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1
Niyomukiza, J. B., A. Bitekateko, J. Nsemerirwe, B. Kawiso, and M. Kiwanuka. "Investigating the effect of PET plastic bottle strips on the strength and compressibility properties of clayey soil." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 894, no. 1 (2021): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/894/1/012021.
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Abstract The production of plastic bottles by the manufacturing industry has increased drastically over the last six decades across the globe. This rapid production has led to the generation of many waste plastic bottles, thus causing environmental pollution. About 180 tonnes of plastics are generated daily in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda, and around 50% is dumped into the Kiteezi landfill. Instead of putting pressure on the landfill, these plastic bottle wastes could be reused in stabilizing soils with poor engineering properties. The current study investigates the engineering properties of clayey soil reinforced with Polyethylene-terephthalate waste plastic bottle strips. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the geotechnical and engineering properties of the soil reinforced with waste plastic bottle strips at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% of the dry unit weight of the soil and non-stabilized soil were determined by conducting laboratory tests, such as particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, compaction test and California Bearing Ratio. The results revealed that the California Bearing Ratio of the soil reinforced with Polyethylene-terephthalate waste plastic bottle strips increased with the increase in the percentage of Polyethylene-terephthalate waste plastic bottle strips up to 0.3%. Beyond 0.3%, a drop in California Bearing Ratio was observed. It indicates that 0.3% Polyethylene-terephthalate waste plastic bottle strips is the optimum percentage for stabilizing low plasticity clayey soils.
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ELTAYEB, Ahmed, and Mousa ATTOM. "The Use of Shredded Plastic Water Bottles in Soil Stabilization." Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics 13 (December 31, 2021): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/epstem.1038419.
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Please Soil stabilization is a mechanical or chemical procedure to improve the physical properties of weak soil. In this research, a mechanical process of using shredded plastic water bottles has been investigated in soil stabilization. To achieve the objective of this research, two types of clayey soils have been selected based on their plastic indices. The initial mechanical properties of the two soils have been determined using ASTM standard procedures. A plastic water battles were shredded into small pieces with dimension 1.0 cm in length and 2.0 – 3.0 mm in width. The shredded plastic was added to the clayey soil at 6 different percentages by dry weight of the soils 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, and 3.0% with 0.5 increment. Standard compaction and unconfined compression test were conducted on soil plastic mixtures at the 6 different percentages. It was found that the addition of shredded plastic to the clayey soils reduced both the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content for the two types of soils. However, a significant increase in unconfined compression test was noticed due to the addition of shredded plastic waste. The highest increase was noticed at 1.5% by dry weight of the soil. Additionally, the failure strain was decreased due to the addition of the plastic waste.
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Moro, Kofi, and Dorothy A. Dechie. "The Use of Froth Flotation for Selective Separation of Plastic Wastes from Soil." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 4 (2021): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.4.2465.
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 The Use of Froth Flotation for Selective Separation of Plastic Wastes from Soil
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kofi Moro and Dorothy A. Dechie
 
 
 
 
 
 Abstract — In recycling of plastics, unless the goal is to form composites or materials having special properties, it is not advisable to mix plastics of different kinds because of the differences in their molecular weights and chain lengths. Hence, there is the need to separate these plastics when they are mixed before recycle can be done. This project investigated the selective separation of Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS) and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics out of soils using froth flotation. Pulverized samples were prepared from post-consumer plastic sources (PP, PS and PET) and soil and mixed uniformly to form a composite sample. The composite sample was subjected to froth flotation. Two tests were performed. A first test, where there was no addition of a depressant (tannic acid), and a second test, where there was addition of tannic acid to depress some of the plastics in order to selectively separate them. Recoveries from each test work indicated that, plastics are naturally hydrophobic and can be floated out of soils without modifying their surface properties. However, selective separations of the plastics were achieved when tannic acid was used to modify the surface properties of the plastic types.
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Moro, Kofi, and Dorothy A. Dechie. "The Use of Froth Flotation for Selective Separation of Plastic Wastes from Soil." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 4 (2021): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2021.6.4.2465.
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 The Use of Froth Flotation for Selective Separation of Plastic Wastes from Soil
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kofi Moro and Dorothy A. Dechie
 
 
 
 
 
 Abstract — In recycling of plastics, unless the goal is to form composites or materials having special properties, it is not advisable to mix plastics of different kinds because of the differences in their molecular weights and chain lengths. Hence, there is the need to separate these plastics when they are mixed before recycle can be done. This project investigated the selective separation of Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS) and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics out of soils using froth flotation. Pulverized samples were prepared from post-consumer plastic sources (PP, PS and PET) and soil and mixed uniformly to form a composite sample. The composite sample was subjected to froth flotation. Two tests were performed. A first test, where there was no addition of a depressant (tannic acid), and a second test, where there was addition of tannic acid to depress some of the plastics in order to selectively separate them. Recoveries from each test work indicated that, plastics are naturally hydrophobic and can be floated out of soils without modifying their surface properties. However, selective separations of the plastics were achieved when tannic acid was used to modify the surface properties of the plastic types.
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Keller, Thomas, and Anthony R. Dexter. "Plastic limits of agricultural soils as functions of soil texture and organic matter content." Soil Research 50, no. 1 (2012): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11174.
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The plastic limits (lower plastic limit, PL; and liquid limit, LL) are important soil properties that can yield information on soil mechanical behaviour. The objective of this paper is to study the plastic limits of agricultural soils as functions of soil texture and organic matter (OM) content. The plastic limits were highly related to the clay content. The LL was more strongly correlated with clay than was PL, but the reasons are unclear. Interestingly, PL was virtually unaffected by clay content for soils with clay contents below ~35%. The OM had a strong effect on the plastic limits. This effect was clearly demonstrated when analysing soils of similar texture with a range of OM. We present equations (pedotransfer functions) for estimation of PL, LL, and plasticity index (PI) from soil texture and OM. Finally, we predict that the clay content must be ≥10% for soils without OM to be plastic; however, soils with <10% clay can be plastic if OM is present. More research is needed to investigate OM effects on soil consistency.
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Charnock, Colin. "Norwegian Soils and Waters Contain Mesophilic, Plastic-Degrading Bacteria." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (2021): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010094.
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Plastic pollution has become one of the most critical environmental issues, as rapidly increasing production, compounded by persistence of plastic wastes in the environment, are outpacing efforts to keep ecosystems plastic-free. A switch to plastics more amenable to microbial attack is one of several possible responses. Against this background, the current study describes the isolation, enumeration and polyphasic characterization of plastic-degrading bacteria present in Norwegian terrestrial and aquatic habits. It shows that these bacteria are present in relatively high numbers, and that plastic-degrading capabilities are found in several taxa, most especially Streptomyces. Some isolates wereable to degrade several plastics. Notably, a Rhodococcus sp. and a Streptomyces sp. degraded, respectively, four and six of the eight plastics investigated and a number of other polymers relevant for plastic blends. The paper also has a methodological aspect, presenting various approaches for assaying plastic-degrading properties and a PCR/sequencing-based approach for the identification of potential polyethylene terephthalate-degrading genes. A candidate gene was detected in several Streptomyces isolates. The study shows that Norwegian environments are a rich source of bacteria with the ability to degrade bioplastics possibly representing a natural remediation capacity, as well as a potential source of useful enzymes.
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Amena, Shelema, and Worku Firomsa Kabeta. "Mechanical Behavior of Plastic Strips-Reinforced Expansive Soils Stabilized with Waste Marble Dust." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (May 31, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9807449.
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Expansive soil needs to undergo treatment to be used as safe foundation soil for roads and buildings. From an environmental conservation and economical point of view, the usage of agricultural and industrial wastes is the best option. In this study, the effects of utilizing plastic waste and marble waste dust on the engineering properties of expansive soils were examined. Various laboratory tests were carried out on sampled expansive soil by adding 10, 15, and 20% of marble and 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75% of 5 × 8 mm2 plastic strips. The laboratory test results showed that there are good enhancements on strength parameters due to the addition of marble dust and plastic strips. With an increase in percentages of marble dust and plastic strips, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values rise. With the addition of marble dust, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values increase linearly, while they increase only up to 0.5% with the addition of plastic strips. As the proportions of marble dust and plastic strips increase, the soil’s free swell and CBR swell are decreased significantly. This shows that environmental pollution waste marble dust and plastic strips can be utilized to strengthen the weak subgrade soil and minimize its swelling properties. Therefore, this study found out that the expansive soil treated with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic and marble dust can be used as a subgrade material since it fulfills the minimum requirement needed by standards.
