Journal articles: 'Soilless crop'

1

Papadopoulos, A., E. Maloupa, and F. Papadopoulos. "SEASONAL CROP COEFFICIENT OF GERBERA SOILLESS CULTURE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 408 (December 1995): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1995.408.8.

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Urrestarazu, M., M. C. Salas, A. Gómez, and D. Valera. "CUCUMBER CROP RESPONSE TO HEATED NUTRIENT SOLUTION IN SOILLESS CROP." Acta Horticulturae, no. 614 (September 2003): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2003.614.97.

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Rogers, Mary A. "Organic Vegetable Crop Production in Controlled Environments Using Soilless Media." HortTechnology 27, no. 2 (April 2017): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03352-16.

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Organic vegetables produced in greenhouses and other controlled environments may fill a unique market niche as consumers demand local, high vegetables year round. However, limited technical information supports these production systems and more research is needed to provide recommendations for appropriate substrate mixes and nutrient management. Compost can be used as a substitute for peat-based media, and research results vary widely based on feedstock, compost method, and proportion used in mixes. Most studies consider compost in terms of peat-substitute or replacement and not as a source of fertility in soilless systems. Common challenges in using compost in soilless media are due to immaturity of the compost, poor water holding capacity, and unbalanced salinity and pH. It is possible to certify organic soilless production systems; however, the National Organic Program (NOP) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture has not yet provided clear rules and requirements supporting these systems. The objective of this article is to review the literature on soilless organic vegetable production, summarize results from the more widely studied topic of vegetable transplant production, and point to future research for organic agriculture.

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Maluin, Farhatun Najat, Mohd Zobir Hussein, Nik Nor Liyana Nik Ibrahim, Aimrun Wayayok, and Norhayati Hashim. "Some Emerging Opportunities of Nanotechnology Development for Soilless and Microgreen Farming." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061213.

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Global food demand has increased in tandem with the world’s growing population, prompting calls for a new sustainable agricultural method. The scarcity of fertile soil and the world’s agricultural land have also become major concerns. Soilless and microgreen farming combined with nanotechnology may provide a revolutionary solution as well as a more sustainable and productive alternative to conventional farming. In this review, we look at the potential of nanotechnology in soilless and microgreen farming. The available but limited nanotechnology approaches in soilless farming include: (1) Nutrients nanoparticles to minimize nutrient losses and improve nutrient uptake and bioavailability in crops; (2) nano-sensing to provide real-time detection of p H, temperature, as well as quantifying the amount of the nutrient, allowing desired conditions control; and (3) incorporation of nanoparticles to improve the quality of substrate culture as crop cultivation growing medium. Meanwhile, potential nanotechnology applications in soilless and microgreen farming include: (1) Plant trait improvement against environmental disease and stress through nanomaterial application; (2) plant nanobionics to alter or improve the function of the plant tissue or organelle; and (3) extending the shelf life of microgreens by impregnating nanoparticles on the packaging or other preservation method.

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Ilari, Alessio, Giuseppe Toscano, Kofi Armah Boakye-Yiadom, Daniele Duca, and Ester Foppa Pedretti. "Life Cycle Assessment of Protected Strawberry Productions in Central Italy." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 4879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094879.

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Agricultural activities in Europe cover half of the total area of the continent and are simultaneously a cause of environmental impact and victims of the same impact. Horticultural or fruit crops are considered highly intensive and often employ many crop inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, and various materials. Strawberry falls into this group, and it has grown in acreage and production more than others globally. The aim of this study is to compare the environmental impact of two strawberry cultivation systems in central Italy, a mulched soil tunnel and a soilless tunnel system. The method used to assess the impact is LCA, widely applied in agriculture and supported by international standards. The data used are mainly primary, related to 2018, and representative of the cultivation systems of central Italy. For impact assessment, the method selected was the CML_IA baseline version. From the results obtained, the two systems show a similar impact per kg of strawberries produced (e.g., for global warming: 0.785 kg CO2 eq for soilless, 0.778 kg CO2 eq for mulched soil tunnel). Reduced differences can be observed for the use of crop inputs (greater for the tunnel) and the use of materials and technology (greater for soilless). The mitigation measures considered concern the replacement of the packaging (excluding plastic) and the growing medium of the soilless using perlite and compost from insect breeding.

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Lee, Joon Woo, and Jung Eek Son. "Nondestructive and Continuous Fresh Weight Measurements of Bell Peppers Grown in Soilless Culture Systems." Agronomy 9, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100652.

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Fresh weight is a direct index of crop growth. It is difficult to continuously measure the fresh weight of bell peppers grown in soilless cultures, however, due to the difficulty in identifying the moisture condition of crops and growing media. The objective of this study was to develop a continuous and nondestructive measuring system for the fresh weight of bell peppers grown in soilless cultures considering the moisture content of growing media. The system simultaneously measures the trellis string’s supported weight and gravitational weight using tensile load cells. The moisture weight of growing media was calibrated during the growth period using changes in moisture content before and after the first irrigation of the day. The most stable time period for the measurement, from 03:00 to 06:00, was determined by analyzing the diurnal change in relative water content. To verify the accuracy of the system, the fruits, stems, leaves, and roots’ fresh weights were measured manually. The fresh weights measured by the developed system were in good agreement with those manually measured. The results confirm that our system can reliably and accurately measure fresh weights of bell peppers grown in soilless cultures. This method can be applied to continuous growth data collection for other crops grown in soilless cultures.

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Nikolaou, Georgios, Damianos Neocleous, Nikolaos Katsoulas, and Constantinos Kittas. "Effects of Cooling Systems on Greenhouse Microclimate and Cucumber Growth under Mediterranean Climatic Conditions." Agronomy 9, no. 6 (June 11, 2019): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060300.

