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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Soils Soil pollution. Oil pollution of soils'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Bhandari, Alok. "Soil washing and post-wash biological treatment of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09292009-020018/.

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2

Toccalino, Patricia. "Optimization of hydrocarbon biodegradation in a sandy soil /." Full text open access at:, 1992. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,192.

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3

Dominguez, Elena. "Phytoremediation of soils contaminated by used motor oil." Virtual Press, 2002. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1246470.

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4

Van, de Water James Gordon 1963. "Physical and chemical processes affecting forced ventilation of benzene and p-xylene in a desert soil." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277044.

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The rate at which volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are removed from the vadose zone by forced ventilation may be reduced by slow micro-scale processes such as diffusion through intra-aggregate and pore water and slow reactions at sorption sites located at the soil-water interface. Column experiments using benzene and p-xylene were performed in order to simulate cleanup of VOC's in the vadose zone by forced ventilation. Analytical solutions of the one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation coupled to mass transfer equations were fitted to the data. Parameter estimates were used in order to determine time scales of diffusion through water, desorption from, and sorption to, soil organic matter. Lower limits for the time scales for these processes were calculated to be on the order of minutes. Results indicate that these micro-scale processes reduce the rate of removal on the laboratory scale but may have no effect on the field scale.

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5

STETZENBACH, LINDA DALE ALLEN. "THE DEGRADATION AND UTILIZATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS BY INDIGENOUS SOIL BACTERIA (NAPHTHALENE, FLUORENE, ANTHRACENE, PYRENE)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183810.

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The persistance of industrially derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the subsurface may be significantly affected by the metabolism of soil bacteria. This study was conducted to determine the ability of indigenous soil bacteria to decrease the concentration of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, fluorene, anthracene, and pyrene) and to utilize the compounds as a substrate for growth. Soil cores from petroleum contaminated and non-contaminated sites contained 10⁵ - 10⁷ viable microorganisms per gram dry weight of soil. Gram negative rod-shaped bacteria predominated. Decreases in the concentration of the four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were observed during incubation with bacterial isolates in aqueous suspension by the use of high performance liquid chromatography. Corresponding increases in bacterial numbers indicated utilization of the compounds as a carbon source. Soil samples from the contaminated sites contained greater numbers of bacteria utilizing anthracene and pyrene than soil samples from non-contaminated sites. Degradation rates of the four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were related to the compound, its concentration, and the bacterium. Biodegradation of pyrene was positively correlated with the presence of oxygen. Pyrene was biodegraded by an Acinetobacter sp. under aerobic conditions but not under anaerobic or microaerophilic conditions. Studies with radiolabeled ¹⁴C-anthracene demonstrated utilization of the labeled carbon as a source of carbon by viable bacterial cells in aqueous suspension. Incorporation of ¹⁴C into cellular biomass however was not observed during incubation of ¹⁴C-anthracene in soil.

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6

Rana, Nadeem Ahmed. "A laboratory study on bioremediation of a diesel-contaminated fine-textured soil." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0001/MQ44253.pdf.

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7

Fallgren, Paul Harold. "Parameter-based models estimating microbial hydrocarbon-degrading activity in a diesel-contaminated soil." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1320951271&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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8

Nieuwenhuis, Jenifer M. "Nitrogen and phosphorus modification within a petroleum contaminated biopile at the Oneida County Sanitary Landfill /." Link to abstract, 2004. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/abstracts/2004/Nieuwenhuis.pdf.

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9

Ugwuegbu, Benjamin U. "A laboratory study on the development of a biological pollution control system for contaminated soils /." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34691.

