Relevant bibliographies by topics / Soils Cations

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Academic literature on the topic 'Soils Cations'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Soils Cations"

1

Bolanle-Ojo, Tope O., Abiodun D. Joshua, Opeyemi A. Agbo-Adediran, Ademola S. Ogundana, Kayode A. Aiyeyika, Adebisi P. Ojo, and Olubunmi O. Ayodele. "Exchange Characteristics of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Selected Tropical Soils." International Journal of Agronomy 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/428569.

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Conducting binary-exchange experiments is a common way to identify cationic preferences of exchangeable phases in soil. Cation exchange reactions and thermodynamic studies of Pb2+/Ca2+, Cd2+/Ca2+, and Zn2+/Ca2+were carried out on three surface (0–30 cm) soil samples from Adamawa and Niger States in Nigeria using the batch method. The physicochemical properties studies of the soils showed that the soils have neutral pH values, low organic matter contents, low exchangeable bases, and low effective cation exchange capacity (mean: 3.27 cmolc kg−1) but relatively high base saturations (≫50%) with an average of 75.9%. The amount of cations sorbed in all cases did not exceed the soils cation exchange capacity (CEC) values, except for Pb sorption in the entisol-AD2 and alfisol-AD3, where the CEC were exceeded at high Pb loading. Calculated selectivity coefficients were greater than unity across a wide range of exchanger phase composition, indicating a preference for these cations over Ca2+. TheKeqvalues obtained in this work were all positive, indicating that the exchange reactions were favoured and equally feasible. These values indicated that the Ca/soil systems were readily converted to the cation/soil system. The thermodynamic parameters calculated for the exchange of these cations were generally low, but values suggest spontaneous reactions.
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Marchuk, Alla, Pichu Rengasamy, Ann McNeill, and Anupama Kumar. "Nature of the clay - cation bond affects soil structure as verified by X-ray computed tomography." Soil Research 50, no. 8 (2012): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr12276.

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Non-destructive X-ray computed tomography (µCT) scanning was used to characterise changes in pore architecture as influenced by the proportion of cations (Na, K, Mg, or Ca) bonded to soil particles. These observed changes were correlated with measured saturated hydraulic conductivity, clay dispersion, and zeta potential, as well as cation ratio of structural stability (CROSS) and exchangeable cation ratio. Pore architectural parameters such as total porosity, closed porosity, and pore connectivity, as characterised from µCT scans, were influenced by the valence of the cation and the extent it dominated in the soil. Soils with a dominance of Ca or Mg exhibited a well-developed pore structure and pore interconnectedness, whereas in soil dominated by Na or K there were a large number of isolated pore clusters surrounded by solid matrix where the pores were filled with dispersed clay particles. Saturated hydraulic conductivities of cationic soils dominated by a single cation were dependent on the observed pore structural parameters, and were significantly correlated with active porosity (R2 = 0.76) and pore connectivity (R2 = 0.97). Hydraulic conductivity of cation-treated soils decreased in the order Ca > Mg > K > Na, while clay dispersion, as measured by turbidity and the negative charge of the dispersed clays from these soils, measured as zeta potential, decreased in the order Na > K > Mg > Ca. The results of the study confirm that structural changes during soil–water interaction depend on the ionicity of clay–cation bonding. All of the structural parameters studied were highly correlated with the ionicity indices of dominant cations. The degree of ionicity of an individual cation also explains the different effects caused by cations within a monovalent or divalent category. While sodium adsorption ratio as a measure of soil structural stability is only applicable to sodium-dominant soils, CROSS derived from the ionicity of clay–cation bonds is better suited to soils containing multiple cations in various proportions.
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Tucker, BM. "Active and exchangeable cations in soils." Soil Research 23, no. 2 (1985): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9850195.

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The amounts of cations, Ca, Mg, K and Na, that could be extracted from soils by salt solutions varied with the cations, anions, acidity or alkalinity, and solvent of the extracting reagent. The variations were largest for soils that contained organic matter as the main source of those cations, and smallest in clay soils with little organic content. Calcium was the cation most affected and sodium the least affected. It appeared that the extractants removed all diffuse double-layer exchangeable cations, and variable portions of the other active cations including inner-sphere cations, specifically adsorbed cations, and those chelated by organic materials. A moderate, non-specific extractant containing a quaternary ammonium salt, choline chloride, is recommended for the displacement of exchangeable cations with a minimum contribution from other active cations. For an estimate of all forms of active cations, e.g. for soil nutrient assessment, a solution of ammonium sulfate is suggested.
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Wacal, Cosmas, Naoki Ogata, Daniel Basalirwa, Daisuke Sasagawa, Tsugiyuki Masunaga, Sadahiro Yamamoto, and Eiji Nishihara. "Growth and K Nutrition of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Seedlings as Affected by Balancing Soil Exchangeable Cations Ca, Mg, and K of Continuously Monocropped Soil from Upland Fields Converted Paddy." Agronomy 9, no. 12 (November 29, 2019): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120819.