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Two experiments were conducted in different cropping seasons under Mediterranean climatic conditions to investigate the impact of two cooling systems (fan-pad evaporative as opposed to fan ventilation) on greenhouse microclimate and soilless cucumber growth. The second objective of the experiment was to determine the most appropriate irrigation regime (between 0.24 and 0.32 L m−2) in relation to crop water uptake and greenhouse fertigation effluents. The use of a fan ventilation system enhanced the vapor pressure deficit; thus, the crop transpiration improved by 60% in relation to the transpiration rates of plants grown under the fan-pad system. Higher transpiration rates alleviated the heat load as the external–inside greenhouse air differences declined from 6.2 °C to 3 °C. The leaf–air temperature differential indicated that plants were not facing any water stress conditions for both cooling systems tested; however, fan ventilation reduced drainage emissions outflows (95% decrease) compared with evaporative cooling. Results also demonstrated that an irrigation regime of 0.24 L m−2 can be applied successfully in soilless cucumber crops, keeping the drainage to a minimum (20% of the nutrient solution supply). These results suggest that fan ventilation cooling system in conjugation with an appropriate irrigation regime prevents overheating and minimizes the nutrient and water losses in spring-grown soilless cucumber crops in Mediterranean greenhouses without compromising yield.

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Dunlop, Samuel J., Marta Camps Arbestain, Peter A. Bishop, and Jason J. Wargent. "Closing the Loop: Use of Biochar Produced from Tomato Crop Green waste as a Substrate for Soilless, Hydroponic Tomato Production." HortScience 50, no. 10 (October 2015): 1572–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.10.1572.

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Greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) producers are urged to reduce their environmental footprint. Here, the suitability of biochar produced from tomato crop green waste as a substrate for soilless, hydroponic tomato production was evaluated. Substrates containing different combinations of biochar (BC) and pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) sawdust (SD) were produced (BC0-SD100, BC25-SD75, BC50-SD50, BC75-SD25, and BC100-SD0) and characterized. The effect of these substrates on tomato growth, yield, and fruit quality was studied. Most of the measured properties of substrates containing biochar were suited to use as a soilless substrate. The electrical conductivity (EC) of substrates containing biochar was initially high (>4.6 mS·cm−1), but was easily reduced to <0.5 mS·cm−1 by rinsing with water before use. The pH of substrates containing biochar was higher than is considered acceptable for tomato production (7.5–9.3) but did not significantly (P < 0.05) affect any plant growth, yield, and fruit quality indicators measured compared with those of plants grown in pine sawdust. The results support the concept of creating a closed loop system whereby biochar produced from tomato crop green waste is used as a substrate for soilless, hydroponic tomato production, providing a sustainable means to support the growth of high-value food crops.

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Elvanidi, A., N. Katsoulas, D. Augoustaki, I. Loulou, and C. Kittas. "Crop reflectance measurements for nitrogen deficiency detection in a soilless tomato crop." Biosystems Engineering 176 (December 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2018.09.019.

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Sabatino, Leo. "Increasing Sustainability of Growing Media Constituents and Stand-Alone Substrates in Soilless Culture Systems—An Editorial." Agronomy 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2020): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091384.

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Peat-free growing media constituents and stand-alone substrates are the basis for the economic and ecological efficiency of the soilless culture system. Nevertheless, divergence between the model and practice still exists, coming from large gaps in the knowledge of alternative organic materials and of their effects on crop performance. A more detailed understanding of these topics is necessary to increase the soilless culture management capacity. In this respect, this critical review collects research outcomes concerning the sustainability of soilless culture and growing media constituents and their impact on the environment. In particular, the review covers designated articles stressing the pros and cons of soilless culture and growing media constituents, the exploitation of different organic materials and their economic and environmental relevance.

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Lorenzo, P., E. Medrano, and M. C. Sánchez-Guerrero. "GREENHOUSE CROP TRANSPIRATION: AN IMPLEMENT TO SOILLESS IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT." Acta Horticulturae, no. 458 (April 1998): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1998.458.13.

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Brajeul, E., D. Lesourd, and D. Loda. "THERMAL SCREEN EVALUATION IN SOILLESS CUCUMBER CROP UNDER GLASSHOUSE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 691 (October 2005): 679–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.691.83.

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Le Quillec, S., E. Brajeul, D. Lesourd, and D. Loda. "THERMAL SCREEN EVALUATION IN SOILLESS TOMATO CROP UNDER GLASSHOUSE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 691 (October 2005): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.691.87.

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Abou-Hadid, A. F., A. S. El-Beltagy, S. A. Gaafer, and S. M. Youssef. "SELECTED SOILLESS MEDIA FOR GREENHOUSE CROP SEEDLINGS : 1-TOMATO." Acta Horticulturae, no. 323 (February 1993): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.323.28.

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Farhan, Amjad Farhan Ashraf, Abd Jamil Zakaria, Prof Nashriyah Mat, and Khamsah Suryati Mohd. "Soilless Media Culture-A Propitious Auxiliary for Crop Production." Asian Journal of Crop Science 10, no. 1 (December 15, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajcs.2018.1.9.

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16

Papadopoulos, A. P., J. L. Shipp, W. R. Jarvis, T. J. Jewett, and N. D. Clarke. "The Harrow Expert System for Greenhouse Vegetables." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 846F—847. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.846f.

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Greenhouse crop production technology is advancing rapidly, and the management of greenhouse crops has become increasingly difficult. Computerized environment and fertigation control of greenhouse crops grown in soilless media offer opportunities for unparalleled manipulation of crop growing conditions. However, the optimization of crop growing conditions for maximum productivity must be practiced with an eye on environmental regulations; worker health concerns; consumer demands for safe food; and ultimately on energy, water, fertilizer, and pesticide use economy. Managing the complex greenhouse cropping system requires a multidisciplinary approach that integrates pest and disease protection strategies with routine cultural practices and environmental and fertigation regimes into a common decision-making process or Integrated Crop Management strategy. This poster describes an Expert System for greenhouse cucumber management based on a general model of Integrated Crop Management for greenhouse crops.

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Atzori, Giulia, Catello Pane, Massimo Zaccardelli, Sonia Cacini, and Daniele Massa. "The Role of Peat-Free Organic Substrates in the Sustainable Management of Soilless Cultivations." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061236.