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This study describes a laboratory scale development of an in-situ bioremediation method, which uses a water table management system to supply nutrients to subsoil microorganisms, for biostimulation and subsequent biodegradation of pollutants such as fertilizer-nitrate and hydrocarbons (e.g., diesel oils), in the unsaturated zone of the soil. The study, which was divided into two parts: first nitrate bioremediation and secondly diesel biodegradation, was carried out on packed soil columns.
For the nitrate study, different levels of glucose were introduced into packed soil columns, 1,000 mm long x 200 mm, diameter, via subirrigation in order to supplement the organic carbon levels in the soil. Two sandy soils were used, with 1.6% and 3.4% organic matter content, respectively; and the water table in the soil columns was maintained at a depth of 350 mm below the surface. Fertilizer-nitrate was applied to the soil surface at a rate of 180 kg/ha nitrate-N. Simulated rainfall was used to leach nitrates to lower depths. The efficacy of using the subirrigation system, as a method for nutrient delivery in the bioremediation of leached nitrate, was monitored with time and with reference to the nitrate residue, redox potential of the soil solution, and solubilized Fe and Mn.
Leached nitrate was denitrified to less than 10 mg/L nitrate-N, which is the limit permitted in drinking water. The ideal organic carbon range was considered to be the glucose level (20 mg/L glucose-C) that reduced mom nitrate and gave redox potential and soluble Fe and Mn levels, similar to the control soil solution, when subjected to 96 days of subirrigation. Successful delivery of nutrient for the bioremediation of nitrate, within the farm boundaries, will be considered a "break through" toward nitrate residue control if this novel approach to nitrate control is demonstrated in the field. The delivery method will offer a technical solution to on-farm nitrate pollution. It is inexpensive, easy to adopt, and does not require major changes in the current farm practices.
In the second part of the study, a diesel contaminated sandy soil was packed in columns, 2,000 nun long x 200 nun diameter. The subirrigation method was used to supply two different combinations of treatments to the microorganisms in the soil for the biodegradation of the diesel namely: air, water and nutrients (N, P etc.), and air and water. The success of using subirrigation, to deliver nutrients to the soil in the columns, was monitored by measuring the trend in the reduction of soil diesel-TPH (diesel-total petroleum hydrocarbon) residue with time. Results obtained from the treated columns were compared with each other, and with the control columns undergoing passive biodegradation.
The study showed that subirrigation can be used as a method of nutrient delivery in the -bioremediaton of diesel contaminated soil. The TPH in the contaminated soil decreased, from an initial 670 mg diesel TPH/kg soil to an acceptable level of 40 mg diesel TPH/kg soil, in 82 days in the columns subjected to a combination of nutrient, air and water treatments. If this method of delivering biostimulants to the subsoil microbial population is demonstrated in the field, it will be invaluable to in-situ bioremediation of contaminated soils.

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10

Juck, David F. "Polyphasic examination of microbial communities in soils contaminated with organic pollutants." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38209.

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A polyphasic approach was used to examine the impact of contamination on soil microbial community structure. Two systems were examined using a combined biochemical and molecular biological approach. Petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils from two Northern Canadian sites, representing long-term contamination, were examined using Biolog GN plates and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of total community 16S rDNA. Results obtained using both methods demonstrated a positive correlation between samples that was based on the geographical origin of the samples, not on contamination level. In the second system, non-contaminated soil was contaminated with the explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) to monitor the effect of short- to medium-term contamination. Changes in the soil microbial community were examined using PCR-DGGE of total community 16S rDNA combined with RDX mineralization and chemical analysis of intermediates. The non-contaminated loam soil had an inherent RDX degradative capability and contamination of soil columns with 1000 mg RDX/kg soil did not significantly change the 16S rDNA bacterial community profile. The bacterial diversity remained high as estimated by the number of bands present in the DGGE and by NQ-78704 statistical rarefaction analysis of 16S rDNA clone RFLPs. The same soil, used in 10% soil slurries (w/v), demonstrated two apparently different RDX degradation mechanisms based on mineralization and chemical analysis. The differences were based on aerobic versus anaerobic conditions and the presence/absence of Na3 citrate. PCR-DGGE performed on 16S rDNA from aerobic slurries amended with Na3-citrate detected the stimulation of 3 operational taxonomic units, identified as Stenotrophomonas sp., Sphingomonas sp. and a member of the Alcaligenaceae. The results from the two systems examined (short- to medium-term and long-term contamination) demonstrated the utility of a polyphasic approach in the examina

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11

Evans, Dyfed. "Fluvial dispersal of heavy metals in contaminated soils and sediments." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334773.

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12

Sweetman, Andrew J. "Organic contaminants in sewage sludges and their fate in agricultural soils." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296973.

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13

Obuseng, Veronica Conie. "Bile acids as indicator of faecal inputs into soils and sediments." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391155.

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14

Maguire, Rory. "Phosphorus release from 12 contrasting European soils under their aggregate size fractions." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387514.

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15

Walsh, Jami Beth. "A feasibility study of bioremediation in a highly organic contaminated soil." Link to electronic version, 1999. http://www.wpi.docs/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-052599-115437/unrestricted/thesis.pdf.

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16

Vogdt, Joachim. "Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02132009-172348/.

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17

Sanyi, Hassan H. A. R. "Effects of liming of upland soils on nutrient mobilities in relation to water quality." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1989. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU020937.

