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Journal articles on the topic 'Soils South Australia Nitrogen content'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Lewis, DC, and LA Sparrow. "Implications of soil type, pasture composition and mineral content of pasture components for the incidence of grass tetany in the South East of South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 5 (1991): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910609.

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The occurrence of grass tetany related deaths in cattle grazing pasture in the South East of South Australia is related to soil type. The greatest losses occur on the solodised solonetz soils, with few, if any, on the rendzina or siliceous sand soils in the region. Pastures from 3 soil types were sampled on 2 occasions during the growing period, and soils were sampled once. Comparisons were made for the pasture components of potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations in soils, and K, Ca, Mg, nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) concentrations in plants. In the July sampling, the mean

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2

O'Sullivan, Cathryn A., Steven A. Wakelin, Ian R. P. Fillery, and Margaret M. Roper. "Factors affecting ammonia-oxidising microorganisms and potential nitrification rates in southern Australian agricultural soils." Soil Research 51, no. 3 (2013): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13039.

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Ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA) have recently been described as having an important role in soil nitrification. However, published data on factors which influence their distribution and their impact on a soil’s potential nitrification rates (PNR) are sparse, particularly compared with the amount of information available regarding ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB). This study had two aims. First, to investigate which environmental factors affect the AOA : AOB ratio in soils from two agricultural regions, and second, to explore whether the abundance of either AOA or AOB correlated with PNR. Sampl

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3

Latta, R. A., and A. Lyons. "The performance of lucerne - wheat rotations on Western Australian duplex soils." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 3 (2006): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04016.

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In field experiments on duplex soils in the south-eastern and central Western Australian wheatbelt, lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) was compared with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in pasture–crop rotations. Comparative pasture plant densities and biomass, soil water content, available soil nitrogen, wheat grain yield, and protein content were measured during 2 and 3 years of pasture followed by 2 and 1 year of wheat, respectively. Lucerne densities declined by 60–90% over the 3-year pasture phase but produced up to 3 times more total annual biomass than weed-dominant annual past

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4

Angus, J. F., A. F. van Herwaarden, D. P. Heenan, R. A. Fischer, and G. N. Howe. "The source of mineral nitrogen for cereals in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 3 (1998): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97125.

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The relative importance of soil mineral nitrogen (N) available at the time of sowing ormineralised during the growing season was investigated for 6 crops of dryland wheat. The soil mineral N in the root-zone was sampled at sowing and maturity and the rate of net mineralisation in the top 10 cm was estimated by sequential sampling throughout the growing season, using an in situ method. Mineralisation during crop growth was modelled in relation to total soil N, ambient temperature, andsoil water content. Mineral N accumulated before sowing varied by a factor of 3 between the sites (from 67 to 19

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5

Lewis, DC, TD Potter, SE Weckert, and IL Grant. "Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on the seed yield and oil concentration of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and the prediction of responses by soil tests and past paddock use." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 5 (1987): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870713.

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The response of oilseed rape to applied nitrogen and phosphorus was investigated in 2 areas of the South East of South Australia. The nitrogen rates applied varied from 0 to 50 kg/ha, while phosphorus rates applied in the Mundulla area ranged from 0 to 20 kg/ha and 0 to 34 kg/ha in the Millicent area. At 9 sites in the Mundulla area, where soils were primarily sandy loam over clay, oilseed rape yields were increased significantly by applied nitrogen at 7 sites and by applied phosphorus at 2 sites. On heavy black clay and peat soils in the Millicent area, oilseed rape yields were increased sign

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6

Smiles, D. E., and C. J. Smith. "A survey of the cation content of piggery effluents and some consequences of their use to irrigate soils." Soil Research 42, no. 2 (2004): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03059.

