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Journal articles on the topic 'Soils and civilization'
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1
McCracken, Ralph J. "Soils, Soil Scientists, and Civilization." Soil Science Society of America Journal 51, no. 6 (November 1987): 1395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100060001x.
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Sager, Manfred. "Urban Soils and Road Dust—Civilization Effects and Metal Pollution—A Review." Environments 7, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments7110098.
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Urban soils have been changed much by human impacts in terms of structure, composition and use. This review paper gives a general introduction into changes from compaction, mixing, water retention, nutrient inputs, sealing, gardening, and pollution. Because pollutions in particular have caused concerns in the past, metal pollutions and platinum group metal inputs have been treated in more detail. Though it is not possible to cover the entire literature done on this field, it has been tried to give examples from all continents, regarding geochemical background levels. Urban metal soil pollution depends on the age of the settlement, current emissions from traffic and industry, and washout. It seems that in regions of high precipitation, pollutants are swept away to the watershed, leaving the soils less polluted than in Europe. Health hazards, however, are caused by ingestion and inhalation, which are higher in 3rd world countries, and not by concentrations met in urban soils as such; these are not treated within this paper in detail. With respect to pollutants, this paper is focused on metals. Contrary to many reviews of the past, which mix all data into one column, like sampling depth, sieved grain sizes, digestion and determination methods, these have been considered, because this might lead to considerable interpretation changes. Because many datasets are not Gaussian distributed, medians and concentration ranges are given, wherever possible. Urban dust contains about two to three fold the hazardous metal concentrations met in urban soils. Some data about metal mobilities obtained from selective and sequential leaching procedures, are also added. Soil compaction, pollution, sealings and run-offs cause stress situations for green plants growing at roadside locations, which is discussed in the Section 5. Environmental protection measures have led to decrease metal pollutions within the last decade in many places.
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Pozniak, Stepan, and Natalia Havrysh. "Social soil science as a new approach in soil science." Polish Journal of Soil Science 53, no. 1 (June 22, 2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/pjss.2020.53.1.73.
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<p>The article contains the authors’ reflections on the formation and substantiation of many aspects in soil science, concerning its connections with social sciences. Arguments about the exceptional importance of soil resources in the modern world and the importance of scientific research in soil science, which can become an important instrument of solving social problems, are found. It is shown that soil resources, being the basis of agricultural development, are the long-term capital through which different nations exist and develop. In order to maintain the normal living conditions of the population and to improve them, it is important to use this global resource wisely. The attitude of people to the soil is recognized as fundamental for nation’s sustainable development and, moreover, the life expectancy of a civilization may depend on the people attitude to soils. In order to maintain collective well-being of people, a long-term interest of the society in soil protection needs to be reoriented – this should become a priority task for our civilization. The current state of soils can be a characteristic of the development of society as well as a criterion for assessing the activity of government and social stability in the country.</p>
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Patel, Anjan, and Elina Choudhury. "Role of Soils and Its Trace Element Concentration on Human Dental Health: An Overview." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 18, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw210021.
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Recognition of the relationship between soils and human health dates back to ancient times and soil degradation has certainly been an important issue for human civilization. The intake of food quality and its nutrition value depends to a large extent on the health of soils, in which it is grown. Moreover, the quality of drinking water depends upon the mineral-bearing rocks forming the aquifers, the soils through which it passes and the related geo-hydrological parameters. The present study specifically addresses the dental health problems caused due to the in-situ ground condition of the locality and the soil contamination. This kind of study has become more vital considering the fact that the burden of oral diseases is increasing in many developing countries, especially among the rural masses. However, the possible connections between soils or ground conditions and dental problems are yet to be established properly. Mechanism of the incorporation of trace elements into soils and further into human teeth need more understanding. The present appraisal of the works related to soils and human health can be considered as thought-provoking for future research in this field, especially in view of the effects of rapid climate change and industrialisation on soils and human health in recent times.
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Daniszewski, Piotr, and Beata Draszawka-Bołzan. "Effect of Precipitation on the Acidification of Soils of West Pomeranian Voivodeship." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 6 (September 2013): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.6.85.
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The progress of civilization as well as the growing up process of transformative environment adversely affect individual environmental elements in the soil. In recent years the increasing pollution of the atmosphere causes more and more interest in the science of the substances contained in it and merge back to the surface of the Earth. Of great importance for the environment have the substances contained in the water drainage, as in the form of dissolved very easily reach the individual environmental elements causing their contamination. Strong acidification most soils in Poland is the main cause of weak download main nutrients in soils, and low yields. Part of important plant micronutrients: iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt/an acidic soils are more available In soils acidic phosphorus being introduced in mineral fertilisers is associated with aluminum and iron, in forms not available for plants. The low pH of the soil inhibits the oxidation of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3-), and at the same time, poorly developed root system is not able to efficiently download ion nitrate from the soil. The result is outside the range of the washing of nitrate nitrogen contamination of groundwater and is followed by the root system. The purpose of the work was to determine the pH of precipitation and atmospheric.
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Lu, Shyi-Min. "Soil and Forest: The Key Factors for Human Survival." Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 3 (May 31, 2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v10n3p105.
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From the past to the future, the development of human civilization has been closely related to the Earth's soil. However, we are now on the planet with the productive forces of soil resources that are gradually exhausting. In many agricultural areas, crop yields have been devastated by heavy soil erosion. Nitrogen fertilizers and fossil fuels in geological reservoirs tend to be scarce, resulting in both the increase of agricultural production costs and the increase of geopolitical conflict. Global warming, on the other hand, accelerates microbial greenhouse gases (GHG) released in soils and has a key role in recent climate change. In this paper, we show the challenges faced by human beings in the 21st century because of the direct and indirect responses of the soil expansion made by human past and future activities. We also stress that soil and forest are the future survival and development key factors for human beings. This global trend of development should be the recommendations for Taiwanese future development policy of land and forest.
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Chowdhury, Tanzin, Md Arifur Rahman, Kamrun Nahar, Md Akhter Hossain Chowdhury, and Md Sirajul Islam Khan. "Growth and yield performance of Aloe vera grown in different soil types of Bangladesh." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 16, no. 3 (December 27, 2018): 448–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v16i3.39416.
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Plant requires suitable soil for higher yield, quality growth and desired crop productivity that differ with soil characteristics, availability of the nutrient elements and overall soil fertility. Aloe vera, a documented medicative plant, is used for numerous medical and cosmetic applications since very beginning of the civilization. An experiment was conducted in Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh to find out the most appropriate soil for A. vera cultivation. Seven types of soils viz., acid, calcareous, non-calcareous, charland, saline, peat and acid sulphate were collected from different locations of Bangladesh. Eighteenth month old Aloe vera seedlings were collected from Shomvogonj, Mymensingh and planted during last week of May, 2017 following completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Most of the soils were light grey in colour, acidic to neutral in nature and clay to clay loam in texture except non-calcareous and charland soils. Bulk density, particle density and field capacity ranged from 1.23−1.45 g cm−3, 2.20−2.58 g cm−3 and 27.07−30.20%, respectively. The ranges of pH, EC and organic matter contents were 3.8 to 7.8, 0.25 to 14.04 dS m−1 and 0.88 to 16.40%, respectively. The organic matter content was found as low to moderate except peat soil. Total N, exchangeable K, available P and S contents ranged from 0.05−0.95%, 0.17−0.73 cmol kg−1, 3.09−12.10 and 11.06−735.12 µg g−1 soil, respectively. Growth and leaf biomass yield of A. vera was significantly influenced by different soil types. The highest plant height, leaf number, leaf area and leaf fresh weight were recorded from the plant grown in non-calcareous soil whereas maximum fresh gel weight, dry leaf weight and yield increase over acid sulphate soil were found from the plant grown in calcareous soil. The highest fresh leaf gel weight (907 g plant−1) was obtained from the plant grown in calcareous soil which was identical with the gel weight (880 g plant−1) of the plant grown in acid soil. The yield increase of acid, non-calcareous, charland, saline1 (6.32 dS m−1) and saline2 (8.14 dS m−1) soils over acid sulphate soil were 718, 712, 394, 144 and 86%, respectively. The overall performance of the soils in relation to leaf biomass yield was of the following order: calcareous ≥ acid ≥ non-calcareous > charland > saline1 (6.32 dS m−1) > saline2 (8.14 dS m−1) > peat > acid sulphate soil. The results suggest that farmers could be advised to grow A. vera either in calcareous or acid soils of Bangladesh. Since calcareous and non-calcareous soils are mostly used for growing cereals, pulses, cash crop like sugarcane, fruits etc., acid soil could be used for cultivating this important medicinal crop considering the socio-economic conditions of the country.