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The work in this thesis relates to understanding the potential effects of using surface liming of upland soils to ameliorate water acidification. Effects on vegetation, soil, and drainage water chemistry are considered. Part I of this thesis reviews the environmental conditions of British Uplands (climate, soils and vegetation), and the relevant literature on water acidification in North-East Scotland. In Part II, each chapter deals with materials, methods used, discussion of the results and conclusion for one of a series of individual experiments. This pattern is followed for a number of laboratory, greenhouse and field studies. Liming of different organic soils significantly increased only the surface layer pH of the soils. The consequence of surface liming should be highly beneficial in terms of water quality, since most of the precipitation in the catchment under consideration (Glendye) during heavy storms, when river acid episodes occur, drains near or over the surface. The effect of lime on pH below the surface should be considered after a year or more. Liming on the other hand increased the mineralisation of organic N and released NH4+ and NO3-. The balance between N mineralization and immobilization by vegetation and microbial biomass should be considered carefully for each individual soil and site. If the mobile NO3- reaches the river or streams and increases the NO3- to beyond an acceptable limit, this could be considered an adverse effect of liming. Although within the timescale of this project there was no adverse effect noticed on the heather under field conditions, the long term effects should be considered carefully in terms of changing vegetation pattern as a result of liming, which will favour growth of grass.

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18

Wilson, Susan Caroline. "The fate and behaviour of volatile organic compounds and chlorophenols in sewage sludge amended soils." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296974.

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19

Brown, Rachel. "The sub-surface distribution of some heavy metals following sewage sludge injection into grassland soils." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2079.

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The use of suitable sewage sludge in agriculture is currently its cheapest disposal option, both in terms of monetary cost, resource utilisation and environmental impact Monitoring of die heavy metal content of the soil after sludge application is required by European Council Du-ective 86/278/EEC, and whilst the behaviour of metals from surface-applied sludge is well documented, the behaviour following other methods of application has received litde attention. The most important alternative land application method cturentiy in use is the subsurface injection of sludge. In this project, field- and laboratory-based experiments were set up to describe the postinjection disttibution of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn and the effect on this of: tine design (using die straight tine, side-inclined tine and winged tine), rate of injection (225 m^ ha'-^ and 300 m3 ha"-^), and soil factors ^ H , cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, percentage clay,. Fe and Mn concentration, and redox potential). An assessment of the variability of die injection operation was also important, as account needs to be made of metal distribution and variability in order to delimit an appropriate sampling regime. The results of these experiments indicated that Cu, Pb and Zn are basically immobile, remaining widiin 120 mm of die centte of die original slot location. Tine design was seen to have a significant influence on the pattern of subsurface metal distribution, but neither this,' rate of injection nor soil factors adequately predicted die extent of diis distiibution. Instead, metal identity and concentration widiin the sludge were identified as the most influential factors, in that appreciable quantities of Cd and Ni are leached out of the profile to distances exceeding 300 mm from die sludge, and greater metal concentirations (of the remaining metals) in the injected sludge create distinct gradients in the soil and saturates exchange sites, thus promoting mobility via diffusion, over-riding normal metal chemistry. Of those measured variables that had a secondary effect on distribution, pH, Fe oxide concentration and percentage clay were identified as the most important soil factors.The winged tine was seen to promote soil disturbance and hence metal distribution, and the paraplow to restrict both. In practical terms, these conclusions indicate that the current sampling protocol is inadequate. An alternative regime is suggested.

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20

Tennakoon, Nihal Ananda. "Effect of heavy metal contaminated sewage sludge on biological and chemical properties of coniferous forest soils." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1993. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU549118.

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A field study was carried out at Ardross forest, northern Scotland where heavy metal contaminated sewage sludge had been applied to a peaty podzol at rates of 500 (low) and 1000 (high) kg N ha-1 before tree (Sitka spruce) planting. Nitrogen mineralisation rates determined by field incubation of sealed cores ranged from 3.7 to 4.5 and 7.3 to 9.4 kg N h-1 over the growing season (May to September, 1991) in soils amended with low and high rates of sludge respectively. For the control soil, to which no sludge had been added, mineralisation rates ranged from 2.4 to 2.9 kg N ha-1. Mineralisation of residual sludge was estimated to be 0.56&'37 and 1.14&'37 in 1991, 8 years after sludge application at the low and high rates, respectively. Soils brought back to the laboratory and repacked according to the field profile enabled microcosm studies to be carried out to further investigate possible changes caused to N-cycling processes in coniferous forest soil due to application of heavy metal contaminated sewage sludge, and to consider possible mechanisms of any such changes. In the microcosm study, the two rates of application of sewage sludge increased N mineralisation. A linear relationship was apparent between N mineralisation and the rate of sludge application. Increased N mineralisation was associated with an increase in active fungal mycelium, biomass N and soil animal population densities. The availability of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn was found to be related to the time of the year, with highest availability in Spring and Summer, and lowest availability in Winter. There was no evidence of any adverse effects in terms of heavy metals on the studied biological parameters and mineralisation rates in the field and microcosm studies. Total N, pH and moisture also increased due to sludge application.