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Piggery effluent contains high concentrations of potassium, and its repeated irrigation raises soil exchangeable potassium to levels, relative to divalent cations, that may degrade soil structure. We surveyed 6 big piggeries extending from south-eastern Queensland on a self-mulching Vertosol, to an Arenic Rudosol in south-eastern South Australia. We sampled effluent used for irrigation and also soil profiles to permit 'fenceline' comparisons between soils that had and had not been irrigated. The major water-soluble cations sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) were

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7

Bauhus, J., PK Khanna, and RJ Raison. "The effect of fire on carbon and nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in an Australian forest soil." Soil Research 31, no. 5 (1993): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930621.

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The causes of onset of nitrification in a soil collected under an ashbed which was produced when heaped slash was burned, and for its absence in an unburnt soil, were investigated for an acid forest soil from south-eastern Australia. The occurrence of nitrification in ashbed soils was assessed in laboratory incubations extendig to 151 days to determine if it could be attributed to (a) an increase in pH, (b) an additional supply of P, (c) the removal of chemical inhibitors, and (d) the lack of competition with heterotrophs killed during soil heating. The treatments were: percolated and unpercol

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8

Cooke, JW, GW Ford, RG Dumsday, and ST Willatt. "Effect of fallowing practices on the growth and yield of wheat in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (1985): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850614.

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The effects on crop establishment, crop development and the yield of wheat of two methods of fallow preparation, at each of three lengths of fallow were investigated over 5 years on red duplex and associated soils in north-central Victoria. The two methods of preparation were: scarifying, which involved the repeated use of a tined tillage implement; and herbicide application, which involved the repeated use of non-residual herbicides to control weeds during the fallow phase. The three lengths of fallow were winter, spring and autumn, which were approximately 10, 8 and 2 months respectively. Gr

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9

Pérez-Fernández, María A., and Byron B. Lamont. "Nodulation and performance of exotic and native legumes in Australian soils." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 5 (2003): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03053.

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Six Spanish legumes, Cytisus balansae, C. multiflorus, C. scoparius, C. striatus, Genista hystrix and Retama sphaerocarpa, were able to form effective nodules when grown in six south-western Australian soils. Soils and nodules were collected from beneath natural stands of six native Australian legumes, Jacksonia floribunda, Gompholobium tomentosum, Bossiaea aquifolium, Daviesia horrida, Gastrolobium spinosum and Templetonia retusa. Four combinations of soils and bacterial treatments were used as the soil treatments: sterile soil (S), sterile inoculated soils (SI), non-treated soil (N) and non-

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10

Chen, Wen, Graeme Blair, Jim Scott, and Rod Lefroy. "Nitrogen and sulfur dynamics of contrasting grazed pastures." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 8 (1999): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar98104.

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The experimental area was located at the Big Ridge 2 site, CSIRO, Chiswick (30°31′S, 151°39′E), 20 km south of Armidale, New South Wales, Australia. The site was established in 1955. In March 1966, phalaris and white clover were sown and pastures were fertilised annually with superphosphate until 1993. There were 3 pasture treatments, each with 2 replicates: degraded pasture (low phalaris content), phalaris dominant, and phalaris–white clover. Each of 6 experimental plots was divided into 3 strata. Two representative areas 1 m by 0.5 m were selected in each stratum of each treatment. The selec

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11

Groves, RH, PJ Hocking, and A. Mcmahon. "Distribution of Biomass, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Other Nutrients in Banksia marginata and B. ornata Shoots of Different Ages After Fire." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 6 (1986): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860709.

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The heathland form of Banksia marginata Cav. regenerates rarely from seed but commonly by resprout- ing from buds on lateral roots, whereas Banksia ornata F. Muell. regenerates only from seed, usually released after fire. The two species co-occur in heath vegetation on nutrient-poor soils in south-eastern South Australia and western Victoria. Shoots were sampled from stands of B. marginata aged from 1 to 25 years and of B. ornata aged from 1 to 50+ years after fire in the Little Desert National Park, western Victoria. B. marginata, the resprouter, distributed a greater proportion of the total

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12

Perrett, Christine, Olusegun O. Osunkoya, and Cameron Clark. "Cat's claw creeper vine, Macfadyena unguis-cati (Bignoniaceae), invasion impacts: comparative leaf nutrient content and effects on soil physicochemical properties." Australian Journal of Botany 60, no. 6 (2012): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt12055.

