.
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The most sensitive input parameter in many herbicide fate and transport models is the sorption-partitioning coefficient (Kd), a measure of herbicide sorption by soil. Spatial analyses of Kd are traditionally performed using geostatistics, but this approach requires intensive soil sampling and herbicide analysis. This study examined the use of digital terrain modelling as an alternative tool for quantifying the distribution of herbicide sorption within agricultural fields. Soil samples from a conventional-till (CT) and zero-till (ZT) field were analysed for soil organic carbon (SOC), soil pH, clay content, and the 2,4-D ([(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid]) soil-water partitioning coefficient. Digital terrain models were used to calculate topographical variables (elevation, slope gradient, slope aspect, horizontal curvature, vertical curvature, mean curvature, specific catchment area, topographic index and stream power index) for each sampling point. Results indicated that topographic variables were adequate predictors of all soil properties in ZT (R2 ranging from 0.64 to 0.76), and of SOC in CT (R2= 0.65, P < 0.001). For CT, 2,4-D sorption by soil was very well predicted with soil properties alone (R2= 0.82, P < 0.001) and with soil properties in combination with topographic variables (R2= 0.85, P < 0.001), but was less predicted by topographic variables alone (R2= 0.50, P < 0.001). For ZT, the level of prediction of 2,4-D sorption by soil was weak with soil properties alone (R2= 0.53, P < 0.001) or when topographical variables alone (R2= 0.56, P < 0.001) were used, but a substantial increase in the level of prediction was achieved when both soil properties and topographic variables were used (R2= 0.73, P < 0.001). We conclude that digital terrain modelling, in combination with soil properties data, is an appropriate approach for predicting the spatial distribution of 2,4-D sorption within undulating-to-hummocky glacial till landscapes in western Canada. Key words: herbicide sorption, topography, zero-tillage, conventional-tillage, digital terrain modelling.
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Shea, Patrick J. "Role of Humified Organic Matter in Herbicide Adsorption." Weed Technology 3, no. 1 (1989): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00031614.
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Organic matter is the soil constituent most often associated with herbicide adsorption. Structural diversity makes humified organic material an ideal substrate for the adsorption of many pesticides, but variability in composition and distribution in situ complicates interpretation of its quantitative effect on adsorption. Variability in the adsorption distribution coefficient (KD) of a herbicide among soils often is due to differences in organic matter content and can be reduced by adjusting KDfor soil organic carbon content and computing the organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc). Koccan be estimated from the octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) of organic compounds, but the correlation weakens as compound polarity increases. Kocalso can be correlated with aqueous solubility if a correction is made for the melting point of compounds that are solids at 25 C. Relative adsorption can be estimated from parachor and molecular connectivity indices; but corrections are needed for polar compounds, and correlations with KDor Kochave been variable. Such predictive methods may be useful for broad classification purposes, but accurate extrapolation generally requires site-specific adsorption measurements. Empirical models which accommodate the multiple regression of organic matter content and other soil properties such as clay content, pH, and cation exchange capacity on herbicide adsorption can increase accuracy, but interpretation may be restricted to a small number of sites.
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Sonon, Leticia S., and A. Paul Schwab. "Adsorption Characteristics of Atrazine and Alachlor in Kansas Soils." Weed Science 43, no. 3 (1995): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500081479.
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The adsorption of atrazine and alachlor was studied on samples of three horizons from soils with different textures and organic carbon contents. Soils were equilibrated with five concentrations of atrazine and alachlor using batch techniques. Adsorption affinity for atrazine and alachlor was approximated by the Freundlich constant (Kf), distribution coefficient (Kd), and the normalizedKdbased on organic carbon (Koc). Adsorption was not significantly correlated with soil depth, clay content, or organic carbon. Atrazine adsorption was a linear function of equilibrium concentration for nearly all soil horizons but was nonlinear in most horizons for alachlor. The extent of atrazine adsorption was greater in all horizons of the fine-textured soils (Kd= 1.5 to 5.5) compared to coarse-textured soils (Kd= 0.40 to 0.87). The same general trends with texture were not apparent for alachlor. Conversion ofKdtoKocfailed to reduce the variability in the linear adsorption coefficient for atrazine and alachlor in the different soils of this study.
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El Arfaoui, Achouak, Stéphanie Sayen, Eric Marceau, Lorenzo Stievano, Emmanuel Guillon, and Michel Couderchet. "Relationship between soil composition and retention capacity of terbumeton onto chalky soils." Environmental Chemistry 6, no. 3 (2009): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en08105.
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Environmental context. The wide use of pesticides for pest and weed control contributes to their presence in underground and surface waters, which has led to a continuously growing interest in their environmental fate. Soils play a key role in the transfer of these compounds from the sprayer to the water as a result of their capacity to retain pesticides depending on the soil components. The knowledge of soil composition should enable one to predict pesticide behaviour in the environment. Abstract. Eight calcareous soils of Champagne vineyards (France) were studied to investigate the adsorption of the herbicide terbumeton (TER). A preliminary characterisation of the soil samples using X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental and textural analyses, revealed a wide range of soil properties for the selected samples. The adsorption isotherms of TER were plotted for all samples. The determination of soil properties, which significantly correlated with the Kd distribution coefficient, allowed identification of organic matter and CaCO3 as the two main soil components that govern the retention of the herbicide. Organic matter was the predominant phase involved in the retention but its role was limited by the presence of calcite. Finally, the ratio of CaCO3 content to organic matter content was proposed as a useful parameter to predict the adsorption of terbumeton in chalky soils. The evolution of Kd as a function of this ratio was successfully described using an empirical model.
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Moghbel, Farzam, Abolfazl Mosaedi, Jonathan Aguilar, Bijan Ghahraman, Hossein Ansari, and Maria C. Gonçalves. "Bayesian Calibration and Uncertainty Assessment of HYDRUS-1D Model Using GLUE Algorithm for Simulating Corn Root Zone Salinity under Linear Move Sprinkle Irrigation System." Water 14, no. 24 (2022): 4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14244003.
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Soil salinization is one of the significant concerns regarding irrigation with saline waters as an alternative resource for limited freshwater resources in arid and semi-arid regions. Thus, the investigation of proper management methods to control soil salinity for irrigation with saline waters is inevitable. The HYDRUS-1D model is a well-known numerical model that can facilitate the exploration of management scenarios to mitigate the consequences of irrigation with saline waters, especially soil salinization. However, before using the model as a decision support system, it is crucial to calibrate the model and analyze the model’s parameters and outputs’ uncertainty. Therefore, the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) algorithm was implemented for the HYDRUS-1D model in the R environment to calibrate the model and assess the uncertainty aspects for simulating soil salinity of corn root zone under saline irrigation with linear move sprinkle irrigation system. The results of the study have detected a lower level of uncertainty in the α, n, and θs (saturated soil water content) parameters of water flow simulations, dispersivity (λ), and adsorption isotherm coefficient (Kd) parameters of solute transport simulations comparing to the other parameters. A higher level of uncertainty was found for the diffusion coefficient as its corresponding posterior distribution was not considerably changed from its prior distribution. The reason for this phenomenon could be the minor contribution of diffusion to the solute transport process in the soil compared with advection and hydrodynamic dispersion under saline water irrigation conditions. Predictive uncertainty results revealed a lower level of uncertainty in the model outputs for the initial growth stages of corn. The analysis of the predictive uncertainty band also declared that the uncertainty in the model parameters was the predominant source of uncertainty in the model outputs. In addition, the excellent performance of the calibrated model based on 50% quantiles of the posterior distributions of the model parameters was observed in terms of simulating soil water content (SWC) and electrical conductivity of soil water (ECsw) at the corn root zone. The ranges of NRMSE for SWC and ECsw simulations at different soil depths were 0.003 to 0.01 and 0.09 to 0.11, respectively. The results of this study have demonstrated the authenticity of the GLUE algorithm to seek uncertainty aspects and calibration of the HYDRUS-1D model to simulate the soil salinity at the corn root zone at field scale under a linear move irrigation system.