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21

Klemmer, Katherine Alyn. "Cost-benefit analysis of remediation methods for the Fairfax, Virginia Texaco terminal oil plume." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06112009-063524/.

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22

Runyon, Thomas Alvin 1963. "Microcosm experiments to enhance the bioremediation of a No.2 fuel oil-contaminated soil." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277064.

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Soil microcosm experiments were conducted to identify soil amendments which enhance the biodegradation of a No. 2 (diesel) fuel in soil. Microcosm amendments in Phase 1 included yeast extract, acetate, methane, and activated sludge. Combinations of these amendments resulted in 16 different treatments. Phase 2 soil microcosms contained combinations of methane and methanotroph additions resulting in four different treatments. Gas chromatography was used to determine the time and treatment-dependent concentration of C12-C18 n-alkanes during Phase 1 and, C14-C19 n-alkanes during Phase 2. Results from Phase 1 indicated that the most extensive biodegradation occurred in methane and activated sludge-supplemented microcosms. Acetate and/or yeast extract inhibited biodegradation by soil and/or activated sludge microorganisms. Addition of methane relieved inhibition by these amendments. Methane and/or methanotroph additions to Phase 2 microcosms did not enhance biodegradation relative to unamended microcosms. In general, n-alkanes longer than n-C12 were equally degraded in soil microcosms.

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23

Ma, Zhongyun. "Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil using indigenous cultures /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0011/MQ34201.pdf.

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24

Spiegelman, Dan. "Exploring the fusion of metagenomic library and DNA microarray technologies." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98805.

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We explored the combination of metagenomic library and DNA microarray technologies into a single platform as a novel way to rapidly screen metagenomic libraries for genetic targets. In the "metagenomic microarray" system, metagenomic library clone DNA is printed on a microarray surface, and clones of interest are detected by hybridization to single-gene probes. This study represents the initial steps in the development of this technology. We constructed two 5,000-clone large-insert metagenomic libraries from two diesel-contaminated Arctic soil samples. We developed and optimized an automated fosmid purification protocol to rapidly-extract clone DNA in a high-throughput 96-well format. We then created a series of small prototype arrays to optimize various parameters of microarray printing and hybridization, to identify and resolve technical challenges, and to provide proof-of-principle of this novel application. Our results suggest that this method shows promise, but more experimentation must be done to establish the feasibility of this approach.

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25

Víquez, Ana M. "Isolation and characterization of alkane monooxygenase (alkB) genotypes from Arctic contaminated soils by culture-independent methods." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98510.

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Alkane monooxygenases (encoded by the alkB gene) are a group of microbial enzymes that catalyze the first reaction of alkane degradation. Studies to determine the diversity and prevalence of alkB genotypes in the environment have focused on culturable organisms. The goal of this research was to use culture-independent methods (DGGE, clone library) to identify and characterize alkB genes, and to determine their prevalence in Arctic contaminated soils. General alkB PCR degenerate primers (alkB-Mc) were designed using the conserved nucleotide sequences of the Histidine I Box and Histidine III Box. General alkB-Mc and alkM (Acinetobacter spp. alkane monooxygenase genes) primers were used to screen the soils for the presence of alkane monooxygenase genotypes. A predominance of the Rhodococcus spp. alkB genotypes and the absence of alkM genotypes in these soils was found. alkB PCR fragments amplified from the soils were analyzed by DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis). BlastN and blastX results of the DGGE bands sequences showed that they were similar to Rhodococcus spp. alkB genotypes (~80-90% DNA identity and ~80-90% amino acid homology). An alkB clone library was built using the general alkB-Mc primer set, screened by RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) and characterized by sequencing of alkB clones. BlastN and blastX results of the alkB clone sequences showed the presence of divergent alkB genotypes (≤ 70% DNA identity and ≤ 67% of amino acid homology to data base sequences). The alignment of the clone-derived amino acid sequences to confirm functional alkane monooxygenase sequences revealed the presence of Histidine Box II and the HYG motif in all of the deduced amino acid clone sequences. These results indicate that the alkB sequences from the clone library represent novel alkB sequences. Both alkB DGGE and clone library techniques were independently able to identify alkB genotypes from High G+C microorganisms as predominant in the 1A03 soil sample. Nevertheless, only the clone library approach identified putative novel alkB sequences. Mineralization of hexadecane and naphthalene was clearly observed at subzero temperatures (-5ºC) in Arctic contaminated soils, proving that the indigenous microbial communities could mineralize these representative hydrocarbons at subzero temperatures in an environment that is predominantly frozen for most of the year.