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Vegetable and ornamental crops require high input demand to adequately support their standard commercial quality and yield. For these crops, a very high level of agronomic use efficiency of many productive factors can be achieved in soilless culture. For example, the benefits derived from the adoption of soilless closed loops for the recirculation of the nutrient solution are well known as a benchmark of excellence for nutrient and water use efficiency. The challenges that we now face are as follows: (i) making soilless systems more inclusive of sustainable and eco-friendly growing substrates, possibly available at a local level; (ii) replacing chemicals with more sustainable products (e.g., organic active compounds) as much as possible for plant nutrition and protection. These goals can be addressed by following different approaches, but the adoption of peat-free organic substrates may play a central role. This work investigates four organic materials, i.e., biochar, coir, green compost, and wood fibers, to assess their role in plant nutrition and protection when used as components for the preparation of growing media in the soilless cultivation of containerized crops. In further detail, the work highlights how these materials may support normal agronomic practices.

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Andriolo, Jerônimo L., Lígia Erpen, Francieli L. Cardoso, Carine Cocco, Gustavo S. Casagrande, and Djeimi I. Jänisch. "Nitrogen levels in the cultivation of strawberries in soilless culture." Horticultura Brasileira 29, no. 4 (December 2011): 516–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362011000400012.

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In soilless grown strawberry crops, the nitrogen concentration of the nutrient solution affects plant growth and fruit yield and quality. The present research was conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen concentration in the nutrient solution on plant growth and development and fruit yield and quality of this crop. Treatments consisted of five nutrient solutions at nitrogen concentrations of 6.5 (T1), 8.0 (T2), 9.5 (T3), 11.0 (T4) and 12.5 (T5) mmol L-1, in an entirely randomised experimental design with four replications. Ripe fruit yield was determined during the harvest period from June 6th to November 27th, 2009. Number of leaves, shoot and root dry mass and crown diameter were determined at the later date. Number of leaves, shoot and root dry mass and crown diameter decreased by effect of increasing N concentrations in the nutrient solution. Fruit yield and fruit size fitted a polynomial model, with maximum values at 8.9 mmol N L-1. The N concentration used for the strawberry crop in soilless growing systems can be reduced to 8.9 mmol L-1 without any reduction in fruit yield.

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Costa, Ana, Isabel Poças, and Mário Cunha. "Modelling evapotranspiration of soilless cut roses ‘Red Naomi’ based on climatic and crop predictors." Horticultural Science 46, No. 2 (June 28, 2019): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/147/2017-hortsci.

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This study aimed to estimate the daily crop evapotranspiration (ETc) of soilless cut ‘Red Naomi’ roses, cultivated in a commercial glass greenhouse, using climatic and crop predictors. A multiple stepwise regression technique was applied for estimating ETc using the daily relative humidity, stem leaf area and number of leaves of the bended stems. The model explained 90% of the daily ETc variability (R2 = 0.90, n = 33, P < 0.0001) measured by weighing lysimeters. The mean relative difference between the observed and the estimated daily ETc was 9.1%. The methodology revealed a high accuracy and precision in the estimation of daily ETc.

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Klosterman, Steven J., and Ryan J. Hayes. "A Soilless Verticillium Wilt Assay Using an Early Flowering Lettuce Line." Plant Disease 93, no. 7 (July 2009): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-7-0691.

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A soilless growth chamber assay was evaluated for rapid assessment of Verticillium wilt on lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Seedlings of the early flowering Plant Introduction (PI) 251246 were inoculated in tubes with conidial suspensions of isolates of Verticillium dahliae from lettuce or cauliflower. PI 251246 developed significant leaf and root symptoms by 21 days following inoculation with isolates of race 1 and race 2 from lettuce, but not following inoculation with an isolate from cauliflower. In contrast, leaf symptoms on the cultivar La Brillante and root symptoms on the cultivar Salinas were not easily differentiated from the symptoms observed on the noninoculated control treatments in the soilless assay, even at the highest inoculum concentration of 1 × 107 conidia/ml. Comparison of the soilless growth chamber assay and a soil-based greenhouse assay revealed a significantly higher proportion of PI 251246 with root vascular discoloration in the soilless assay compared with the soil-based greenhouse assay (χ2, 1 df = 8.9; P = 0.003). There is thus an advantage to using the soilless growth chamber assay with PI 251246. Compared with the soil-based greenhouse assay, the soilless assay reduced the time required for evaluation of Verticillium wilt symptoms on lettuce from about 90 days to 42 days.

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Caser, Matteo, Sonia Demasi, Íris Marisa Maxaieie Victorino, Dario Donno, Antonella Faccio, Erica Lumini, Valeria Bianciotto, and Valentina Scariot. "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Modulate the Crop Performance and Metabolic Profile of Saffron in Soilless Cultivation." Agronomy 9, no. 5 (May 8, 2019): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9050232.

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Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is cultivated worldwide. Its stigmas represent the highest-priced spice and contain bioactive compounds beneficial for human health. Saffron cultivation commonly occurs in open field, and spice yield can vary greatly, from 0.15 to 1.5 g m−2, based on several agronomic and climatic factors. In this study, we evaluated saffron cultivation in soilless systems, where plants can benefit from a wealth of nutrients without competition with pathogens or stresses related to nutrient-soil interaction. In addition, as plant nutrient and water uptake can be enhanced by the symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), we also tested two inocula: a single species (Rhizophagus intraradices) or a mixture of R. intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae. After one cultivation cycle, we evaluated the spice yield, quality (ISO category), antioxidant activity, and bioactive compound contents of saffron produced in soilless systems and the effect of the applied AMF inocula. Spice yield in soilless systems (0.55 g m−2) was on average with that produced in open field, while presented a superior content of several health-promoting compounds, such as polyphenols, anthocyanins, vitamin C, and elevated antioxidant activity. The AMF symbiosis with saffron roots was verified by light and transmission electron microscopy. Inoculated corms showed larger replacement corms (+50% ca.). Corms inoculated with R. intraradices performed better than those inoculated with the mix in terms of spice quality (+90% ca.) and antioxidant activity (+88% ca.). Conversely, the mixture of R. intraradices and F. mosseae increased the polyphenol content (+343% ca.). Thus, soilless systems appeared as an effective alternative cultivation strategy for the production of high quality saffron. Further benefits can be obtained by the application of targeted AMF-based biostimulants.