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Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) Gentry (Bignoniaceae) is a major environmental weed in coastal Queensland, Australia. There is a lack of quantitative data on its leaf chemistry and its impact on soil properties. Soils from infested vs uninfested areas, and leaves of M. unguis-cati and three co-occurring vine species (one exotic, two native) were collected at six sites (riparian and non-riparian) in south-eastern Queensland. Effects of invasion status, species, site and habitat type were examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. Habitat type had a greater effect on soil nutrients than on

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13

Wilson, Brian R., Phoebe Barnes, Terry B. Koen, Subhadip Ghosh, and Dacre King. "Measurement and estimation of land-use effects on soil carbon and related properties for soil monitoring: a study on a basalt landscape of northern New South Wales, Australia." Soil Research 48, no. 5 (2010): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09146.

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There is a growing need for information relating to soil condition, its current status, and the nature and direction of change in response to management pressures. Monitoring is therefore being promoted regionally, nationally, and internationally to assess and evaluate soil condition for the purposes of reporting and prioritisation of funding for natural resource management. Several technical and methodological obstacles remain that impede the broad-scale implementation of measurement and monitoring schemes, and we present a dataset designed to (i) assess the optimum size of sample site for so

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14

Bolland, M. D. A., J. S. Yeates, and M. F. Clarke. "Single and coastal superphosphates are equally effective as sulfur fertilisers for subterranean clover on very sandy soils in high rainfall areas of south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 9 (2003): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02168.

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To reduce leaching of phosphorus (P) from fertilised pastures to shallow estuaries in the high rainfall (>800 mm annual average) areas of south-western Australia, and to supply extra sulfur (S) for subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in pasture, 'coastal superphosphate' was developed as a possible alternative P and S fertiliser to single superphosphate. Coastal superphosphate is made by adding phosphate rock and elemental S to single superphosphate as it comes out of the den before granulation. It has about 3 times more sulfur (S) and one-third the water-soluble P content than s

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15

Evans, J., NA Fettell, DR Coventry, GE O'Connor, DN Walsgott, J. Mahoney, and EL Armstrong. "Wheat response after temperate crop legumes in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 1 (1991): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9910031.

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At 15 sites in the cereal belt of New South Wales and Victoria, wheat after lupin or pea produced more biomass and had a greater nitrogen (N) content than wheat after wheat or barley; on average these crops assimilated 36 kg N/ha more. The improved wheat yield after lupin averaged 0 . 9 t/ha and after pea 0.7 t/ha, increases of 44 and 32% respectively. The responses were variable with site, year and legume. Soil available N was increased by both lupin and pea and the levels of surface inorganic N measured at the maturity of first year crops was often related to N in wheat grown in the followin

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16

Bolland, M. D. A., and I. F. Guthridge. "Responses of intensively grazed dairy pastures to applications of fertiliser nitrogen in south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 8 (2007): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06014.

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For the first time, we quantified pasture dry matter (DM) responses to applied fertiliser nitrogen (N) for intensively grazed, rain-fed, dairy pastures on sandy soils common in the Mediterranean-type climate of south-western Australia. The pastures are composed of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and annual and Italian ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud. and L. multiflorum Lam.). Six rates of N, as urea (46% N), were applied to 15 m by 15 m plots four times during 2002 and after each of the first 5–7 grazings in 2003 and 2004, throughout the typical April–October growing season. Tota

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17

Waymouth, Vicky, Rebecca E. Miller, Sabine Kasel, Fiona Ede, Andrew Bissett, and Cristina Aponte. "Soil Bacterial Community Responds to Land-Use Change in Riparian Ecosystems." Forests 12, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020157.