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26

Buell, Nancy Rebecca. "Derivitives of petroleum hydrocarbons upon reaction with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in a laboratory environment." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-03312008-173255.

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27

Santucci, Jay N. "Hydrogeologic conditions controlling contaminant migration from storage tanks overlying Mississippi River Alluvium a case study /." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2006. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-07072006-161425.

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28

Southern, Roger L. "The effects of oil spillages on soil fauna." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357081.

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29

Tauler, Ferrer Margalida. "Bacterial populations and functions driving the decontamination of PAC polluted soils = Poblacions i funcions bacterianes implicades en la descontaminació de sòls contaminats amb CAPs." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/334163.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment due to accidental spills during use, transport and storage of petroleum and coal derivatives. Their high chemical stability and hydrophobicity confers them recalcitrance. Because of their great persistence in the environment, toxicity and carcinogenicity, these compounds are on the list of priority pollutants. The most sustainable way to remove these compounds from soil without damaging its ecological structure and function is bioremediation. This technology uses the metabolic capabilities of microorganisms to decontaminate (degrade) polluted sites. Microorganisms act on the environment interconnected by metabolic networks, in which the byproducts generated by certain populations are utilized for others as a carbon source. Until recently, the PAH biodegradation studies were conducted by exposing individual compounds to pure strains. However, to improve the technology of bioremediation is necessary to unravel how these metabolic networks function in situ. The main objective of this Thesis was to contribute to the elucidation of microbial processes occurring in situ during PAH biodegradation in soils. Thus, two main approaches were used. First, the high molecular weight (HMW) PAH-degrading community of a creosote polluted soil was selected and characterized by new enrichment method using a biphasic system consisting of mineral medium and sand coated with a creosote NAPL previously biodegraded. Once the community became stable, its degrading potential was determined. In 12 weeks, consortium UBHP was able to significantly remove the compounds from 2 to 6 rings (90% fluoranthene, pyrene 90%, 66% benz(a)anthracene and chrysene 59%) and their alkylated derivatives. Key populations of this consortium were identified, based on their responses to specific substrates, phylogenetic, functional and metabolomic profiles, and recovery in pure culture. The phylotypes who played a key role in the degradation of HMW PAHs corresponded to Sphingobium, Sphingomonas, Achromobacter, Pseudomonas and Mycobacterium. Furthermore, the microbial processes driving the PAH removal in situ during the laboratory bioestimulation of a real creosote polluted soil were investigated. The degradation kinetics of PAHs, oxy-PAHs and N-PACs, together with the formation and/or accumulation of possible acidic products were correlated with key phylotypes and community shifts. A real-time insight into the community dynamics was obtained from the combined analysis of changes in global (genes) and active (transcripts) microbial communities, both at the phylogenetic (16S rRNA) and functional (genes RHD) level. The addition of nutrients resulted in a significant and substantial biodegradation of PAHs with 2, 3, 4 and 5 aromatic rings (93%) and the N-PACs (85%) at 150 days of incubation. During the highest degradation rates there was a transient peak of accumulation of both oxy-PAH and acid metabolites, which were later removed by the microbial populations present in the soil. The nutrient addition also resulted in a higher expression levels in both functional and structural genes, and the genera involved in the disappearance of such compounds were identified as Pseudomonas, Pseudoxanthomons, Achromobacter, Sphingobium, Olivibacter and Mycobacterium.
Los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAPs) predominan en numerosos emplazamientos contaminados en Europa. Debido a su alta persistencia en el medio y elevada toxicidad y carcinogenicidad, están en las listas de contaminantes prioritarios. La única manera de eliminar estos compuestos del suelo sin dañar la estructura y las funciones ecológicas es la bioremediación, que utiliza las capacidades metabólicas de los microorganismos para la degradación o detoxificación de los contaminantes. Los microorganismos actúan en el suelo mediante redes metabólicas en las que los subproductos de degradación de unas poblaciones sirven de fuente de carbono para otras. Hasta hace pocos años los estudios de biodegradación de HAPs se basaban en cultivos puros y sustratos individuales. Para optimizar las técnicas de bioremediación es necesario saber cómo funcionan esas redes metabólicas in situ. El objetivo principal de esta Tesis es contribuir a la elucidación de los procesos microbianos que tienen lugar in situ durante la biodegradación de los HAPs en suelos. Se seleccionó la comunidad degradadora de HAPs de elevado peso molecular (EPM) de un suelo contaminado mediante un nuevo método de enriquecimiento utilizando un sistema con medio mineral y arena contaminada con creosota previamente degradada. Una vez la comunidad se mantuvo estable, se determinó su potencial degradador. El consorcio UBHP fue capaz de eliminar significativamente los compuestos de 2-6 anillos (90% fluoranteno, 90% pireno, 66% benz(a)antraceno y 59% criseno). Las poblaciones clave de este consorcio fueron identificadas, en base a sus respuestas a sustratos específicos, perfiles filogenéticos, funcionales y de metabolómica, y su recuperación en cultivo puro. Los filotipos clave en la degradación de los HAPs EPM pertenecían a Sphingobium, Sphingomonas, Achromobacter, Pseudomonas y Mycobacterium. Se investigaron los procesos microbianos para la eliminación de HAP in situ durante la bioestimulación del suelo. Las cinéticas de degradación de los HAPs, oxi-HAPs y N-CAPs, junto con la formación y/o acumulación de posibles productos de oxidación, se correlacionaron con filotipos clave y cambios en la comunidad. A partir del análisis de los cambios en las poblaciones globales (genes) y activas (transcritos), tanto desde el punto de vista filogenético (16S ARNr) como funcional (RHD), se obtuvo una visión real de la dinámica de la comunidad. La adición de nutrientes promovió la biodegradación significativa de los HAPs de 2-5 anillos (93%) y de N-CAPs (85%). Se produjo la acumulación transitoria de oxi-HAPs y de metabolitos ácidos, que posteriormente fueron degradados. La adición de nutrientes también resultó en un aumento en la expresión de genes estructurales y funcionales. Los géneros principales fueron Pseudomonas, Pseudoxanthomons, Achromobacter, Sphingobium, Olivibacter y Mycobacterium.