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Fields, Jeb S., James S. Owen, James E. Altland, Marc W. van Iersel, and Brian E. Jackson. "Soilless Substrate Hydrology Can Be Engineered to Influence Plant Water Status for an Ornamental Containerized Crop Grown within Optimal Water Potentials." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 143, no. 4 (July 2018): 268–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04251-17.

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Water-efficient soilless substrates need to be engineered to address diminishing water resources. Therefore, we investigated soilless substrates with varying hydrologies to determine their influence on crop growth and plant water status. Aged loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) bark was graded into four particle size fractions. The coarsest fraction was also blended with either sphagnum peat or coir at rates that mimic static physical properties of the unfractionated bark or conventional substrate used by specialty crop producers within the eastern United States. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ‘Fort Myers’ plugs were established in each of the seven substrates and maintained at optimal substrate water potentials (−50 to −100 hPa). After a salable crop was produced 93 days after transplanting, substrate was allowed to dry until plants completely wilted. Crop morphology and water use was affected by substrate hydrology. Increased substrate unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K) allowed for plants to access higher proportions of water and therefore increased crop growth. Maintaining optimal substrate water potential allowed plants to be produced with <18 L water. Measurements of plant water availability showed that the substrate water potential at which the crop ceases to withdraw water varied among substrates. Pore uniformity and connectivity could be increased by both fibrous additions and particle fractionation, which resulted in increased substrate hydraulic conductivity (Ks). Plants grown in substrates with higher hydraulic conductivities were able to use more water. Soilless substrate hydrology can be modified and used in concert with more efficient irrigation systems to provide more water sustainability in container crop systems.

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Frantz, Jonathan M., Cary A. Mitchell, and Jay Frick. "A Solid-matrix, Liquid Hybrid Hydroponic System for Establishing Small-seeded Crop Species." HortTechnology 9, no. 4 (January 1999): 668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.9.4.668.

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A solid-matrix-over-liquid (hybrid) growth system was developed for direct sowing of small-seeded crop species into hydroponic culture and compared for performance with a standard solid-matrix, capillary-wick hydroponic system. Seeds were sown directly onto a 3-cm (1.2-inch) deep soilless seed bed occupying 0.147 m2 (1.582 ft2) within a tray. The planted seed bed was moistened by wicking up nutrient solution through polyester wicking material from a 7.0-L (6.6-qt) reservoir just below the matrix seed bed. The hybrid system successfully grew dense [435 plants/m2 (40.4 plants/ft2)], uniform canopies of dwarf Brassica napus L. in a controlled-environment growth room. Seed yield using the hybrid system was twice that achieved with the matrix-based system. Both systems eliminated the labor needed to transplant many small seedlings from a separate nurse bed into a standard bulk liquid hydroponic system. Root-zone pH extremes caused by ion uptake and exchange between roots and unrinsed soilless media were avoided for the hybrid system by the short dwell time of roots in the thin matrix before they grew through the matrix and an intervening headspace into the bulk solution below, where pH was easily managed. Once roots grew into the bulk solution, its level was lowered, thereby cutting off further capillary wicking action and drying out the upper medium. Beyond early seedling establishment, water and nutrients were provided to the crop stand only by the bulk nutrient solution. This hybrid hydroponic system serves as a prototype for largerscale soilless growth systems that could be developed for production of smallseeded crops in greenhouses or controlled environments.

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Gonnella, Maria, and Massimiliano Renna. "The Evolution of Soilless Systems towards Ecological Sustainability in the Perspective of a Circular Economy. Is It Really the Opposite of Organic Agriculture?" Agronomy 11, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050950.

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Soilless cultivation systems were primarily developed in response to the excessive spread of soil pathogens; however, they also allow an optimal control of plant grow, high productivity and product quality as well as very high efficiency of water and fertilizer use. At the same time, consumers remain critical towards soilless-cultivated vegetables, mainly due to the perception of these techniques as unnatural, resulting from artificial growth and consequently characterized by low quality. This mini review analyzes the evolutionary process of soilless cultivation within a vision of agriculture that supports environmental sustainability as the central theme of the discussion. Current knowledge suggests that, although apparently opposite, organic and high-tech soilless cultivation have several common or converging points in view of a sustainable use of resources on the planet. As a consequence, new policies should be oriented toward a reduction of environmental “pressure” by introducing a process certification of low environmental impact, which, together with an adequate product certification, related not only to the environmental aspect but also to product quality, can reduce the opposition of the two cultivation systems.

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Carazo, N., D. López, S. Mancilla, A. Martínez, R. Cáceres, and O. Marfà. "OXIFERTIGATION AND FOLIAR NUTRIENT CONTENTS OF CLOSED SOILLESS ROSE CROP." Acta Horticulturae, no. 697 (December 2005): 493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.697.63.

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Urrestarazu, Miguel, Isidro Morales, Tommaso La Malfa, Ruben Checa, Anderson F. Wamser, and Juan E. Álvaro. "Effects of Fertigation Duration on the Pollution, Water Consumption, and Productivity of Soilless Vegetable Cultures." HortScience 50, no. 6 (June 2015): 819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.6.819.

