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Journal articles on the topic 'Soiling in PV'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Njoku, H. O., K. M. Ifediora, P. A. Ozor, and J. M. Dzah. "Typical performance reductions in pv modules subject to soiling in a tropical climate." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 1158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i4.24.

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Soiling severely hinders the ability of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules to absorb incident solar radiation, causing significant deterioration of module performances. In this study, the thermal profiles and the electrical power outputs of PV modules were evaluated in order to establish the impact of soiling under tropical field conditions. Two case-study PV installations in the Universityof Nigeria were considered. Assessments of the PV systems, undertaken both when soiled and after they had been cleaned, involved the measurement of electrical power outputs and the acquisition of infrared (IR) thermograms. It was found that soiling had noticeable impacts on both module surface temperature distributions and their power outputs. The IR images, which showed spatial distributions of module surface temperatures, revealed the occurrence of hotspots on the modules when soiled. Furthermore, as a result of soiling, up to four-fold declines in module electrical efficiencies were observed. These declines were more significant in theground-mounted PV system at the University Staff Primary School compared to the roofmounted system at the University Energy Research Centre. Simple cleaning of the modules led to the disappearance of hotspots and significant improvements in output, showing that it is an effective means of maintaining PV modules performance and recovering the performance potentials lost due to soiling. Keywords: solar PV, PV soiling, infrared thermography, module failure, PV performance

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2

L., Sahana, Naveen Kumaar, Hans Peter Waldl, Prasun Kumar Das, Karthik Ramanathan, K. Balaraman, and Indradip Mitra. "Impact of Soiling on Energy Yield of Solar PV Power Plant and Developing Soiling Correction Factor for Solar PV Power Forecasting." European Journal of Energy Research 1, no. 2 (July 14, 2021): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejenergy.2021.1.2.7.

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Across the world, the geographical conditions are varied, and the characteristics of dust depend on the local environmental conditions. The solar power generators must incorporate the soiling losses in their estimation for power output and therefore a methodology was developed to estimate the soiling correction factor. After extensive research, a comprehensive review was presented on the effect of soiling on performance of PV plants along with case studies of soiling experiments around the world. A soiling experiment was designed to develop the soiling correction factor. A methodology to calculate the soiling correction factor, which can be implemented in any location, was developed by analyzing the data from the soiling experiment. The effect of rainfall, humidity and wind on soiling was analyzed and documented. The performance of one 20 kWp PV plant was monitored to study the effect of weather-related parameters on the performance. The soiling correction factor varied from -1.36% to 3.67% during the period between June 2018 and June 2019 in Chennai. It was observed that the average PV conversion efficiency of the 20-kW plant was 11.75% and the average PR was 75%. It was observed that the correlation between module temperature and DC power; between humidity and DC power; between GTI and DC power varied every month. The soiling factor developed could be incorporated into the short-term day ahead solar forecasting model. The developed methodology could be applied at the any large-scale solar power plant around the world for yield assessment, designing as well as operational forecasting purposes.

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3

Sanz Saiz, Carlos, Jesús Polo Martínez, and Nuria Martín Chivelet. "Influence of Pollen on Solar Photovoltaic Energy: Literature Review and Experimental Testing with Pollen." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 9, 2020): 4733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144733.

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This work attempts to shed some light on the impact of organic soiling due to pollen on solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation. Apart from introducing several soiling-related pollen features, the previous works reporting soiling by pollen have been reviewed. Local observations from late winter to early spring showed that a rooftop PV system experienced both uniform and non-uniform soiling issues, which were mainly caused by pollen from nearby cypress specimens. In addition, this work publishes preliminary results regarding an artificial soiling test performed with pollen. In this test, soda lime float glass coupons were artificially soiled with fresh cypress pollen. A linear relationship was found between the pollen mass density (ρA) and the glass averaged transmittance (TAVE) for values up to 9.1 g/m2. In comparison with other artificial soiling tests performed with different soiling agents, the transmittance loss caused by pollen cypress deposition was relatively high and spectrally selective.

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4

Vumbugwa, M., J. L. Crozier McCleland, E. E. Van Dyk, F. J. Vorster, and T. J. Serameng. "Effects of current mismatch due to uneven soiling on the performance of multi-crystalline silicon module strings." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 31, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2020/v31i1a7571.