J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(3): 448–456, December 2018
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Gunn, Joel D., John E. Foss, William J. Folan, Maria del Rosario Domínguez Carrasco, and Betty B. Faust. "BAJO SEDIMENTS AND THE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM OF CALAKMUL, CAMPECHE, MEXICO." Ancient Mesoamerica 13, no. 2 (July 2002): 297–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536102132184.
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Maya Lowlands climate researchers have set aside earlier beliefs that Maya civilization flourished in an unchanging environment. Analyses of river discharge, weather patterns, lake-bottom sediments, and settlement patterns reveal a highly variable climate, considerable diversity in local geology and soils, and a wide range of cultural adaptations tailored to distinctive subregional settings. Significant knowledge gaps remain. Among the unanswered questions is how cities in the elevated interior were maintained without natural, permanent bodies of water even during equitable climatic conditions, much less through the episodes of severe drought that have become apparent in studies of past climates. The research reported in this article lays the groundwork for climate studies in the southwestern Yucatan Peninsula.
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Chicas, S., and K. Omine. "Forest Cover Change and Soil Erosion in Toledo's Rio Grande Watershed." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 29, 2015): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-353-2015.
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Toledo, the southernmost district, is the hub of Belize’s Mayan population, descendants of the ancient Mayan civilization. The Toledo District is primarily inhibited by Kekchi and Mopan Mayans whose subsistence needs are met by the Milpa slash-and-burn agricultural system and the extraction of forest resources. The poverty assessment in the country indicates that Toledo is the district with the highest percentage of household an individual indigence of 37.5 % and 49.7 % respectively. Forest cover change in the area can be attributed to rapid population growth among the Maya, together with increase in immigration from neighboring countries, logging, oil exploration and improvement and construction of roads. The forest cover change analysis show that from 2001 to 2011 there was a decrease of Lowland broad-leaved wet forest of 7.53 km sq, Shrubland of 4.66 km sq, and Wetland of 0.08 km sq. Forest cover change has resulted in soil erosion which is causing the deterioration of soils. The land cover types that are contributing the most to total erosion in the Rio Grande watershed are no-forest, lowland broad-leaved wet forest and submontane broad-leaved wet forest. In this study the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was employed in a GIS platform to quantify and assess forest cover change and soil erosion. Soil erosion vulnerability maps in Toledo’s Rio Grande watershed were also created. This study provides scientifically sound information in order to understand and respond effectively to the impacts of soil erosion in the study site.
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Qiao, Wen Wen, Shuo Ben Bi, Qi Fu Wang, and Jing Tao Liang. "Analysis of Spatial Distribution of the Neolithic Settlements in Zhengzhou-Luoyang Area by Using GIS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1518–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1518.
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Zhengzhou-Luoyang area is one of the cradles of ancient Chinese civilization and contains more than 1000 settlements of the Neolithic Age. To study the spatial distribution of the Neolithic settlements in the region, this paper applied the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to investigate the relationship between site locations and environmental variables. The results of GIS analysis show that the settlement distribution of each culture period has a clustered pattern and obvious spatial features. Most of the settlements tend to be located in flat areas with low elevation and close to rivers and arable soils. Based on the environment variables, a Neolithic settlement site predictive model was generated to predict the archaeological probability of any given area in Zhengzhou-Luoyang area. The predictive model and distribution characteristics obtained here can help better understand the Neolithic man-land relationship and provide guidance for future field archaeology.
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Wang, Zhengang, and Kristof Van Oost. "Modeling global anthropogenic erosion in the Holocene." Holocene 29, no. 3 (December 14, 2018): 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618816499.
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A large proportion of natural vegetation has been converted to agricultural use, and this typically accelerates erosion by one to two orders of magnitude. Quantification of this accelerated erosion is important to understand the impact of human activities on soil ecosystem service given that soil erosion induces soil degradation and changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. Until now, few studies have evaluated the accumulated impact of agricultural erosion, since the start of agriculture (ca. 6000 BC), on the soils system and the carbon cycle. In this study, we mainly focused on the enhanced water erosion by conversion of natural vegetation to crops, while wind erosion on the cropland is not assessed. We first evaluated and constrained existing anthropogenic land cover change (ALCC) scenarios by comparing observed cumulative erosion for the agricultural period under a wide range of global agro-ecological conditions with model simulations. An optimized land-use scenario that makes the best fit between the simulation and the observation was derived in the model calibration. We further applied a spatially distributed erosion model, which was modified based on Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), under the optimized land-use scenario across globe to estimate the total anthropogenic cumulative erosion and characterize their spatial variability. Simulations suggest that conversion from natural vegetation to cropland has caused a global cumulative agricultural erosion of 27,187 ± 9030 Pg for the period of agriculture. This results in an average cumulative sediment mobilization of 1829 ± 613 kg m−2 on croplands, corresponding to a soil truncation of ca. 1.34 ± 0.45 m. Regions of early civilization, particularly with high cropland fractions such as South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central America have higher area-averaged anthropogenic erosion than other regions. This results in spatial variability in soil truncation rates because of erosion, which would further affect the soil production rate. Our study shows that observations of long-term anthropogenic erosion at the catchment scale can be used to constrain the reconstructed land-use scenarios.
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Pandeya, Devendra, Damar L. López-Arredondo, Madhusudhana R. Janga, LeAnne M. Campbell, Priscila Estrella-Hernández, Muthukumar V. Bagavathiannan, Luis Herrera-Estrella, and Keerti S. Rathore. "Selective fertilization with phosphite allows unhindered growth of cotton plants expressing the ptxD gene while suppressing weeds." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 29 (June 4, 2018): E6946—E6955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804862115.
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Weeds, which have been the bane of agriculture since the beginning of civilization, are managed manually, mechanically, and, more recently, by chemicals. However, chemical control options are rapidly shrinking due to the recent rise in the number of herbicide-resistant weeds in crop fields, with few alternatives on the horizon. Therefore, there is an urgent need for alternative weed suppression systems to sustain crop productivity while reducing our dependence on herbicides and tillage. Such a development will also allay some of the negative perceptions associated with the use of herbicide-resistance genes and heavy dependence on herbicides. Transgenic plants expressing the bacterial phosphite dehydrogenase (ptxD) gene gain an ability to convert phosphite (Phi) into orthophosphate [Pi, the metabolizable form of phosphorus (P)]. Such plants allow for a selective fertilization scheme, based on Phi as the sole source of P for the crop, while offering an effective alternative for suppressing weed growth. Here, we show that, when P is supplied in the form of Phi, ptxD-expressing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants outcompete, in both artificial substrates and natural soils from agricultural fields, three different monocot and dicot weed species intentionally introduced in the experiments, as well as weeds naturally present in the tested soils. Importantly, the ptxD/Phi system proved highly efficacious in inhibiting the growth of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. With over 250 weed species resistant to currently available herbicides, ptxD-transgenic plants fertilized with Phi could provide an effective alternative to suppressing the growth of these weeds while providing adequate nutrition to the crop.