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30

Al-Khafaju, Adil A. "The fate of fuel oil added to soil and its effect on soil properties." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244880.

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31

Tadesse, Behailu. "Iron and manganese oxides in the soil-water environment." Thesis, Brunel University, 1997. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6624.

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The importance of iron and manganese oxides in soil-water environments and their roles in controlling the availability and mobility of contaminants and nutrients are determined. Sorption is simulated using the synthetic iron and manganese oxides: goethite (a-FeOOH), birnessite (Na4Mn14O27.9H20a) nd magnetite (Fe304) which are analogous to natural soil components. Goethite is investigated in the three possible modes of occurrences in soil: colloidal, aggregate, and as coatings on inert materials. The adsorption of cadmium and cobalt onto goethite occurs in a narrow pH range between 6.5 and 7.5. Metal retention increased with both temperature and contact time. A tenfold decrease in ionic strength has no effect on the adsorption pH. Goethite pellets have a different pattern of adsorption due to reduction in surface area and granulation. The sorbing capacity of goethite coated sand is lower than that of the colloidal goethite but has a similar adsorption curve. The coated material is shown to have potential in industrial applications and notably in effluent treatment. Cobalt and cadmium uptake on to hydrated suspensions of birnessite occur in a pH range (3.0-8.0) with sigmoidal shapes for the percent of adsorption curves. Birnessite uptake capacity increases with increasing pH with a maximum at about 6.4 pH. The pH, contact time and the surface area of the oxide are the main factors that control the uptake. The adsorption of coloured species and organic colloids on magnetite was investigated in which magnetite is used both as an adsorbent and as magnetic material. Colour species and organic colloids adsorbed in acid pH and the adsorption decreases with increasing alkalinity. Dissolutions of the magnetite itself increases in low and high pH conditions. The results of investigations of sorption of contaminants and nutrients onto iron and manganese oxides have been applied to shed light upon the behaviour of contaminants and nutrients in soil in the light of soil resource management. The importance of a detailed understanding of contaminant and nutrient transport behaviour in soil-water systems to achieve effective environmental management is demonstrated. Although soil pollution is of major environmental concern, it is probably the least understood source of pollution in terms of both transport of contaminants and remediation. The studies carried out in this work have indicate the types of information required to permit the development of soil management and remediation protocols that will assist in technical management of issues related to soil resources. Detailed knowledge from experimental work must form the scientific basis for the development of contaminated soil assessment and management in an integrated approach.