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The management of water and nutrient ions, such as nitrate, has been studied extensively in recent decades. Increasingly efficient models have been developed for the use of water and nutrients through the automation of fertigation techniques. The application of a fertigation volume for a duration four times longer than applied on the control was evaluated. In Almería (Spain), one pepper crop and two tomato crops—with and without grafting—were grown between Oct. 2013 and June 2014 in a soilless system with a coir substrate. The effects on root growth, plant growth, production, and quality were measured. The following parameters for the fertigation of the nutrient solution and drainage were recorded: % drainage volume, electrical conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solution, pH, and concentration of nitrates and potassium. The absorption of potassium and nitrate, and the nitrate emissions of the drainage were estimated. The results showed an increase in the root volume and an improved distribution in the cultivation unit for the treatment application in the pepper crop. Slowing the applied fertigation improved the absorption of water and nitrates, and the production in the ungrafted tomato and pepper crops, while the grafted tomato crop was unaffected. Nitrate emissions were lower in the evaluated treatment of the pepper and ungrafted tomato crops. The fruit quality parameters were unaffected.

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Sonneveld, C., and A. M. M. van der Burg. "Sodium chloride salinity in fruit vegetable crops in soilless culture." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 39, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v39i2.16546.

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Tomatoes, cucumbers and sweet peppers (capsicums) were grown in hydroponic systems in which the nutrient solutions were recirculated. The EC of the nutrient solution was maintained at values of 2.5, 3.7 or 5.2 dS m-1 (25 degrees C) in the different treatments. In some of the treatments, the EC values mentioned were achieved by addition of nutrients, and in others by addition of a combination of nutrients and NaCl. Yields of all 3 crops were adversely affected by increased EC values. Most fruit quality characteristics, on the contrary, were favourably affected. However, the incidence of blossom-end rot in tomatoes and capsicums increased at higher EC values. For capsicums, this was especially the case with NaCl addition. Apart from that, only slight specific NaCl effects were noticed. Salinity threshold values for the different crops lay between 2.3 and 3.5 dS m-1 and salinity yield decrease values ranged from 2.3 to 7.6% for each dS m-1. The absorption of Na and Cl differed with crop and with the Na and Cl concentration. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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Massa, D., L. Incrocci, R. Maggini, C. Bibbiani, G. Carmassi, F. Malorgio, and A. Pardossi. "Simulation of crop water and mineral relations in greenhouse soilless culture." Environmental Modelling & Software 26, no. 6 (June 2011): 711–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.01.004.

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Urrestarazu, Miguel, Gabino Alberto Martínez, and María del Carmen Salas. "Almond shell waste: possible local rockwool substitute in soilless crop culture." Scientia Horticulturae 103, no. 4 (February 2005): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2004.06.011.

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Katsoulas, N., A. Elvanidi, E. Zagari, T. Bartzanas, P. Kalaitzis, and C. Kittas. "Detection of salinity stress in soilless tomato based on crop reflectance." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1242 (July 2019): 723–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2019.1242.107.

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Compton, Michael, and Timothy Zauche. "Potential of Anaerobic Digestion-derived Biosolids as an Organic Addendum in Horticultural Growing Media." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 970D—970. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.970d.

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Soilless horticultural growing media are composed of organic matter, coarse aggregates, nutrients, and a wetting agent. Sphagnum peat has been the standard organic addendum to soilles growing media. However, recent shortages, escalating costs, and its acidity make sphagnum peat a sometimes less-than-desirable material. Alternatives such as composted bark dust, coconut coir, composted manure, and crop by-products have been proposed as substitutes for sphagnum peat, but none are a suitable general alternative. Anaerobic digestion-derived biosolids (ADB) has the potential to become a complete or partial substitute for sphagnum peat. ADB is a cellulosic product similar in appearance to sphagnum peat and is a product from the anaerobic digestion of cattle manure for 14 to 25 days at temperatures between 104 °F. and 140 °F. Bacteria from the animal's rumen, present in the manure prior to anaerobic digestion, are used to breakdown excessive nutrients present in the manure. Following anaerobic digestion, the nutrient-rich liquid phase is removed to yield an odorless cellulosic fiber that is sterile, free of weeds, pests, and pathogens, as well as uniform and reproducible. The potential application of ADB to the horticulture industry, most specifically as an organic addendum to soilless media, is immense and will be discussed. Use of anaerobic digester-derived biosolids in horticultural growing media is a protected intellectual property and available for license through the WiSys Technology Foundation.

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Lewis, J. A., R. P. Larkin, and D. L. Rogers. "A Formulation of Trichoderma and Gliocladium to Reduce Damping-off Caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Saprophytic Growth of the Pathogen in Soilless Mix." Plant Disease 82, no. 5 (May 1998): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.5.501.

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Commercially manufactured cellulose granules (Biodac) were mixed with a sticker and fermentor-produced biomass of isolates of Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium virens to produce a formulation in which chlamydospores in the biomass were “activated” with dilute acid. Activation resulted in the formation of young, actively growing hyphae of the biocontrol fungi within a 2- to 3-day period under no special aseptic conditions. Activated Biodac with biomass of isolates Gl-3, Gl-21, and Gl-32 of G. virens and isolate TRI-4 of T. hamatum applied to soilless mix at a rate of 1.5% (wt/wt) reduced damping-off of eggplant caused by Rhizoctonia solani (R-23) and resulted in stands comparable to that (88%) in noninfested soilless mix. Saprophytic growth of the pathogen was also reduced. The application of either of two activated Biodac formulations to provide the same amount (1.5% with 9.4 mg of biomass per g of Biodac or 0.2% with 75.0 mg of biomass per g of Biodac) reduced preemergence damping-off as well as saprophytic growth of R-23. Also, there was about a 103-fold population increase of Gl-3 and TRI-4 in the soilless mix at the time of plant harvest compared with that provided to the soilless mix at the time of formulation addition. Activated Biodac of Gl-3 also reduced the spread of R-23 in soilless mix when the pathogen was applied at specific foci rather than evenly distributed. The inhibition of pathogen spread significantly reduced the postemergence damping-off of cucumber, eggplant, and pepper seedlings.