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Chuadhary, Abida Kausar. "Natural Resource Management and Nation Building in Pakistan: Agro-Commercialization in Tehsils of Colonial District Multan, Pakistan." Global Economics Review VI, no. I (March 30, 2021): 138–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(vi-i).11.
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Nation-building refers to the process of constructing or structuring a national identity using the power of the state. Natural resources and technologies associated with it and their use have been an integral part of human life, as old as civilization. The land formed the main ingredients of a natural resource. Pakistan is fortunate because its soils, topography and climate are generally suitable for farming, but its agriculture sectors face the problem of scarcity of water in regions like Multan. The development of irrigation resources was, therefore, one of the major concerns of the Governments who ruled the region. Like other Punjab districts, Multan witnessed the commercialization of agro products and the growth of market towns following the extension of irrigation and communication facilities. However, it was immensely transformed by the Sidhnai Canal Colony system. This paper also attempts to analyze the economics of conjunctive water management practices in Tehsils of Colonial Multan. This research is based on original non published official reports from Punjab Civil Secretariat Lahore and British Indian Library London. The paper is mainly based on archival documentation, settlement and assessment reports and gazetteers.
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Abdul Razak, Mohd Abbas. "Iqbal’s Ideas for the Restoration of Muslim Dynamism." Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN: 2289-8077) 8 (February 2, 2012): 377–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/jia.v8i0.252.
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Islam seeks to develop the human minds to a total submission to Allah the Almighty. Through its divine guidance, the Qur’an ushered a large section of the masses in Arabia from the darkness of ignorance into knowledge and enlightenment of their souls. Islam grew from a humble beginning into a mighty civilizational force. Islamic civilization like all other civilizations, started to decline after reaching its pinnacle of success. Ever since the fall of Baghdad in 1258, the Muslim world has been confronted with endless problems in all fields of life. Colonization of Muslim lands by the West had created the knowledge and technological gap between them and their colonizers. Being subjected to colonization, neo-colonization, and now globalization, Muslims are lagging behind other communities of the world. The Muslim minds which once came up with great ideas, discoveries, innovation and inventions, at the moment somehow become less prolific, and experiencing a state of lethargy and malaise. In realizing the great challenges faced by the Muslims in the modern world, this research intends to re-visit Iqbal’s ideas to remedy the awful situations experienced by the Ummah.
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Nykyforov, V. V., V. Ya Moklyak, O. V. Novokhatko, Yu V. Ritchenko, and A. B. Kulbachko. "Researching of chemical and biological elements in No-Till agrotechnology." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 19, no. 1 (January 6, 2019): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041902.
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The richness of civilization is the soil which 99% of it produces food. There is more than 95% of the gene pool of living matter in the soil of planet. In modern conditions, there is a problem of rational use of soil as place for natural formations (edafotops) which are the most important components of biogeocenosis. The relevance of this work is that the soil as nutrient in the biosphere performs a unique function. The most important parameter is the fertility of the soil, which determines the basic properties of terrestrial ecosystems: efficient production and stability. Estimation of the main factors of fertilityed edafotop is a mandatory element of environmental monitoring. The purpose of this work is to study the dynamics of acidity and assessment of humus content in soil with sand and character changes on the number of microorganisms of major ecological-trophic groups and quantitative analysis of microalgae with typical chernozem processing and No-Till. Scientific novelty of results. For the first time the complex estimation of features humus formation in typical horizons layer was conducted and the dependence population of the complex microbial edafotop farm was installed on the territory farming systems of Semenivka district of Poltava region. For research were selected 17 soil samples in Semenivka district (Poltava region). The soil samples were selected in the localities which use standardized methods and techniques. The objects of study are samples chernozem typical from edafotop with different processing technology, in particular after making defekat sugar production, selected on the territory of the farm agrocenosis. Subject of research is dynamics of humus, microbiota and algae in soils that are traditionally handled by biotechnology and No-Till, and the impact a defekat of sugar production on the soil acidity. As a result of research settled the following tasks: 1) it was selected the samples of chernozem with varying technology soil processing; 2) it was estimated humus content by Tyurin (titrimetric) and acidity of soil samples by potentiometry; 3) it was investigated the feasibility of using a defekate after sugar production as fertilizer; 4) it was found the number of complex microbial studied soils; 5) it was set the factors in the formation of complex microbial soil; 6) it was set of environmental measures aimed at restoring of soil fertility. Soil samples were prepared for analysis by standard procedure. During the research was used a method of potentiometry to determine pH (degree of acidity of the soil solution). The concentration of humus titrimetric determined by using of chromium mixture and Mohr's salt (I. V. Tyurin method). Preliminary preparation of soil for microbiological analysis was performed by dispersing. For quantifying soil microorganisms was used the method of planting soil slurry into solid peptone-agarnutrient media and Zvyagintsev's scale. Statistical analysis of the results of research was carried out using MS Excel. The practical significance of the results is the scientific substantiation of ecological and economic profitability of introducing technology No-Till in Ukraine. This agrotechnology will preserve and restore the fertile layer of soil (improving its chemical, physical and biological properties, increasing content of organic matter in the soil), reduce or eliminate erosion of soil (no need to spend extra money to solve this problem), accumulate and retain the moisture in the soil, which in turn will reduce dependence the crop on climatic conditions and increase crop yields. It Is established that the use of No-Till system increased content humus, increased the number of microorganisms and soil microalgae, which can significantly affect the fertility of chernozem.
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Chrungoo, Nikhil K., and Upasna Chettry. "Buckwheat: A critical approach towards assessment of its potential as a super crop." Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding (The) 81, no. 01 (March 25, 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31742/ijgpb.81.1.1.
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Buckwheat has attracted considerable interest amongst the global scientific community due to its nutritional and pharmaceutical properties. It is a low input crop whose cultivation has persisted through centuries of civilization in almost every country where cereals were cultivated. The crop is an important source of rutin, an important flavonoid which is known to have cardioprotective, vasoprotective, antihypertensive, anti-inflammation, cytoprotective and anti-diabetic properties. Grains of buckwheat are a rich source of protein with a balanced amino acid composition, gluten free flour, dietary fibre, vitamins, resistant starch, phytosterols, fagopyrins, fagopyritols and phenolic compounds. Buckwheat is a short season crop which completes its life cycle in 70-90 days and can grow in wide range of environmental conditions including marginal lands and rocky, poorly tilled soils. The protein content in buckwheat flour is higher than in commonly used cereals such as rice, wheat, millet, sorghum and maize. Buckwheat grain protein is rich in lysine and arginine, which are generally limiting in other cereals. Because of a low Lys/ Arg and Met/Gly ratio, buckwheat protein has strong hypolipidemic activity. While Buckwheat is considered as a healthy food because of its nutraceutical properties, low yields due to seed shattering because of pedicel breaking and heterozygosity due to self-incompatibility as a consequence of dimorphic heterostylism have always remained major problems in achieving large scale incorporation of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) in the agricultural portfolio. The present review highlights the multicore potential of buckwheat as a super crop to meet the challenges of food and nutritional security.
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Burdanowitz, Nicole, Tim Rixen, Birgit Gaye, and Kay-Christian Emeis. "Signals of Holocene climate transition amplified by anthropogenic land-use changes in the westerly–Indian monsoon realm." Climate of the Past 17, no. 4 (August 24, 2021): 1735–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1735-2021.