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32

Harrison, Adrian Briscoe. "Hydrocarbon pollution of soil : effects on microbial populations and biomediation methods." Thesis, University of York, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362025.

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33

De, Jimenez Juana Ramos. "Determination of some acid herbicides in soils." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.279758.

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34

Puvaneswaran, Pathmadevy. "Agricultural sources for lake pollution : soil erosion in Slapton Ley catchment." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1990. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10240/.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of soil erosion as a factor in lake pollution and in particular the transport of phosphorus from field soils to streams and lakes in association with mobile sediment. Four land uses were selected as representative of the Slapton Ley catchment area to investigate the levels of phosphorus in the soil. The surface soil samples from the selected land use areas were analysed to determine the water-soluble phosphorus level in solution and exchangeable phosphorus level in sediment. Twelve experimental plots were studied in order to assess the erosional effects of overland flow and thus to determine the level of phosphorus from different land uses which may be influencing the eutrophication of the lake. It was concluded that slope angle, vegetation cover, surficial soil properties, animal influence and agricultural practice are the main factors influencing sediment transportation by overland flow. Estimated results for the agricultural fields indicated that the actual phosphorus loss to the Ley is always greater in sediment than solution and actual phosphorus loss in sediment is greater in arable (root) and cereal than in grass. The point water samples (136) from 13 different sources were grouped. Mean value of phosphorus concentration from the point sources indicated that the agricultural land uses such as arable and cereal provide 2 times more exchangeable phosphorus attached to sediment than the other land uses whereas farm and sewage provided 5 times more soluble phosphorus in water than other sources. Phosphorus concentration during peak discharge was examined for the Cara catchment. The results indicated that the ratio of phosphorus concentration in suspended sediment to phosphorus concentration in water is 240: 0.3 and that there is a linear relationship between phosphorus in water and phosphorus in sediment during the peak discharge. Sediment phosphorus levels in the marsh area were also examined. The results indicated that the top layers of the marsh sediment particularly at the surface, have higher phosphorus concentration than the lower layers and that there are higher levels in sediment than in water. From these results the conclusion was drawn that the soluble phosphorus in water is at highest concentration in sewage works effluent. However this effluent contributes a small proportion of phosphorus load to the Ley compared with the arable (root), cereal and grass lands in the catchment. Agricultural sources, particularly arable sources such as root and cereal play an important role on soil erosion as a factor in lake pollution and in particular in the transport of phosphorus from field soils to streams and lakes in association with mobile sediment in the Slapton Ley catchment.

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35

Monteil, Oscar Vazquez. "Wastewater irrigation of crops : the influence of nitrogen on soil-plant interactions." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303449.

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36

Tiensing, Tinnakorn. "Novel techniques in assessing bioavailability of pollutants in soils." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU153957.

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Effective techniques for assessing soil environmental pollution are required to develop protective policy. Chemical methods have been traditionally used to determine total concentration of pollutants and biologically linked measurements have been used to assess the bioavailable fraction of pollutants. Bioluminescence-based microbial bioassays have been shown to respond to the bioavailable fractions. Growth and bioluminescence of lux-marked E. coli HB101 and P. fluorescens 10586r were characterised and optimised for freeze-drying culture. Freeze-drying cultures have been used effectively because of their ease of use, rapid assay response and sensitivity to a wide range of pollutants. An assessment of Zn and Cd amended soil was investigated. Two different techniques (centrifugation and Rhizon sampler) were used to obtain the interstitial pore water of soils. The concentrations of Zn and Cd were significantly higher in the soil solution extracted using the centrifugation technique compared to the Rhizon sampler technique. The biosensors responded to the free metal concentrations in the soil solution. An assessment of the toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol, individually and in combinations, was tested in deionised water (pH 5.5), soil solutions, and soils using lux-marked E. coli HB101 and P. fluorescens 10586r. Toxicity interaction responses of the mixture chlorophenols were predicted using a model. Synergistic interactions were observed for the response of P. fluorescens 10586r pUCD60-7 to all combinations of chlorophenol tested, while the response of E. coli HB101 pUCD607 varied with the matrix solutions tested. Bioavailability of naphthalene was studied using cyclodextrin-based extractions caused to the luminescence response of Pseudomonas fluorescens KH44 pUTK21. Increasing the concentrations of beta-cyclodextrin (b-CD) and hydroxylpropyl-b-cyclodextrin (HPBC) in the extract solutions increased the apparent concentration of naphthalene in the soil solutions. The luminescence response of P. fluorescens HK44 was associated with bioavailable of naphthalene.