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SATO, Haruo, Tadafumi NIIZATO, Kenji AMANO, Shingo TANAKA, and Kazuhiro AOKI. "Investigation and Research on Depth Distribution in Soil of Radionuclides Released by the TEPCO Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident." MRS Proceedings 1518 (2013): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.393.
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ABSTRACTThe accident of the TEPCO Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant occurred by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake on 11 Mar. 2011. It is estimated that totally 1.2-1.5x1016 Bq for 137Cs and 1.5-1.6x1017 Bq for 131I were released until the beginning of Apr. and those radionuclides (RN) were deposited on soil surface and forest etc. widely around Fukushima Pref. This work was carried out as one of the investigations for making the distribution maps of radiation dose rate and soil contaminated by RNs which the MEXT promotes. The Geoslicer investigation on the depth distribution of RNs in soil was performed after 3 months from the accident. The investigation was conducted at 11 locations in Nihonmatsu City, Kawamata Town and Namie Town, and soil samples of depth 50 cm to 1 m were taken. Both of 134Cs and 137Cs were detected in all investigated locations, and 129mTe and 110mAg were detected only in locations where radiation dose rates are high. At many locations investigated, radiocaesium more than 99 % distributed within a depth of 10 cm in soil in the surface layer. On the other hand, RNs tended to distribute to deeper part in soil at locations that are supposed to have been used as farmland than in soil in the surface layer, and radiocaesium more than 99 % in soil at locations that are supposed to have been used as farmland also distributed within a depth of around 14 cm. The apparent diffusion coefficients (Da) of RNs derived from penetration profiles near the surface layer showed a tendency to be higher in soil at locations that are supposed to have been used as farmland (Da=0.1-1.5x10-10 m2/s) than in soil in the surface layer (Da=0.65-4.4x10-11 m2/s), and most Da-values were nearly 10-11 m2/s. The distribution coefficients (Kd) by a batch method were in the range of Kd=2,000-61,000 ml/g for Cs and Kd=0.5-140 ml/g for I. Although the Kd-values are different between cation (Cs+) and anion (I-), the Da-values (134Cs, 137Cs, 129mTe and 110mAg) were similar levels. This is considered to be due to that the Da-values were controlled by dispersion by flow of rain water.
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V. O., Onyeocha, Onuchukwu A. I., and Enemo R. E. "Comparisons of the effects of solute interactions on partition coefficient, kD, in selected binary immiscible solvents: a case of oxalic acid and succinic acid." F1000Research 11 (January 19, 2022): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.55200.1.
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Background: The molecular distributions of solutes in binary immiscible solvents as used in partition coefficient technique serve as measures of the solute separation, concentration and beneficiation from contaminants. Methods: The effects of solute interactions on partition coefficient, kD, in selected binary immiscible solvents were investigated at 300C and atmospheric pressure. The activities from the interactions with changes of concentrations within the solvents were analysed. These were done using simple titration method. The solutes were distributed in the binary solvents and the concentrations from the two layers formed were determined by titration method. The interactions of oxalic acid and succinic acid in carbon tetrachloride-water, diethyl ether-water, and n-hexane-water were studied for the partition coefficient values in the respective systems, to determine the nature and degree of the interfering reactions that are affecting the distributions, and to ascertain the best binary solvents from the three systems. Results: Oxalic acid has the partition coefficient of 0.0738 in carbon tetrachloride-water with the dimerization constant of -15.7092 and ionization constant of 0.0303. Oxalic acid has the distribution coefficient of 0.0173, dimerization constant of 144.0167 and the ionization constant of 0.0035 in diethyl ether-water. Oxalic acid has the partition coefficient of 0.0279, dimerization constant of 20.2798 and ionization constant of 0.0019 in n-hexane-water. Succinic acid has the partition coefficient of -0.05617, dimerization constant of -18.5655 and ionization constant of 0.0284 in carbon tetrachloride-water. In diethyl ether-water, succinic acid has the partition coefficient of 0.0427, dimerization constant of -18.1611 and ionization constant of 0.0332. In n-hexane-water, succinic acid has the partition coefficient of -0.04274, dimerization constant of 71.9491 and ionization constant of 0.0265. Conclusion: From these results, carbon tetrachloride-water is recommended for the purification and extraction of oxalic acid from contaminants. Carbon tetrachloride-water is also the best binary immiscible solvent for succinic acid.
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Odah Al-Waeli, Wissam Mansour, Alaa Hassan Al-Farttoosy, and Iman Mussa Omran. "Thiamethoxam Behaviour Modelling in the Clay Soil." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1371, no. 3 (2024): 032003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1371/3/032003.
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Abstract Because all pesticides are poisons that are intentionally released into the environment, pesticide behaviour is significant. It is necessary to consider the chemical and physical properties of pesticides in order to comprehend the causes of poorly executed pest management. The results showed that the equilibrium constant of Thiamethoxam was achieved between 60 to 180 minutes. The kinetic reaction explained that Thiamethoxam is subjected to the second order with a rate constant of 0.0017 mg mimute-1. Moreover it is more fitting to the Freundlich model compared to the Langmuir model. The bF was recorded 0.02 with the correlation coefficient 0.9999, indicating that Thiamethoxam mobiles on non-ideal surfaces. As long as it was subjected to the second reaction kinetic order, the half-life was 566.4 minutes (0.39 day). In terms of Thiamethoxam distribution in the soil, the distribution coefficient Kd was 0.22 mL g-1, suggesting that Thiamethoxam tends to be less mobile in the soil.
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Tran, Thi Van, Duc Tam Nguyen, Duc Nhan Dang, Quang Long Nguyen, Van Thang Duong, and Duy Cam Bui. "Water-sediment distribution and behaviour of Polonium (²¹⁰Po) in a shallow coastal area with high concentration of dissolved organic matters in water, North Vietnam." Nuclear Science and Technology 6, no. 2 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53747/jnst.v6i2.148.