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Growth of sesame is known to be limited by poor K nutrition as a result of imbalance in soil exchangeable cations that cause a competitive ion effect in continuous monocropping from upland fields converted paddy. We hypothesized that balancing soil exchangeable cations will improve the K nutrition and growth of sesame plants. Therefore, the specific objectives of this study were to determine the effect of balancing soil exchangeable cations Ca, Mg, and K of continuously monocropped soils on the growth and cation uptake of sesame seedlings and also identify a suitable source of nutrients for improving K nutrition. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse condition in a 3 × 3 factorial design consisting of three levels of balancing treatments i.e. inorganic fertilizer for Ca, Mg, and K, rice husk biochar to increase K content, and the three durations of continuous monocropping soils of one year, two years, and four years from upland fields converted paddy. Balancing soil exchangeable cations was aimed at achieving optimal base saturations (CaO, 75%; MgO, 25%; and K2O, 10%). Results showed that balancing exchangeable cations did not significantly affect growth and cation uptake in the one and two-year soils but significant effect was observed in the four-year soil. Overall, plant height and dry weight increased for the balancing treatments of inorganic fertilizer K and rice husk biochar. Balancing exchangeable cations with biochar was more beneficial than with inorganic fertilizers. The four-year soil’s growth increase was attributed to an increase in K concentration and uptake due to the decrease in the soil Ca/K and Mg/K ratios to that of acceptable levels, which eliminated competitive ion effect as the soil K saturation increased above 5.0%, enhancing sesame growth. Therefore, a balanced soil exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K that eliminates a competitive ion effect will improve sesame growth and K nutrition although future research should focus on ensuring balanced cation rations under field conditions in continuous monocropping.
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Rengasamy, Pichu, and Alla Marchuk. "Cation ratio of soil structural stability (CROSS)." Soil Research 49, no. 3 (2011): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr10105.

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Sodium salts tend to dominate salt-affected soils and groundwater in Australia; therefore, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is used to parameterise soil sodicity and the effects of sodium on soil structure. However, some natural soils in Australia, and others irrigated with recycled water, have elevated concentrations of potassium and/or magnesium. Therefore, there is a need to derive and define a new ratio including these cations in place of SAR, which will indicate the dispersive effects of Na and K on clay dispersion, and Ca and Mg on flocculation. Based on the differential dispersive effects Na and K and the differential flocculation powers of Ca and Mg, we propose the concept of ‘cation ratio of soil structural stability’ (CROSS), analogous to SAR. This paper also gives the results of a preliminary experiment conducted on three soils varying in soil texture on hydraulic conductivity using percolating waters containing different proportions of the cations Ca, Mg, K, and Na. The relative changes in hydraulic conductivity of these soils, compared with the control treatment using CaCl2 solution, was highly correlated with CROSS. Clay dispersion in 29 soils treated with irrigation waters of varying cationic composition was highly correlated with CROSS rather than SAR. It was also found that CROSS measured in 1 : 5 soil/water extracts was strongly related to the ratio of exchangeable cations. These results encourage further study to investigate the use of CROSS as an index of soil structural stability in soils with different electrolytes, organic matter, mineralogy, and pH.
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Wang, Ruzhen, Xue Wang, Yong Jiang, Artemi Cerdà, Jinfei Yin, Heyong Liu, Xue Feng, Zhan Shi, Feike A. Dijkstra, and Mai-He Li. "Soil properties determine the elevational patterns of base cations and micronutrients in the plant–soil system up to the upper limits of trees and shrubs." Biogeosciences 15, no. 6 (March 26, 2018): 1763–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1763-2018.

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Abstract. To understand whether base cations and micronutrients in the plant–soil system change with elevation, we investigated the patterns of base cations and micronutrients in both soils and plant tissues along three elevational gradients in three climate zones in China. Base cations (Ca, Mg, and K) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, and Zn) were determined in soils, trees, and shrubs growing at lower and middle elevations as well as at their upper limits on Balang (subtropical, SW China), Qilian (dry temperate, NW China), and Changbai (wet temperate, NE China) mountains. No consistent elevational patterns were found for base cation and micronutrient concentrations in both soils and plant tissues (leaves, roots, shoots, and stem sapwood). Soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total soil nitrogen (TN), the SOC to TN ratio (C : N), and soil extractable nitrogen (NO3− and NH4+) determined the elevational patterns of soil exchangeable Ca and Mg and available Fe, Mn, and Zn. However, the controlling role of soil pH and SOC was not universal as revealed by their weak correlations with soil base cations under tree canopies at the wet temperate mountain and with micronutrients under both tree and shrub canopies at the dry temperate mountain. In most cases, soil base cation and micronutrient availabilities played fundamental roles in determining the base cation and micronutrient concentrations in plant tissues. An exception existed for the decoupling of leaf K and Fe with their availabilities in the soil. Our results highlight the importance of soil physicochemical properties (mainly SOC, C : N, and pH) rather than elevation (i.e., canopy cover and environmental factors, especially temperature), in determining base cation and micronutrient availabilities in soils and subsequently their concentrations in plant tissues.
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Echeverría, Jesús, Teresa Morera, and Julián Garrido. "Metal-induced chromium(VI) sorption by two calcareous soils." Soil Research 37, no. 3 (1999): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s98079.

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Competing anions, notably SO 2- 4 and H2PO- 4 , reduce Cr(VI) sorption; however, the role of cooperative cations in Cr(VI) retention has merited less attention. This research studied the effect of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn on sorption of Cr(VI) in 2 calcareous soils: Calcixerollic Xerochrept (CX) and Paralithic Xerorthent (PX). Sorption kinetics and isotherms were combined with sequential extractions and fractional factorial designs. Most cation sorption took place during the first hour, whereas sorption of Cr(VI) was slower. Without the cooperative presence of these cations, no sorption of Cr(VI) was detected in the range 0–0·35 mM. Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn augmented the sorption of Cr(VI) by the calcareous soils; however, in both soils the amount of Cr(VI) retained was much lower than cation sorption. In the presence of cation, sorption of Cr(VI) was first observed at an equilibrium concentration of 0·07 mM for the CX soil and 0·17 mM for the PX soil. For higher concentrations, sorption of Cr(VI) by both soils was described by a constant distribution isotherm. More than 80% of Cr(VI) sorbed by soils was extracted as a non-exchangeable fraction using the Tessier et al . sequential procedure. Fractional factorial designs indicated that although the 4 cations favoured sorption of Cr(VI), Cu had the greatest positive influence.
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Gillman, G. P., D. C. Burkett, and R. J. Coventry. "A laboratory study of application of basalt dust to highly weathered soils: effect on soil cation chemistry." Soil Research 39, no. 4 (2001): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr00073.