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Abdalla, Tavga Aram, and Nihad Bahaaldeen Salih. "Hydrated Lime Effects on Geotechnical Properties of Clayey Soil." Journal of Engineering 26, no. 11 (2020): 150–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.11.10.
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Cohesive soils present difficulties in construction projects because it usually contains expansive clay minerals. However, the engineering properties of cohesive soils can be stabilized by using various techniques. The research aims to elaborate on the influences of using hydrated lime on the consistency, compaction, and shear strength properties of clayey soil samples from Sulaimnai city, northern Iraq. The proportions of added hydrated lime are 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% to the natural soil sample. The results yielded considerable effects of hydrated lime on the engineering properties of the treated soil sample and enhancement its strength. The soil's liquid limit, plasticity index, and optimum moisture content were decreased with the increase of hydrated lime percent. The soil's other geotechnical properties such as plastic limit, maximum dry density, and unconfined compressive strength were increased with the hydrated lime content increase. The oedometer test results produced a notable decrease in the compressibility characteristics of the lime-treated soil sample. Hence, hydrated lime is successfully contributed and can be considered as an effective material to improve the strength, compressibility, and consistency properties of the cohesive soils in Sulaimani city.
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Santini, Giorgia, Giulia Maisto, Valeria Memoli, Gabriella Di Natale, Marco Trifuoggi, and Lucia Santorufo. "Does the Element Availability Change in Soils Exposed to Bioplastics and Plastics for Six Months?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (2022): 9610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159610.
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Plastic sheets are widely used in farming soil to improve the productivity of cultures. Due to their absorption capacity, plastic sheets can alter element and metal content in soils, and in turn affect soil properties. The use of biodegradable films is an attractive eco-sustainable alternative approach to overcome the environmental pollution problems due to the use of plastic films but their impacts on soil are scarcely studied. The aim of the research was to evaluate the impact of conventional plastic and bioplastic sheets on total and available concentrations of elements (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in soils. The research was performed in mesocosm trials, filled with soil covered by conventional plastic and bioplastic sheets. After six months of exposure, soils were characterized for pH, water content, concentrations of organic and total carbon and total nitrogen, and total and available Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and Zn element concentrations. The results highlighted that soils covered by bioplastic sheets showed higher total and available concentrations of elements and higher contamination factors, suggesting that bioplastic sheets represented a source of metals or a less-effective sink to these background metals in soils, compared to conventional plastic ones.
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Nair, Hrudya S., and Kannan K. "Improvement in Plasticity and Strength Characteristics of Kuttanad Soil using Enzyme Induced Calcite Precipitation." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (2023): 1505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51790.
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Abstract: This work presents an inquiry into Enzyme Induced Calcite Precipitation (EICP) as a way for enhancing the engineering properties of highly plastic soil, in keeping with previous studies on eco-friendly ground improvement methods. The highly plastic soil samples were collected from Kuttanad, Alapuzha. In order to precipitate calcium carbonate (CaCO3) through urea hydrolysis, an equimolar mixture of cementation solution, consisting of urea and calcium chloride along with varying amounts of urease enzyme as catalyst, was added to the collected soil samples. The plasticity, strength, and microstructure of soils will be examined using a variety of tests, including the Atterberg limits test, Unconfined Compressive strength (UCC) testing, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. After EICP treatment and 7-day curing, the highly plastic soils showed a significant improvement in their plasticity and strength properties, as evidenced by a decrease in liquid limit and plasticity index, an increase in plastic limit, and a notable improvement in undrained shear strength. The results of the study proves that EICP can be used as an excellent treatment method th improve the plasticity and strength characteristics of highly plastic soils
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Awn, Safa Hussain Abid, and Hassan Obaid Abbas. "Performance of Plastic Powder on Calcareous Soil Stabilization." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 17, no. 2 (2022): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.170205.
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Calcareous soils are widely distributed in many regions of the world, including the Arabian Peninsula, especially the central and northern regions, as well as in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria and Iran. The properties of those soils are of a collapsing nature, especially when moistened, because they contain calcareous salts, which are hydrated calcium carbonate. This study sheds light on the possibility of improving the properties of these soils by adding plastic powder from used or stock tires by different mixing ratios (2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) and tested them in the laboratory using a laboratory model manufactured specifically for the requirements of this study. 50 loading tests were carried out on 5 natural calcareous soils with different Calcium Carbonate content and square base with 15 cm width. The study showed a significant improvement in the maximum bearing capacity of the soil by adding (4%) of this additive, as the ultimate bearing capacity increased more than 4 times compared to the untreated one. Recycling spent rubber contributes to preserving the environment by getting rid of these unwanted materials, and at the same time improving the properties of those soils after mixing them with certain weight ratios and thus contributing to protecting the environment.
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Guliyev, Vusal, Benjawan Tanunchai, Matthias Noll, François Buscot, Witoon Purahong, and Evgenia Blagodatskaya. "Links among Microbial Communities, Soil Properties and Functions: Are Fungi the Sole Players in Decomposition of Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastic?" Polymers 14, no. 14 (2022): 2801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142801.
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The incomplete degradation of bio-based and biodegradable plastics (BBPs) in soils causes multiple threats to soil quality, human health, and food security. Plastic residuals can interact with soil microbial communities. We aimed to link the structure and enzyme-mediated functional traits of a microbial community composition that were present during poly (butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate (PBSA) decomposition in soil with (PSN) and without (PS) the addition of nitrogen fertilizer ((NH4)2SO4). We identified bacterial (Achromobacter, Luteimonas, Rhodanobacter, and Lysobacter) and fungal (Fusarium, Chaetomium, Clonostachys, Fusicolla, and Acremonium) taxa that were linked to the activities of ß-glucosidase, chitinase, phosphatase, and lipase in plastic-amended soils. Fungal biomass increased by 1.7 and 4 times in PS and PSN treatment, respectively, as compared to non-plastic amended soil. PBSA significantly changed the relationships between soil properties (C: N ratio, TN, and pH) and microbial community structure; however, the relationships between fungal biomass and soil enzyme activities remained constant. PBSA significantly altered the relationship between fungal biomass and acid phosphatase. We demonstrated that although the soil functions related to nutrient cycling were not negatively affected in PSN treatment, potential negative effects are reasoned by the enrichment of plant pathogens. We concluded that in comparison to fungi, the bacteria demonstrated a broader functional spectrum in the BBP degradation process.
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Rincón-Morantes, Jhon Fredy, Javier Camacho Tauta, and Oscar Javier Reyes-Ortiz. "Rheological behaviour of clays in plastic state." Engineering review 41, no. 3 (2021): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30765/er.1503.
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Clayey soils exhibit viscoelastic behaviour in the plastic state, implying simultaneous retentive and dissipative mechanical properties as well as strain rate dependent properties. Such response is partially captured by the socalled Atterberg plastic limits. A more comprehensive evaluation of the mechanical response of this type of soils in the plastic state can be obtained by testing in a dynamic shear rheometer. Clayey soils consisting of different proportions of kaolin and bentonite and different water contents were subjected to dynamic shear tests to measure their rheological properties. All tests were performed with a constant strain amplitude of 10%, a fixed range frequency sweep (0.1 Hz to 100 Hz) and a constant temperature of 20°C. The results show that the complex shear modulus has an inverse relationship with the soil water content and a direct relationship with the plasticity index. Moreover, the phase angle increases slightly and then decreases suddenly as the frequency increases. The complex shear moduli obtained by dynamic tests were compared with the oedometric moduli estimated by correlations and showed satisfactory trends between them. The study contributed to the understanding of the complex behaviour of soils in the plastic state. Although the mechanical response of these materials is affected by some factors, the plasticity limits were consistent with the complex moduli under analogous conditions of strain and frequency.
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Amena, Shelema, and Dekebi Chakeri. "A Study on the Effects of Plastic Waste Strips and Lime on Strength Characteristics of Expansive Soil." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (February 21, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6952525.