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Riparian forests were frequently cleared and converted to agricultural pastures, but in recent times these pastures are often revegetated in an effort to return riparian forest structure and function. We tested if there is a change in the soil bacterial taxonomy and function in areas of riparian forest cleared for agricultural pasture then revegetated, and if soil bacterial taxonomy and function is related to vegetation and soil physicochemical properties. The study was conducted in six riparian areas in south-eastern Australia, each comprising of three land-use types: remnant riparian forest,

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18

Sadras, Víctor, David Roget, and Garry O'Leary. "On-farm assessment of environmental and management constraints to wheat yield and efficiency in the use of rainfall in the Mallee." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 5 (2002): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01150.

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The responses of wheat grain yield to soil properties, weather, root diseases, and management practices were investigated in 75 grower-managed crops in the Mallee region of South Australia, Victoria, and New South Wales during 3 growing seasons. Fourteen cultivars were represented in the sampled crops, with Frame being the most common (56%). The most widespread crop sequence was wheat after pasture (43% of wheat crops), followed by wheat after fallow or cereal (both about 20%); 12% of the wheat was sown after legumes. Wheat after cereal was more common in drier sites, and wheat after fallow in

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19

Hackney, B. F., J. Jenkins, J. Powells, C. E. Edwards, S. De Meyer, J. G. Howieson, R. J. Yates, and S. E. Orgill. "Soil acidity and nutrient deficiency cause poor legume nodulation in the permanent pasture and mixed farming zones of south-eastern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 12 (2019): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19039.

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Pasture legumes must be adequately and effectively nodulated in order to reach nitrogen-fixation targets. Of 225 pasture paddocks sampled across the Central Tablelands, Central West, Monaro and Riverina regions of New South Wales, 93% had inadequate legume nodulation. Legume content was significantly higher in the mixed faming zone (&gt;50%, Central West and Riverina) than the permanent pasture zone (26%, Central Tablelands; 28% Monaro). Available phosphorus (P) was below critical levels in 40% of paddocks sampled and sulfur (S) in 73% of paddocks; &gt;35% of all paddocks had soil pHCa

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20

Edis, R. B., D. Chen, G. Wang, D. A. Turner, K. Park, M. Meyer, and C. Kirkby. "Soil nitrogen dynamics in irrigated maize systems as impacted on by nitrogen and stubble management." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 3 (2008): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06098.

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The soil nitrogen (N) dynamics of an irrigated maize system in which stubble retention and stubble burned treatments were superimposed over treatments of varying N fertiliser rate were studied. The field site was near Whitton, New South Wales, Australia, and the work described here is part a life cycle analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from maize project. The objective of this part of the work was to quantify the fate of fertiliser N applied at the site. Field measurements of denitrification, mineral N content and recovery of 15N-labelled urea from microplots with and without ammonium thios

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21

Harries, Martin, Ken C. Flower, and Craig A. Scanlan. "Sustainability of nutrient management in grain production systems of south-west Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 3 (2021): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20403.

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Balancing nutrient inputs and exports is essential to maintaining soil fertility in rainfed crop and pasture farming systems. Soil nutrient balances of land used for crop and pasture production in the south-west of Western Australia were assessed through survey data comprising biophysical measurements and farm management records (2010–15) across 184 fields spanning 14 Mha. Key findings were that nitrogen (N) inputs via fertiliser or biological N2 fixation in 60% of fields, and potassium (K) inputs in 90% of fields, were inadequate to balance exports despite increases in fertiliser usage and ad

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22

Angus, J. F., R. R. Gault, M. B. Peoples, M. Stapper, and A. F. van Herwaarden. "Soil water extraction by dryland crops, annual pastures, and lucerne in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 2 (2001): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00103.