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The behaviour and water-sediment distribution of particle-reactive Polonium-210 in the marine environment with high concentration of total suspended particulates (TSP) and dissolved organic matters (DOC) along the coast of the Tonkin Gulf (North Vietnam) were investigated. It was revealed that the water-sediment distribution coefficient, Kd(s), of 210Po varied from 2.39x103 to 1.9x104 (L kg-1) and from 7x103to 2.5x105 (L kg-1), respectively, in the rainy and dry season. This implies that in the aquatic environment 210Po tends to be of high affinity to suspended particulates. The 210Po Kd(s) was positively correlated with salinity in both rainy and dry seasons. With DOC the Kd(s) was positively correlated in the rainy season, but in the dry season the relationship tended to be reverse. This behaviour of 210Po in the coastal region was explained by the variation of pH of seawater and by the complexation of the isotope with DOC. The Kd(s) found in this study was in an order lower compared to that reported by Malaysian researchers for the Thailand Gulf. The most important source of 210Po was suggested to be from in-situ generation by the decay of its grand-parent 210Pb which mainly derived from the atmospheric fall-out.
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Loux, Mark M., Rex A. Liebl, and Fred W. Slife. "Adsorption of Clomazone on Soils, Sediments, and Clays." Weed Science 37, no. 3 (1989): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500072192.
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Regression analysis of clomazone adsorption on 19 soils and sediments yielded a positive correlation and linear relationship between distribution adsorption constants (Kd) and soil organic carbon content. The agreement of the experimental mean Kocwith Kocvalues predicted from the octanol-water partition coefficient and water solubility of clomazone indicated hydrophobic bonding was one mechanism responsible for adsorption. Kaolinite and montmorillonite had a strong affinity for clomazone, and adsorption increased with the charge of the cation on the clay exchange sites. Adsorption was not correlated with the clay content of soils and sediments, indicating that organic coatings on clay in soils may block adsorption sites on clay surfaces. The adsorption of clomazone on some soils and sediments with high clay contents was greater than predicted based on organic carbon content alone, however, indicating clay contributed to adsorption on these samples.
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Sheppard, M. I., S. C. Sheppard, and C. A. Grant. "Solid/liquid partition coefficients to model trace element critical loads for agricultural soils in Canada." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 87, Special Issue (2007): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s06-061.
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Canadian consumers are demanding a sustainable agricultural industry as well as products delivered under Best Management Practices (BMPs). Trace element accumulation in soils may influence crop productivity, food quality and ecosystem and human health. Canada’s feed and foodstuff export industry has already faced cases of penalties for high trace element content [cadmium (Cd) in durum wheat]. Thus, it is imperative to be able to estimate the accumulation and potential short- and long-term impacts of trace elements in soil. A national-level Trace Element Indicator (TEI) based on present loadings of trace elements to agricultural land is in progress. An Expert Panel including Canadian, American and Australian experts guided the assembly of a proposed methodology for this TEI. The proposed TEI, described briefly here, is a critical load approach with a single expression of the risk of impact from single or multiple trace elements from multiple sources (manures, biosolids, effluents and fertilizers and natural processes), invoked in a stochastic manner. Two key data requirements are the current background levels of trace elements in soil, and the leachability of these trace elements. A survey of total and soluble concentrations of 54 elements in up to 112 soils was completed. Although preliminary in scope, these represent key soil series in Canada. From this, a database of the solid/liquid partition coefficient, Kd, was computed. These Kd values will be used to characterize the leachability of the trace elements. Key words: Cadmium, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, uranium, metals, Kd, distribution coefficient
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Murillo-Torres, Rosa, Juan C. Durán-Alvarez, Blanca Prado-Pano, and Blanca Jiménez-Cisneros. "Mobility of 4-nonylphenol and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in three agricultural soils irrigated with untreated wastewater." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 2 (2012): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.174.
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Agricultural irrigation using raw wastewater is a popular practice in developing countries. However, as endocrine disrupting chemicals have been found in this water, the potential pollution of soil and water sources has become a source of concern. Such pollutants may be removed during the passage of wastewater through the soil by degradation and/or sorption. In this study the sorption and mobility of bis-2-ethyl(hexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in three different soils (Leptosol, Phaeozem and Vertisol) was compared. The distribution coefficients showed that DEHP is rapidly sorbed onto the three tested soils (Kd between 1.8 × 104 and 4.2 × 04 L/kg), while sorption of 4-NP (Kd between 15 and 80 L/kg) was weaker. In batch experiments the soil sorption capacity observed was as follows: Vertisol &gt; Phaeozem &gt; Leptosol for both compounds. However, in column experiments the retardation factor (RF) for 4-NP was higher than for the DEHP in the three soils. This suggests the possible migration of DEHP through the soil via colloids. The column results were found consistent with those observed in the field. It was concluded that the risk of groundwater contamination is higher for Leptosol soil than for Phaeozem and Vertisol soils and that DEHP can reach the aquifer prior to 4-NP.
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Tiarasani, Anggi, Vincentius Paulus Siregar, and Jonson Lumban Gaol. "Estimation of Attenuation Coefficient Values Using Remote Sensing and Its Relationship With Shallow Water Depth." Journal of Applied Geospatial Information 7, no. 2 (2023): 845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/jagi.v7i2.5630.
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In ocean remote sensing, the intensity of light entering the water column decreases exponentially with increasing depth due to scattering and particle absorption in the water column. This process of decreasing light intensity is called attenuation. Attenuation is a limiting factor in detecting objects in the water column and seafloor using remote sensing, which relies on light intensity. The attenuation coefficient (Kd) is an important optical property of seawater as it provides information about water clarity and the level of light attenuation. This study aims to analyze the estimation of the attenuation coefficient values and their variability using in-situ measurements and Sentinel-2 level 2A data in Karang Lebar, Pulau Panggang, and Pulau Air, in the Seribu Islands Regency, North Jakarta. We tested several algorithms to estimate the attenuation coefficient values. The research results show that the in-situ Kd and the estimated model values have a good correlation (r = 0.75-0.86). The distribution of attenuation coefficient values in the shallow waters of the study area ranges from 0.06 to 0.18m-1. The accuracy of estimating shallow water depth at the study sites was best represented by R2 and RMSE values in the range of 0-5m with an attenuation coefficient of 0.06-0.11m-1.
 
 Keywords: Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient, Remote Sensing, Sentinel-2 Imagery, Algorithm.
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Ion, Ion, Raluca Madalina Senin, and Alina Catrinel Ion. "Influence of Organic Carbon from Weathered Sediments on Triclocarban Distribution in Environmental Aqueous Systems." Separations 11, no. 9 (2024): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations11090255.
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In this study, the chemical distribution of triclocarban (TCC), in natural aqueous systems, between water and sediment, with different chemical compositions of the aqueous phase and different percentages of organic carbon (OC%) in the sediments is presented. The influences of the temperature, of the composition of the aqueous matrices of natural waters and (OC%) in the sediment over the solubility of triclocarban, and its distribution coefficient Kd values were studied. log KD at 25 °C varied between 1.94 and 3.27 for a sediment with 5.50% OC and between 3.95 and 5.93% for a sediment with 6.75% OC, in the studied aqueous systems, with different concentrations of OC in the sediment.
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Rodero, Carlos, Estrella Olmedo, Raul Bardaji, and Jaume Piera. "New Radiometric Approaches to Compute Underwater Irradiances: Potential Applications for High-Resolution and Citizen Science-Based Water Quality Monitoring Programs." Sensors 21, no. 16 (2021): 5537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165537.