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Abstract. The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall is the lifeline for people living on the Indian subcontinent today and was possibly the driver of the rise and fall of early agricultural societies in the past. The intensity and position of the ISM have shifted in response to orbitally forced thermal land–ocean contrasts. At the northwestern monsoon margins, interactions between the subtropical westerly jet (STWJ) and the ISM constitute a tipping element in the Earth's climate system because their non-linear interaction may be a first-order influence on rainfall. We reconstructed marine sea surface temperature (SST), supply of terrestrial material and vegetation changes from a very well-dated sediment core from the northern Arabian Sea to reconstruct the STWJ–ISM interaction. The Holocene record (from 11 000 years) shows a distinct, but gradual, southward displacement of the ISM in the Early to Mid-Holocene, increasingly punctuated by phases of intensified STWJ events that are coeval with interruptions of North Atlantic overturning circulation (Bond events). The effects of the non-linear interactions culminate between 4.6 and 3 ka BP, marking a climatic transition period during which the ISM shifted southwards and the influence of STWJ became prominent. The lithogenic matter input shows an up to 4-fold increase after this time period, probably related to the strengthened influence of agricultural activities of the Indus civilization, with enhanced erosion of soils. This anthropogenic land-use change is amplifying the impact of Bond events and adding to the marine sedimentation rates adjacent to the continent.
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Bratley, Kelsee, and Eman Ghoneim. "Modeling Urban Encroachment on the Agricultural Land of the Eastern Nile Delta Using Remote Sensing and a GIS-Based Markov Chain Model." Land 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land7040114.
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Historically, the Nile Delta has played an integral part in Egyptian civilization, as its fertile soils have been cultivated for centuries. The region offers a lush oasis among the expansive arid climate of Northern Africa; however, in recent decades, many anthropogenic changes to the environment have jeopardized Egypt’s agricultural productivity. Political instability and lack of sufficient regulations regarding urban growth and encroachment have put agricultural land in the area at risk. Advanced geospatial techniques were used to assess the rate at which urban areas are increasing within the region. A hybrid classification of Landsat satellite imagery for the eastern sector of the Nile Delta, between the years 1988 and 2017, was conducted to map major land-use and land-cover (LULC) classes. The statistical change analysis revealed that urban areas increased by 222.5% over the study period (29 years). Results indicated that urban areas are encroaching mainly on established agricultural lands within the Nile Delta. Most of the change has occurred within the past nine years, where approximately 235.60 km2 of the cultivated lands were transitioned to urban. Nonetheless, at the eastern delta flank, which is bordered by desert, analysis indicated that agricultural lands have experienced a considerable growth throughout the study period due to a major desert reclamation effort. Areas most at risk from future urban expansion were identified. A simulation of future urban expansion, using a Markov Chain algorithm, indicated that the extent to which urban area is simulated to grow in the region is 16.67% (277.3 km2) and 37.82% (843 km2) by the year 2026, and 2050, respectively. The methods used in this study are useful in assessing the rate of urban encroachment on agricultural lands and can be applied to similar at-risk areas in the regions if appropriate site-specific modifications are considered.
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Lal, Rattan. "Soil Science and the Carbon Civilization." Soil Science Society of America Journal 71, no. 5 (September 2007): 1425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2007.0001.
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Hillel, Daniel. "Dirt: The Erosion of Civilization." Vadose Zone Journal 9, no. 2 (May 2010): 507–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2009.0145br.
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Zeng, Yue E., and Shi Dai Wu. "Ecological Civilization Construction of Eroded Red Soil Region of South China: A Case of Changting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 1487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1487.
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As a new research tendency, the definition of ecological civilization presents diversification in academia. Connected with the predecessors’ research results and accorded to reality of the researched area, this paper determines a definition on ecological civilization, and put forward that Ecological Civilization Construction should use a certain space as carrier, dividing the ecological civilization control area. This paper take Changting as a case, reach the idea of dividing the ecological civilization control area, integrating the philosophy and method of the major function oriented zoning. Firstly, regionalize the area of ecological civilization mainly control and protection from all the protected areas as the main body. Secondly, comprehensive evaluation of Indexes that including the aspects of economic, social, environmental, cultural and institutional about ecological civilization, are carried out at the township-level. Thirdly, we make the natural attribute of small watershed as a qualitative reference index, to identify the area of ecological civilization core development, comprehensive management, and centralized restoration. Finally, according to the division, this paper comes up with the advice of industrial layout and the measure of control.
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Milosevic, Predrag. "The concept and principles of sustainable architectural design for national parks in Serbia." Spatium, no. 11 (2004): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat0411091m.
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The paper elaborates the concept of sustainable architectural design that has come to the forefront in the last 20 years, and in the light of the National Park. This concept recognizes that human civilization is an integral part of the natural world and that nature must be preserved and perpetuated if the human community itself is to survive. Sustainable design articulates this idea through developments that exemplify the principles of conservation and encourage the application of those principles in our daily lives. A corollary concept, and one that supports sustainable design, is that of bio-regionalism - the idea that all life is established and maintained on a functional community basis and that all of these distinctive communities (bio-regions) have mutually supporting life systems that are generally self-sustaining. The concept of sustainable design holds that future technologies must function primarily within bioregional patterns and scales. They must maintain biological diversity and environmental integrity contribute to the health of air, water, and soils, incorporate design and construction that reflect bio-regional conditions, and reduce the impacts of human use. Sustainable design, sustainable development, design with nature environmentally sensitive design, holistic resource management - regardless of what it's called, "sustainability," the capability of natural and cultural systems being continued over time, is the key. Sustainable design must use an alternative approach to traditional design and the new design approach must recognize the impacts of every design choice on the natural and cultural resources of the local, regional, and global environments. Sustainable park and recreation development will succeed to the degree that it anticipates and manages human experiences. Interpretation provides the best single tool for shaping experiences and sharing values. By providing an awareness of the environment, values are taught that are necessary for the protection of the environment. Sustainable design will seek to affect not only immediate behaviors but also the long-term beliefs and attitudes of the visitors.
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Amit, Rivka, Yehouda Enzel, and Onn Crouvi. "Quaternary influx of proximal coarse-grained dust altered circum-Mediterranean soil productivity and impacted early human culture." Geology 49, no. 1 (September 11, 2020): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47708.1.
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Abstract The carbonate mountainous landscape around most of the Mediterranean is karstic, is almost barren, and has thin soils. Erosion of preexisting thicker soils is a common hypothesis used to explain this bare terrain. An alternative hypothesis is that in the Mediterranean region, thin soils are attributed to long-distance transport of very fine, silty clay dust, resulting in low mass accumulation rates. Even if accreted over millennia, such dust cannot produce thick, highly productive soils. A pronounced anomaly in the Mediterranean is the thick, more productive soil of the semiarid southern Levant (SL). These soils contain order-of-magnitude coarser grains than the characteristic thin soils in the Mediterranean and a high proportion (>70%) of coarse silt quartz sourced from the nearby Sinai-Negev erg, the primary contributor of the Negev loess. This proximal intense dust supply produced greatly thicker soils. However, influx of coarse silt quartz loess is a geologically recent phenomenon in the SL. Pre-loess (i.e., older than 200 ka, pre-coarse-silt influx) SL soils are much finer and were generated by long-distance dust from the Sahara and Arabia like most other Mediterranean soils. Thus, we hypothesize that the geologically recent Negev Desert loess interval caused a drastic change in mountainous soil properties within the SL, enriching the Levant’s ecology and affecting early human development. The high amounts of coarse silt deposited on the landscape have contributed to the unique sustainable agriculture in the SL, which assisted in transforming the Levant into “the land of milk and honey” and a cradle of civilizations.
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Minami, Katsuyuki. "Soil and humanity: Culture, civilization, livelihood and health." Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 55, no. 5 (October 2009): 603–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2009.00401.x.
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Buijs, Govert J. "THE SOULS OF EUROPE." CREATIVITY STUDIES 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2009): 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/2029-0187.2009.2.126-139.