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The extraction of soil water by dryland crops and pastures in south-eastern Australia was examined in 3 studies. The first was a review of 13 published measurements of soil water-use under wheat at several locations in southern New South Wales. Of these, 8 showed significantly more water extracted by crops managed with increased nitrogen supply or growing after a break crop. The mean additional soil water extraction in response to break crops was 31 mm and to additional N was 11 mm. The second study used the SIMTAG model to simulate growth and water-use by wheat in relation to crop management

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23

Bell, Michael J., Wayne Strong, Denis Elliott, and Charlie Walker. "Soil nitrogen—crop response calibration relationships and criteria for winter cereal crops grown in Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 5 (2013): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12431.

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More than 1200 wheat and 120 barley experiments conducted in Australia to examine yield responses to applied nitrogen (N) fertiliser are contained in a national database of field crops nutrient research (BFDC National Database). The yield responses are accompanied by various pre-plant soil test data to quantify plant-available N and other indicators of soil fertility status or mineralisable N. A web application (BFDC Interrogator), developed to access the database, enables construction of calibrations between relative crop yield ((Y0/Ymax) × 100) and N soil test value. In this paper we report

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24

Cammarano, Davide, Glenn Fitzgerald, Bruno Basso, Deli Chen, Peter Grace, and Garry O'Leary. "Remote estimation of chlorophyll on two wheat cultivars in two rainfed environments." Crop and Pasture Science 62, no. 4 (2011): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10100.

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For this study we hypothesise that the use of canopy chlorophyll content index (CCCI) and crop greenness will be useful in assessing crop nutritional status and provide a robust management tool by growth stage DC30 for fertiliser application across multiple sites without being confounded by soil and biomass differences. The objectives of this study were: (i) to study the robustness of the CCCI and greenness as a measure of crop N content at two different locations, and (ii) to validate the model developed for crop nitrogen (N) determination. Data were collected from two rain-fed field sites cr

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25

Dear, B. S., J. M. Virgona, G. A. Sandral, A. D. Swan, and S. Morris. "Changes in soil mineral nitrogen, nitrogen leached, and surface pH under annual and perennial pasture species." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 10 (2009): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09026.

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Soil mineral nitrogen (N) profiles during the growing season and changes in total soil N and available N after 3–4 years were examined under 9 different pasture swards containing annual legumes, lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), or one of 4 perennial grasses at 2 sites representative of the low and medium rainfall belt of south-eastern Australia. The effect of the presence of phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) or lucerne on the spatial variation in surface pH was also measured. The 9 pastures were subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), subterranean clover with annual weeds, yellow serradell

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26

Unkovich, Murray, Paul Sanford, John Pate, and Mike Hyder. "Effects of grazing on plant and soil nitrogen relations of pasture-crop rotations." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 3 (1998): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97071.

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Plant and soil nitrogen (N) fluxes were assessed in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) based pastures set-stocked at 8 sheep per hectare (light grazing) or grazed at a much higher, but variable, intensity to maintain 1400 kg standing dry matter per hectare (intensive grazing) through the addition or removal of sheep. Pasture composition and biomass production, herbage N concentration, plant nitrate (NO-3) utilisation, and N2 fixation by clover were assessed at 3-weekly intervals over the growing season. Soil ammonium (NH+4) and NO-3 availability were assessed at similar intervals

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Mayfield, A. H., and S. P. Trengove. "Grain yield and protein responses in wheat using the N-Sensor for variable rate N application." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 9 (2009): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08344.

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Soil types, cereal crop growth and grain yields are typically variable across many paddocks in the cropping regions of South Australia. In this study the value of a variable rate nitrogen fertiliser application, using the Yara N-Sensor, was compared with the standard practice of a uniform application, at crop growth stage 31, on the grain yield and protein content of wheat. These comparisons were made using the same total amount of fertiliser in paired variable and uniform rate treatments in commercial crops at a total of 10 sites over two years in the medium to higher rainfall areas of the Mi

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28

Jones, R. B., M. Imsic, P. Franz, G. Hale, and R. B. Tomkins. "High nitrogen during growth reduced glucoraphanin and flavonol content in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) heads." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 12 (2007): 1498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06205.