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Expansive soils are known for their volume changes due to fluctuation in the moisture content of the natural ground. This volume change causes huge destruction to many infrastructures. To avoid such damages, expansive soils should be well treated so that they become safe against bearing capacity failure and excessive settlement. In addition, everywhere plastic environmental pollution is a critical issue, which needs a proper way of utilization. This study primarily aimed at utilizing waste plastic materials with lime as subgrade pavement materials, which is cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Plastic water bottles are used as reinforcement with lime to improve the plasticity and strength properties of the expansive soils. Various laboratory tests are conducted using plastic waste strips with 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% proportions as soil reinforcement and constant 5% of lime. Finally, significant improvements in CBR, unconfined compressive strength, and free swell are observed at 5% lime and 0.75% plastic waste strips. This study found that stabilizing expansive soil using plastic waste strips and lime has a great influence on the plasticity and strength parameters of the soil. This technique helps to reduce plastic pollution and minimize the cost of stabilizers used to stabilize the subgrade soil.
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Hama Ali, Hunar F., Ahmed J. Hama Rash, Madeh I. Hama kareem, and Daban A. Muhedin. "A Correlation between Compaction Characteristics and Soil Index Properties for Fine-grained Soils." Polytechnic Journal 9, no. 2 (2019): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25156/ptj.v9n2y2019.pp93-99.
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This paper addresses the correlation between the liquid and/or plastic limits with the compaction characteristics, maximum dry density, and optimum moisture content (OMC), for fine-grained soils. In the previous studies, several attempts have been made to identify these two important parameters from other simple soil properties such as index soil properties. Some concluded that liquid limit shows a good correlation with compaction characteristics, while others observed that plastic limit does. In this work, many soil samples have been taken from various locations around Koya city and the required tests have been carried out. The results have been illustrated to identify whether soil index properties can correlate with the compaction characteristics. It is concluded that neither plastic limit nor liquid limit can provide an adequate correlation with maximum dry density and OMC. Contrary to the literature, liquid limit provides better correlations.
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Bansal, O. P., and Anjul Singh. "A REVIEW ON MICROPLASTIC IN THE SOILS AND THEIR IMPACT ON SOIL MICROBES, CROPS AND HUMANS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 10, no. 9 (2022): 245–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v10.i9.2022.4812.
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For modern human life, since the beginning of the 21st century, plastic become indispensable. The golden period for the plastic industry was the second half of the 20th century when plastic-based products bucket to the car were manufactured. Due to mismanagement, and indiscriminate use microplastics are emerging as persistent terrestrial pollutants. In the last decade, environmental scientists and other stakeholders have paid serious attention to soil pollution by microplastics. In soils, the microplastic particles act as a vector for the toxic persistent organic pollutants and potentially toxic metals which are easily sorbed by plants and enter the food chain.Microplastic pollutants not only influence the soil’s physicochemical properties but also impact the feeding habits of soil biota. Microplastic in soils is due to sewage sludge, bio waste compost amendments, plastic mulching, wastewater irrigation, leachate from landfills and atmospheric deposition. The quantity of microplastic particles in the soils varied from nil to13000 items per kg of soil. The quantity of microplastic in the soil is 5-23 times that in the ocean. The microplastic in soil retards seed germination and plant growth. Enzymatic activities of the soil are also influenced by microplastic. Plastic Pellets, Personal Care Products and Cosmetics, Synthetic Textiles, the Abrasion of Tyres, City Dust, and the Abrasion of Road Markings etc. are the environmental sources of microplastic. Intake by humans via food causes respiratory toxicity, cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity and reproductive toxicity among other effects. The present work reports the sources and distribution of microplastic in the soil environment and their impact on soil biota, plants, and human health.
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Entonyos, Tilahun K., Defaru K. Dasho, and Vasudeva R. Pampana. "Contemplated Investigation and Statistical Prediction of the Swelling Potential of Expansive Soils Using Index Properties of Holte Town, Southern Ethiopia." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (January 31, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7056384.
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Expansive soils are problematic by exhibitingl shrink-swell behaviors and high plasticity under different moisture conditions, which is communal in salient areas of Ethiopia. This article aims to conduct a contemplated investigation and statistical analysis-based prediction for swelling potentials of soils using the index properties. This is used to define the properties of soils by investigation and to minimize the rigorous futuristic investigation by providing the prediction model of soils of the Holte town. Hence, thirty soil samples were collected from fifteen test pits with a depth of 1.5 m to 3.0 m from various locations. Investigations were conducted in the field and laboratory. Results revealed that the in situ moisture content, dry density, and bulk unit weight ranges were found, 31.21–40.93%, 1.20–1.30 g/cm3, and 1.60–1.73 g/cm3, respectively. The soil grain results presented that the study area is dominantly fine-grained soil properties (i.e., silt and clay). Liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, and liquidity index ranged from 58 to 77%, 26–33%, 28–45%, and 0.00–0.35%, respectively, which assured that the soils in this town have 87% high plastic clay (CH). In addition, the swelling potential, swelling pressure, free swell, and activity investigations revealed that the soils in this town are highly plastic with a high degree of expansiveness. This was found that the swelling potential is the main measuring property of expansive soils, which was predicted by the statistical tool SPSS using numerous index properties. After conducting numerous statistical models, the best swelling potential was found Sp = 6.876γd + 0.178PI − 10.664, which is maintained by 90% of the points found within the regression line having a mean confidence level of 99.99%. In conclusion, the obtained model was validated and was found as an optimal measuring tool of expansiveness through the swelling potential of soils specifically in Holte town.
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Weber, Collin J., Jens Hahn, and Christian Opp. "Spatial Connections between Microplastics and Heavy Metal Pollution within Floodplain Soils." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (2022): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020595.
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Soils contain an increasing number of different pollutants, which are often released into the environment by human activity. Among the “new” potential pollutants are plastics and microplastics. “Recognized” pollutants such as heavy metals, of geogenic and anthropogenic origin, now meet purely anthropogenic contaminants such as plastic particles. Those can meet especially in floodplain landscapes and floodplain soils, because of their function as a temporary sink for sediments, nutrients, and pollutants. Based on a geospatial sampling approach, we analyzed the soil properties and heavy metal contents (ICP-MS) in soil material and macroplastic particles, and calculated total plastic concentrations (Ptot) from preliminary studies. Those data were used to investigate spatial connections between both groups of pollutants. Our results from the example of the Lahn river catchment show a low-to-moderate contamination of the floodplain soils with heavy metals and a wide distribution of plastic contents up to a depth of two meters. Furthermore, we were able to document heavy metal contents in macroplastic particles. Spatial and statistical correlations between both pollutants were found. Those correlations are mainly expressed by a comparable variability in concentrations across the catchment and in a common accumulation in topsoil and upper soil or sediment layers (0–50 cm). The results indicate comparable deposition conditions of both pollutants in the floodplain system.
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Zhi, Bin, Liang Yang, and En Long Liu. "Study on the Mechanical Properties of Lime-Cement-Treated Loess Soils." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 1408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.1408.
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The cement-lime treated loess soils and cement-treated loess soils are widely used all over the world, but their strength features and physical mechanism are investigated few at the moment. The cement-lime treated loess soil samples and cement-treated loess soil samples were prepared according to their weight ratio and tested to study their physical indices and strength varying with age. The tested results demonstrate that: (i) The content of cement has great influence on the liquid limit and plastic limit of the samples. With the increase of adding content of lime, the average plasticity indices also increase gradually, and the values of plastic limits of the samples will also increase; (ii) The stregnth of the samples increases with the increase of curing age, which is affected by many factors including treated materials, compatcion work, water content, and age.
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Puppala, Anand J., Suppakit Chomtid, and Venkat Bhadriraju. "Using Repeated-Load Triaxial Tests to Evaluate Plastic Strain Potentials in Subgrade Soils." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1913, no. 1 (2005): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105191300109.