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37

Papanikolaou, Niki D. "Response of alpine heathland soils to environmental change and land management." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25204.

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38

Stone, David Marcus. "The behaviour of plutonium in artificially contaminated upland Welsh soils." Thesis, Bangor University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361177.

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39

Wang, Min-Jian. "The behaviour and fate of chlorobenzenes introduced into soil-plant systems by sewage sludge application." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358905.

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40

Leighton, Rachel. "A combined plant-microbe system for the remediation of co-contaminated soils." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270204.

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41

Kogbara, Reginald Baribor. "Process envelopes for and biodegradation within stabilised/solidified contaminated soils." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609546.

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42

Thakali, Sagar. "Terrestrial biotic ligand model (TBLM) for copper, and nickel toxicities to plants, invertebrates, and microbes in soils." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 2.00 Mb., 340 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3221133.

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43

Payne, Rosara Faith. "Investigation of radiological contamination of soil samples from Idaho National Laboratory." Diss., Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2006/r%5Fpayne%5F053106.pdf.

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44

McIlwaine, Rebekka. "Sources and concentrations of potentially toxic elements in soils from Northern Ireland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707843.

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45

Mwepu, Mireille K. M. "Attenuation of ionic pollutants in selected South African soils." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2516.

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Thesis (MScAgric (Soil Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
Two–thirds of South Africa, including more than 280 towns and settlements are largely dependent on groundwater for their drinking water supply and development. However, groundwater resources in South Africa are limited both in terms of quantity and quality, especially in the semi–arid parts of the country (Sililo et al., 2001, p. i). Therefore, the importance of protecting groundwater resources from pollution has been recognized. The first objective of this research was to investigate the attenuation capacity of a selection of soil horizons and materials representing major types of diagnostic horizons and materials in the South African soil classification in order to validate their chemical attenuation ratings as provisionally specified by Sililo et al. (2001, p. 4.6). The second objective was to assess the pollutant attenuation capacity of South African soil horizons and materials as well as describe the diagnostic value of key chemical properties of soils for conveying information on their contaminant transport/attenuation potential. The third objective was to investigate whether it is possible to apply acid/base priming using H2SO4 and Ca(OH)2 to a bulk quantity of soil in order to reduce the mobility of contaminants.

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46

Welker, Andrea Louise. "In-situ remediation of contaminated soils using prefabricated vertical drains /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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47

Peacock, Simon. "Sulphur dynamics of the alpine soils in a Scottish catchment at risk from acidification." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270744.

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The adsorption of sulphate has been studied using alpine and sub-alpine podzolic soils from the Allt a'Mharcaidh catchment, Cairngorms, Scotland, U.K. A detailed investigation of sulphur pools and mechanisms of sulphur retention has revealed that incoming sulphate ion, both marine and anthropogenic, is being retained by a range of adsorption mechanisms. Analysis of the soils has indicated that the sulphur content of the soils is dominated by organic forms of sulphur. Selective chemical fractionation techniques have identified an accumulation of sesquioxides, dominated by amorphous aluminium, in the basal horizons of all the soil profiles. Adsorption of sulphate has been shown to be mainly governed by the quantity and variable charge character of this sesquioxide phase. Fractionation has also suggested that the sesquioxides in the basal horizons of the soils are dominated by a combination of gibbsitic and imogolitic materials, the latter being present as a result of podzolization processes. The generation of sulphate adsorption isotherms has revealed that the organic horizons of the catchment soils show little or no sulphate adsorption capacity, due to a small sesquioxide content. In contrast, the mineral horizons are all capable of adsorbing sulphate, and in most cases this adsorption can be modelled to the Langmuir adsorption equation. The adsorption capacity of particle size fractions of the soils has revealed that even soil particles > 1 mm show an ability to retain sulphate, possibly by physical entrapment of soil solution in mineral pores or amorphous silica gel coatings. The accompanying hydroxyl release that is generally assumed to accompany adsorption of sulphate in the mineral soils was not evident, and unless a ligand exchange reaction was masked by other chemical reactions involving total proton balance, sulphate adsorption in the catchment soils is not due to a specific or 'low affinity' specific mechanism.

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48

Mwepu, Mireille K. M. "Mobility of ionic pollutants in selected South African soils /." Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/370.

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49

Ahmad, Faheem. "Numerical modelling of transport of pollutant through soils." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08182009-040239/.

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50

Baron, Dirk. "Iron-chromate precipitates in CR(VI)-contaminated soils : identification, solubility, and solid solution/aqueous solution reactions." Full text open access at:, 1996. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,217.

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