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Photovoltaic (PV) module operation is critical in PV systems for optimum generation of electrical power. Modules installed in the field suffer uneven soiling caused by bird droppings and dust build-up on their front surface. This study investigated the impact of partial shading caused by non-uniform soiling on the electrical characteristics of multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) modules and strings, and compared this with simulated I-V parameters. Light and heavy uneven soiling on mc-Si solar cells resulted in current mismatch which can be simulated. The effects of partial soiling on the I-V characteristics of mc-Si module strings were experimentally measured and agreed with the simulated results.

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5

Abdel Hamid, Radwan H., Youssef Elidrissi, Adel Elsamahy, Mohammed Regragui, and Karim Menoufi. "Examining the Impact of Different Technical and Environmental Parameters on the Performance of Photovoltaic Modules." Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0001.

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Abstract This article presents an evaluation of the performance of PV modules with the variation of some technical and environmental parameters: The PV module tilt angle, and the impact of soiling on the power output of PV module, and the transmittance of the PV glass surfaces. The experiments were achieved in Helwan City (Egypt) at the premises of the Faculty of Engineering of Helwan University. For the soiling part, it comprises two experiments: Transmittance of PV glass surfaces, and the power output of PV modules. For the transmittance experiment, it has been achieved using a simplified method, where three PV glass surfaces were placed at three different tilt angles (0°, 15°, and 30°) and left exposed to the outdoor environment without cleaning for a period of 25 days during the summer season. For the experiment concerning the impact of soiling on the power output, a set of PV modules connected in series have been exposed for a period of 75 days to the outdoor environment without cleaning. Finally, for the PV module tilt angle experiment, another set of PV modules have been used for that purpose, where four different tilt angles were experimented: 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°. The present research recommends that more studies are needed in the same context, taking into consideration correlating the technical and environmental parameters in one single experiment and during different times of the year. This would be helpful in having overarching perspective regarding the electrical performance of PV modules under different circumstances of tilt angles and soiling patterns within the area of Helwan (Egypt).

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6

Simonazzi, M., G. Chiorboli, P. Cova, R. Menozzi, D. Santoro, S. Sapienza, C. Sciancalepore, G. Sozzi, and N. Delmonte. "Smart soiling sensor for PV modules." Microelectronics Reliability 114 (November 2020): 113789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2020.113789.

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7

Álvarez-Tey, Germán, José Antonio Clavijo-Blanco, Álvaro Gil-García, Rafael Jiménez-Castañeda, and Carmen García-López. "Electrical and Thermal Behaviour of Crystalline Photovoltaic Solar Modules in Shading Conditions." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (July 27, 2019): 3038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153038.

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The shadow effect caused by nearby objects or the lack of cleaning significantly affects the performance of photovoltaics (PV) installations. This article analyses the bypass diode electrical behaviour and the thermal response of a PV crystalline module under shading or soiling conditions. PV cells of different substrings were covered progressively to simulate the effect of shading or soiling while a programmable electronic DC load was connected to a PV module to set an operating voltage. Three different tests were made to different PV crystalline technology. The paper characterizes in real conditions the I–V curve, bypass diode current, and front and back side PV cell temperature with contact sensor and infrared (IR) thermography, respectively. The results showed that the operation voltage established in the PV module defines the electrical bypass diode current and thermal response under normal operating conditions, shading or soiling. To show the bypass diode behaviour in such conditions, I–V curves were obtained, pointing out the value of the current that flows through bypass diodes in the whole voltage range.

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8

Zeedan, Amr, Abdulaziz Barakeh, Khaled Al-Fakhroo, Farid Touati, and Antonio S. P. Gonzales. "Quantification of PV Power and Economic Losses Due to Soiling in Qatar." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 3364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063364.