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Measuring the diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd) allows for monitoring the water body’s environmental status. This parameter is of particular interest in water quality monitoring programs because it quantifies the presence of light and the euphotic zone’s depth. Citizen scientists can meaningfully contribute by monitoring water quality, complementing traditional methods by reducing monitoring costs and significantly improving data coverage, empowering and supporting decision-making. However, the quality of the acquisition of in situ underwater irradiance measurements has some limitations, especially in areas where stratification phenomena occur in the first meters of depth. This vertical layering introduces a gradient of properties in the vertical direction, affecting the associated Kd. To detect and characterize these variations of Kd in the water column, it needs a system of optical sensors, ideally placed in a range of a few cm, improving the low vertical accuracy. Despite that, the problem of self-shading on the instrumentation becomes critical. Here, we introduce a new concept that aims to improve the vertical accuracy of the irradiance measurements: the underwater annular irradiance (Ea). This new concept consists of measuring the irradiance in an annular-shaped distribution. We first compute the optimal annular angle that avoids self-shading and maximizes the light captured by the sensors. Second, we use different scenarios of water types, solar zenith angle, and cloud coverage to assess the robustness of the corresponding diffuse attenuation coefficient, Ka. Finally, we derive empirical functions for computing Kd from Ka. This new concept opens the possibility to a new generation of optical sensors in an annular-shaped distribution which is expected to (a) increase the vertical resolution of the irradiance measurements and (b) be easy to deploy and maintain and thus to be more suitable for citizen scientists.
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Zhang, Xianqing, Cai Li, Wen Zhou, et al. "Study of the Profile Distribution of the Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient and Secchi Disk Depth in the Northwestern South China Sea." Remote Sensing 15, no. 6 (2023): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15061533.
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The diffuse attenuation coefficient for the downwelling irradiance Kdz,λ is a critical parameter in terms of the optical properties of the ocean. In the northwestern South China Sea, there are complex physical processes, and the accurate estimation of Kdz,λ in the northwestern South China Sea is critical for the study and application of the underwater light field and water constituents. In this study, using Hydrolight 6.0 (HL60) software, Kdz,λ was simulated based on the inherent optical properties (IOPs) and chlorophyll a concentration dataset in the northwestern South China Sea. The simulations were in good agreement with the results calculated by the model of Lee (2005), and the spectral characteristics of Kdz,λ were consistent with several oceanic types according to Jerlov’s classification. The horizontal and vertical distribution characteristics of Kd(z,490) were studied in the two typical upwelling areas of eastern Hainan Island and eastern Vietnam. Kd(z,490) in eastern Hainan Island exhibited an overall decreasing trend from west to east at the same depth, while the vertical depth of the maximum value of Kd(z,490) in eastern Hainan Island was found to increase from west to east, which was significantly associated with the distribution trend of the temperature and salinity. Kd(z,490) in eastern Vietnam exhibited unique horizontal and vertical distribution characteristics due to upwelling, with a low temperature and high salinity. A satisfactory linear relationship between Kd(z,490) and Kdz,λ was found from 420 to 580 nm with R2 > 0.76, root mean square (RMSE) ≤ 0.010 m−1, and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) < 9%, and this result indicated that Kdz,λ from 420~580 nm could be estimated with Kd(z,490). The regression accuracy sharply decreased after 580 nm, indicating that Kdz,λ estimation based on Kd(z,490) can be more suitably achieved from 420~580 nm and becomes inaccurate after 580 nm. Based on the simulations, an empirical relationship for ZSDD estimation involving Kd,10%490 was developed, and ZSDD in the northwestern South China Sea was calculated, with a range of 5–23 m and a suitable agreement with ZSDD obtained via the method of Lee (2018).
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Setiawan, Budi, Yusran Dani, and Nurmaya Arofah. "Sorption Characteristics of 137Cs and 90Sr into Rembang and Sumedang Soils." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 16, no. 3 (2018): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21142.
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In order to understand the sorption behavior of 137Cs and 90Sr into soil sample from Rembang and Subang, it is important to estimate the effect of contact time, ionic strength and concentration of metal ion in the solution. For this reason, the interaction of 137Cs and 90Sr with soil sample has been examined. The study performed at trace concentration (~10-8 M) of CsCl and SrCl2, and batch method was used. NaCl has been selected as a representative of the ionic strength with 0.1; 0.5 and 1.0 M concentrations. Concentration of 10-8~10-4 M CsCl and SrCl2 were used for study the effect of Cs and Sr concentrations in solution. Apparent distribution coefficient was used to predict the sorption behavior. The sorption equilibrium of 137Cs and 90Sr into soil was attained after 5 days contacted with Kd value around 3300-4200 mL/g, where Kd was defined as the ratio of number of radionuclide activity absorbed in solid phase per-unit mass to the number of radionuclide activity remains is solution per-unit volume. Presence of NaCl as background salt in the solution affected Kd values due to competition among metal ions into soil samples. Increase of Cs or Sr concentration in solution made Kd value decreased drastically. This information is expected could provide an important input for the planning and design of radioactive waste disposal system in Java Island in the future.
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Nurdini, Jihannuma Adibiah, Dwi Ratna Hidayati, Ilham Cahya, Anisa Noviani, and Ika Wahyu Ridyawati. "Distribution of Pb and Fe heavy metal contamination in sea water and sediment in Bangkalan Madura Sea Waters." E3S Web of Conferences 499 (2024): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449901025.
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The high level of industrial and port activity in Surabaya and Gresik causes the potential for heavy metal waste pollution in Bangkalan sea waters. Heavy metal pollution will accumulate in several marine biota. If humans consume contaminated biota, the heavy metal content will accumulate in the body's organs causing mild to severe illnesses. Sea water in Bangkalan waters is also used as raw water for shrimp cultivation and salt production, so it needs to meet water quality standards. The research was conducted in 4 locations determined using the random purposive sampling method. Each location requires one seawater and sediment sample each. Each sample will be tested using a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) instrument to determine the concentration of Pb and Fe. From the results of laboratory tests it is known that St.1 (Modung Coast), contains the highest Pb and Fe contamination values in sea water and marine sediment, where the Pb value = 0.04 ppm and Fe = 0.1 ppm, for marine sediment the Pb value = 4.25 ppm and Fe = 0.38 ppm. Then proceed to determine the contamination distribution coefficient (Kd). The highest value is at St.4 (Tajungan-Kamal) where Kd Pb = 149.78, and Kd Fe = 7.94. The next step is modeling visualization to determine the distribution of pollution using a color gradient scale.
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Bai, Shuying, Jixi Gao, Deyong Sun, and Meirong Tian. "Monitoring Water Transparency in Shallow and Eutrophic Lake Waters Based on GOCI Observations." Remote Sensing 12, no. 1 (2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010163.