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How should Europe deal politically with its legacy as a so‐called “Christian civilization"? Should this imply an overt reference to God or to the Christian or Judeo‐Christian tradition in European constitutional documents (as was debated when the so‐called “Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe” was tabled)? This debate raised the old “politico‐theological problem”: does a political order need some kind of metaphysical or religious grounding, a “soul”, or can it present itself as a purely rational order, the result of a utilitarian calculus? In this article it is argued that the secular idea of the state as an inherent element in the “Judeo‐Christian tradition”, for a “divine state” usurps a place that is only God's. So, this religious tradition itself calls for a secular state, and this inherent relationship between religion and secularity has become a key element for the interpretation of European civilization, most notably in the idea of a separation of the church and the state. But the very fact that this is a religious idea does imply that the European political order cannot be seen as a purely rational political order without a soul. The idea of a “plural soul” is proposed as a way out of the dilemma.
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Yu, Zhi Qiang, Qiang Gao, and Wen Feng Ding. "Soil and Water Conservation Society and the Construction of Ecological Civilization City." Advanced Materials Research 977 (June 2014): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.977.290.
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In recent years , with the acceleration of the process of China's modernization cities , soil erosion and lead to many more serious environmental problems . This paper describes the harm to the social construction of ecological civilization city soil and water loss,analyzed the causes of soil erosion,and finally illustrates the importance of soil and water conservation of the city and puts forward some suggestions for the construction of soil and water conservation.
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Шишкин, А. Е. "Transformation of Values in the Context of National and Civilizational Rifts." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v095.
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The transformation of value meanings in Russia under the influence of the socio-political technologies of “consciental warfare” took place several times. The first turmoil occurred during the reign of Prince Vladimir through change of religion (from Vedism to Judeo-Christianity) and replacement of Glagolitic script by Cyrillic alphabet. The second unrest was organized in the period of the Seven Boyars; the third, during the October Revolution, while the fourth began under President Yeltsin’s rule and continues to the present day. Vasily Klyuchevsky believed that the essence of the turmoil lies in the national rifts between “soil” and “civilization”. According to Vladimir Solovyov, the struggle between clan and state relations is the main content of the history of Russia. The essence of civilizational rifts lies in the contradiction between globalization and localization in the conditions of cyclic stages of human development, especially pronounced in an era of change, when the clash of cultures intensifies. Nowadays, we have an understanding of how ersatz values are intentionally implanted with the help of soft power, but in order to resist national and civilizational entropy, we must create sociopolitical technologies that ensure consistent security. According to the author, a balance of power in a society can be established through restoring and preserving traditional community values. For Jean Monnet, the communal approach involves gathering the entire humanity into a single fraternal family (the mondialist project) to restrain the power of the market. The “communard methodology” of I.P. Ivanov and A.V. Mudrik considers the communal way of life as a “social phenomenon”, “part of culture” and “national heritage”. This paper suggests constructs for transforming society in the context of communitarianism, where people are authorized to create their own social reality. The new communitarian self-developing system, as an original solution for long-term development of Russia, should become an obstacle to national and civilizational rifts, manifested in social instability and colour revolutions.
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DOAN, NATALIA. "THE 1860 JAPANESE EMBASSY AND THE ANTEBELLUM AFRICAN AMERICAN PRESS." Historical Journal 62, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 997–1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x19000050.
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AbstractThe 1860 Japanese embassy inspired within the antebellum African American press an imagined solidarity that subverted American state hierarchies of ‘civilization’ and race. The bodies of the Japanese ambassadors, physically incongruous with American understandings of non-white masculinity, became a centre of cultural contention upon their presence as sophisticated and powerful men on American soil. The African American and abolitionist press, reimagining Japan and the Japanese, reframed racial prejudice as an experience in solidarity, to prove further the equality of all men, and assert African American membership to the worlds of civility and ‘civilization’. The acceptance of the Japanese gave African Americans a new lens through which to present their quest for racial equality and recognition as citizens of American ‘civilization’. This imagined transnational solidarity reveals Japan's influence in the United States as African American publications developed an imagined racial solidarity with Japanese agents of ‘civilization’ long before initiatives of ‘civilization and enlightenment’ appeared on Japan's diplomatic agenda. Examining the writings of non-state actors traditionally excluded from early historical narratives of US–Japan diplomacy reveals an imagined transnational solidarity occurring within and because of an oppressive racial hierarchy, as well as a Japanese influence on antebellum African American intellectual history.
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Young, A. "Dirt: the Erosion of Civilizations - by D.R. Montgomery." European Journal of Soil Science 59, no. 2 (April 2008): 418–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2008.01027_7.x.
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Li, Hongshou. "Exploring the Source and Potential of Earth–Air Pulsation Using a Closed System." Earth Interactions 22, no. 9 (May 1, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-17-0019.1.
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Abstract Because of Earth’s motion, periodic temperature fluctuations occur in soil on daily and yearly time scales, which inevitably lead to pulsation of the air pressure in the soil. The Earth–air pressure monitoring technique called “hou-qi” is the basis of a calendar formulated by the ancient Chinese. However, the daily/yearly variation of air pressure in the soil is very weak, according to practical monitoring experiments, so hou-qi has long been considered a pseudoscience. To determine the potential maximum change of Earth–air pressure, identify what is causing the underlying Earth–air pressure variation, and reveal the mechanism, we use a closed system, which is a more appropriate system test of the possible validity of hou-qi, to monitor Earth–air pressure variation in this paper. The results show that there are potential air pressure fluctuations of about 120–190 hPa in closed soil over the daily/yearly temperature range of 5°–40°C. This provides ample magnitude for hou-qi. The largest contribution made to Earth–air pressure variation was pressurization due to air warming, with vapor due to water evaporation and desorbed gas having smaller effects. The soil’s water content has a significant effect on Earth–air pressure amplitude. Dry soil contributes almost no water vapor, but the adsorbed gases from dry soil have up to a 38-hPa influence on air pressure. The soil’s salt content also has an important regulating role on Earth–air pressure and can reduce the influence of vapor pressure. This paper provides a scientific basis for the ancient Earth–air monitoring system of hou-qi and also has important significance for hydrometeorology and research on the ancient Chinese civilization.
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Atakuman, Çiğdem. "A Haunted Landscape and Its Drained Souls." Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 33, no. 2 (February 25, 2021): 242–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jma.19473.
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Although the ultimate aim of the dominant heritage discourse and practice is to preserve culture in a way that contributes to peace and human prosperity, its paradoxical outcome has been to erase the variety of ways that people can relate to the past and to normalize ethnic and religious conflicts as well as globally deepening inequalities of class, race and gender. In this context, searching for civilization in the past has become an increasingly irrational activity, specifically in geopolitically important zones such as the Middle East and Turkey, where millions of immigrants, along with numerous minorities and economically impoverished populations, are currently denied access to the living standards of modern civilization. This paper aims to highlight these paradoxes inherent in the dominant heritage discourse and practice through the example of a recent heritage awareness-raising and capacity-building project, Safeguarding Archaeological Assets of Turkey (SARAT). Furthermore, based on two ethnographic case studies of treasure hunting from Turkey and Greece, it is also argued that the past is embodied in our questions of who we are and in our difficulties of belonging in today’s social landscape. Heritage, therefore, will continue to be in conflict and danger, unless people come to understand that they relate to the past in a variety of ways as regards the very core of the thick history of world politics.
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Johnston, David. "Contours of an Islamo-Christian Civilization." American Journal of Islam and Society 23, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i4.1584.