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The design and the analysis of flexible pavement systems depend on soil layer characterization, traffic loads, and number of passes. The current AASHTO design method for flexible pavements uses resilient characteristics of subsoils to characterize and determine the structural support of each layer and to design the thickness of the layers. This moduli property, however, does not fully account for the plastic strain or rutting potentials of subsoils, as in the cases in which silt and mixed soils undergo high plastic deformations but possess high resilient properties. A study was initiated to establish a test procedure to use a repeated load triaxial device to measure plastic strain potentials of subgrade soils. Laboratory-compacted soil specimens were subjected to a repeated deviatoric load, determined as a percentage of static deviatoric load at failure under un-consolidated undrained conditions. The plastic strains were monitored during 10,000 repeated load cycles, and the accumulated plastic deformations were determined. The test procedure and test results conducted on two types of soils, a coarse sand and silty sand, are presented. Effects of soil type, compaction moisture content, dry unit weight, confining pressure, and deviatoric stresses on the plastic strains were addressed.
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Tun Tun, Win, Tomotaka Sato, Hirotaka Saito, and Yuji Kohgo. "Mechanical properties and stress–dilatancy relationships of unsaturated soil under various cyclic loading conditions." Acta Geotechnica 15, no. 7 (2019): 1799–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11440-019-00908-5.
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AbstractMost studies investigating the effect of cyclic loading on soil properties have been conducted for saturated soils. Embankments such as fill dams, roads and railways are usually constructed by unsaturated geo-materials and retained under unsaturated conditions during their in-service periods. Then when the stabilities of the embankments against dynamic motions such as earthquakes and traffic loads are evaluated, it is necessary to account for the cyclic properties of unsaturated soils. However, there are few studies investigating mechanical properties of unsaturated soils under cyclic loadings. There are two objectives in this paper. One objective is to investigate cyclic properties of an unsaturated silt under various cyclic loading conditions, while the other is to investigate the stress–dilatancy relationships; the relation of plastic strain increment ratio, − dεvp/dγp, versus stress ratio, q/p′; and to derive the plastic potential function of the unsaturated silt. Cyclic triaxial compression tests under various loading conditions were performed using the unsaturated silt. The material used is an artificial silty soil named DL clay. It was found from the series of the tests that the stiffness of the soil increased with an increase in suction and the number of cyclic loadings. The total volume reductions in the specimens decreased with an increase in suction. When the numbers of cyclic loadings and suction increased, the dilation also increased. Each unique stress–dilatancy relationship could be found in both loading and unloading processes. The relationships were similar to those of saturated soils under cyclic loadings. A unique plastic potential function could also be derived from the stress–dilatancy relationships.
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Adane, Tezeta Moges, Alemgena Alene Araya, B. Karthikeyan, et al. "A Novel Technique to Utilize Second Waste of Plastic Bottle as Soil Reinforcement: A Comparative Study on Mechanical Properties with Natural Black Cotton Soil." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (September 9, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7225455.
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Black cotton soils, which are expansive, are present in abundance in Ethiopia. This type of soil possesses expansion when saturated with water and contraction during hot seasons, due to which it is labelled as “weak soil.” They may remain a threat to the structures if they are constructed over them without precautions. The quality of such soils can be improved by treating them with suitable stabilizers or soil reinforcers. This paper discusses the chances of using the second waste of plastic bottles as a reinforcer to strengthen weak black cotton soils in Ethiopia. Second, plastic bottle waste was added at 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% to the soil, and numerous trials were conducted to ensure the reliability of the results. The effects were analyzed based on the results from the Atterberg limit tests, compaction tests, unconfined compression strength (UCS) tests, and the California bearing ratio test (CBR) for soaked and unsoaked conditions. The results were compared against the natural soil results, and the optimum usage percentage of second waste plastic required to reinforce the soil was reported. The results indicate that among the various properties used, the mix with 2% second waste plastic is effective with numerous trials being conducted to ensure the reliability of the results and decreased values of OMC by 18.5%, increased MDD by 1.9%, increased CBR by 50.9%, and increased UCS by 10.1%. Thus, the research provides a novel technique to recycle plastic waste once again as soil reinforcement, thereby saving the environment from dumped waste.
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Hsu, Sung Chi, Huan Yang Chiang, and Ji Yuan Lin. "Effect of Gradation and Cement on the Properties of Soil-Cement Mixtures." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1719.
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Eight non-plastic soils with different gradation are used for this research to study the appropriate choice of soil-cement mixture for a earth and rock-fill dam construction project. The properties of soil-cement materials are influenced by several factors, including type and proportion of soil, cementitious materials, water content, compaction, uniformity of mixing, curing conditions, and age of the compacted mixture. Based on the experimental results, the maximum dry density will increase with an increase in cement content for soils with low fines content. However, no significant variation was noticed for soils with higher fines content. For given cement content, the maximum density of soil-cement mixture also has a positive correlation with the average grain size, D50, and uniformity coefficient of gradation, Cu. Based on USBR criteria and experimental results, a minimum of 11% of cement content are suitable for soil-cement application on the dam construction. Coarser grain soils are more applicable than finer grain soils to soil-cement construction.
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Syed Zuber, Sharifah Zaliha, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Kamarudin Hussin, Fauziah Ahmad, and Mohammed Binhussain. "The Influence of Geopolymerization Process on Liquid and Plastic Limits of Soils." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 886–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.886.
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Liquid and plastic limits are very important especially for classification of soil and other engineering purposes where they can provide basis information and also better understanding about the soil. In this study, the geopolymerization process was applied to three different soils; kaolin and the other two soils (Soil 2 and Soil 3) were taken at two different places to investigate any changes of liquid and plastic limit values with solid (soil) to alkaline activator (S/L) ratio range from 1 to 4. The results obtained indicated that the geopolymerization process influenced those values and with further investigation, there might be possibility the properties of soil could be improved due to the chemical reactions.
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Barbour, S. L., and N. Yang. "A review of the influence of clay–brine interactions on the geotechnical properties of Ca-montmorillonitic clayey soils from western Canada." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30, no. 6 (1993): 920–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t93-090.
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Natural Ca-montmorillonite clay soils or engineered clay barriers in western Canada are often used to contain brine generated from the surface disposal of potash tailings or from drilling activities associated with the oil and gas industry. The performance of these barriers has ranged from excellent to poor. The influence of salt brines on the geotechnical properties of these soils has been recognized as a potentially important factor for some time. It has been well documented in the literature that the behavior of clayey soils is strongly influenced by physicochemical interactions between clay particles and pore-fluid chemistry; consequently, the properties of these soils are sensitive to changes in the electrolyte concentration of the pore fluid. An increase in the concentration of the pore fluid to the levels of a concentrated brine can cause significant changes in the geotechnical properties of the soil. In this paper, the impact of brine contamination on the geotechnical properties of two Ca-montmorillonitic clayey soils of glacial origin from western Canada is reviewed. The influence of clay–brine interactions on the index properties (liquid limit, plastic limit, plastic index, mineralogy, density, grain size, and compaction characteristics), mechanical properties (volume change and shear strength), and hydraulic properties (hydraulic conductivity) is described. A quantitative explanation for the changes that occur in the hydraulic and mechanical properties of these soils as a result of brine permeation is also provided. This explanation relates the changes in pore-fluid chemistry to changes in an effective physicochemical stress state. This approach may be used to predict the changes in hydraulic conductivity, volume, or shear strength of a clayey soil as a result of brine contamination. Key words : clay–brine interactions, diffuse double layer, hydraulic conductivity, soil structure, physicochemical.
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Haake, Sade, William Krugh, Eduardo Montoya, and Junhua Guo. "Burn Severity and Its Impact on Soil Properties: A Study of the 2016 Erskine Fire in the Southern Sierra Nevada, California." Geotechnics 3, no. 2 (2023): 446–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3020025.
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Wildfires can cause debris flow events in affected areas due to changes in the physical properties of burned soils, which are linked to burn severity. A study in California’s Sierra Nevada explored the impact of burn severity on soil physical properties using various tests. Results showed that higher burn-severity soils had higher total organic carbon content and liquid limit, and the plastic limit was also higher. The plasticity index was highest among low burn-severity soils, and high burn-severity soils had lower smectite and kaolinite/chlorite abundances compared to lower burn-severity soils. Grain size distribution and shear strength were not significantly impacted by burn severity. The study suggests that total organic carbon content is the most significant factor affecting the physical and mechanical properties of soil. These findings may help assess debris flow hazards in burned areas and highlight the need for further research on the effects of wildfires on soil properties and their contribution to debris flow events.
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Mohammed, Yimam, A. Paulmakesh, Bereket Admasu, and Saliha Shukri. "Relationship between California Bearing Ratio and Other Geotechnical Properties of Sub grade Soils." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2040, no. 1 (2021): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2040/1/012029.