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Water transparency represented by the Secchi disk depth (Zsd) plays an important role in understanding water ecology environment variations, especially for optically complex and shallow lake waters. In this study, using in situ measured remote sensing reflectance (Rrs), diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd), and Zsd data collected in Lake Taihu (China), a regional algorithm for estimating Kd from Rrs was designed, and the semi-analytical model proposed by Lee et al. (2015) (hereafter called Lee_2015 model) was refined using a linear scaling correction for remote sensing of Zsd. The results showed that a good agreement between the derived Kd and in situ measured data (mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) = 26% for Kd(490); MAPE < 5% for Kd at 443, 555, and 660 nm). The in situ Rrs-derived Zsd results using the refined Lee_2015 model compared well with the in situ measured Zsd (R2 = 0.72 and MAPE = 36%), which was an obvious improvement over the Lee_2015 model in our study region. Subsequently, the refined Lee_2015 model was applied to the geostationary ocean color imager (GOCI) observations between 2012 and 2018 to yield the spatial and temporal variations of water transparency in the Lake Taihu waters. The long-term mean distribution of Zsd revealed that water transparency values in the northeastern Lake Taihu were generally higher than those in the southwest part. Monthly climatological Zsd patterns suggested that the Zsd distributions had large temporal variability, and distinct monthly patterns of Zsd existed in different subregions of Lake Taihu. The significant interannual variations of Zsd in Lake Taihu are probably affected by a combination of the water column stability mainly caused by wind, water temperature, human activity, and riverine discharge. The present study can provide a new approach for quantifying water visibility and serve for water-color remote sensing of optically complex and highly turbid waters.
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Konople, A. V., M. M. Ivanov, M. A. Komissarov, V. N. Golosov, and N. V. Kuzmenkova. "Reconstruction of the long-term dynamics of radioactive cesium in water bodies contaminated as a result of nuclear accidents (case studies of Chernobyl and Fukushima)." Lomonosov Geography Journal 79, no. 6, 2024 (2024): 3–14. https://doi.org/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.79.6.1.
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The study is focused on the reconstruction of long-term dynamics of 137Cs concentration in water bodies contaminated as a result of Chernobyl and “Fukushima-1” NPP accidents. It was found that the vertical distribution of 137Cs in bottom sediments of deep-water sites could be a basis for reconstruction of the dynamics of radionuclide concentration in suspension and in solution. Columns of bottom sediments of reservoirs and experimental values of distribution coefficient Kd are used for reconstruction. The method is applicable in the absence of mixing of the deposited suspension with the underlying layers and at Kd values significantly higher than 104 l/kg. Studies in the Chernobyl and “Fukushima-1” NPP contamination zones have shown that it is possible to reconstruct the long-term changes of 137Cs concentration for rivers, lakes and ponds. The obtained data are the first assessment of the time course of 137Cs specific activity on suspended sediment in water bodies of the Chernobyl NPP zone, which is important for understanding its behavior in the soil-water system and its migration through food chains. The time dependences of 137Cs concentrations are described by the empirical two-exponential and/or semi-empirical diffusion model, applicable for predictive assessments of the long-term dynamics of radioactive contamination in water bodies after nuclear accidents. The results of the study are confirmed by monitoring data for the test water bodies, showing satisfactory agreement with the reconstructed values of 137Cs concentrations. The information obtained is important for assessing the environmental consequences of nuclear accidents and developing strategies for the management of contaminated areas. The methodology presented in the study could be adapted to study the behavior of other radionuclides in aquatic ecosystems, contributing to better prediction and management of radioecological risks over a long term horizon.
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Kumar, Ajay, Sabyasachi Rout, Vandana Pulhani, and A. Vinod Kumar. "A review on distribution coefficient (Kd) of some selected radionuclides in soil/sediment over the last three decades." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 323, no. 1 (2019): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-019-06930-x.
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Sánchez-Martín, Maria J., and Maria Sáanchez-Camazano. "Adsorption of Chloridazon by Soils and their Components." Weed Science 39, no. 3 (1991): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500073161.
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The effect of soil composition on adsorption of chloridazon by 18 samples of natural soils, with different chemical and textural characteristics, obtained from west-central Spain, was investigated. The effect of removal of organic matter on adsorption and adsorption of the herbicide by the active components of the soils (montmorillonite and humic acid) was also studied. A highly significant correlation was found between the distribution coefficient (Kd) and organic matter content when all the soils or the soils with organic matter content >2% were considered. According to the determination coefficients (r2), organic matter content accounted for 72% of the variance in adsorption in the former case and 92% in the latter. In soils with an organic matter content <2%, there was no correlation between Kd and organic matter content. A significant correlation was observed between Kd and smectite content for soils containing smectite in their clay fraction. Both simple and multiple correlations showed that clay content, excluding the smectite fraction, had a relatively small effect on adsorption of the herbicide. Adsorption of chloridazon by oxidized soils, montmorillonite, and humic acid confirms the effect of organic matter and smectite on adsorption in natural soils.
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Monika, Rathore, and Vikram Singh Aresh. "Synthesis and Characterization of a New Ion Exchange Cellulose -1- Butane Sulphonic Acid (CBSA) Resin and its Application for Removal of Hazardous Metal Ion (Pb2+) from Industrial Waste Water by Batch Method." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 17, no. 28 (2024): 2960–66. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v17i28.1741.
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Abstract <strong>Objective:</strong> The purpose of this work is to develop and evaluate a new cellulose-1-butane sulphonic acid resin and use it for the elimination of hazardous metallic ions from textile industry effluent. <strong>Method:</strong> In the laboratory, a new cellulose-based resin containing 1- Butane sulphonic acid group has been synthesized. 1-Butane sulphonic acid group has been introduced into cellulose matrix through modified Porath’s method. <strong>Findings:</strong> Development of cellulose-1-butane sulphonic acid resin based on natural polysaccharides for the removal of lead ions, a dangerous metal, from industrial wastewater. Cellulose -1-Butane sulphonic acid resin's adsorbed metal ions were efficiently eluted using varying strengths of HCl solution. The resin could then be washed with pure, acidic distilled water to restore it to its H+ cationic exchanger state ten times. The hazardous metal ion Pb2+ can be specifically extracted from industrial waste water using the cellulose-1-Butane Sulphonic Acid (CBSA) resin. <strong>Novelty:</strong> Ion exchange capacity, pH titration, FTIR spectra, elemental analysis, and moisture levels were used to characterize the CBSA resin. At various pH levels, the distribution coefficient value (Kd) of lead metal ions has been methodically investigated using the batch method. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Effluent, Distribution Coefficient, Resin, Waste Water, Polysaccharide
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Carballa, Marta, Guido Fink, Francisco Omil, Juan M. Lema, and Thomas Ternes. "Determination of the solid–water distribution coefficient (Kd) for pharmaceuticals, estrogens and musk fragrances in digested sludge." Water Research 42, no. 1-2 (2008): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.012.
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Tran, Hoai Le, Duc Thao Vu, Trung Hai Huynh, and Thi Lien Hoang. "Preliminary investigation of the presence of PFOS and PFOA in water and sediment in Cau river." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 63, no. 11 (2021): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.63(11).23-27.