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Soiling losses of photovoltaic (PV) panels due to dust lead to a significant decrease in solar energy yield and result in economic losses; this hence poses critical challenges to the viability of PV in smart grid systems. In this paper, these losses are quantified under Qatar’s harsh environment. This quantification is based on experimental data from long-term measurements of various climatic parameters and the output power of PV panels located in Qatar University’s Solar facility in Doha, Qatar, using a customized measurement and monitoring setup. A data processing algorithm was deliberately developed and applied, which aimed to correlate output power to ambient dust density in the vicinity of PV panels. It was found that, without cleaning, soiling reduced the output power by 43% after six months of exposure to an average ambient dust density of 0.7 mg/m3. The power and economic loss that would result from this power reduction for Qatar’s ongoing solar PV projects has also been estimated. For example, for the Al-Kharasaah project power plant, similar soiling loss would result in about a 10% power decrease after six months for typical ranges of dust density in Qatar’s environment; this, in turn, would result in an 11,000 QAR/h financial loss. This would pose a pressing need to mitigate soiling effects in PV power plants.

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9

Jamil, Wan Juzaili, Hasimah Abdul Rahman, and Kyairul Azmi Baharin. "Experiment-based Study on the Impact of Soiling on PV System’s Performance." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i2.9606.

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Soiling refers to the accumulation of dust on PV modules which plays a small but significant role in degrading solar photovoltaics system efficiency. Its effect cannot be generalized because the severity is location and environment dependent. Currently, there are limited studies available on the soiling effect in the hot and humid Malaysian tropical climate. This paper presents an experimental-based approach to investigate the effect of soiling on PV module performance in a tropical climate. The experiment involved a full day exposure of a polycrystalline PV module in the outdoors with accelerated artificial dust loading and an indoor experiment for testing variable dust dimensions. The findings show that for the worst case, the module’s output can be reduced by as much as 20%.

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10

Jamil, Wan Juzaili, Hasimah Abdul Rahman, and Kyairul Azmi Baharin. "Experiment-based Study on the Impact of Soiling on PV System’s Performance." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i2.pp810-818.

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Soiling refers to the accumulation of dust on PV modules which plays a small but significant role in degrading solar photovoltaics system efficiency. Its effect cannot be generalized because the severity is location and environment dependent. Currently, there are limited studies available on the soiling effect in the hot and humid Malaysian tropical climate. This paper presents an experimental-based approach to investigate the effect of soiling on PV module performance in a tropical climate. The experiment involved a full day exposure of a polycrystalline PV module in the outdoors with accelerated artificial dust loading and an indoor experiment for testing variable dust dimensions. The findings show that for the worst case, the module’s output can be reduced by as much as 20%.

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11

Alghamdi, Bahaj, Blunden, and Wu. "Dust Removal from Solar PV Modules by Automated Cleaning Systems." Energies 12, no. 15 (July 29, 2019): 2923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152923.

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Dust accumulation on solar photovoltaic (PV) modules reduces light transmission from the outer surfaces to the solar cells reducing photon absorption and thus contributing to performance reduction of PV systems. In regions such as the Middle East where dust is prevalent and rainfall is scarce, remedial measures are needed to reduce such impacts. Currently, various techniques are being employed to address such sand soiling ranging from mechanical (brushing) to active and passive electrical interventions. This research focuses on mechanical approaches encompassing module vibration, air and water jets, and combinations of these. A reconfigurable pilot-scale testbed of 8 kWp PV plant was installed on a carport shading system within the campus of King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The functional PV carport was configured to allow water recovery and re-use within the testbed. Here, we discuss the overall cleaning design philosophy and approach, systems design, and how multiple cleaning configurations can be realised within the overall PV carport. Results indicate that in this location, sand soiling has a significant effect on performance of PV modules on a timescale of days. In addition, water jets optimised for high volume and low pressure were effective at reducing sand soiling with array power output increasing by over 27%, whilst air jets and module vibration were less effective in reducing soiling to an acceptable level. Overall, the testbed has provided a new approach to testing a combination of cleaning solutions in the field coupled with used water recovery. The proposed approach is important, as currently, there are a large number of solar PV projects being built in Saudi Arabia with more being planned for the future.

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12

Deceglie, Michael G., Leonardo Micheli, and Matthew Muller. "Quantifying Soiling Loss Directly From PV Yield." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 8, no. 2 (March 2018): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2017.2784682.

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13

López, Gabriel, Diego Ramírez, Joaquín Alonso-Montesinos, Juan Sarmiento, Jesús Polo, Nuria Martín-Chivelet, Aitor Marzo, Francisco Javier Batlles, and Pablo Ferrada. "Design of a Low-Cost Multiplexer for the Study of the Impact of Soiling on PV Panel Performance." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 11, 2021): 4186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144186.