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Surface (0–10 cm) samples from 7 highly weathered soils in tropical coastal Queensland were incubated for 3 months at room temperature and at field moisture capacity with basalt dust applied in 2 size fractions: <150 µm and 40 µm. The basalt application was mixed at 0, 1, 5, 25, and 50 t/ha to cover situations of moderate applications as well as where the amendment might be banded to achieve high local concentrations. Basalt dust application caused desirable increases in soil pH, reduced the content of exchangeable acidic cations, increased soil cation exchange capacity, and increased the content of base cations in all soils. By determining fundamental surface charge characteristics of these variable charge soils, it was possible to show that the additional base cations released from the basalt dust were present as exchangeable cations, and that the amounts released were controlled by the number of negatively charged sites available, i.e. soil cation exchange capacity. Selected treatments were then subjected to a strong leaching environment to assess the longevity of the effects obtained. Soil properties remained virtually unchanged by the leaching treatment, except that significant amounts of monovalent K and Na were removed. At the higher rates of application, the amounts of base cations released from the basalt were small in comparison with the actual amounts applied, indicating that the amendment could be effective over a considerable period of time.
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Yuan, Jin-Hua, and Ren-Kou Xu. "Effects of biochars generated from crop residues on chemical properties of acid soils from tropical and subtropical China." Soil Research 50, no. 7 (2012): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr12118.

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The chemical compositions of biochars from ten crop residues generated at 350°C and their effects on chemical properties of acid soils from tropical and subtropical China were investigated. There was greater alkalinity and contents of base cations in the biochars from legume residues than from non-legume residues. Carbonates and organic anions of carboxyl and phenolic groups were the main forms of alkalis in the biochars, and their relative contributions to biochar alkalinity varied with crop residues. Incubation experiments indicated that biochar incorporation increased soil pH and soil exchangeable base cations and decreased soil exchangeable acidity. There were greater increases in soil pH and soil exchangeable base cations, and a greater decrease in soil exchangeable acidity, for biochars from legume than from non-legume residues. The biochars did not increase the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soils with relatively high initial CEC but did increase the CEC of soils with relatively low initial CEC at an addition level of 1%. The incorporation of biochars from crop residues not only corrected soil acidity but also increased contents of potassium, magnesium, and calcium in these acid soils from tropical and subtropical regions and thus improved soil fertility.
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Marchuk, Alla, and Pichu Rengasamy. "Threshold electrolyte concentration and dispersive potential in relation to CROSS in dispersive soils." Soil Research 50, no. 6 (2012): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr12135.

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We have used the newly developed concept of CROSS (cation ratio of soil structural stability) instead of SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) in our study on dispersive soils. CROSS incorporates the differential dispersive powers of Na and K and the differences in the flocculating effects of Ca and Mg. The CROSS of the dispersed soil solutions, from the differently treated soils of three soil types varying in clay content, mineralogy, and organic matter, was highly correlated with the amount of clay dispersed. The relation between CROSS and exchangeable cation ratio depended on soil type, and particularly organic matter and the content and mineralogy of clay. Threshold electrolyte concentration of the flocculated suspensions was significantly correlated with CROSS of the dispersed suspensions. The cationic flocculating charge of the flocculated suspensions, which incorporates the individual flocculating powers of the cations, was significantly correlated with CROSS. However, these types of relations will depend on several soil factors even within a given soil class. Therefore, we have derived the dispersive potential of an individual soil from which we calculated the required cationic amendments to maintain flocculated soils and their structural integrity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Soils Cations"

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Thomas, Jacob. "A study of factors controlling pH in Arctic tundra soils." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-163364.

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In Arctic tundra soils pH serves as an important parameter related to several biotic parameters such as, plant and microbial community composition, biodiversity, nutrient dynamics and productivity. Both abiotic and biotic factors, for instance, base saturation (BS) and plant nutrient uptake may exert a control on soil pH, while it is still unclear to what extent different factors can explain soil pH across different tundra vegetation types. The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent different abiotic and biotic factors influence soil pH in the humus layer across different tundra vegetation types. To do so, eight different tundra vegetation types of which four were underlaid by permafrost (Arctic Alaska) and four with no permafrost (Arctic Sweden) were studied in detail with regard to different properties affecting soil pH. I found that BS was the main factor controlling soil pH across the different vegetation types regardless if the soil was underlain by permafrost or not. Factors, such as, ionic strength or soil water content could not explain any overall pH variation and did only significantly affect the heath soils. Further, the uptake of the most abundant base cations (Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+) from meadow and heath vegetation revealed a high difference between plant functional groups within the same vegetation types. The higher dominance of slow growing woody species in heath vegetation which had a lower uptake corresponded with a lower BC content (especially (Ca2+), pH and BS in the humus soil relative the meadow meanwhile the content of K+ was more than three times higher in heath. Overall, this study suggests that the degree of neutralization (base saturation) regulates pH either via the influence of bedrock and hydrogeochemistry and/or via plant traits that affects the uptake and turnover of base cations.
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Olofsson, Jonas. "Base cations in forest soils : A pilot project to evaluate different extraction methods." Thesis, Institutionen för mark och miljö, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-308442.