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Books Reviewed: Jack Goody, Islam in Europe. Cambridge: Polity Press,2004; Richard W. Bulliet, The Case for Islamo-Christian Civilization. NewYork: Columbia University Press, 2004; James A. Bill and John Alden Williams,Roman Catholics and Shi’i Muslims: Prayer, Passion, and Politics.Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.There can be no doubt that the twenty-first century has begun – and continues– under the ominous cloud of enmity between Muslim groups or nationsand western ones, from the attacks on American soil on 11 September 2001to those in Madrid and London, to the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, andnow in the growing tension with Iran. Unsurprisingly, this has spurred amushrooming of publications on the troubled relations between “Islam andthe West,” with almost every book pointing out the bold Christian rhetoricemanating from a militarily aggressive White House.Kenneth Cragg, the veteran Christian expositor of the Qur’an, more prolificthan ever in his nineties (seven titles since 2002), astutely named one ofhis latest books The Qur’an and the West (Georgetown University Press:2006). Not only is “Islam” misleading in terms of the wide diversity of cultures,sects, and spiritualities inspired by the Qur’an and the Hadith literature,but for Cragg, Muslims in today’s globalized world, whether living as“exiles” in the West or within Muslim-majority states, will have to choosebetween the vulnerable faith proclaimed in the early years in Makkah andthe religion cum political rule exemplified by the Prophet in Madinah. Asusual, Cragg also challenges the Christian side, which, in its American incarnation,largely rationalizes the use of power to extend its hegemony fromIsrael-Palestine to Central Asia in the name of democracy.Though all three books under review here share Cragg’s motivation toreduce tension and foster greater understanding between Muslims andChristians, only the third (on Shi`ites and Catholics) represents the kind oftheological dialogue that Cragg and others have nourished over the years ...
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Scott, T. W. "Out of the Earth: Civilization and the Life of the Soil." Journal of Environmental Quality 20, no. 4 (October 1991): 880–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1991.00472425002000040037x.
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Zou, Yuxue. "The Application Status of Chinese Traditional Cultural Elements in Modern Clothing Design." Advances in Higher Education 3, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/ahe.v3i4.1567.
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<p>China has a long history of Chinese civilization and profound traditional culture. The design elements contained in the Chinese civilization and traditional culture, with diverse forms, broad themes, long-lasting and rich connotations, are worthy cultural essences and cultural treasures and any other art forms are difficult to replace the historical status of this essence. The fashion design trend prevailing in the commodity world has been rooted in the soil of Chinese traditional cultureand constantly absorbs the creative essence of design elements, hoping to inject positive cultural connotation into the construction of value orientation in modern fashion design.</p>
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Halapsis, Oleksy. "INDIVIDUALISM ALLOWED ACCESS." Politology bulletin, no. 80 (2018): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2018.80.35-45.
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The purpose of the article is to identified the origin and essence of Western individualism. Methods of research. I used the methodology of post-nonclassical metaphysics of history, as well as the methods of epistemological polytheism and com parative. Results. The first sprouts of individualism can be detected in Greek poleis. It is the crisis of the polis system in Ancient Greece that predetermined the disappointment of the Greeks in the old collectivist ideals. Roman collectivism quite naturally got along with ideas about civil liberties and the dignity of an individual citizen. The idea of citizenship was brought to the theoretical perfection by moving it beyond the boundaries of city walls. The Christian ideal is not a self-sufficient person, but the community of believers. It is the weakening of the church’s position and the strengthening of the influence of Antiquity that led to the formation of the Western style of thinking, which became the basis of the new European civilizational project. John Locke rethought the Hobbesian «Roman» theory of the social contract, thereby laying the foundations of liberalism, and hence of individualism. However, radically changing the hierarchical society, even the shaken revolution and the restoration of the Stuarts, no theoretical work could not. But in the New World, free from class barriers, Locke’s ideas found a much more fertile soil. Conclusions. The Western version of individualism emerges as a civilizational ideal at the junction of two completely different paradigms — the Ancient (Greek and Roman) and the Christian. Being present in the «body» of the West, individualism could not access its code. The latter was guarded by numerous barriers, among which the Catholic collectivism and the class divisions of hierarchical society were the most powerful guards. In American society, security barriers were significantly weaker, which allowed individualism to develop in the United States. Then American individualism returned to Europe and is now perceived as an integral element of Western civilization.
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Blumler, Mark A. "Soil Erosion, Globalization, and Climate Warming or, Paradigms Leaving Us Lost." Nature and Culture 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2010.050205.
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Montgomery, David R. 2007. Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations. Berkeley: University of California Press.Shiva, Vandana. 2008. Soil not Oil: Environmental Justice in an Age of Climate Crisis. Cambridge MA: South End Press.
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Gazzano, Inés, Marcel Achkar, and Ismael Díaz. "Agricultural Transformations in the Southern Cone of Latin America: Agricultural Intensification and Decrease of the Aboveground Net Primary Production, Uruguay’s Case." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 8, 2019): 7011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247011.
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The agri-exporting enclaves of the current corporate food regime intensively exploit natural assets in global strategies that govern the local processes. Their multidimensional impacts contribute to the environmental and civilizational crisis. Linked to the agrarian metabolism in its appropriation phase, land use has impacts on local systems. To understand this process, it is necessary to identify the systemic and spatial expression of environmental transformation. The objective of this work was to analyze the dynamic adjustment of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) to agricultural intensification between the years 2000 and 2017, using a land use intensity index and the soils’ productive potential. Agricultural expansion and consolidation are observed, as well as the significant intensification throughout the period in 65% of the country’s area—with differences between regions—associated with soil types. ANPP is higher in areas of low land use intensity and lower in high intensity areas, varying from high to low in soils with low to high productive potential, respectively, and growing throughout the period—depending on the area, with less growth in areas of greater intensity. The appropriation of edaphic wealth puts the systemic functionality at risk and challenges these transforming dynamics, with a strong impact on southern systems.
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Wychowaniak, Dorota, Łukasz Zawadzki, and Mariusz Lech. "Application of column tests and electrical resistivity methods for leachate transport monitoring." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Land Reclamation 47, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sggw-2015-0028.
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Abstract Development of the human civilization leads to the pollution of environment. One of the contamination which are a real threat to soil and groundwater are leachates from landfills. In this paper the solute transport through soil was considered. For this purpose, the laboratory column tests of chlorides tracer and leachates transport on two soil samples have been carried out. Furthermore, the electrical resistivity method was applied as auxiliary tool to follow the movements of solute through the soil column what allowed to compare between the results obtained with column test method and electrical resistivity measurements. Breakthrough curves obtained by conductivity and resistivity methods represents similar trends which leads to the conclusion about the suitability of electrical resistivity methods for contamination transport monitoring in soil-water systems.
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Morris, James Winston. "The Challenges of Realization in a Global Civilization." Kanz Philosophia : A Journal for Islamic Philosophy and Mysticism 1, no. 2 (December 22, 2011): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20871/kpjipm.v1i2.11.
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<div><p>The contemporary historical situation suggests fascinating parallels with that period of the 13th/7th century when the massive destruction of the Mongol invasions opened the way for popular new forms of Islamic life and practice that eventually spread Islam throughout Asia. Today, as in earlier periods of dramatic upheaval, we can witness those processes of inspiration and awakening that give rise to the spiritual pathways of future centuries, through each soul’s gradual discovery of its unique challenges and demands of ihsan.</p><p>One way of describing this transformation, to use the Qur’anic language adapted by Ibn ‘Arabi, is in the terms of the process of spiritual realization (tahqīq) by which people discover their guiding inner relationship to those divine qualities or “Names” that eventually come to define the meaning and purpose of their lives. Through our life long movement of service (‘ibda) to the “Lord” (rabb) constituted by each divine Name, the transformation of the soul follows a familiar, naturally ascending trajectory. It begins with a curiosity drawing us toward some particular dimension of the Real (al-Haqq); then a compelling striving leading to heightened discipline and awareness; and ultimately to the creative manifestation of that devotion through the appropriate means of teaching, communication, and new communities of fellow- seekers—the Qur’anic “servants of the All-Merciful”—that slowly emerge from this shared spiritual work of devotion, discovery and creative response. </p><p>Here we point to some ways this process of civilizational renewal is unfolding around the world, focusing on three of the most far-reaching of those divine Names: the “servants of the All-Wise” (al-Hakīm), in their exploring and deciphering the infinite Signs of God’s Wisdom “on the horizons”, in all of the sciences of nature and society; to those muhsinūn and “servants of the Beautiful” (al-Jamīl) whose creative acts of beauty help awaken that love and awe which mark the beginnings of each spiritual journey; or to those “servants of the Subtly-Gracious” (al-Latīf) whose lives are dedicated to deepening our understanding of the presence and meaning of each of the divine Signs “in our souls,” in the emerging science of spirituality. These “servants of the all- Merciful” and their communities are themselves the first seeds of an emerging global civilization.</p></div>
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Oliveira, Manuel. "Soil Science: from Babylon to the Present." História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces 20 (December 29, 2019): 738–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2178-2911.2019v20espp738-746.