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Atmospheric factors, such as clouds, wind, dust, or aerosols, play an important role in the power generation of photovoltaic (PV) plants. Among these factors, soiling has been revealed as one of the most relevant causes diminishing the PV yield, mainly in arid zones or deserts. The effect of soiling on the PV performance can be analyzed by means of I–V curves measured simultaneously on two PV panels: one soiled and the other clean. To this end, two I–V tracers, or one I–V tracer along with a multiplexer, are needed. Unfortunately, these options are usually expensive, and only one I–V tracer is typically available at the site of interest. In this work, the design of a low-cost multiplexer is described. The multiplexer is controlled by a low-cost single-board microcontroller manufactured by ArduinoTM, and is capable of managing several pairs of PV panels almost simultaneously. The multiplexer can be installed outdoors, in contrast to many commercial I–V tracers or multiplexers. This advantage allows the soiling effect to be monitored on two PV panels, by means of I–V indoor tracers. I–V curves measured by the low-cost multiplexer are also presented, and preliminary results are analyzed.

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14

Chiteka, K., R. Arora, S. N. Sridhara, and C. C. Enweremadu. "Cleaning cycle optimisation in non-tracking ground mounted solar PV systems using Particle Swarm Optimisation." International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization 11 (2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2020004.

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The effect of installation azimuth angle in the optimization of the cleaning cycle of a solar photovoltaic plant was experimentally investigated in this study. The optimum cleaning cycle was determined using Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm cognizance of the fact that different orientations have different soiling rates. Soiling rates on three different azimuth configurations were experimentally investigated and an exponential soiling loss model was developed for each configuration for use in the optimization problem. Azimuth angle differences of ±12.5% were found to have a significant influence on soiling of as much as 28.29% for the selected location. The North of North West configuration was found to be optimal as opposed to the generally accepted North configuration for maximum energy generation at a minimum cost of energy. This configuration generated 0.87% more energy at unit energy cost of $0.093 compared to the North configuration which had a minimum cost of $0.113. The optimized cleaning cycles were 35 days for the optimal configuration while the North configuration had an optimized cleaning cycle of 28 days. A 17.7% difference in the cost of energy was recorded due the influence of soiling. The study revealed that for minimizing the unit energy cost, it is necessary to take into effect the influence of soiling.

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Hussain, Naveed, Nadia Shahzad, Tanzeela Yousaf, Adeel Waqas, Ahad Hussain Javed, Sheheryar Khan, Majid Ali, and Rabia Liaquat. "Designing of homemade soiling station to explore soiling loss effects on PV modules." Solar Energy 225 (September 2021): 624–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.07.036.

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16

Alquthami, Thamer, and Karim Menoufi. "Soiling of Photovoltaic Modules: Comparing between Two Distinct Locations within the Framework of Developing the Photovoltaic Soiling Index (PVSI)." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (August 29, 2019): 4697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174697.

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This article evaluates the impact of dust accumulation on the performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules in two different locations inside Egypt, Cairo and Beni-Suef. Two identical PV modules were used for that purpose, where each module was exposed to the outdoor environment in order to collect dust naturally for a period of three weeks, each in its corresponding location. The approximate dust density on each of the two PV modules was estimated. Moreover, the electrical performance was evaluated and compared under the same indoor testing conditions. The results show a better electrical performance and less dust density for the PV module located in Cairo compared to that located in Beni-Suef. The results further provide an indication for the impact of soling in different locations within the same country through a clear and simple procedure. In addition, it paves the way for establishing a Photovoltaic Soiling Index (PVSI) in terms of a Photovoltaic Dust Coefficient, as well as a Photovoltaic Dust Interactive Map. The product of such concepts could be used by the Photovoltaic systems designers everywhere in order to estimate the impact of dust on the future performance of PV modules in small and large installations in different regions around the globe, and during different times of the year as well.

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17

Al Siyabi, Idris, Arwa Al Mayasi, Aiman Al Shukaili, and Sourav Khanna. "Effect of Soiling on Solar Photovoltaic Performance under Desert Climatic Conditions." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030659.