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Salisu, Monsuru Adekunle, Zulkefly Sulaiman, Ridzwan Che Rus, Mohd Yusoff A. Samad, Norhanizan Usaizan, Yusuff Oladosu, and Paiman. "Water use efficiency, plant growth and vegetative traits of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seedlings grown using different growing media and water levels." SEPTEMBER 2020, no. 14(9):2020 (September 20, 2020): 1497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.09.p2643.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of soilless media and water levels on growth and physiological response of rubber plant. The four water levels were I50: 50%, I75: 75%, I100: 100% and I150: 150%) with three replications per water treatment and four soilless media. Water levels were determined as irrigation needed for the root zone in growing media to rise to field capacity I100:100%, at field capacity (FC). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) in factorial arrangement 3 x 4 with three replications. Soilless medium contains proportion of vermiculite, perlite, coconut husk, empty fruit bunch (EFB) compose, Christmas Island Rock Phosphate (CIRP), peat moss, urea-N and burnt rice husk coded as M1. Vermiculite, perlite, coconut husk, EFB, CIRP, peat moss, urea-N, sugarcane bagasse coded as M2. M3 is a commercial soilless medium and 100% soil was designated as control. The M1 significantly influenced almost all plant growth traits, noticeable in biomass production. Growth of plants in M1 corresponded to higher water use efficiency WUEinstantaneous and WUEintrinsic, the M1 increased plant growth like LAR, biomass production and root morphological traits. Shoot dry weight of the plant was greater (14.66 g/plant) when 150% was applied and significantly different from M2 (10.36 g/plant), M3 (4.73 g/plant) and M4 6.22 g/plant. Lower water level 50%, applied in plant grown in M1 (31.94 g/plant) recorded highest total shoot fresh weight (SFW). The results showed suitability of the soilless medium M1 and the 50% water level for rubber nursery planting. Consequently, it is recommended for planting where management and control of irrigation water are considered necessary in rubber plantation.

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Sausen, Darlene, Ivan Ricardo Carvalho, Márcio Renan Weber Schorr, Miriam da Silva Tavares, Aline Soares Pereira, Athos Odin Severo Dorneles, Daniele Bernardy, Francine Lautenchleger, Dilson Antônio Bisognin, and Fernando Teixeira Nicoloso. "Use of P for three potato clones in soil and in soilless cultivation." JANUARY 2021, no. 15(01):2021 (January 2, 2021): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.21.15.01.2816.

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The objective of this work was to verify the nutritional efficiency to phosphorus (P) as well as the responses of the use of P for three potato clones in soil and soilless cultivation (semi hydroponic). For this purpose, the Asterix, SMIC 148-A and SMINIA 793101-3 clones were evaluated under high and low P levels in soil growing (70 and 560kg P2O5 ha-1) and in soilless cultivation using sand as substrate (2.32 and 23.2mg P L-1 of nutritive solution). Rooting efficiency, absorption, translocation and use of P, fresh tuber mass, total dry mass and harvest index were evaluated in the clones. Each clone responds differently to the growing systems used in terms of nutritional efficiency for P. In both growing systems, the Asterix, SMIC 148-A and SMINIA 793101-3 clones did not show any increase in the absorption efficiency and in the efficiency of using P to compensate for the low level of P, which may have caused the reduction in total dry mass under low P. The restriction of P causes a reduction in tuber fresh mass for the Asterix and SMINIA 793101-3 clones in the two growing systems tested and for the SMIC 148-A clone only in soilless cultivation. Asterix is the clone with the highest harvest index under low P in the field, even without differing from the others in soilless cultivation

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Sonneveld, C., R. Baas, H. M. C. Nijssen, and J. de Hoog. "Salt tolerance of flower crops grown in soilless culture." Journal of Plant Nutrition 22, no. 6 (January 1999): 1033–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169909365692.

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Nikolaou, Georgios, Damianos Neocleous, Nikolaos Katsoulas, and Constantinos Kittas. "Irrigation of Greenhouse Crops." Horticulturae 5, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae5010007.

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Precision agricultural greenhouse systems indicate considerable scope for improvement of irrigation management practices, since growers typically irrigate crops based on their personal experience. Soil-based greenhouse crop irrigation management requires estimation on a daily basis, whereas soilless systems must be estimated on an hourly or even shorter interval schedule. Historically, irrigation scheduling methods have been based on soil or substrate monitoring, dependent on climate or time with each having both strengths and weaknesses. Recently, plant-based monitoring or plant reflectance-derived indices have been developed, yet their potential is limited for estimating the irrigation rate in order to apply proper irrigation scheduling. Optimization of irrigation practices imposes different irrigation approaches, based on prevailing greenhouse environments, considering plant-water-soil relationships. This article presents a comprehensive review of the literature, which deals with irrigation scheduling approaches applied for soil and soilless greenhouse production systems. Irrigation decisions are categorized according to whether or not an automatic irrigation control has the ability to support a feedback irrigation decision system. The need for further development of neural networks systems is required.

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Frick, Jay, Manette A. Schonfeld, Paul H. Williams, and Cary A. Mitchell. "EVALUATION OF RAPID CYCLING BRASSICA AS A CANDIDATE OILSEED CROP FOR CONTROLLED ECOLOGICAL LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1073b—1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1073b.

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The short time to flower and rapid production cycle of dwarf Brassica lines make it a promising candidate as an oilseed crop for NASA's Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS) program. Breeding lines provided by Paul H. Williams are being screened at Purdue University for productivity and yield rate using soilless culture techniques under controlled-environment conditions. The small, irregularly-shaped Brassica seeds did not respond well to conventional methods of germination above the batch hydroponic systems, even when a variety of capillary ticking materials were used. At best, attaining uniformity of seedling stands required transplants, which compromised potential yield rates in terms of mechanical damage and inhibited seedling establishment. Present emphasis is on solid substrate soilless mixtures using passive ticking hydroponics systems. Crop growth rate, harvest index, and overall yield are being compared as a function of planting densities ranging from 117 to 1423 plants/m2 of growing area. Yield parameters are also being evaluated as a function of growth medium and level of ambient CO2 in the growth chamber atmosphere. Research sponsored by NASA Cooperative agreement NCC 2-100.