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Abstract The California bearing ratio (CBR) is a very commonly used laboratory test for predicting the strength of subgrade layer. The aim of this study is predicting the strength of the subgrade soil from fine grained soils. The findings obtained from test results are Atterberg limit, grain size, compaction, and free swell tests. The California bearing ratios were conducted to find out the strength parameters, and correlated with liquid limit, plastic limit, plastic index, maximum dry density and optimum moisture content. The CBR values were determined in the laboratory are compared with the predicted values.
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State, Zia ur Rehman, Khalid Farooq, Hassan Mujtaba, and Usama Khalid. "Unified Evaluation of Consolidation Parameters for Low to High Plastic Range of Cohesive Soils." January 2021 40, no. 1 (2021): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2101.09.
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Knowing the engineering properties of geomaterials is imperative to make the right decision while designing and executing any geotechnical project. For the economical and safe geotechnical design, quick characterization of the compressibility properties of the cohesive soil is often desirable; these properties are indeed tedious to determine through actual tests. Therefore, correlating the consolidation parameters of the soils with its index properties has a great significance in the geotechnical engineering field. Several attempts have been made in the past to develop correlations between the consolidation parameters and index properties of the cohesive soils, within certain limitations. However, there is still a need to develop such correlations based on the extensive database, composing of unified plasticity range of soils, i.e., low to high plasticity. In the current study, 148 undisturbed soil specimens were obtained from different areas of Pakistan. Out of which 120 samples were utilized to develop correlations, and 28 samples were used to check the validity of the developed correlations. In order to enhance the index properties database, 30 more bentonite mixed soil samples were prepared and tested accordingly. Correlations to envisage different consolidation parameters such as compression index, compression ratio and coefficient of volume compressibility were developed using 150 cohesive soil samples of low to high plasticity. In addition, the performance of these developed correlations was verified on a set of 40 soil samples and compared with the performance of different correlations available in the literature. The percentage deviation in the prediction of compressibility characteristics through developed correlations in the present study was found to be very less, which endorsed the excellent reliability of the developed correlations.
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Apata, A. C., Ismail Abdullahi, U. U. Imoh, and Praise Dawodu Onimisi. "Site Investigation and Shear Strength Properties of Soil." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 24, no. 10 (2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v24i10843.
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This study examined the soil's shear strength qualities at various depths with natural soil moisture content. At various depths below the surface of the ground, ranging from 400mm to 24.75m for point 1 and 400mm to 11.25m for point 2, the soil sample was taken using the drilling method. Wet sieve analysis was used to determine the distribution of the grains, and each soil sample's natural moisture content was calculated. Other fundamental tests included the Atterberg limit test, specific gravity, and sieve analysis. The data revealed that silt and clay make up the soils at points 1 and 2, with the soil at point 2 being more plastic than the soil at point 1. In Addition, it was discovered from the results that soil shears more quickly at increasing in the depth of from ground surface and that the cohesiveness index and angle of internal friction are negatively associated.
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PROTOSENYA, A. G., and G. A. IOVLEV. "STRESS-STRAIN STATE PREDICTION SURROUNDING UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE, CONSTRUCTED IN NONLINEAR DEFORMED MEDIUM-SOFT SOILS." News of the Tula state university. Sciences of Earth 2, no. 1 (2020): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46689/2218-5194-2020-2-1-215-228.
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Article proposes an approach for constructing a computational model for calculating the stress-strain state around tunnel, in medium soft soils. Set of deformations and strengths properties of which a given by elastic, elastic perfectly-plastic, and non-linear models. It founded, that with the input parameters used in model for elastic perfectly-plastic, and nonlinear models around tunnel formed yield surfaces. Analysis of the distinctions between elastic perfectly-plastic, and non-linear models was made. Was showed, that maximum deviatoric stress q is over-estimated in Mohr-Coulomb model. For hardening soil model was determined boundary of the plastic deformations.
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Irfan, Muhammad, Yulong Chen, Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Abrar, Ahmed Qadri, and Osama Bhutta. "Geotechnical Properties of Effluent-Contaminated Cohesive Soils and Their Stabilization Using Industrial By-Products." Processes 6, no. 10 (2018): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6100203.
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The unchecked and unnoticed disposal of industrial leachates is a common malpractice in developing countries. Untreated effluents from industries drastically deteriorate the soil, altering nearly all of its characteristics. An increase in urbanization has led to construction on these deteriorated lands. In this study, the chemical impact of two industrial effluents, dyeing (acidic) and tannery (basic), is studied on two cohesive soils, i.e., high plastic clay (CH) and low plastic clay (CL). Properties such as liquid limit, plasticity index, specific gravity, maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength, swell potential, swell pressure, and compression indices decrease with effluent contamination, with the exception of the basic effluent, for which the trend changes after a certain percentage. This study also examines the time variation of properties at different effluent percentages, finding that unconfined compressive strength of both soils increases with time upon dyeing (acidic) contamination and decreases with tannery (basic). The stabilizing effect of two industrial by-products, i.e., marble dust and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) have been evaluated. Unlike their proven positive effect on uncontaminated soils, these industrial by-products did not show any significant stabilization effect on leachate-contaminated cohesive soils, thereby emphasizing the need to utilize special remediation measures for effluent treated soils.
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Medyńska-Juraszek, Agnieszka, and Anna Szczepańska. "Microplastic Pollution in EU Farmland Soils: Preliminary Findings from Agricultural Soils (Southwestern Poland)." Agriculture 13, no. 9 (2023): 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091733.
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Agricultural soils are considered as “hot-spots” of plastic particles; however, due to a lack of standardized method of microplastic determination in soils, as well as no legal regulations requiring the monitoring of the soil environment in the context of microplastic contamination, the data on MP abundance and occurrence in European soils are very limited. In this first study of MPs pollution in agricultural soils in Poland, we developed a method of microplastic extraction from soil samples with different properties (particle size distribution, clay and organic matter content) and used optical microscopy for MP determination and quantification. In this study, we analyzed 44 soil samples from five sampling site locations with differing soil type, agricultural activity, including farmland soils on floodplains and past records of sewage sludge and compost applications. We found evidence that 93% of cultivated soils in the SW part of Poland contained MPs. The content of MP varied between soil types and present/former use of the land. Loamy and clay soils contained more MPs, 1540 ± 912 particles per kg soil and 933 ± 682 particles per kg, respectively, compared with sandy soils at 383 ± 188 particles per kg of soil. The highest MP concentrations were determined in soils amended with sewage sludge, wastewaters and green-waste composts (up to 4050 ± 2831 particles per kg of soil). The wide distribution of MPs with a dominance of plastic fibers (up to 60% of determined MP types) can be associated with agricultural sources such as soil mulching, the use of organic fertilizers, seed coating or unintentional waste dumping and air deposition.
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Hoque, Mehrin, Akhila Palat, and Michael Hendry. "A Preliminary Study on the Engineering Properties of Clay Soil." Alberta Academic Review 2, no. 2 (2019): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/aar47.
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Karl Von Terzaghi, the father of soil mechanics, says, “There is no other soil which is as problematic as clay soil”. In many places across the badlands of Alberta, clay soil is known to be troublesome and cause issues with buildings and infrastructure. Climate conditions, erosion and weathering can cause the unstable clay soil to create landslides, which consequently damage many of these structures. For this reason, engineers are sent to these sites to monitor and collect data over a period of time to compare and contrast their results. The purpose of this study is to learn and understand the properties of clay soils through different classification and index tests. Two clay soils, kaolinite and bentonite, were tested for their properties and their results were compared. Some of the tests performed include the hydrometer analysis, pycnometer analysis, and atterberg limits. The hydrometer analysis is the process in determining the size of silts and clays (when sieves cannot be used). The pycnometer analysis is used to determine the specific gravity of a substance. Atterberg limits are used to determine the water content at which a soil starts to shift from liquid, plastic or semi-solid. These tests were done in two different solutions - one containing distilled water and one with saline water - to understand the effect of the solution on the liquid and plastic limits. The goal of this study was achieved and the results can be used to understand more about the engineering properties of clay soils and apply these studies to future field work. By understanding these properties, further research can be done to discover long term solutions to landslides caused by the problematic soil.