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Perfluoro-octane sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluoro-octanoic acid (PFOA) are recognised as emerging environmental pollutants because of their high persistence in various environmental matrices and toxic effects on humans and animals. The objectives of this study were to preliminarily investigate the occurrence of PFOS and PFOA in the water and sediment of the Cau river in Thai Nguyen city. The concentration of PFOS and PFOA in water ranged from <LOQ-0.67 ng/l and 0.05-8.11 ng/l; 1.19-4.73 ng/g, and 0.17-1.78 ng/g in sediment, respectively. The highest total concentrations of PFOS and PFOAwere recorded in the areas that directly received wastewater from domestic and industrial activities. The water-sediment distribution coefficient (Kd) was relatively different for PFOS and PFOA, with Kd ranged from 20.51-72.83 l/g and 1.21-20.31 l/g for PFOS and PFOA, respectively. This result suggested the distribution of PFOS and PFOA between water and sediment, in which PFOS will preferentially deposit in the sediment, and PFOA will tend to distribute in the liquid phase of the aquatic environment.
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Deinkuro, Nimisingha Sanchez, Charles William Knapp, Morufu Olalekan Raimi, and Nanlok Henry Nimlang. "Environmental Fate of Toxic Volatile Organics from Oil Spills in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria." International Journal of Environment, Engineering & Education 3, no. 3 (2021): 89–101. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5842939.
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Over the years, the environmental degradation of ecological resources from crude oil pollution and its human health impacts is receiving more global attention. The utilization of environmental models capable of predicting the fate, transport, and toxicity of chemicals in spilt crude oil can provide essential knowledge required to deal with the complexity associated with the fate of volatile petroleum chemicals in the environment. This paper explores the environmental fate of toxic volatile organics from an oil spill in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Results from the literature implicated sabotage and operational failures from pipelines as primary causes of crude oil spillages. The generation of a fugacity model using EPI Suite™ revealed that Koc values greatly influence the behavior of BTN. Benzene, Toluene, and Naphthalene (BTN) were partitioned into three compartments based on organic-carbon partitioning coefficient (Koc). The organic-carbon partitioning coefficient (Koc) was computed as a function of soil-water distribution coefficient (Kd) and percentage organic matter (%OM). Koc was used to determining the possible risk posed on delicate ecological resources. Aquatic toxicology estimation using Ecological Structural Activity Relationship revealed that all chemicals were not toxic even at over-estimated Koc values. This research established the usefulness of screening level environmental modeling tools in assessing ecological risk and hence helpful in developing site-specific models for monitoring chemicals in the environment, which can assist governments, policymakers, and industries in designing appropriate regional disaster management plans.
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Zhang, Hang, Xinyu Wang, Hangjia Wang, et al. "Distribution of Uranium and Molybdenum in River Sediment near Molybdenite Mining Region: A Case Study in SW China." Minerals 13, no. 11 (2023): 1435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13111435.
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This work aims to understand the distribution and migration mechanisms of U and Mo between surface sediment and water in acid mine drainage (AMD) regions near a molybdenum mining region. A series of river sediment and water samples near the Jinduicheng mining area, one of the largest deposits of molybdenite ore in Asia, were collected and analyzed. Our results indicate that: (1) The pH value of river water samples increases with distance from upstream to downstream, while the pH has poor correlation with Mo and U; (2) The content of Mo and U in the sediment are significantly higher than the background value, which suggests potential pollution; (3) The content of Mo and U in the water and sediments in the lower reaches of the Wenyu river is significantly linearly related with the distance from the mining area, suggesting that AMD is a potential source; (4) BCR analysis shows that Mo in river sediments mainly existed as the residual, while U mainly existed as the non-residual; (5) The distribution coefficient Kd(Mo) exceeds Kd(U), indicating that Mo is enriched in sediments while U is more prone to porewater.
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Xing, Xiaogang, Emmanuel Boss, Jie Zhang, and Fei Chai. "Evaluation of Ocean Color Remote Sensing Algorithms for Diffuse Attenuation Coefficients and Optical Depths with Data Collected on BGC-Argo Floats." Remote Sensing 12, no. 15 (2020): 2367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12152367.
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The vertical distribution of irradiance in the ocean is a key input to quantify processes spanning from radiative warming, photosynthesis to photo-oxidation. Here we use a novel dataset of thousands local-noon downwelling irradiance at 490 nm (Ed(490)) and photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) profiles captured by 103 BGC-Argo floats spanning three years (from October 2012 to January 2016) in the world’s ocean, to evaluate several published algorithms and satellite products related to diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd). Our results show: (1) MODIS-Aqua Kd(490) products derived from a blue-to-green algorithm and two semi-analytical algorithms show good consistency with the float-observed values, but the Chla-based one has overestimation in oligotrophic waters; (2) The Kd(PAR) model based on the Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs) performs well not only at sea-surface but also at depth, except for the oligotrophic waters where Kd(PAR) is underestimated below two penetration depth (2zpd), due to the model’s assumption of a homogeneous distribution of IOPs in the water column which is not true in most oligotrophic waters with deep chlorophyll-a maxima; (3) In addition, published algorithms for the 1% euphotic-layer depth and the depth of 0.415 mol photons m−2 d−1 isolume are evaluated. Algorithms based on Chla generally work well while IOPs-based ones exhibit an overestimation issue in stratified and oligotrophic waters, due to the underestimation of Kd(PAR) at depth.
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Dhirendra, Singh. "THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES ON THE ADSORPTION OF ENDOSULPHAN ON RED LOAM SOIL." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research 10, no. 1 (2018): 10–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12672549.
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The significant adsorption isotherms, Freundlich constants (K, and N), disseminationcoefficient (Kd), and other thermodynamic boundaries were used to take into account theadsorption thermodynamics of endosulphan on Tarai sandy topsoil soil at 10 °C, 20 °C, and40 °C, respectively. The data were well fitted by the Freundlich condition and yielded Lformed isotherms at all of the temperatures considered. In order to anticipate the concept ofthe adsorption cycle, thermodynamic boundaries such as the thermodynamic balance steady(Ko), the standard free energy change (G°), the standard enthalpy change (H°), and thestandard entropy change (S°) have been established.
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Mitrić, Siniša, Mihajlo Marković, Mladen Babić, Milan Šipka, Dušica Pešević, and Duško Dragićević. "PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HERBICIDES USED FOR MAIZE PRODUCTION IN BIH AS FACTORS OF POTENTIAL HERBICIDE LEACHING IN GROUNDWATER." Radovi Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu 21, no. 1 (2016): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.54652/rsf.2016.v1.i1.306.
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UDK 631.4:632.954; 633.1:632.954(497.6)
 The aim of the study is to present the elements which must be considered while determining the risk of the mobility of the herbicides. Herbicides used for maize production have the special eco toxical significance and special risk because some are potentially mobile, they are used on the large surfaces during the rainy period and near rivers.
 Behaviour of the herbicides in the environment, particularly in the soil is very complex. It does not depend only on the characteristics of the herbicide, but on the many factors of the environment which are very variable. Regardless of this fact, there are experimentally determined physical-chemical indicators for each herbicide that show the possible behaviour of herbicides in the environment. Studied physical-chemical indicators of herbicide behavior are: Distribution Coefficient (Kd); Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (Koc); Time of the Semi-Decomposition (DT50); Water Solubility (S); Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS); Henry's Law Constant (Kh), Vapor Pressure (PV) and the Dissociation Constant (pKa).