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Fascella, G., S. Agnello, F. Delmonte, B. Sciortino, and G. Giardina. "CROP RESPONSE OF LISIANTHUS (EUSTOMA GRANDIFLORUM SHINN.) HYBRIDS GROWN IN SOILLESS CULTURE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 807 (January 2009): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.807.82.

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Garibaldi, A., A. Minuto, A. M. Prados-Ligero, J. M. Melero-Vara, and M. L. Gullino. "Fusarium Wilt of Gerbera in Spain in Soilless Crops." Plant Disease 91, no. 5 (May 2007): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-5-0638c.

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In 2004, gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii cv. Excellence) plants, grown for cut flowers, were observed in a soilless cultivation system (coconut fiber substrate) in one farm in the Cadiz area (southwestern Spain) exhibiting symptoms of a wilt disease. Gerbera represents a relevant crop for the industry in the region, after rose and carnation. Affected plants were stunted and developed yellow leaves with initially brown and eventually black streaks in the vascular system. The vascular streaks in the yellow leaves were continuous with a brown discoloration in the vascular system of the crown and upper taproot. In some cases, the leaves of affected plants turned red. Fusarium spp. was consistently and readily isolated from symptomatic vascular tissue of infected plants onto a Fusarium-selective medium (3). Colonies were identified as F. oxysporum after subculturing on potato dextrose agar on the basis of morphological observations. Pathogenicity tests were carried out by using two monoconidial isolates, compared with an Italian one, obtained from wilted gerbera plants. Each isolate of F. oxysporum was grown in shake culture (90 rpm) for 10 days on casein hydrolysate at 25°C with 12 h of fluorescent light per day. Healthy rooted 30-day-old plants (cv. Jaska), were inoculated by dipping roots into a conidial suspension (5 × 107 conidia/ml) in one of the three test isolates of F. oxysporum. Plants were transplanted (1 plant per pot) into pots (3.5 liter vol.) containing rockwool-based substrate. Noninoculated plants served as control treatments. Plants (15 per treatment) were grown in a glasshouse at an average day temperature of 30°C and night temperature of 24°C (minimum of 22°C and maximum of 41°C). Wilt symptoms and vascular discoloration in the roots, crown, and veins developed within 30 days on each inoculated plant, while noninoculated plants remained healthy. F. oxysporum was consistently reisolated from infected plants. The pathogenicity test was conducted twice. A wilt of gerbera was described in the Netherlands in 1952 (1) but its presence was not confirmed in further observations (4). Gerbera wilt was recently reported in Italy (2) and identified as F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi (A. Garibaldi, personal communication). Currently, the wilt of gerbera in Spain is limited to a few farms and a very limited percent (2 to 3%) of plants. References: (1) J. Arx and J. A. von Tijdschr. PlZiekt. 58:5, 1952. (2) A. Garibaldi et al. Plant Dis. 88:311, 2004. (3) H. Komada. Rev. Plant Prot. Res. 8:114, 1975. (4) G. Scholten. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 76:212, 1970.

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Fields, Jeb S., James S. Owen, and James E. Altland. "Substrate Stratification: Layering Unique Substrates within a Container Increases Resource Efficiency without Impacting Growth of Shrub Rose." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 1454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081454.

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Nurseries rely on soilless substrates to provide suitable growing media for container grown crops. These soilless substrates have been developed to readily drain water to prevent issues with waterlogging and associated soil-borne disease. A negative consequence of high porosity and subsequent drainage throughout the container profile is the required high or frequent irrigation rates with poor retention of applied nutrients. Substrates with relatively high levels of moisture and nutrient retention placed on top of a coarse and freely draining substrate could further optimize water and nutrient retention, while allowing for needed gas exchange for plant establishment and growth. Containerized Red Drift® rose (Rosa ‘Meigalpio’ PP17877) plants were grown under 16 mm or 12 mm daily irrigation, utilizing a traditional pine bark substrate or stratified substrates with either a conventional bark, bark fines, or a bark–peat mixture on top of a coarse bark within a container. The stratified substrates received 20% less controlled-release fertilizer; however, the fertilizer in the stratified treatments was concentrated in the upper strata only. During the first growing phase or season, plants grown in stratified substrates outperformed those grown in conventional, non-stratified bark substrates under normal irrigation. The stratified substrates did not reduce growth under reduced irrigation regimes. Overall, crop growth was equal or superior for stratified substrates when compared to the non-stratified controls, even with a 20% reduction of fertilizer. This research suggests that stratified substrate systems can be used to reduce fertilizer and irrigation rates while producing crops of similar or superior quality to conventionally grown containerized crops.

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Liu, Zong, Julie Howe, Xiao Wang, Xiao Liang, and Troy Runge. "Use of Dry Dairy Manure Pellets as Nutrient Source for Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) Growth in Soilless Media." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 4, 2019): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030811.

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A sustainable dairy manure amendment for soilless crop growth systems was evaluated for its ability to provide nutrients and serve as a major component of the growing media. After manure liquid/solid separation, the solids stream containing organic N and P was pelletized and used as a nutrient source for cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) culture in soilless media. The pellets are low in moisture, odor, and pathogens, and they can be hauled at lower cost over longer distances and more easily stored than raw or composted manure. Manure pellet additions to soilless media were evaluated at 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by volume. Manure pellets had a total N content of 3.7%. Fruit size, ripeness, and biomass, plant height, nutrients value in tissue/pellets/media, and time to complete growth cycle were analyzed. Overall, manure pellet treatments improved plant height and growth rate compared to the negative control, especially when pellets were 15% to 50% of the soilless media. This indicates that the nutrients in the manure were being mineralized, and plants were able to utilize the manure-based nutrients for growth. Leaf tissue nutrient analysis revealed that N, K, Zn, and Fe in leaf tissue were not at sufficiency levels at any level of manure pellet addition. Phosphorus and Cu reached sufficiency levels with 10% or greater manure pellet additions. Calcium, Mg, S, Mn, and B were sufficient in all plants, regardless of fertilizer or manure pellet treatment. Manure pellets demonstrate the potential to be used as a substrate and partial growth medium to reduce synthetic fertilizer use for more sustainable soilless container culture.