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The acidification has been a known problem in Sweden for several decades. Sulphurous compounds, spread from the British Isles and the European continent led to a decrease in the pH-value of the rain that fell over Sweden. Since the acidification was discovered in the 1960s, active measures against the sulphurous deposition have been undertaken. The sulphurous deposition has decreased by 90 %, and the problem was for some time considered under control, until recently when a new era of the acidification may have started. Due to the increased demand of renewable energy, and Sweden’s potential to use biomass instead of fossil fuels, whole tree harvesting has been more utilized. Studies indicate that the forest soils are depleted in base cations in a faster rate when whole tree harvesting is performed compared to regular stem harvesting. Mass balance calculations and simulations indicate that an increased bio uptake of base cations due to whole tree harvesting leads to an increased biological acidification. However, although many studies agree that the impact of the whole tree harvest on the base cation supply of the soils is significant, long running Swedish experiments indicate that the difference between whole tree harvesting and regular stem harvesting diminishes over time. After a 40 year period, the difference in base cation supply between whole tree harvested soils and stem harvested soils are small. The reason for this could be different processes that reallocate base cations from different pools, which are not usually studied. The aim has been to investigate and evaluate different chemical extraction methods (Aqua Regia, HCl, EDTA, BaCl2, NH4OAc and water) capability to extract the base cations calcium, potassium, magnesium and sodium from four different Swedish forest soils and what this means for our understanding of how much base cations a soil contains. The extractions indicated that there is a statistical significant difference between the methods ability to extract base cations. Generally Aqua Regia was the most potent method, followed by HCl, EDTA, BaCl2, NH4OAc and water in decreasing order of effectiveness to extract the base cations. Linear correlations were found between EDTA, BaCl2 and NH4OAc. The internationally widely used method NH4OAc was considered to be at risk of underestimating the amount of base cations in the soil.
Försurningsproblematiken har länge varit ett känt problem i Sverige. Svavelhaltiga föroreningar som spreds från de brittiska öarna och den europeiska kontinenten ledde till att pH-värdet i regnet som föll över Sverige sjönk. Sedan upptäckten på 60-talet har aktiva åtgärder vidtagits mot utsläppen vilket har lett till en minskning av de försurande föroreningarna med 90 %. På grund av den stora utsläppsreduktionen som skett ansågs försurningsproblematiken vara under kontroll, tills nyligen då en ny etapp av för- surningen kan ha påbörjats. På grund av den ökande efterfrågan av förnyelsebar energi, i kombination med Sveriges stora skogstillgångar, har helträdsskörd av träd blivit alltmer nyttjad. Studier visar att markens baskatjonförråd utarmas i större utsträckning av helträdsskörd, då även grenar, rötter och toppar tas om hand jämfört med vanlig stamskörd då endast stammen tas med från skogen. Massbalanssimuleringar antyder att ett ökat bioupptag av baskatjoner på grund av helträdsskörd leder till en ökad biologisk försurning. Trots att många studier är överens om helträdsskördens inverkan på markens innehåll av baskatjoner visar lång- liggande försök i Sverige att skillnaderna mellan uttag av hela träd och stamved minskar med tiden. Efter en period på 40 år återstår endast små skillnader mellan avverknings- metoderna. Orsakerna till varför mätningarna och massbalansberäkningarna och simuleringarna inte stämmer överens kan vara många, t.ex. att det finns processer som kan omfördela baskatjoner från de som vanligtvis studeras. Syftet har varit att undersöka och utvärdera olika kemiska extraktionsmetoders (Aqua Regia, HCl, EDTA, BaCl2, NH4OAc och vatten) förmåga att extrahera baskatjonerna kalcium, kalium, magnesium och natrium från fyra olika skogsjordar i Sverige och vad resultaten betyder för vår uppfattning av mängden baskatjoner i marken. Extraktionerna visade att en statistiskt signifikant skillnad fanns mellan metodernas förmåga att extrahera de olika baskatjonerna. Generellt var Aqua Regia den metod som extraherade den största mängden baskatjoner, HCl, EDTA, BaCl2, NH4OAc och vatten följde i fallande ordning efter förmåga att extrahera baskatjonerna. Linjära korrelationer mellan EDTA, BaCl2 och NH4OAc upptäcktes. Den internationellt ofta använda metodiken för att extrahera baskatjoner, NH4OAc, ansågs riskera att underskatta mängden baskatjoner i marken.
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Giffen, Cynthia Jean. "Comparison of base cations in streams and soils in two small western Maryland watersheds." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2665.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: Marine-Estuarine-Environmental Sciences. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Mannings, Stephen. "The influence of acid deposition on the mobility of base cations and heavy metals in soils." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360204.

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Bate, Bate. "Engineering behavior of fine-grained soils modified with a controlled organic phase." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/39627.