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Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) heads are commonly consumed in the Western diet and frequent consumption is thought to help protect against certain cancers and cardiovascular disease. Broccoli heads contain relatively high levels of glucosinolates and flavonols, thought to be the key phytochemicals that contribute to the health benefits gained upon consumption. In this study, we investigated the effect of applied nitrogen (N) at either 0, 15, 30 or 60 kg/ha, or 30, 60, 90 or 150 kg/ha with applied sulfur (S) at 50 or 100 kg/ha on the glucosinolates glucoraphanin, glucobrassicin and p

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29

Berger, J. D., K. H. M. Siddique, and S. P. Loss. "Cool season grain legumes for Mediterranean environments: species × environment interaction in seed quality traits and anti-nutritional factors in the genus Vicia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 3 (1999): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a98098.

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Seed size and protein, sulfur (S), total phenolics, condensed tannins, and proteinase inhibitor concentrations were measured in 4 Vicia species (V. faba, V. sativa, V. ervilia, V. narbonensis) grown at up to 30 locations in the south-west of Western Australia. There was a species × environment interaction for all seed traits, and this was reflected in the relationships with environmental parameters and other seed traits within each species. For V. faba, it was difficult to account for the production of seed quality traits or antinutritional factors on the basis of descriptive environmental par

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30

Conyers, M. K., J. E. Holland, B. Haskins, R. Whitworth, G. J. Poile, A. Oates, V. van der Rijt, and E. Tavakkoli. "Sulfur and nitrogen responses by barley and wheat on a sandy soil in a semi-arid environment." Crop and Pasture Science 71, no. 10 (2020): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20280.

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Soil testing guidelines for sulfur (S) under dryland cropping in south-eastern Australia are not well developed. Our objective was to assess the value of soil and tissue tests for S and nitrogen (N), because the two minerals frequently interact), in predicting S-deficient sites and hence increasing the probability of response to application of S (and N). Here, we report three proximal experiments in 2014–16 for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a sandy soil in a semi-arid environment near Merriwagga in western New South Wales. The trials contained a factorial comb

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31

O'Neill, C. J., E. Humphreys, J. Louis, and A. Katupitiya. "Maize productivity in southern New South Wales under furrow and pressurised irrigation." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 3 (2008): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06093.

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Irrigation farmers in the Murray–Darling Basin of Australia are under considerable pressure to reduce the amount of water they use for irrigation, while sustaining production and profitability. Changing from surface to pressurised irrigation systems may provide some or all of these outcomes; however, little is known about the performance of alternative irrigation methods for broadacre annual crops in this region. Therefore, a demonstration site for comparing furrow, subsurface drip and sprinkler irrigation was established on a representative clay soil in the Coleambally Irrigation Area, NSW. T

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32

Beecher, HG, JA Thompson, PE Bacon, and BW Dunn. "Soil nitrogen supply to rice: crop sequence effects." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 7 (1994): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940987.

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The effect of cropping sequence on soil nitrogen (N) supply to a rice crop was investigated using an in situ incubation technique in a direct drill system on a red-brown earth soil in south-eastern Australia. The crop sequences were (i) a rice crop in each of the previous 4 summers, (ii) rice then 4 seasons of annual pasture (long pasture phase), (iii) rice, 2 winter cereal crops then 2 seasons of annual pasture (short pasture phase), and (iv) rice then 4 winter cereal crops. This study was undertaken in the fifth year of the crop sequence experiment, when all sequences had returned to rice. W

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33

Holford, I. C. R. "Soil phosphorus: its measurement, and its uptake by plants." Soil Research 35, no. 2 (1997): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96047.