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Ali, Muhammad Fraz, Ummar Ali, Muhammad Ahsan Jamil, Muhammad Awais, Muhammad Jazib Khan, Muhammad Waqas, and Muhammad Adnan. "Hydroponic Garlic Production: An Overview." Agrinula : Jurnal Agroteknologi dan Perkebunan 4, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36490/agri.v4i1.138.

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Introduction: Garlic is an important crop growing all around the globe for its nutritional and medicinal purpose. Due to climate change soil production of garlic is affected and thus lower in yield. For improving the yield and increasing the quality of vegetables a new technique was developed is called hydroponic technology. Review results: In hydroponic, garlic can be produced on condition basis by providing proper nutrition and growth environment including air, light, soilless mediums, and water requirements. Methods like deep water culture, nutrient film technique, drip irrigation, bubble ponics are very common under different soilless mediums which includes organic, inorganic and synthetic. A detailed overview on production technology, nutrition, medium and hydroponic techniques which are discussed in details are given below in this review.

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Oh, Young-Mi, Paul V. Nelson, and Dean L. Hesterberg. "453 Evaluation of a Phosphate-charged Soil Material as a Source of Phosphorus for Soilless Root Media." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 472A—472. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.472a.

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A soil material high in metal oxides collected from the Bw horizon of a Hemcross soil in the state of Oregon was charged with phosphate, added to a soilless root medium, and evaluated for its potential to supply phosphate at a low, stable concentration during 14 weeks of tomato cropping (three successive crops). Three rates of phosphate were charged on the soil material, 0, 2.2, and 6.5 m P/g soil material and the soil material was incorporated into a 3 peatmoss: 1 perlite (v:v) medium at 5 % (40 g) and 10 % (80 g) of the volume of a 13.6-cm pot (1.0 L of medium). Uncharged soil material incorporated into soilless root medium at 5% and 10% reduced soil solution phosphate to deficient levels for 2 and 7 weeks, respectively. Phosphate was adequately supplied for 7, 10, 12, and more than 14 weeks in the 2.2P-5%, 2.2P-10%, 6.5P-5%, and 6.5P-10% treatment, respectively, as determined by symptoms of P deficiency. Phosphate and K levels in soil solution were highest at the beginning of crop 1 and tended to decline thereafter. Incorporation of soil material into soilless root medium improved pH stability whether it was charged with phosphate or not. The loss of the phosphate-charged soil material was negligible, 0.3% for the 6.5P-5% treatment and 1.2% for the 6.5P-10% treatment. The minimum critical concentration of soil solution phosphate for tomato in a 3 peatmoss: 1 perlite (v:v) medium as determined by the pour-through extraction procedure was found to be 0.3 mg·L–1 or slightly less.

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Hochmuth, Robert C., and George J. Hochmuth. "Use of Plastic in Greenhouse Vegetable Production in the United States." HortTechnology 3, no. 1 (January 1993): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.3.1.20.

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The evolution of plastic uses (excluding glazing) in the production of greenhouse vegetables is presented. Plastics are used in almost every aspect of crop production, including providing a barrier to the soil, lining crop production troughs, holding soil and soilless media, and providing a nutrient film channel. Irrigation systems have become very elaborate, with various plastic products used to transport water and nutrients and to provide a means of emitting nutrient solution to the crop. The greenhouse environment is managed from several plastic components, including air distribution tubes, shade materials, and energy curtains. Plastics are now common in greenhouse vegetable crop training, insect monitoring, postharvest handling, storage, and marketing.

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Papadopoulos, Athanasios P. "1030 COMPUTERIZED MULTIFERTILIZER INJECTION SYSTEMS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 576a—576. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.576a.

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Horticultural crop management strategists of the past have routinely chosen to remove root-related limitations to productivity by operating at high fertility levels and by excessive irrigation of well-drained soils, without much concern for fertilizer losses to the environment. The relatively low cost of fertilizer as a component of the overall production cost has justified, at least on economic tens. the liberal application of fertilizer on most horticultural crops. However, inefficiencies in fertilizer use can no longer be neglected as society becomes increasingly aware and critical of the valuable energy expended in fertilizer manufacturing and of the damage to the environment from runoff fertilizer. Progress made towards fertilizer use economy will be discussed in relation to the development and use of computer controlled fertilizer injectors which allow the timely application of precise amounts of nutrients according to the changing needs of crops. Seasonal fertigation programs for greenhouse vegetable production in soil and soilless media will be described and corresponding crop performance data will be presented.

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López-Medina, J., A. Peralbo, and F. Flores. "CLOSED SOILLESS GROWING SYSTEM: A SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION FOR STRAWBERRY CROP IN HUELVA (SPAIN)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 649 (February 2004): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2004.649.39.

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Martinez-Ruiz, A., I. L. López-Cruz, A. Ruiz-García, J. Pineda-Pineda, and A. Ramírez-Arias. "Uncertainty analysis of modified VegSyst model applied to a soilless culture tomato crop." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1182 (November 2017): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2017.1182.30.

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Maloupa, E., A. Papadopoulos, and S. Bladenopoulou. "EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND PRELIMINARY CROP COEFFICIENT OF GERBERA SOILLESS CULTURE GROWN IN PLASTIC GREENHOUSE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 335 (April 1993): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.335.64.

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Elvanidi, A., J. Zinkernagel, J. F. J. Max, and N. Katsoulas. "Contribution of hyperspectral imaging to monitor water content in soilless growing cucumber crop." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1296 (November 2020): 1055–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2020.1296.133.

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Alarcón, A. L., A. Faz, C. Egea, and F. J. Brañas. "MACROELEMENTS UPTAKE AND IONIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF A TOMATO SOILLESS CROP IN RECIRCULATING SYSTEM." Acta Horticulturae, no. 559 (October 2001): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2001.559.77.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Soilless crop'

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