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Kim, K., J. Sim, and T. H. Kim. "Evaluations of the effects of soil properties and electrical conductivity on the water content reflectometer calibration for landfill cover soils." Soil and Water Research 12, No. 1 (2017): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/158/2015-swr.
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This study presents soil-moisture calibrations using low-frequency (15–40 MHz) time domain reflectometry (TDR) probe, referred to as water content reflectometer (WCR), for measuring the volumetric water content of landfill cover soils, developing calibrations for 28 different soils, and evaluating how WCR calibrations are affected by soil properties and electrical conductivity. A 150-mm-diameter PVC cell was used for the initial WCR calibration. Linear and polynomial calibrations were developed for each soil. Although the correlation coefficients (R<sup>2</sup>) for the polynomial calibration are slightly higher, the linear calibrations are accurate and pragmatic to use. The effects of soil electrical conductivity and index properties were investigated using the slopes of linear WCR calibrations. Soils with higher electrical conductivity had lower calibration slopes due to greater attenuation of the signal during transmission in the soil. Soils with higher electrical conductivity tended to have higher clay content, organic matter, liquid limit, and plasticity index. The effects of temperature and dry unit weight on WCR calibrations were assessed in clayey and silty soils. The sensor period was found to increase with the temperature and density increase, with greater sensitivity in fine-textured plastic soils. For typical variations in temperature, errors in volumetric water content on the order of 0.04 can be expected for wet soils and 0.01 for drier soils if temperature corrections are not applied. Errors on the order of 0.03 (clays) and 0.01 (silts) can be expected for typical variations in dry unit weight (± 2 kN/m<sup>3</sup>).
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Cohen, Quirine M., Mae Glaese, Ke Meng, Violette Geissen, and Esperanza Huerta-Lwanga. "Parks and Recreational Areas as Sinks of Plastic Debris in Urban Sites: The Case of Light-Density Microplastics in the City of Amsterdam, The Netherlands." Environments 9, no. 1 (2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments9010005.
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Soils of parks and recreational areas are potential sinks of microplastics because they are under multifunctional use. The aims of this research were to quantify and determine the types and abundance of light-density microplastics in one of the most cosmopolitan cities of the world: Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Therefore, potential differences between the city districts were explored through the assessment of light-density microplastics’ concentrations in soils together with the soil properties. Microplastics were extracted from 74 soil samples. Predictions of microplastic concentrations and soil characteristics were made for the entire city by using ordinary kriging; 97% of the samples contained microplastic particles (MPPs), and on average, there were 4825.31 ± 6513.85 MPP/kg soil. A total of 21 hotspot samples were identified, and all of them contained LDPE, which represented 40.82% of the plastic types, in addition to 35.06% PAC and 15.58% natural polyamide. Other types of plastics were PP (0.19%), PS (1.30%), bioplastic (0.19%), PA (0.37%), PU (0.56), PVC (0.19%), and unidentified plastics (0.19%). There were no significant differences in MPP concentration between city districts. Our results showed that MPPs are abundant in urban soils, which represents a high risk for soil life. Further studies are required for identifying the sources of this pollution.
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Muzaidi, Irwandy, Elia Anggarini, and Dyah Pradhitya Hardiani. "Solidifikasi Struktur Tanah Lempung Lunak Banjarmasin Dengan Limbah Plastik Pet (Polyethylene Terephthalate)." EXTRAPOLASI 19, no. 01 (2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/ep.v19i01.5520.
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Abstrak
 Pembangunan jalan raya sering mengalami masalah pada saat pembangunannya, diantaranya pada daerah berjenis tanah ekspansif, swelling soils dan tanah lunak. Di Banjarmasin umumnya masalah yang sering dihadapi adalah pembangunan jalan raya di atas tanah lempung lunak,. Limbah plastik PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) sangat banyak dijumpai di Banjarmasin. Limbah plastik tersebut dibiarkan/ dibuang begitu saja dan sangat jarang dimanfaatkan sebagai alternatif solusi permasalahan baik dibidang infrastruktur maupun bidang lainnya. Pada penelitian ini memanfaatkan limbah plastik PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) untuk stabilisasi tanah lempung lunak Banjarmasin. Adapun komposisi campuran sebesar 1%, 3% dan 5% limbah plastik PET dari berat total sampel tanah. Sedangkan ukuran limbah plastik di variasikan dengan ukuran 0,5x0,5 cm , 1x1 cm dan 2x2 cm. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui nilai dari sifat fisis dan nilai kuat geser tanah serta nilai kuat tekan bebas tanah sebelum dan sesudah adanya penambahan limbah plastik PET. Dari hasil pengujian UCT dan Direct Shear dengan potongan PET berbagai ukuran dapat diketahui bahwa semakin besar ukuran potongan PET maka akan meningkatkan nilai uji tekan bebas. Nilai uji tekan bebas tertinggi didapat pada campuran tanah dengan potongan 2,0 cm x 2,0 cm dengan campuran tanah asli + 3% potongan limbah PET yaitu sebesar 1,366 kg/cm2.
 
 Abstract 
 Road construction often experiences problems during its construction, including in areas of expansive soil type, swelling soils, and soft soil. In Banjarmasin generally, the problem that is often faced is the construction of roads on soft clay soil. PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) plastic waste is very common in Banjarmasin. Plastic waste is thrown away and is rarely used as an alternative solution to problems in infrastructure and other fields. This study, using PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) plastic waste for the stabilization of soft clay soil in the city of Banjarmasin. The composition of the mixture is 1%, 3%, and 5% PET plastic waste from the total weight of the soil sample. While the size of plastic waste is varied with sizes 0.5x0.5 cm, 1x1 cm, and 2x2 cm. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of the physical properties and the value of the soil shear strength and the value of the free compressive strength of the soil before and after the addition of PET plastic waste. From the results of UCT and Direct Shear testing with PET pieces of various sizes, it can be seen that the larger the size of the PET pieces, the higher the free compression test value. The highest free compressive test value was obtained in the soil mixture with pieces of 2.0 cm x 2.0 cm with a mixture of original soil + 3% pieces of PET waste, which was 1.366 kg/cm2.
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Jasim, Majeed A., Fatima A. Chyad, and Dina A. Yaseen. "IMPROVEMENT OF SELECTED PARTS OF BASRAH GOVERNORATE SOILS USING A MIXTURE OF CEMENT AND NOVOLAC POLYMER." Kufa Journal of Engineering 5, no. 2 (2014): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/521319.
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A weak clayey silt soils from Garmmat Ali and a sandy soil from AL-Nashoa region were used from different sites and depths and mixed with (0.2%,0.4%,0.6 w/W) of Novolac polymer with (2%,4%,6% w/W) of Cement to know the profitable amount of Novolac, and improving some of engineering properties of the soils that include: the plasticity and compacting. A noticeable improvement in the plasticity of these clayey soils as result of adding a mixture by the rise in their plastic limit, dry densities, lowering in their optimum moisture contents, and increase in tensile strengths as compared with crude soils. There are also an improve in treated sandy soil properties. The cost of using this polymer as a soil binder was reduced by about 50% as compared to the usual practice which involve removing the clayey silt soils and replace them by sand or other materials.
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Lee, Sang-Beom, Won-A. Choi, Seung-Gil Hong, et al. "Physical Properties of Organic Vegetable Cultivation Soils under Plastic Greenhouse." Korean Journal of Organic Agricultue 23, no. 4 (2015): 963–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11625/kjoa.2015.23.4.963.
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Han, Yanan, Min Wei, Xiaoyan Shi, et al. "Effects of Tensile Stress and Soil Burial on Mechanical and Chemical Degradation Potential of Agricultural Plastic Films." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (2020): 7985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12197985.
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Plastic film mulching is widely practiced in arid and semiarid farming systems, but the accumulation of plastic residues in soils can negatively affect soil properties. Therefore, efficient means of plastic film degradation are urgently needed to mitigate its unfriendly environmental impacts for sustainable land use. Here, we characterized the effects of tensile stress (TS) and soil burial (SB) on potential degradation properties of three film types: Polyethylene film (PEF), oxo-biodegradable film (OBDF), and biodegradable film (BDF). Weight loss, mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, functional groups, and crystallinity were recorded after TS and SB treatments. The results indicated that: (1) Weight loss of plastic films was associated with SB, although the extent of weight loss depended on film type and was highest in BDF, (2) application of TS before SB weakened the mechanical properties of the films and increased their hydrophilicity, creating favorable conditions for the settlement of microorganisms on the film surface, (3) PEF treated with TS and SB had higher functional group indices and lower crystallinity. Our results highlighted that the combination of TS and SB has the potential to accelerate plastic film degradation.