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ResumoO solo é um material com características e comportamento únicos na interface das esferas biológica, hidrológica, litológica e atmosférica do nosso planeta e tem um papel vital no bem-estar humano. A história do solo tem seguido a par do uso do solo para crescer plantas, a história da agricultura desde as antigas civilizações até aos nossos dias. Até ao século 19, não houve experimentação e validação de teorias e não existiu verdadeira ciência. A ciência do solo nasceu há cerca de 150 anos com o trabalho realizado por cientistas Ingleses, Alemães, Dinamarqueses e, sobretudo, Russos. A meados do século 20, sob pressão das actividades humanas sobre o ambiente, a ciência do solo ultrapassou a sua base de conhecimento aplicada à agricultura e agronomia para abraçar temas sobre a terra e o ambiente. Nasceu o conceito de segurança do solo e este tratado no seu papel de proporcionar serviços ambientais e usado para quantificar os recursos edáficos agregando contribuições de pedologistas, economistas, sociólogos e políticos no processo de tomadas de decisões sobre o solo.Palavras-Chave: Evolução de Solo, História, CiênciaAbstractSoil is a material with unique features and behavior at the interface between the biologic, hydrologic, lithologic, and atmospheric spheres of our planet that plays a vital role in human welfare. The history of soil has been in step with the history of the use of soils to grow plants, a history of agriculture from earlier civilizations to our days. Until the 19th century, no experimentation and testing of theories were conducted and there was no real science. Soil science was born about 150 years ago with the works of English, German, Danish and, above all, Russian scientists. In mid-20th century, under pressure of human activities upon the environment, soil science out grew its base knowledge applied to agriculture and agronomy to play an ever-increased role of land and environmental issues. It was born the concept of soil security and soil was understood in its role of delivering ecosystem services and used to quantify the soil resource aggregating contributions of soil scientists, economists, social scientists and policy makers for decision- making process about soil. Keywords: Soil Evolution, History, Science Resumo
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Petrova, Ekaterina V. "Interdisciplinarity and Crowdsourcing in Ecology as Reply to the Challenges of the Technogenic Civilization." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 57, no. 4 (2020): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202057463.
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The main characteristic of the modern environment is the negative change by its people – destruction and pollution. Man is part of the biosphere and the technogenic transformations of the biosphere inevitably affect him. Under the influence of technogenic civilization, all spheres of human activity undergo changes, and science above all. Ecology is especially keenly aware of the challenges of technogenic civilization. It focuses on anthropogenic factors, works with the human environment. At the same time, its problem field is expanding due to interdisciplinary research and the allocation of knowledge of new environmental disciplines into an independent industry. The interdisciplinarity of modern ecology is most clearly visible on the example of such a direction as informational ecology. The presence of the digital environment in human life has grown so much that it requires the separation of the digital information environment into a separate subsystem. Information ecology studies the laws of the influence of information on the formation and functioning of man. In turn, interdisciplinarity, assuming the use of knowledge from various branches of science, brings us to the problems of the collective agent of cognition and distributed knowledge. In ecology, the problems of the collective agent of cognition are implemented through crowd-sourcing technology. Ecology is a science that requires massive collection of observation data (samples of water, air, soil pollution in various, sometimes hard-to-reach corners of the planet, observation of fluctuations in the number of species of animals and plants). The popularity of crowdsourcing projects in the field of ecology is explained by the fact that the challenges and threats of anthropogenic civilization have generated such a trend of our time as environmental orientation or environmentalism. Ecological crowdsourcing projects, inspired by the philosophy of environmentalism, can serve as an answer to the challenges of technogenic civilization.
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Angelakιs, Andreas N., Daniele Zaccaria, Jens Krasilnikoff, Miquel Salgot, Mohamed Bazza, Paolo Roccaro, Blanca Jimenez, et al. "Irrigation of World Agricultural Lands: Evolution through the Millennia." Water 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051285.
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Many agricultural production areas worldwide are characterized by high variability of water supply conditions, or simply lack of water, creating a dependence on irrigation since Neolithic times. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the evolution of irrigation of agricultural lands worldwide, based on bibliographical research focusing on ancient water management techniques and ingenious irrigation practices and their associated land management practices. In ancient Egypt, regular flooding by the Nile River meant that early agriculture probably consisted of planting seeds in soils that had been recently covered and fertilized with floodwater and silt deposits. On the other hand, in arid and semi-arid regions farmers made use of perennial springs and seasonal runoff under circumstances altogether different from the river civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and early dynasties in China. We review irrigation practices in all major irrigation regions through the centuries. Emphasis is given to the Bronze Age civilizations (Minoans, Egyptians, and Indus valley), pre-Columbian, civilizations from the historic times (e.g., Chinese, Hellenic, and Roman), late-Columbians (e.g., Aztecs and Incas) and Byzantines, as well as to Ottomans and Arabs. The implications and impacts of irrigation techniques on modern management of water resources, as well as on irrigated agriculture, are also considered and discussed. Finally, some current major agricultural water management challenges are outlined, concluding that ancient practices could be adapted to cope with present challenges in irrigated agriculture for increasing productivity and sustainability.
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Lawson, Todd. "The Qur’an as Matrix of Islamic Civilization and Society." American Journal of Islam and Society 25, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): i—iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v25i3.1452.
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Societies are generally seen as producers of texts. Islam suggests that texts areproducers of society, especially texts that record divine revelation from prophets andmessengers. In the genre of literature that deals with the miraculous nature (i`jaz) ofthe Qur’an, various authors have sought to demonstrate the miracle of the Qur’an onvarious grounds: the compelling and matchless esthetic beauty of the Arabic; thequality of information and knowledge contained in the Book, either “scientific” or“religious”; and its miraculous transformative power, by which a new civilizationwas created through thework of devout believerswhose souls had been changed. Theunprecedented advance in civilization associated with Islam’s spread is offered assufficient proof. Thus Islamic civilization is seen to have an umbilical relationshipwith theQur’an as revelation and text. Just as theQur’an itself speaks of the umm alkitab,bringing motherhood fully into the divine economy, Muslims and their societiesmay be seen as children and progeny of the Qur’an, their mother. Such a senseis heightened when one remembers that themost frequently invoked attribute of Godis Rahmah (mercy), whether as al-Rahman or as al-Rahim, and that these attributesshare their etymology with the word rahim (womb), a symbol of unconditional andnaturally given protection, nourishment, solicitude, and love.This veneration of and dependency on the written word is one of the hallmarksof what Hodgson termed “islamicate societies.” Islamic culture’s textual output is ofcourse impossible to tabulate properly, covering as it it does a vast and heretoforeunimaginable range of subjects, genres, and functions. This issue of the journal offersjust a glimmer of the kind of truly dazzling variety of intellectual and artistic pursuitsthat found themselves simultaneously influencing and influenced by their respectivesocial contexts.With Sebastian Günther’s article we are treated to a scholarly explorationof the highest caliber demonstrating, among other things, that impassionedlearned debate about Islam’s true nature on the part of pious and devoted believers isnot a recent development; rather, it is perhaps in the nature of Islam itself. NevinReda’s essay brings the Qur’an’s literary nature to center stage with her examinationof the Qur’an’s intertextuality. The diversity with which Islamic texts and societiesgenerate themselves is highlighted in Muhammed Rustom’s study of the work ofWilliam Chittick, one of the major scholars of Islamic thought today. Liyakat Takimtakes us into the world of Shi`i fiqh, in a substantial analysis of the remarkablydurable relationship between text and normative behavior so characteristic of Islamas such and Shi`ism in particular. We are especially fortunate to have the outstandingarticle by Ingrid Hehmeyer, in which the categories of “water,” “magic,” ...