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Organic materials are ubiquitous in the geologic environment, and can exert significant influence over the interfacial properties of minerals. However, due to the complexity in their structure and interaction with soil solids, their impact has remained relatively unquantified. This study investigated the engineering behaviors of organoclays, which were synthesized in the laboratory using naturally occurring clay minerals and quaternary ammonium compounds of controlled structure and density of loading. Organic cations were chosen to study the effects of functional group structure and size. The laboratory investigation showed that the presence of the organic cations on the mineral surfaces led to increased hydrophobicity of all clays tested. Conduction studies on the electrical, hydraulic, and thermal properties of the organoclay composites suggested that increasing the total organic carbon content resulted in decreased electrical and thermal conductivity, but increased hydraulic conductivity, due to the reduced swelling of the base clay mineral phase. Electrokinetic properties of the organoclays illustrated that compared with the clay's naturally occurring inorganic cations, exchanged quaternary ammonium cations were more likely bound within a particle's shear plane. Consequently, organoclays had less negative zeta potential than that of unmodified bentonite. Increasing the length of one carbon tail was more effective at binding organic cations within the shear plane than increasing the size of the cation, when compared on the basis of total organic carbon content. In terms of large strain strength, the modified organic clays exhibited increased shear strength, in part owing to the reduction in water content caused by the presence of the hydrophobic organic layering. Shear strength increased with single carbon tail length or with cation size, although the latter effect tended to reach a plateau as the length of the four short cation tails increased from 2 to 4. In terms of small strain behavior, the shear modulus was shown to be a function of the total organic carbon content. It is believed that number of particle contacts increased as the organic carbon content increased. Stiffness increased as either the size of the cation or the total organic carbon content was increased. Damping also increased as the organic loading was increased, with the organic phase acting as an energy dissipation mechanism.
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Uprety, Rajendra Prasad. "Perspectives on soil cation exchange capacity : analysis, interpretation and application." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=231062.

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At the heart of long term sustainable soil management is chemical fertility through the retention of exchangeable cations. Many current concepts of cation exchange and its relationship with base cation availability remain unchanged over the past century. Despite considerable advancements in analytical techniques many methods used today would be familiar to our forefathers. Comparative studies were undertaken in this thesis to understand how techniques to measure exchangeable soil ions could be enhanced and matched to defined scenarios. The total amount of cations that can be retained electrostatically on soil surfaces is termed the cation exchange capacity (CEC). An ability to systematically and consistently measure CEC is an essential step in soil characterisation. Compulsive exchange methods (using either 1.0 M NH4OAc or 0.05 M BaCl2) at a fixed pH value for determining CEC were scrutinised but acknowledged to be prone to systematic artefacts. The relationship between soil pH, soil texture and CEC was soil specific. When the batch method was compared with the column leach method, the former was more consistent for all soils. For calcareous soils BaCl2 was more suitable but NH4OAc was more generally applicable. The CEC was consistently significantly greater by the compulsive technique when compared with the effective method. The NH4OAc extraction method was applied to soils contaminated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs). The exchangeable concentration of PTEs correlated with total PTE loading. However, the exchangeable Ca decreased with amendment rate confirming an exchange of sites by PTEs. The compulsive technique extracted PTEs that were significantly 2 negatively correlated with soil basal respiration, phosphatase activity, potential nitrification rate (PNR) and the soil microbial biomass carbon. This confirms that of this method is evaluating the bioavailable/bioreactive fraction. Soil cation exchange capacity and exchangeable base cations increased commensurate with the amendment loading of bentonite and charcoal. The exchange capacity was also soil specific. Following amendments, the exchange capacity was higher after six weeks than after thirty weeks. This means that the amendment performance became impaired with time perhaps as the fine soil particles coated the ameliorant causing a decline in CEC. The difference between the effective and compulsive CEC was described as the calculated CEC. This was very sensitive to soil pH and was confirmed in a detailed study at a site where pH plots were amended over a five decade period. As pH rose, so did the exchangeable fraction of Ca, Mg and K. As the pH declined, Al, Fe and Mn exchangeability increased. Extraction techniques must be sympathetic of the soil pH value. The quantification and characterisation of exchangeable cations remains as fundamental a component of soil science today as it was a century ago.
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Arthur, Jennifer D., Noah W. Mark, Susan Taylor, J. Šimunek, M. L. Brusseau, and Katerina M. Dontsova. "Batch soil adsorption and column transport studies of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) in soils." ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624067.

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The explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is currently a main ingredient in munitions; however the compound has failed to meet the new sensitivity requirements. The replacement compound being tested is 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN). DNAN is less sensitive to shock, high temperatures, and has good detonation characteristics. However, DNAN is more soluble than TNT, which can influence transport and fate behavior and thus bio-availability and human exposure potential. The objective of this study was to investigate the environmental fate and transport of DNAN in soil, with specific focus on sorption processes. Batch and column experiments were conducted using soils collected from military installations located across the United States. The soils were characterized for pH, electrical conductivity, specific surface area, cation exchange capacity, and organic carbon content. In the batch rate studies, change in DNAN concentration with time was evaluated using the first order equation, while adsorption isotherms were fitted using linear and Freundlich equations. Solution mass-loss rate coefficients ranged between 0.0002 h(-1) and 0.0068 h(-1). DNAN was strongly adsorbed by soils with linear adsorption coefficients ranging between 0.6 and 6.3 L g(-1), and Freundlich coefficients between 1.3 and 34 mg(1-n) L-n kg(-1). Both linear and Freundlich adsorption coefficients were positively correlated with the amount of organic carbon and cation exchange capacity of the soil, indicating that similar to TNT, organic matter and clay minerals may influence adsorption of DNAN. The results of the miscible-displacement column experiments confirmed the impact of sorption on retardation of DNAN during transport. It was also shown that under flow conditions DNAN transforms readily with formation of amino transformation products, 2-ANAN and 4-ANAN. The magnitudes of retardation and transformation observed in this study result in significant attenuation potential for DNAN, which would be anticipated to contribute to a reduced risk for contamination of ground water from soil residues.
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Keskin, Sheena Margaret. "Photosynthetic adaptations in grasses to abnormal levels of soil cations." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 1985. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20893/.