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The solar irradiation at the gulf Arabia is considered one of the highest in the world. However, this region is classified as a desert with high dust accumulation. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the effect of soiling and the photovoltaic (PV) tilt angle on the performance of 2.0 MWp of car park PV plant in Oman. Experimental measurements were taken and a model was developed for simulation. The power generation by the cleaned PV system was measured as 1460 kW around noon. After one week of operation, the power production (at the same irradiance level) reduced to 1390 kW due to soiling. It further reduced to 1196 kW and 904 kW after three and five weeks of operation, respectively. The results also show that a soiling-percentage of 7.5% reduced the monthly electricity generation (307 MWh) by 5.6% and a soiling-percentage of 12.5% reduced the generation by 10.8%. Furthermore, the increase in tilt is not recommended due to the duo-pitch canopy effect of the car park where the panels with 180° azimuth generate lower electricity than the panels with 0° azimuth. In addition, the part of the car park with 180° azimuth caused shading to the other part for high tilt angles.

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18

Ghosh, Aritra. "Soiling Losses: A Barrier for India’s Energy Security Dependency from Photovoltaic Power." Challenges 11, no. 1 (May 28, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/challe11010009.

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Worldwide photovoltaic power generation is affected by deposited dust on photovoltaic (PV) systems, which creates soiling losses. In this work, factors that have a detrimental influence on dust deposition and an impact on PV systems performance were reviewed. The different ways that dust deposition can be a barrier for India’s energy security plan involving PV were also discussed. Different available cleaning techniques were also introduced. The nature, size, and morphology of dust particles vary with geographical location. Any increase of the PV tilt angle, or high wind speed and heavy rain showers reduce dust deposition. Deposited dust reduces the incident transmitted light on the PV, which has an adverse impact on the reduction of short circuit current. However, the open-circuit voltage has a reduced effect due to dust deposition. The enhancement of temperature caused by dust-covered PVs is still a debatable area. A universal cleaning technique is required to eliminate the soiling losses from PV. India has a solar mission to generate 100 GW of PV power by 2022. However, India’s poor air quality can undermine efforts to achieve this target.

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Sulaiman, Shaharin A., M. Rosman M. Razif, Tan Dei Han, Samson M. Atnaw, and S. Norazilah A. Tamili. "Impact of Soiling Rate on Solar Photovoltaic Panel in Malaysia." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822504008.

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There are some weaknesses of using solar PV system especially when there is issue of soiling on the surface of solar PV panel. The consequences for absence of this such study can cause unanticipated cost in the operation of solar PV panel. The objective of this project is to study the trend of soiling rate over different time period and its effect on the performance of solar PV panel in Malaysia and to develop a simple prediction model for cleaning interval of solar PV system in Malaysia. The study was conducted on real-time basis on a building’s roof. Measurements of solar irradiance, voltage, current and the mass of dust collected were performed from both clean and dirty panels. It was discovered that the Monthly Test was significant with 4.53% of performance drop. Further analysis was conducted by running prediction model for cleaning interval. Intersection of graph plotting and fixed cleaning cost gives answer of cleaning interval that can be performed. It can be concluded that for every two and half month is the recommended time interval to perform regular cleaning to maximise electrical power generation by solar PV system in Malaysia.

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20

Supe, Hitesh, Ram Avtar, Deepak Singh, Ankita Gupta, Ali P. Yunus, Jie Dou, Ankit A. Ravankar, et al. "Google Earth Engine for the Detection of Soiling on Photovoltaic Solar Panels in Arid Environments." Remote Sensing 12, no. 9 (May 5, 2020): 1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12091466.

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The soiling of solar panels from dry deposition affects the overall efficiency of power output from solar power plants. This study focuses on the detection and monitoring of sand deposition (wind-blown dust) on photovoltaic (PV) solar panels in arid regions using multitemporal remote sensing data. The study area is located in Bhadla solar park of Rajasthan, India which receives numerous sandstorms every year, carried by westerly and north-westerly winds. This study aims to use Google Earth Engine (GEE) in monitoring the soiling phenomenon on PV panels. Optical imageries archived in the GEE platform were processed for the generation of various sand indices such as the normalized differential sand index (NDSI), the ratio normalized differential soil index (RNDSI), and the dry bare soil index (DBSI). Land surface temperature (LST) derived from Landsat 8 thermal bands were also used to correlate with sand indices and to observe the pattern of sand accumulation in the target region. Additionally, high-resolution PlanetScope images were used to quantitatively validate the sand indices. Our study suggests that the use of freely available satellite data with semiautomated processing on GEE can be a useful alternative to manual methods. The developed method can provide near real-time monitoring of soiling on PV panels cost-effectively. This study concludes that the DBSI method has a comparatively higher potential (89.6% Accuracy, 0.77 Kappa) in the detection of sand deposition on PV panels as compared to other indices. The findings of this study can be useful to solar energy companies in the development of an operational plan for the cleaning of PV panels regularly.