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Li, WEI. "Construction of Humanistic Silk Road with Sharing Cultures and Intercommunicating Souls Based on Chinese Civilization Wisdom." IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSRJRME) 07, no. 02 (February 2017): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/7388-0702010105.
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Millán Ramírez, Ginneth Patricia, Hubert Byliński, and Maciej Niedostatkiewicz. "Deterioration and Protection of Concrete Elements Embedded in Contaminated Soil: A Review." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 12, 2021): 3253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123253.
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Coating materials are considered one of the most antique materials of human civilization; they have been used for decoration and the protection of surfaces for millennia. Concrete structures—due to their permanent exposure to different types of environments and contaminants—require the use of coatings that contribute to its preservation by reducing the corrosion of its components (steel and aggregates). This article intends to introduce the principal causes of concrete deterioration and the coating materials used to protect concrete structures, including a summary of the coating types, their advantages and disadvantages, and the latest developments and applications. Furthermore, this paper also assesses brief information about the potential challenges in the production of eco-friendly coating materials.
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Wiewióra, Barbara, and Grzegorz Żurek. "The Response of the Associations of Grass and Epichloë Endophytes to the Increased Content of Heavy Metals in the Soil." Plants 10, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030429.
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The rapid development of civilization increases the area of land exposed to the accumulation of toxic compounds, including heavy metals, both in water and soil. Endophytic fungi associated with many species of grasses are related to the resistance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses, which include heavy metals. This paper reviews different aspects of symbiotic interactions between grass species and fungal endophytes from the genera Epichloë with special attention paid to the elevated concentration of heavy metals in growing substrates. The evidence shows the high resistance variation of plant endophyte symbiosis on the heavy metals in soil outcome. The fungal endophytes confer high heavy metal tolerance, which is the key feature in its practical application with their host plants, i.e., grasses in phytoremediation.
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S Iftekhar, M. "From timber management to forest management: an initial discussion on forest management evolution." Journal of Forest Science 51, No. 9 (January 10, 2012): 412–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4576-jfs.
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Forests have been subject to human intervention since the inception of human civilization. With enhanced knowledge, understanding and capacity humans exert an increasing pressure and influence on forests. Forests in general have undergone different ownership patterns. The requirements for forests have changed over time. The objectives of forest management are shifting from timber production to biodiversity conservation and nature protection. On the other hand, in many places the forests are dwindling due to the anthropic pressure. The management paradigms are changing in response to these triggering mechanisms. In this paper an attempt has been made to summarize the evolution of forest management practices and discuss some recent trends in forest management.
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Proshad, Ram, Tapos Kormoker, Md Saiful Islam, Mohammad Asadul Haque, Md Mahfuzur Rahman, and Md Mahabubur Rahman Mithu. "Toxic effects of plastic on human health and environment : A consequences of health risk assessment in Bangladesh." International Journal of Health 6, no. 1 (December 18, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijh.v6i1.8655.
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Plastics are used widely everywhere in our life and without plastic, modern civilization would indeed look very diverse. This study focuses on the toxic effects of plastic on human health and environment and possible consequences of health risk assessment in Bangladesh. Plastics are essential materials in modern civilization, and many products manufactured from plastics and in numerous cases, they promote risks to human health and the environment. Plastics are contained many chemical and hazardous substances such as Bisphenol A (BPA), thalates, antiminitroxide, brominated flame retardants, and poly- fluorinated chemicals etc. which are a serious risk factor for human health and environment. Plastics are being used by Bangladeshi people without knowing the toxic effects of plastic on human health and environment. Different human health problems like irritation in the eye, vision failure, breathing difficulties, respiratory problems, liver dysfunction, cancers, skin diseases, lungs problems, headache, dizziness, birth effect, reproductive, cardiovascular, genotoxic, and gastrointestinal causes for using toxic plastics. Plastics occur serious environment pollution such as soil pollution, water pollution, and air pollution. Application of proper rules and regulations for the production and use of plastics can reduce toxic effects of plastics on human health and environment.
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Wu, Wen Ting, Yi Ren, Heng Yu Zhao, Dan Shen, and Mi Mi Tian. "The Substance Quantity and Value Quantity Calculation Method Discussion for Soil Nourishment of Urban Greenbelt." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 5294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.5294.
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Water loss and soil erosion will cause damage of city land resource, result in deterioration of ecological environment and maladjustment of ecology balance, so it will influence national economy and social development. The soil nourishment function of land greenbelt is the important part of ecological service function of urban greenbelt, precisely calculate the substance quantity and value quantity of nourishment soil of urban greenbelt is one of the important basis to scientifically determine value of urban greenbelt and evaluate resource and asset of urban greenbelt, it is also the important basis to realize city ecological civilization and sustainable development. Currently, there are fewer research of calculation methods for substance quantity and value quantity for soil nourishment of urban greenbelt, it has not formed relative calculation method suitable for urban greenbelt calculation method with popular meaning, comparatively uniform, suitable for water self-restraint suitable for soil nourishment of urban greenbelt This article will discuss the connotation, index of soil nourishment of urban greenbelt, as well as calculation method of corresponding substance quantity and value quantity, it has important inspiration and reference meaning to scientifically carry out the effective calculation and management optimization of ecological service function of soil nourishment in urban greenbelt.
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Davis, Diana K., and Paul Robbins. "Ecologies of the colonial present: Pathological forestry from the taux de boisement to civilized plantations." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 1, no. 4 (November 21, 2018): 447–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848618812029.
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Tree-planting has long been an obsession of postcolonial environmental governance. Never innocent of its imperial history, the practice persists in global regimes of forestry today. For over two centuries, afforestation has been viewed as a panacea for a variety of ills including civilizational decline, diminished precipitation, warming temperatures, soil erosion, and decreasing biodiversity. As a result, tree plantations, despite their demonstrated failings in many environments, have flourished as an art of environmental governance that we term arboreal biopolitics. We trace some of the origins and importance of the taux de boisement in such plantation efforts, typically understood as a percentage of “appropriately” wooded land within a territory. Likely first developed in France by the early 19th century, this notion was operationalized in colonial territories assumed to be massively deforested. Targets of 30–33% forest cover, the minimum assumed for European civilization, were built into French forest training and policy and exported globally. Indeed, we demonstrate here that these French colonial policies and influences were as significant in many regions as those of better documented German forestry traditions, especially in African colonial territories and in British India. We further analyze the implications of these policies, and the degree to which the concept of a taux de boisement appears to have traveled to colonial forestry in India, further shaping forest policies of the postindependence era. We provide the example of the “National Mission for a Green India,” an effort by the Government of India to increase forest/tree cover by 5 million hectares and improve quality of forest cover on another 5 million hectares of forest/nonforest lands. Ostensibly aimed at improving forest-based livelihoods, the initiative has all the qualities of past forestry efforts in India, which have historically performed a reverse role: disinheriting forest-rooted populations. Colonial forestry, we therefore conclude, continues to haunt contemporary policy, contributing pathological ecologies, especially in the drylands, often with pernicious effects on local people.