 Namely, herbicides, in larger or smaller measure, have “leaching potential“, which is ability to reach the underground water. One of the basic criteria for evaluating the herbicide ability to reach the underground water is related to indicators of mobility and persistency (DT50) herbicides, but neglecting some other criteria in that evaluation such as the amount of applying, characteristics of the soil and the aim of the crop growth. According to the EPA criteria, for the herbicides used in maize production in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), the “trigger“ value will indirectly indicate if the herbicides have large leaching potential.
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Makovskaya, N. A., T. G. Leontieva, A. A. Baklay, and D. A. Kuzmuk. "Effect of mineralized solution on protective properties of clays in radioactive waste isolation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Physical-technical series 69, no. 3 (2024): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2024-69-3-233-243.
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In this paper there were studied the mineral composition and sorption properties as well as filtration properties of natural clay samples from “Gorodnoe” deposit of Brest region and “Markovskoe” deposit of Gomel region. It was determined that clay mineral montmorillonite of the samples contains illite phase in the structure, which is 4,8 wt.% in “Gorodnoe” sample and 3,6 wt.% in “Markovskoe” sample. The illite phase was shown to contain highly selective sorption sites for 137Cs. 85Sr sorption mostly takes place on montmorillonite. It was determined that model mineralized solution (the solution imitating chemical composition of water solution if water penetrates a radioactive waste disposal and consequently passes through concrete, Na-bentonite and again concrete layers) doesn’t affect 137Cs sorption, but significantly affects 85Sr sorption. Distribution coefficients (Kd ) of 137Cs sorption on studied clay samples are higher than 103 dm3 /kg, indicating high sorption properties of the clays towards 137Cs. Kd 85Sr for sorption on the clay samples in the model mineralized solution is 30 times lower than Kd 137Cs mostly because of competition between strontium and calcium ions. It was determined that filtration coefficient values of clays from “Gorodnoe” and “Markovskoe” deposits are 2,4 and 1,3 times higher after being treated with the model mineralized solution than the filtration coefficient values for raw clay samples. Hence, the clay from “Markovskoe” deposit is more resistant to the influence of the model mineralized solution than the clay from “Gorodnoe” deposit. The overall results of the research state that the clay from “Markovskoe” deposit can be used in the underlying layer of low- and medium-level radioactive waste disposal facility at NPP.
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Tabassum, Noshabah, Uzaira Rafique, Khaled S. Balkhair, and Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf. "Chemodynamics of Methyl Parathion and Ethyl Parathion: Adsorption Models for Sustainable Agriculture." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/831989.
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The toxicity of organophosphate insecticides for nontarget organism has been the subject of extensive research for sustainable agriculture. Pakistan has banned the use of methyl/ethyl parathions, but they are still illegally used. The present study is an attempt to estimate the residual concentration and to suggest remedial solution of adsorption by different types of soils collected and characterized for physicochemical parameters. Sorption of pesticides in soil or other porous media is an important process regulating pesticide transport and degradation. The percentage removal of methyl parathion and ethyl parathion was determined through UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 276 nm and 277 nm, respectively. The results indicate that agricultural soil as compared to barren soil is more efficient adsorbent for both insecticides, at optimum batch condition of pH 7. The equilibrium between adsorbate and adsorbent was attained in 12 hours. Methyl parathion is removed more efficiently (by seven orders of magnitude) than ethyl parathion. It may be attributed to more available binding sites and less steric hindrance of methyl parathion. Adsorption kinetics indicates that a good correlation exists between distribution coefficient (Kd) and soil organic carbon. A general increase in Kd is noted with increase in induced concentration due to the formation of bound or aged residue.
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Aidarkhanova, A. K., N. V. Larionova, and A. L. Dashuk. "REDISTRIBUTION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN WATER BODIES OF TECHNOGENIC ORIGIN AT THE SEMIPALATINSK TEST SITE." NNC RK Bulletin, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52676/1729-7885-2019-3-147-155.
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The work provides results of complex research of the levels and character of the distribution of radionuclide contamination in the system of "bottom sediments - water - plants" of technogenic water bodies at the Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS). The objects of research were craters formed as a result of nuclear tests, filled with water, located at the test sites "Experimental Field", "Balapan", "Telkem" and "Sary-Uzen". Samples of sediments, soils, waters, aquatic, semiaquatic and waterside plants were taken for determination of 241Am, 137Cs, 90Sr, 239+240Pu concentration for this research. As the result of experiments distribution coefficient (Kd) for sediments and water and concentration ratio (FV) for aquatic and semiaquatic plants and sediments, waterside plants and soils were calculated. Based on the obtained results comparative analysis of the redistribution of radionuclide contamination in technogenic water bodies at the STS was done.
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Chen, Yuyun, Junqin Zhang, Yanxia Dong, Ting Duan, Yiqiang Zhou, and Wei Li. "Phenolic compounds in water, suspended particulate matter and sediment from Weihe River in Northwest China." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 8 (2021): 2012–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.119.
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Abstract The distribution and ecological risks of 11 phenolic compounds were studied in Weihe River, Northwest China. The concentrations of phenolic compounds were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The total concentration of 11 phenolic compounds (∑PC11) ranged from 0.06 to 14.12 μg/L with an average of 5.22 μg/L in water, from 0.92 to 34,885 μg/g with an average of 4,446 μg/g in suspended particulate matter (SPM), and from 3.54 to 34.09 μg/g with an average of 11.09 μg/g in sediment. For individual phenolic compound, the mean concentration of pentachlorophenol was the highest in water (2.65 μg/L) and in SPM (3,865 μg/g), while in sediment the mean concentration of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was the highest (3.05 μg/g). The total concentration of 5 chlorophenols (∑CP5) was significantly higher than that of 6 non-chlorophenols (∑NCP6) in all three studied compartments. The phenolic compounds in Weihe River were at moderate levels in water and at high levels in sediment. The ecological risk assessment results indicated that phenolic compounds exhibited a high ecological risk in Weihe River water. In most sites, the distribution coefficient (Kd) (SPM) was much higher than Kd (sediment), which probably suggested fresh phenolic compounds input in Weihe River.
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Ternes, Thomas A., Nadine Herrmann, Matthias Bonerz, Thomas Knacker, Hansruedi Siegrist, and Adriano Joss. "A rapid method to measure the solid–water distribution coefficient (Kd) for pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances in sewage sludge." Water Research 38, no. 19 (2004): 4075–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.07.015.
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Syversen, N. "Cold-climate vegetative buffer zones as pesticide-filters for surface runoff." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 3-4 (2005): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0576.
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Vegetative buffer zones adjacent to watercourses can be effective filters for diffuse pollution from agriculture. Several investigations, even during snowmelt season, have shown that retention of sediments and sediment-bound nutrients in runoff water has been high through buffer zones (BZ). It is likely that BZ also can be effective filters for sediment-bound pesticides. The retention of glyphosate, propiconazole, fenpropimorph and soil particles was studied in surface runoff experiments with 5 m wide buffer zones. Volume proportional samples were collected after each runoff episode (1999–2002). The distribution coefficient (Kd) shows moderate to high adsorption of the pesticides to the experimental soil. Results show average retention efficiency of about 51%, 48%, 85% and 34% for particles, glyphosate, propiconazole and fenpropimorph, respectively. The amount of AMPA (which is a degradation product of glyphosate), entering the BZ was high; approximately the same amount as for glyphosate. The retention efficiency through the BZ for AMPA was about 67%. There were no significant differences in removal efficiency (in %) between winter with snowmelt and summer. This is possibly due to detachment of coarser aggregates during winter, which trap more easily in the BZ. The conclusion based on this study suggests BZ to be contributors to reduced pesticide input to surface waters.