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Figgis, Benjamin, Ahmed Ennaoui, Said Ahzi, and Yves Rémond. "Review of PV soiling particle mechanics in desert environments." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (September 2017): 872–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.100.

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22

Corba, Zoltan, Bane Popadic, Dragan Milicevic, Boris Dumnic, and Vladimir A. Katic. "A Long-Term Condition Monitoring and Performance Assessment of Grid Connected PV Power Plant with High Power Sizing Factor under Partial Shading Conditions." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 4810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184810.

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Partial shading conditions of photovoltaic (PV) modules often occurs in urban areas leading to losses in electricity power generation of the PV power plant. The purpose of this study is to present how the PV power plant with high value of inverter power sizing factor (Kinv) can achieve high performance and power production under partial shading conditions with high shading losses. In this paper the results of long-term monitoring, performance analysis and experimental results are presented, while the results are compared to the estimated values calculated using PVsyst software. The study focused on the PV power plant at the Faculty of Technical Sciences (FTS) in Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia, for the period between the years 2012 and 2019. It has been shown that the values of PV power plant performance parameters are better than expected (very high), and resemble the power plants operating without shading. The high value of the inverter power sizing factor may lead to occasional saturation of the inverter when certain conditions are met, but most of the times it allows the inverter to operate at a more optimal power level. PV module soiling and power degradation is within the limits mentioned in the literature. The increase in Kinv in the partial shading conditions favorably affects the performance, does not degrade the efficiency of the inverter at saturation, reduces the effect of soiling and aging of PV modules, leading to higher power production.

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23

Paraskevadaki, Eva, S. Papathanassiou, and Georgios Vokas. "Effects of Partial Shading on the PV Module Characteristic Curves." Materials Science Forum 670 (December 2010): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.670.391.

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Photovoltaic system performance is influenced by a variety of factors such as irradiance, temperature, shading, degradation, mismatch losses, soiling, etc. Especially shading, complete or partial, can have a significant contribution to the reduction of power output, depending mainly on the PV array configuration, the shading pattern and the existence of bypass diodes incorporated in the PV module design. In order to obtain the maximum power from a PV generator, it is of great importance to evaluate the complex effects of shading on the P-V and I-V curves.

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24

Lee, Chung Geun, Woo Gyun Shin, Jong Rok Lim, Young Chul Ju, Hye Mi Hwang, Suk Whan Ko, Hyo Sik Chang, and Gi Hwan Kang. "Analysis of Soiling for the Installation Direction of PV Module." New & Renewable Energy 16, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7849/ksnre.2020.0026.

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25

Semaoui, S., K. Abdeladim, B. Taghezouit, A. Hadj Arab, A. Razagui, S. Bacha, S. Boulahchiche, S. Bouacha, and A. Gherbi. "Experimental investigation of soiling impact on grid connected PV power." Energy Reports 6 (February 2020): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.08.060.

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26

Olivares, Douglas, Pablo Ferrada, Camila de Matos, Aitor Marzo, Enrique Cabrera, Carlos Portillo, and Jaime Llanos. "Characterization of soiling on PV modules in the Atacama Desert." Energy Procedia 124 (September 2017): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.263.

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27

Alawasa, Khaled M., Rashid S. AlAbri, Amer S. Al-Hinai, Mohammed H. Albadi, and Abdullah H. Al-Badi. "Experimental Study on the Effect of Dust Deposition on a Car Park Photovoltaic System with Different Cleaning Cycles." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 7636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147636.