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Mirsaidov, Mirziyod, Takhirjon Sultanov, Javlon Yarashоv, and Abduraxim Kayumov. "Strength of earth dams considering the elastic-plastic properties of soils." E3S Web of Conferences 365 (2023): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336503001.
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The article provides a detailed review of well-known publications devoted to studying the stress state and dynamic behavior of earth dams, taking into account the elastic and elastic-plastic properties of soil. To assess the stress-strain state of earth dams, considering the elastic-plastic properties of soil under the action of static loads, a mathematical model was developed using the principle of virtual displacements. A technique, algorithm, and computer programs were developed for estimating the stress state of dams using the finite element method and the method of variable elasticity parameters. A test problem was solved to assess the adequacy of the developed models and the reliability of the technique, algorithms, and computer programs. The stress-strain state of the Pskem earth dam, 195 m high, was studied using the developed models and calculation methods, taking into account the elastic-plastic properties of soil under the action of body forces and various levels of filling the reservoir with water. It was established that an account for the elastic-plastic properties of soil leads to a sharp change in the stress state of the dam, especially in the upper prism and in the core of the dam, and changes the intensity of normal stresses, which can lead to a violation of the integrity of the dam.
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Vitale, Enza, Dimitri Deneele, and Giacomo Russo. "Microstructural Investigations on Plasticity of Lime-Treated Soils." Minerals 10, no. 5 (2020): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10050386.
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The surface charge distribution of clay particles governs the interparticle forces and their arrangement in clay-water systems. The plasticity properties are the consequences of the interaction at the microscopic scale, even if they are traditionally linked to the mechanical properties of fine-grained soils. In the paper, the plasticity modifications induced by the addition of lime were experimentally investigated for two different clays (namely kaolinite and bentonite) in order to gain microstructural insights of the mechanisms affecting their plastic behavior as a function of the lime content and curing time. Zeta potential and dynamic light scattering measurements, as well as thermogravimetric analyses, highlighted the mechanisms responsible for the plastic changes at a small scale. The increase of the interparticle attraction forces due to the addition of lime increased the liquid and plastic limits of kaolinite in the short term, without significant changes in the long term due to the low reactivity of the clay in terms of pozzolanic reactions. The addition of lime to bentonite resulted in a decrease of interparticle repulsion double layer interactions. Rearrangement of the clay particles determined a reduction of the liquid limit and an increase of the plastic limit of the treated clays in the very short term. Precipitation of the bonding compounds due to pozzolanic reactions increased both the liquid and plastic limits over the time.
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Salman, Alaa Dawood. "IMPROVEMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF EXPANSIVE SOILS USING CEMENT." Kufa Journal of Engineering 5, no. 2 (2014): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/521317.
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Expansive soils are distributed in many regions in world. (including Iraq),particularly in semiarid regions with alternating wet and dry seasons. Therefore, it is necessary to study the geotechnical properties of such soils due to the possible large damage of structures founded and constructed on this soil. The soil used in this research is from Abu-Ghreab site.This paper reports the outcome of an investigation into the effect of cement on geotechnical properties of expansive soil, to ascertain its suitability for use as a modifier or stabilizer in the treatment of the soil. Classification, consistency indices, specific gravity, compaction, direct shear, and swell percentage and swell pressure tests, were conducted on specimens of expansive soil. Results of tests showed that the soil was a CH soil, according to the USCSclassification system.Liquid limit , plastic limit and plasticity index are reduced by adding 8% of cement , at optimum moisture content the maximum dry density value increase with increase the percentage of cement adding to the expensive soil and conducting direct shear test, an obvious increase is noticed in the amounts of cohesion (C) and internal friction angle (Ø) .While swell percentage decreases by adding cement and while the swell pressure decreases to the half of its original values.
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Domagała-Świątkiewicz, Iwona, and Piotr Siwek. "Effects of plastic mulches and high tunnel raspberry production systems on soil physicochemical quality indicators." International Agrophysics 32, no. 1 (2018): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2016-0088.
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AbstractIn horticulture, degradable materials are desirable alternatives to plastic films. Our aim was to study the impact of soil plastic mulching on the soil properties in the high tunnel and open field production systems of raspberry. The raised beds were mulched with a polypropylene non-woven and two degradable mulches: polypropylene with a photodegradant and non-woven polylactide. The results indicated that the system of raspberry production, as well as the type of mulching had significant impact on soil organic carbon stock, moisture content and water stable aggregate amount. Soils taken from the open field system had a lower bulk density and water stability aggregation index, but higher organic carbon and capillary water content as compared to soils collected from high tunnel conditions. In comparison with the open field system, soil salinity was also found to be higher in high tunnel, as well as with higher P, Mg, Ca, S, Na and B content. Furthermore, mulch covered soils had more organic carbon amount than the bare soils. Soil mulching also enhanced the water capacity expressed as a volume of capillary water content. In addition, mulching improved the soil structure in relation to the bare soil, in particular, in open field conditions. The impact of the compared mulches on soil quality indicators was similar.
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Talar Rashid and Nadhmiah Majeed. "Effect of Fly ash powder on the physical properties of expansive soils." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 27, no. 4 (2022): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v27i4.33.
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Expansive soils have a large variation in volume depending on the quantity of water in them, causing structural and geotechnical problems. Fly ash powder could be used as a stabilizing material for high-plasticity clay in five different locations in Erbil city that has caused damage to different buildings and roads. Grain size analysis, specific gravity, and Atterberg limit were the main methods of physical testing of soils. The expansive soil was stabilized by adding three different percentages of Fly Ash Powder (5%, 10%, and 15%). The results show that liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index were decreased with increasing Fly ash powder to expansive soil. Mineralogically these soils are composed of Montmorillonite, Chlorite, Chlorite- swelling, Kaolinite, Illite, Palygoriskite, and mixed layer - dominated clay mineral components ,and the non-clay minerals consisting of calcite, muscovite, and quartz, and Fly ash powder composed of Muscovite and Calcite.
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Jiang, Qianjing, Ming Cao, Yongwei Wang, Jun Wang, and Zhuoliang He. "Estimation of Soil Shear Strength Indicators Using Soil Physical Properties of Paddy Soils in the Plastic State." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (2021): 5609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125609.
Full textAbstract:
Saturated soil shear strength is a primary factor that reflects the driving resistance of agricultural machinery in paddy soils. The determination of soil shear strength indicators, such as cohesion and internal frictional angle, is crucial to improve the walking efficiency of agricultural machinery in paddy soils. However, the measurement of these indicators is often costly and time-consuming. Soil moisture content, density, and clay content are crucial factors that affect the cohesion and internal friction angle, while very limited studies have been performed to assess the interactive effects of the three factors on soil shear characteristics, especially on paddy soils. In this study, eight soil samples were taken from eight paddy fields in Southeastern China, and the central composition rotatable design was used to classify the soil samples into five levels based on different clay content (X1), moisture content (X2), and density (X3). The direct shear tests were carried out indoors on the remolded paddy soil using a self-made shear characteristic measuring device. Then, both individual and interactive effects of X1, X2, and X3 on soil cohesion and internal friction angles on paddy soils were systematically investigated and analyzed using the regression analysis method in the data processing software Design-Expert. Our results indicated that the effects of the three environmental factors on soil cohesion were in the order of X1 > X2 > X3, while the order was X2 > X3 > X1 for the impact on internal friction angle. The interactive effects were in the order of X1X2 > X1X3 > X2X3 for cohesion and X1X2 > X2X3 > X1X3 for internal friction angle. Two prediction models were successfully established to quantify the soil cohesion and internal friction angle as affected by soil physical properties, and the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.91 and 0.89 for the two equations, respectively. The model validations using new soil samples suggested that the models were capable of predicting the shear characteristic parameters under different physical parameters effectively, with errors between predicted and measured soil shear strength indicators within 15% and relative root mean square error less than 11%.