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This research investigated adaptation of photosynthesis manifest in populations of grasses adapted to growth on abnormal levels of cations. The main investigative plants belong to the Agrostis genus. Plants were sampled from habitats with soi.ls which provided a range of abnormal levels of cations; mine spoil sites with heavy metal contaminations, calcareous and acidic sites with contrasting levels of cations particularly calcium and serpentine sites with low calcium and high magnesium and nickel levels were sampled. Barley and lettuce were used as comparative material as they are more routinely used in photosynthesis investigations. A commercially available seed stock of a heavy metal tolerant cultivar of Festuca rubra was compared with a non—tolerant cultivar. The comparative responses of plants to metals were examined using a range of monitors of photosynthetic reactions including fluorescence, oxygen evolution and light—induced electron transport. Techniques involving the measurement of steady state emission fluorescence spectra of excised leaves were standardised and applied. The soil conditiens were shovn to have a marked effect on the flucrescence spectra of leaves of barley plants grown in a rccge of soil typcs. The assay of light—induced oxygen evolution from excised leaf segments of the Merlin cultivar of Festuca clearly showed that increased resistance to metal inhibition is also present in the leaves as well as in the roots. The increased tolerance could be due to modifications of the cell wall or cytoplasm as has been extensively studied in the root. However a greater relative metal tolerance was also demonstrated in this cultivar at the level of the chioroplast membranes. Isolated, broken (type D) chloroplasts from ten Agrostis ecotypes showed a variation in their sensitivities to metals in the light—induced photosynthetic electron transport through photosystem 2. The chloroplasts from the mine spoil Agrostis races were more resistant to inhibition by the heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd) in general, although the degree of tolerance did not always relate directly to the root toiernr.ce indices or exchangeable soil metal content. A co—sensitivity between calcium and cadmium was revealed in the roots and in the chloroplasts which is probably related to the similarity in the two cations ionic radii. Plants from high calcium soils showed an increased tolerance to cadmium. The results recorded from work on chlorcplasts isolated from lettuce, barley and Agrostis ecotypes showed that Ca" can have fundamental effects on photosynthesis, both stimulatory and inhibitory. Ca 2+ was shown to stimulate the light—induced photosynthetic electron transport rates through PS2 and to protect isolated chloroplasts from loss of acti'Qity with ageing. Hcwever the degree and nature of the Ca2+ effect was dependent on plant species, ecotype, growing conditions and experimental protocol of CaZ+ addition. 'A marked inhibition with incubation in Ca' 4 after IL extraction was measured in four Agrostis races which originated from soils with low exchangeable calcium levels. However not all low soil_CaZ+ Azrostis ecot ypes were inhibited and this was interpreted to indicate a division between distributional calciftges and physiological calciophcbes. SE! PAGE profiles of chloroplasts from within Agrostis and Festuca were compared for differences in the band regions reported in the literature to be associated with metal tolerance and Ca2+ binding in other species. Variations in the levels of proteins in the 30 and 36 kDa ranges have been obsened in the Pb— and Znresistant Festuca. In the Agrostis, Ca 2 /Cd'' sensitivity in three races is co—incidental with reduction in a band La the region of 30-33 kDa. A loss or gain of a specific band could not be associated with heavy metal tolerance in the Agrostis chloroplasts. It is therefore clear from this work that photosynthetic activity of isolated chloroplasts depends on (a) the heavy metalard Ca2+ content of the soils at the collection site (b) the Ca2+ level of the growth medium (c) the level of Ca 2 in the extraction buffer. The variable ebloroplast activity is probably a reflection of genetic adaptations of the plants to variable growth conditions. This is reflected in variations in proteins in the chloroplasts.
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Abbas, Farhat. "The effect of surface-solute interactions on the transport of solutes through porous media." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324867.

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Pateras, Dimitrios Thomas. "Diffusion, cation exchange and hydrolysis during the reclamation of saline, clay soils." Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278092.

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Books on the topic "Soils Cations"

1

Harris, A. Ray. Ion movement in acidified, low base saturated sand soils. St. Paul, Minn: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, 1992.

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Zhang, Zhenhua. Impact of seasalt deposition on cation exchange processes and profon transfer in a forested peatland. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.

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Keskin, Sheena Margaret. Photosynthetic adaptions in grasses to abnormal levels of soil cations. Preston: Lancashire Polytechnic, 1985.

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Sverdrup, Harald U. The kinetics of base cation release due to chemical weathering. Lund, Sweden: Lund University Press, 1990.

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Westall, John C. The use of cationic surfactants to modify aquifer materials to reduce the mobility of hydrophobic organic compounds / John C. Westall ... [et al.]. Ada, OK: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, 1994.

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Westall, John C. The use of cationic surfactants to modify aquifer materials to reduce the mobility of hydrophobic organic compounds / John C. Westall ... [et al.]. Ada, OK: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, 1994.

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M, Stone Douglas, and North Central Forest Experiment Station (Saint Paul, Minn.), eds. Ion movement in acidified, low base saturated sand soils. St. Paul, Minn. (1992 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul 55108): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, 1992.

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Hazelton, Pam, and Brian Murphy. Interpreting Soil Test Results. CSIRO Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486303977.