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For a decade, investments in solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have been increasing exponentially in the Middle East. Broadly speaking, these investments have been facing tremendous challenges due to the harsh weather in this particular part of the world. Dust accumulation is one the challenges that negatively affects the performance of solar PV systems. The overall goal of this paper is to thoroughly investigate the effect of dust accumulation on the energy yield of car park PV systems. With this aim in mind, the paper presents scientific values for further research and opens the horizon for attracting further investments in solar PV systems. This study is based on a real PV system in the Sultanate of Oman and considers different cleaning cycles for 16 months (from 29 July 2018 to 10 November 2019). Furthermore, four different PV groups were assessed, and the system was monitored under different cleaning frequencies. In general, it was found that dust accumulation has a significant impact; under 29-day, 32-day, 72-day, and 98-day cleaning cycles, the average percentages of energy loss due to soiling were 9.5%, 18.2%, 31.13%, and 45.6%, respectively. In addition, the dust effect has a seasonal variation. The study revealed that dust accumulation has a more negative impact during summer than during winter. During summer, the energy losses due to soiling were 8.7% higher than those during winter. The difference was attributed to different environmental conditions, with high humidity and low wind speed being the main factors that worsen the impact of dust during summer. Based on the findings of this research, a monthly cleaning program is highly recommended in the city of Muscat.

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Radonjic, Ivana, and Tomislav Pavlovic. "Investigation of the energy efficiency of horizontally mounted solar module soiled with CaCo3." Facta universitatis - series: Physics, Chemistry and Technology 15, no. 2 (2017): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fupct1702057r.

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Soiling is a term used to describe the deposition of dust (dirt) on solar modules, which reduces the amount of solar radiation reaching the solar cells. Deposition of dust on solar modules can make the operation of the entire PV system - more difficult and, therefore, lead to the generation of less electric energy. Soiling of solar modules also influences solar modules parameters (short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, maximum power, fill factor and efficiency). This paper presents the results of the investigation on the impact different quantities of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) deposition have on the energy efficiency of horizontally mounted solar modules. The short-circuit current, power and efficiency decrease with increasing the mass of CaCO3 deposited on the horizontally mounted solar module. The open-circuit voltage and fill factor very slightly increase with increasing the mass of CaCO3 deposited on the horizontally mounted solar module. Upon soiling with 1 g of calcium carbonate, the solar module efficiency decreased by 4.6% in relation to the clean solar module, upon soiling with 2 g of calcium carbonate it decreased by 6.0%, and upon soiling with 3 g of calcium carbonate it decreased by 12.9% in relation to the clean solar module. It can be concluded that the power and energy efficiency of the solar module decrease due to the increased amount of calcium carbonate.

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Schill, Christian, Stefan Brachmann, and Michael Koehl. "Impact of soiling on IV -curves and efficiency of PV-modules." Solar Energy 112 (February 2015): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.12.003.

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Guo, Bing, Wasim Javed, Yong Sheng Khoo, and Benjamin Figgis. "Solar PV soiling mitigation by electrodynamic dust shield in field conditions." Solar Energy 188 (August 2019): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.05.071.

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Conceição, Ricardo, Iñigo Vázquez, Luis Fialho, and Daniel García. "Soiling and rainfall effect on PV technology in rural Southern Europe." Renewable Energy 156 (August 2020): 743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.04.119.

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Conceição, Ricardo, Hugo Silva, José Mirão, and Manuel Collares-Pereira. "Organic Soiling: The Role of Pollen in PV Module Performance Degradation." Energies 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2018): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11020294.

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Micheli, Leonardo, and Matthew Muller. "An investigation of the key parameters for predicting PV soiling losses." Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 25, no. 4 (January 25, 2017): 291–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.2860.

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34

Nepal, Pramod, Marc Korevaar, Hesan Ziar, Olindo Isabella, and Miro Zeman. "Accurate Soiling Ratio Determination With Incident Angle Modifier for PV Modules." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 9, no. 1 (January 2019): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2018.2882468.

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Ilse, Klemens, Benjamin Figgis, Muhammad Zahid Khan, Volker Naumann, and Christian Hagendorf. "Dew as a Detrimental Influencing Factor for Soiling of PV Modules." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 9, no. 1 (January 2019): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2018.2882649.

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Ovrum, Oystein, Jorge M. Marchetti, Serkan Kelesoglu, and Erik Stensrud Marstein. "Comparative Analysis of Site-Specific Soiling Losses on PV Power Production." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 11, no. 1 (January 2021): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2020.3032906.