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Sosorova, S. B., M. G. Merkusheva, L. N. Boloneva, and I. N. Lavrentieva. "Phosphorus Sorption by Saline Soils of Western Transbaikalia." Почвоведение, no. 10 (October 1, 2023): 1230–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0032180x22601414.
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The sorption of phosphorus by salt marshes of the dry-steppe zone of the Republic of Buryatia from an aqueous solution of KN2PO4 in the concentration range from 0.25 to 5.0 mM/L (mmol/L) was studied under static conditions. The interaction time is 24 hours with a soil: solution ratio of 1 : 10. The amount of sorbed phosphorus was calculated from the difference in its content in the initial solutions and in the filtrates of soil suspensions. Based on experimental data, phosphorus adsorption isotherms were constructed by soil and sorption parameters were calculated using the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. Typical and quasi-clay Solonchaks have relatively high sorption properties with respect to phosphorus. The value of the maximum adsorption capacity (Amax) in the humus horizons of these soils varied in the range of 23.04–42.74 mM P/kg, in the underlying horizons 16.26–30.39 mM P/kg. In general, all soils, with the exception of the sorov Solonchaks, had an Amax value in the range of 17.70–42.74 mM P/kg. A low sorption value of phosphorus was found in the Solonchaks of sorovy. The Langmuir adsorption constant (KL) varied in the range of 0.3–14.0 l/mmol. Solonchaks dark and typical most strongly bind phosphorus. The Freundlich coefficient (KF) in the studied soils varied in the humus horizon from 5.34 to 63.43 mM P/kg, in mineral from 1.74 to 22.68 mM P/kg. The distribution coefficient (Kd) ranged from 1.95–145.04 l/kg with high values for quasi-clay Solonchaks and low for sorov Solonchaks. The correlation between Kd and Amax was estimated as average (r = 0.51), Kd and KL – high (r = 0.84, p ≤ 0.05). The studied soils according to the values of SPR (the amount of phosphorus that must be sorbed by the soil to maintain a concentration of P = 0.2 mg/kg (0.0065 mM/l) in soil solution) from (0.0723 to 3.4836 mM/kg) refer to weakly absorbing phosphorus. According to the ability to sorb phosphorus, soils form the following decreasing series: quasi-glay solonchaks typical solonchaks dark solonchaks glay solonchaks alluvial light humus saline sorov solonchaks.
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Baskaran, S., NS Bolan, A. Rahman, and RW Tillman. "Effect of exogenous carbon on the sorption and movement of atrazine and 2,4-D by soils." Soil Research 34, no. 4 (1996): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9960609.
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Sorption and movement of 2 ionic herbicides (2,4-D and atrazine) by 3 soil materials (Tokomaru silt loam, Egmont silt loam, mine tailings) which were amended with different levels of exogenous carbon (C) materials (poultry manure, sewage sludge, mushroom compost, peat, pig manure) were examined using 14C-labelled compounds. The sorption of herbicides was measured using a batch technique and the movement was examined using soil columns in which a pulse of 14C-labelled herbicide was leached with dissolved organic C (DOC). Sorption of herbicides, as measured by the distribution coefficient (Kd), increased with increasing C addition, and varied between the C sources. The difference in the effect of C sources on the sorption of herbicides was related to the difference in the amount of DOC and the pH. The increase in the Kd values per unit C addition decreased with increasing amounts of both the exogenous C addition and the indigenous C in the soil material. In a separate study, the addition of DOC to solutions of herbicides prior to sorption measurements decreased the sorption of herbicides, whereas the addition of DOC to soil increased the sorption of herbicides. Column studies have shown that DOC enhanced the movement of herbicides in soils. The effect of DOC on the movement of herbicides varied between the soil materials and may be related to the difference in the sorption of both the herbicides and the DOC.
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Draghici, Mihaiela, Luisa Roxana Popescu, Narcis Claudiu Spinu, Catalin Manea, and Gabriel Valentin Serban. "Statistical evaluation of mineral water from Valcea County area through quality indices." Romanian Journal of Ecology & Environmental Chemistry 3, no. 1 (2021): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/rjeec.2021.109.
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Significant global consumption of mineral water is fueled by perceived therapeutic and medicinal qualities, cultural habits and taste. In Valcea County are several resorts with such mineral springs, which can have multiple benefits for human health. For this reason, it is important to investigate the level of their pollution with heavy metals. The aim of this study was to detect the level of heavy metals present in the studied mineral waters, to evaluate the analytical results using environmental statistical indices, and to compare the results with the legislation in force. Thus, mineral water samples were collected from three resorts of Valcea County (Baile Olanesti, Calimanesti-Caciulata and Baile Govora). The analyzed metals (Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined with the ICP-EOS technique and the obtained results were compared to enforce legislation. Statistical analyses were applied and two environmental statistical indices, namely the metal distribution coefficient (kd) and the total environmental risk index (IER) were evaluated. The calculated values for the total environmental risk index were below 0 (IER ≤ 0), which indicates that none of the studied water samples pose a risk for the environment. The low values of the distribution coefficient indicate a low ability to bind the metal in particles and therefore, insignificant toxicity. The distribution coefficient calculated for zinc (1.12 L/kg) and lead (0.68 L/kg) in Baile Olanesti indicates a high capacity of the metals to bind in particles, compared to other metals.
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Konoplev, Alexei, Gennady Laptev, Yasunori Igarashi, et al. "Reconstruction of the Long-Term Dynamics of Particulate Concentrations and Solid–Liquid Distribution of Radiocesium in Three Severely Contaminated Water Bodies of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone Based on Current Depth Distribution in Bottom Sediments." Land 11, no. 1 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010029.
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Given the importance of understanding long-term dynamics of radionuclides in the environment in general, and major gaps in the knowledge of 137Cs particulate forms in Chernobyl exclusion zone water bodies, three heavily contaminated water bodies (Lakes Glubokoe, Azbuchin, and Chernobyl NPP Cooling Pond) were studied to reconstruct time changes in particulate concentrations of 137Cs and its apparent distribution coefficient Kd, based on 137Cs depth distributions in bottom sediments. Bottom sediment cores collected from deep-water sites of the above water bodies were sliced into 2 cm layers to obtain 137Cs vertical profile. Assuming negligible sediment mixing and allowing for 137Cs strong binding to sediment, each layer of the core was attributed to a specific year of profile formation. Using this method, temporal trends for particulate 137Cs concentrations in the studied water bodies were derived for the first time and they were generally consistent with the semiempirical diffusional model. Based on the back-calculated particulate 137Cs concentrations, and the available long-term monitoring data for dissolved 137Cs, the dynamics of 137Cs solid–liquid distribution were reconstructed. Importantly, just a single sediment core collected from a lake or pond many years after a nuclear accident seems to be sufficient to retrieve long-term dynamics of contamination.