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Interpreting Soil Test Results is a practical reference enabling soil scientists, environmental scientists, environmental engineers, land holders and others involved in land management to better understand a range of soil test methods and interpret the results of these tests. It also contains a comprehensive description of the soil properties relevant to many environmental and natural land resource issues and investigations. This new edition has an additional chapter on soil organic carbon store estimation and an extension of the chapter on soil contamination. It also includes sampling guidelines for landscape design and a section on trace elements. The book updates and expands sections covering acid sulfate soil, procedures for sampling soils, levels of nutrients present in farm products, soil sodicity, salinity and rainfall erosivity. It includes updated interpretations for phosphorus in soils, soil pH and the cation exchange capacity of soils. Interpreting Soil Test Results is ideal reading for students of soil science and environmental science and environmental engineering; professional soil scientists, environmental scientists, engineers and consultants; and local government agencies and as a reference by solicitors and barristers for land and environment cases.
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Xu, Shihe. Electrophoretic mobility and monovalent cation selectivity of three reference clay minerals. 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Soils Cations"

1

Barrow, N. J. "The reaction of anions and cations with soil." In Reactions with Variable-Charge Soils, 54–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3667-6_7.

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Barrow, N. J. "Modelling the reaction of anions and cations with soil." In Reactions with Variable-Charge Soils, 81–100. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3667-6_8.

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Spratt, Henry G. "Organic Sulfur and the Retention of Nutrient Cations in Forest Surface Soils." In Biogeochemical Investigations at Watershed, Landscape, and Regional Scales, 305–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0906-4_28.

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Nissinen, Ari, and Hannu Ilvesniemi. "Effects of Acid Deposition on Exchangeable Cations, Acidity and Aluminium Solubility in Forest Soils and Soil Solution." In Acidification in Finland, 287–304. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75450-0_15.

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Evangelou, V. P., and R. E. Phillips. "Cation Exchange in Soils." In SSSA Book Series, 343–410. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser8.c7.

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Viets, Frank G. "Soil Testing for Micronutrient Cations." In SSSA Special Publications, 55–69. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub2.c5.

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Ross, Donald S., Richmond J. Bartlett, and Frederick R. Magdoff. "Exchangeable cations and the pH-independent distribution of cation exchange capacities in Spodosols of a forested watershed." In Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH, 81–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3438-5_9.

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Selim, H. M., R. S. Mansell, L. A. Gaston, H. Flühler, and R. Schulin. "Prediction of Cation Transport in Soils Using Cation Exchange Reactions." In Field-Scale Water and Solute Flux in Soils, 223–38. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9264-3_21.

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Richter, D. D., D. W. Johnson, and K. H. Dai. "Cation Exchange and A1 Mobilization in Soils." In Ecological Studies, 341–77. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2806-6_9.

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Bjerg, Poul L., and Thomas H. Christensen. "Cation Migration in Groundwater: A Field Experiment." In Soil & Environment, 483–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2018-0_70.

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Conference papers on the topic "Soils Cations"

1

Pechkin, A. S., E. V. Agbalian, E. V. Shinkaruk, N. A. Khnycheva, V. V. Melnikova, K. V. Iulbarisova, and A. S. Krasnenko. "BACKGROUND PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOIL COVER OF THE NORTHERN PART OF THE STATE RESERVE «VERKHNE-TAZOVSKY»." In Prirodopol'zovanie i ohrana prirody: Ohrana pamjatnikov prirody, biologicheskogo i landshaftnogo raznoobrazija Tomskogo Priob'ja i drugih regionov Rossii. Izdatel'stvo Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-954-9-2020-50.

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Analytical studies of background soils on the territory of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug were Carried out using generally accepted methods in soil science. Low availability of tested soils with organic matter and basic exchange cations is shown. Indicators of heavy metal concentrations, silt and humus content, and sorbents (iron and manganese hydroxides) were obtained.
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Beavers, J. A., and R. G. Worthingham. "The Influence of Soil Chemistry on SCC of Underground Pipelines." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27146.

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High-pH stress corrosion cracking (SCC) failures of underground pipelines have occurred in a wide variety of soils, covering a range in color, texture, and pH. No single characteristic has been found to be common to all of the soil samples. Similarly, the compositions of the water extracts from the soils have not shown any more consistency than the physical descriptions of the soils. On several occasions, small quantities of electrolytes have been obtained from beneath disbonded coatings near locations where high-pH stress corrosion cracks were detected. The principle components of the electrolytes were carbonate and bicarbonate ions and it is now recognized that a concentrated carbonate-bicarbonate environment is responsible for this form of cracking. Much of this early research focused on the anions present in the soils and electrolytes. This paper summarizes the results of analyses of soil and electrolyte data in which the relationship between the cations and the occurrence of high-pH and near-neutral pH SCC were evaluated.
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Danila, Vaidotas, and Saulius Vasarevičius. "Theoretical Evaluation of Heavy Metals Migration and Sorption in Soil." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.015.

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Heavy metals are one of the group of toxic pollutants in the soil. Over the past years, many researches have been conducted on the migration of heavy metals in soils and various models were developed in order to study the mobility of toxic heavy metals. The convection-dispersion equation is the most commonly used equation for describing the migration of toxic pollutants in the soil. Various properties of the soil influence the mobility of heavy metals: soil pH, texture, sorption character-istics. Heavy metals not only migrate in the soil, but also interact with mineral and organic soil particles. The mobility of heavy metals in soils is determined by their partitioning between solid and aqueous phases of the soil. The partitioning of heavy metals between these two phases are described by sorption/desorption, precipitation/dissolution, and redox processes. Natural min-eral and organic sorbents present in soils have a strong influence on heavy metals sorption. As these sorbents are usually negatively charged, they attract heavy metals cations through electrostatic force.
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Baraza Piazuelo, Teresa, and Elizabeth A. Hasenmueller. "ROAD SALT RETENTION AND TRANSPORT IN SOILS AND SUBSEQUENT RELEASE OF BASE CATIONS AND TOXIC TRACE ELEMENTS TO POREWATERS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-338621.