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Sheikh, Saddam, Ashutosh Mohod, Safal Sahare, et al. "Soil Stabilization by Using Inorganic Waste." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (2022): 615–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41299.
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Abstract: Soil stabilization is a process which improves the physical properties of soil, such as increasing shear strength, bearing capacity etc. which can be done by use of controlled compaction or addition of suitable admixtures like bituminous, lime and waste materials like plastic ,fly ash, phosphor gypsum etc. This new technique of soil stabilization can be effectively used to meet the challenges of society, to reduce the quantities of waste, producing useful material from non-useful waste materials. Plastic such as shopping waste bottles and bitumen is used to as a reinforcement to perform the CBR studies while mixing with soil for improving engineering performance of sub grade soil. Plastic strips obtained from waste plastic were mixed randomly with the soil. A series of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests ,unconfined compressive strength test(UCS) were carried out on randomly reinforced soil by varying percentage of plastic and bitumen respectively with different proportions. Results of CBR tests demonstrated that inclusion of waste plastic strips in soil with appropriate amounts improved strength and deformation behavior of sub grade soils substantially. Keywords: CBR, Plastic bottle, Plastic bag, Bitumen, Soil Stabilization
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Villason, Nelvin, and Dernie Olguera. "Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soils under Cacao Production System in Davao de Oro, Philippines." Southeastern Philippines Journal of Research and Development 25, no. 1 (2020): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53899/spjrd.v25i1.75.
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The study was conducted to understand the physico-chemical characteristics of the soils under cacao production system in Davao de Oro, Philippines. Eight (8) cacao farms were selected for detailed field characterization and sampling of soils for various nutrient analyses. Fertility status of each selected farm was determined by comparing the fertility properties of each soil with the critical nutrient level requirement for cacao. Results showed that most of the soils have a dark brown soil color in the upper horizons, and dark, yellowishbrown in the lower horizons. They range from moderately deep to very deep soil profile (19 to 150 cm), with very friable to extremely firm when moist, slightly sticky to very sticky, and slightly plastic to very plastic when soil consistence is wet. Lower elevations had shallow solum with high water table, resulting in the development of mottles and redoximorphic properties. The amount of clay ranged from 9 to 37%, with 18 to 40% for silt, and 30 to 68% for sand. Most of the cacao farms were intercropped with coconut, durian, lanzones, rubber, and banana. Most of the soils are moderate to slightly acidic, with pH values < 6.5 and CEC ranging from 10 to 34 meq/100g. Moreover, most of the areas have low organic matter (1.66%) except for the areas which continually applied organic matter during fertilization (4.60%). The amount of nitrogen (N) is optimum; however, phosphorus (P) was generally deficient in the soils of most cacao farms surveyed, while amount of potassium (K) ranges from 41.30 to 375.60 mg/kg.
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Meddah, Abdelaziz, Abd Elmalik Goufi, and Lysandros Pantelidis. "Improving Very High Plastic Clays with the Combined Effect of Sand, Lime, and Polypropylene Fibers." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (2022): 9924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12199924.
Full textAbstract:
Improving the mechanical properties of low-strength soils (e.g., high plasticity clays) is one of the main branches of geotechnical engineering. The adoption of stabilization techniques for ensuring that structures will be founded on an adequately strong soil base is a common practice. Stabilization techniques for clay soils may include inert materials (cohesionless soils), chemical substances (cement, lime, or industrial additives), or the use of randomly distributed fibers. While all of these additives are added to low-strength soils by mixing, the question remains whether an optimal combination of stabilization techniques can be achieved for maximizing soil strength. Besides, each one of these additives contributes to an increase in soil strength in a different manner (soil replacement, chemical bonding of soil particles, and soil reinforcement respectively), while, according to the literature, each technique has its limitations. The latter refers to a limited effect on strength improvement and a maximum possible percentage, beyond which an additive has an adverse effect on strength; it also refers to other factors, such as brittleness failure, material availability, overall cost, and environment-related issues. Hence, in the present study, the efficiency of improving the basic geotechnical properties of a very high plasticity clay (liquid limit ωl = 86%) with a coupled effect between dune sand, lime, and polypropylene (PP) fibers has been investigated. The samples prepared by combining the three aforementioned soil improvement techniques were compared in terms of plasticity, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) index. The experimental results show that the combination of these additives may lead to a considerable improvement in the strength and ductility of soils, even with a small amount of lime additive. Also, it was observed that 20% of sand, 3.4% of lime and 0.9% of fibers (by wt%) offers the best performance in terms of strength improvement for the clay tested (i.e., 12.75 times improvement compared to the untreated clay).
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Hsiao, Darn-Horng, and Chung-Chieh Lin. "Effects of the Properties of Fines on the Pore Water Pressure Generation Characteristics of Sand–Silt–Clay Mixtures during Cyclic Loading." Applied Sciences 13, no. 14 (2023): 8126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13148126.
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To investigate the effects of the properties of plastic fines on the pore water pressure generation characteristics of fine-grained soils during cyclic loadings, we used 29 sets of test data from the literature and prepared another 21 reconstituted specimens with different types of fines and fine contents (FCs) for cyclic triaxial testing. Two types of undisturbed soil specimens and three types of reconstituted soil specimens were also included for testing. The results indicated that under cyclic loading, the pore water pressure (PWP) ratios of clean sands increased slowly, stagnated, then finally accelerated until initial liquefaction, whereas those of the plastic soils containing fines with a plastic index (PI) value of >5 increased sharply in the initial stage. In addition, the cyclic stress ratio of specimens containing mudstone (PI = 12.4) and kaolinite (PI = 32.0) fines increased by 1.5–3.0 times more than non-plastic fines if the cyclic number chosen was 100. The range of the upper and lower limits of the PWP curves of the specimens with an FC of 30% were smaller that of the limits of the PWP curves of the specimens with an FC of 15%. The above results were further analyzed using a mathematical model. This paper systematically uses both the literature and laboratory test data to demonstrate that plastic fines and non-plastic fines have significantly different effects on water pressure generation under cyclic loading conditions, and a mathematical model also demonstrated the same trends. These findings are able to clarify previous unclear arguments. Thus, the model results developed in this study could also provide the field of engineering with a complete advanced calculation, requiring analysis only via software.
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Yatno, Edi, and Siti Zauyah. "PROPERTIES AND MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS OF SOILS FORMED FROM VOLCANIC MATERIALS IN LEMBANG AREA, WEST JAVA." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 2 (2016): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v9n2.2008.44-54.
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Soils formed from volcanic materials have a high potential for agricultural development, especially for horticultural crops, tea, and pine trees. Data on the characteristics of these soils are important for the management planning. Six representative soil profiles developed on andesitic volcanic ash and tuff in Lembang area, West Java were studied to determine the soil physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties, to study the relationship between the soil properties, and to classify the soils according to the Soil Taxonomy. The results indicated that all the soils had very deep (&gt;150 cm) solum. In general, the volcanic ash soils were darker colored, more granular, more friable, less sticky and less plastic than the volcanic tuff soils. Physically, the ash soils had lower bulk density (0.44-0.73 mg m-3) and higher available water content (13-33%) than the tuff soils. Bulk density decreased with increasing allophane. Chemically, the ash soils had higher pHNaF (mostly &gt; 10), higher organic carbon (4.3-6.8% in upper horizons), higher CEC (20- 44 cmolc kg-1), and higher P retention (&gt; 85%) than the tuff soils. P retention logarithmically increased with increasing oxalate extractable Al and allophane. The sand fractions of the ash soils were dominated by hornblende, while the tuff soils were predominantly composed of opaque minerals. In the clay fractions, the ash soils were dominated by allophane, whereas the tuff soils showed high contents of gibbsite and metahalloysite. Soils developed on volcanic ash were classified as Thaptic Hapludands and Typic Melanudands, while soils formed from volcanic tuff were classified as Andic Dystrudepts. The low bulk density and friable consistency of the soils contributed to favorable soil tilth. However, high P retention and Al saturation in most soils are limiting factors for plant growth. Application of P fertilizers and liming coupled with efficient placement can be recommended to enhance P availability and reduce Al toxicity. Organic matter can be used to reduce Al toxicity. Soil conservation needs to be considered, especially in the steep slope areas.