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Chiteka, Kudzanayi, Rajesh Arora, S. N. Sridhara, and C. C. Enweremadu. "Numerical investigation of soiling of multi-row rooftop solar PV arrays." International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering 11, no. 4 (April 28, 2020): 439–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40095-020-00344-2.

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Luque, Enric Grau, Fernando Antonanzas-Torres, and Rodrigo Escobar. "Effect of soiling in bifacial PV modules and cleaning schedule optimization." Energy Conversion and Management 174 (October 2018): 615–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.08.065.

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Javed, Wasim, Bing Guo, Benjamin Figgis, and Brahim Aïssa. "Dust potency in the context of solar photovoltaic (PV) soiling loss." Solar Energy 220 (May 2021): 1040–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.04.015.

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40

Chanchangi, Yusuf N., Aritra Ghosh, Hasan Baig, Senthilarasu Sundaram, and Tapas K. Mallick. "Soiling on PV performance influenced by weather parameters in Northern Nigeria." Renewable Energy 180 (December 2021): 874–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.08.090.

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41

Valerino, Michael, Mike Bergin, Chinmay Ghoroi, Aniket Ratnaparkhi, and Greg P. Smestad. "Low-cost solar PV soiling sensor validation and size resolved soiling impacts: A comprehensive field study in Western India." Solar Energy 204 (July 2020): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.03.118.

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42

Costa, Suellen C. S., Lawrence L. Kazmerski, and Antonia Sonia A. C. Diniz. "Estimate of Soiling Rates Based on Soiling Monitoring Station and PV System Data: Case Study for Equatorial-Climate Brazil." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 11, no. 2 (March 2021): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2020.3047187.

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Abid, Ahmed, Adel Obed, and Fawzi Al-Naima. "Detection and control of power loss due to soiling and faults in photovoltaic solar farms via wireless sensor network." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2 (May 12, 2018): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.10987.

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Solar photovoltaic (PV) farm output power is highly related to the panel conditions. Soiling causes faults in the PV panels leading to a dras-tic reduction in the system efficiency. In vast solar PV farms, the detection of faults in an individual PV panel is a difficult task since it is usually done manually. In this research, a new design is proposed to detect the production of individual PV panel automatically and periodically to evaluate the condition of each panel in the farm no matter how it is connected in the array. The proposed design allows the user to measure the open circuit voltage (VOC), the short circuit current (ISC) and the delivered power for each PV panel in the farm. It is also capable of controlling each panel to work at the maximum power point using a built in Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) sub-circuit on each solar panel. The presented system depicts a complete wireless sensor network, which does not need any extra wiring and is character-ized by being of low cost, reliable and efficient.

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Ilse, Klemens K., Benjamin W. Figgis, Martina Werner, Volker Naumann, Christian Hagendorf, Herbert Pöllmann, and Jörg Bagdahn. "Comprehensive analysis of soiling and cementation processes on PV modules in Qatar." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 186 (November 2018): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2018.06.051.

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Lopez-Garcia, Juan, Alberto Pozza, and Tony Sample. "Long-term soiling of silicon PV modules in a moderate subtropical climate." Solar Energy 130 (June 2016): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.02.025.

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Bellmann, Philipp, Fabian Wolfertstetter, Ricardo Conceição, and Hugo G. Silva. "Comparative modeling of optical soiling losses for CSP and PV energy systems." Solar Energy 197 (February 2020): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.12.045.

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Chiteka, Kudzanayi, Rajesh Arora, S. N. Sridhara, and C. C. Enweremadu. "A novel approach to Solar PV cleaning frequency optimization for soiling mitigation." Scientific African 8 (July 2020): e00459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00459.

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García, Miguel, Luis Marroyo, Eduardo Lorenzo, and Miguel Pérez. "Soiling and other optical losses in solar-tracking PV plants in navarra." Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 19, no. 2 (July 14, 2010): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.1004.

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Micheli, Leonardo, Eduardo F. Fernandez, Matthew Muller, and Florencia Almonacid. "Extracting and Generating PV Soiling Profiles for Analysis, Forecasting, and Cleaning Optimization." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2019.2943706.

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Kalogirou, Soteris A., Rafaela Agathokleous, and Gregoris Panayiotou. "On-site PV characterization and the effect of soiling on their performance." Energy 51 (March 2013): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.12.018.

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