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Christl, Iso, and Joel A. Pedersen. "Binding of Cationic Pharmaceuticals to Soil Humic Acids and the Influence of Inorganic Cations." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.441.

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Bingham, Nina, Noa Lincoln, Kate Maher, and Oliver Chadwick. "Shifts in Base Cation Sources Across an Incipient, Volcanic Soil Chrono-Climosequence." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.194.

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Plekhanova, Liudmila. "SOILS OF SMALL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE STEPPE ZONE AS A RESULT OF BRONZE AGE ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/43.

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"The contemporary direction of natural pedogenesis/soil science is ancient anthropogenic impact and climate fluctuations changes. A large number of settlements in the river valleys are unique objects with a long history of development and modern soil cover formation. We studied the soil between the dwellings for a small settlement Zarya of the Bronze Age. The settlement was part of the economic zone of cattle breeding (horses and cows and sheep) of the large early Bronze Age fortified city Sarym-Sakla, one of the country's Proto-Iranian Cities of the Trans-Ural Plateau. The activity of ancient societies changed the terrestrial ecosystem functioning at macro and microscales. Increased heterogeneity of microrelief forms led to the diversity of soil cover. We found the unusual soil types on microelevations and microdepressions. The enrichment of the cultural layer with phosphorus compounds was revealed, and the hypothesis of the formation of a ""reverse"" ratio of chernozems-solonetzes of the soil cover of the low above-floodplain terrace as a consequence of several stages of ancient anthropogenic pressure and climatic aridization was confirmed in this area. We focused on the determination of organic carbon content, magnetic susceptibility, salt composition, cation exchange capacity, and the distribution of mobile phosphates along the soil profile as possible indicators of ancient anthropogenic influence. The degree of soil properties changes during the anthropogenic impact is commensurate with their transformation in the natural evolution of centuries and even several millennia. Past anthropogenic changes leave a mark in the history of the development of the soil cover predetermining the modern danger of the degradation phenomena. Moreover, we draw parallels in the history of ecosystems formation and outlined tasks for further research."
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Jiang, Ziwei, Chunlin Li, Huifen Liu, and Huiying Du. "Effect of Irrigation with Dairy Factory Effluent on the Content of Soluable Cation in Soil of Winter Wheat." In 2018 7th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (ICEESD 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceesd-18.2018.47.

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Avramenko, Valentin, Svetlana Bratskaya, Veniamin Zheleznov, Irina Sheveleva, Dmitry Marinin, and Valentin Sergienko. "Latex Particles Functionalized With Transition Metals Ferrocyanides for Cesium Uptake and Decontamination of Solid Bulk Materials." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40302.

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Decontamination of spent ion-exchange resins, corrosion-unstable metal structures, soil, ground, and construction materials contaminated by fission, corrosion and transuranic radionuclides remains one of the most urgent and complicated ecological problems. Among the existing methods having different efficiencies in regard to such materials decontamination, application of selective sorbents put into a humid medium to be decontaminated (ground, bulk materials) appears to be rather extensive. However, the efficiency of such an approach is significantly limited by difficulties concerned with uniform sorbent distribution in porous media and completeness of spent sorbents removal for final disposal. In this paper we suggest a principally new approach to preparation of colloid-stable selective sorbents for cesium uptake using immobilization of transition metals (cobalt, nickel, and copper) ferrocyanides in nanosized carboxylic latex emulsions. The effects of ferrocyanide composition, pH, and media salinity on the sorption properties of the colloid-stable sorbents toward cesium ions were studied in solutions containing up to 200 g/1 sodium nitrate or potassium chloride. The sorption capacities of the colloid sorbents based on mixed potassium/transition metals ferrocyanides were in the range 1.45–1.86 mol Cs/mol ferrocyanide with the highest value found for the copper ferrocyanide. It was shown that the obtained colloid-stable sorbents were capable to penetrate through bulk materials without filtration that makes them applicable for decontamination of solids, e.g. soils, zeolites, spent ion-exchange resins contaminated with cesium radionuclides. After decontamination of liquid or solid radioactive wastes the colloid-stable sorbents can be easily separated from solutions by precipitation with cationic flocculants providing localization of radionuclides in a small volume of the precipitates formed. Besides, functionalized latex particles can be used for preparation of carbon fiber/ferrocyanide composite materials for cesium uptake using electrodeposition method. Application of the carbon fibers as an inert support for ferrocyanides, in general, significantly improves the sorption kinetics, but washing out of ferrocyanide fines from the fiber surface limits the potential of such materials. When ferrocyanides are deposited in a form of nanocrystals stabilized by latexes which undergo electropolymerization on the fiber surface, the thin polymeric film formed substantially improves the stability of the composite and prevents loss of ferrocyanide during sorbent application. The effect of electrodeposition conditions on composite morphology, ferrocyanide loading and cesium distribution coefficient in media with different salinity has been discussed.
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Yuniarti, Anni, Mahfud Arifin, Emma Trinurasi Sofyan, Betty Natalie, Rija Sudirja, and Dewi Dahliani. "The effect of Sinabung volcanic ash and rock phosphate nanoparticle on CEC (cation exchange capacity) base saturation exchange (K, Na, Ca, Mg) and base saturation at Andisol soils Ciater, West Java." In THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION ON POWDER TECHNOLOGY INDONESIA (ICePTi) 2017. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5021196.

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Reports on the topic "Soils Cations"

1

Ryan, Joseph. Colloid-Facilitated Transport of Cations in an Unsaturated Fractured Soil Under Transient Conditions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1168955.

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