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Phosphorus (P) is the most important nutrient element (after nitrogen) limiting agricultural production in most regions of the world. It is extremely chemically reactive, and more than 170 phosphate minerals have been identified. In all its natural forms, including organic forms, P is very stable or insoluble, and only a very small proportion exists in the soil solution at any one time. Plant-available P may be considered in either its quantitative or intensive dimension. The quantity of available P is time-specific and crop-specific, because it is the amount of P that will come into the soil

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34

Thomas, G. A., R. C. Dalal, E. J. Weston, K. J. Lehane, A. J. King, D. N. Orange, C. J. Holmes, and G. B. Wildermuth. "Pasture - crop rotations for sustainable production in a wheat and sheep-based farming system on a Vertosol in south-west Queensland, Australia." Animal Production Science 49, no. 8 (2009): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07170.

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Rainfed grain production, based on winter cereals, is marginal in south-west Queensland, Australia, because of low and variable rainfall and high evapotranspiration. Also, grain yield and grain quality have decreased as soil fertility, particularly soil nitrogen supply, has declined on older cropping lands. An option for improving soil N supply is to include legume-based pastures in rotation with winter cereals. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of short-term (18 months) legume pastures (annual medics and lucerne + annual medics), and longer term (3 years) mixed grass (B

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Silsbury, JH. "Grain yield of wheat in rotation with pea, vetch or medic grown with three systems of management." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 5 (1990): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900645.

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Pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alma), vetch (Vicia sativa L. cv. Languedoc) and annual medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn. cv. Paraggio) were grown at Brinkworth, South Australia, in 1987 in large (0.75 ha) plots and subjected to 3 systems of management: (i) ploughing in at flowering as a green manure crop, (ii) harvesting for grain and ploughing in the dry residues, and (iii) harvesting for grain and removing the residues. A wheat crop was sown over the whole area in the following season (1988) and the effects of type of legume and management on grain yield and grain protein content were measured.

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Dong, Ning, Iain Colin Prentice, Bradley J. Evans, Stefan Caddy-Retalic, Andrew J. Lowe, and Ian J. Wright. "Leaf nitrogen from first principles: field evidence for adaptive variation with climate." Biogeosciences 14, no. 2 (January 30, 2017): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-481-2017.

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Abstract. Nitrogen content per unit leaf area (Narea) is a key variable in plant functional ecology and biogeochemistry. Narea comprises a structural component, which scales with leaf mass per area (LMA), and a metabolic component, which scales with Rubisco capacity. The co-ordination hypothesis, as implemented in LPJ and related global vegetation models, predicts that Rubisco capacity should be directly proportional to irradiance but should decrease with increases in ci : ca and temperature because the amount of Rubisco required to achieve a given assimilation rate declines with increases in

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Maier, NA, GE Barth, MN Bartetzko, JS Cecil, and WL Chvyl. "Nitrogen and potassium nutrition of Australian waxflowers grown in siliceous sands. 1. Stem growth and yield responses." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 3 (1996): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960355.

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The effects of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) on stem growth and yield responses of Australian waxflowers were investigated. Experiments were conducted in commercial plantings at 3 sites in South Australia. Plantings of Chamelaucium uncinatum cvv. Alba (2 sites) and Purple Pride (1 site) and a Chamelaucium hybrid (C. floriferum x C. uncinatum), known locally as Walpole wax (1 site), were 3-5 years old when the study began in 1990. Nitrogen and K were applied at rates up to 160 g N and 80 g K/plant.year. Application of N significantly (P<0.05) increased stem growth, with the magnitude varyin

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Kemp, D. R., D. L. Michalk, and J. M. Virgona. "Towards more sustainable pastures: lessons learnt." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 2 (2000): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99001.

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The Temperate Pasture Sustainability Key Program (TPSKP) was established across south-eastern Australia to test the hypotheses that an improved perennial grass content in pastures would result in fewer weeds, better water use (and hence lesser impacts on soil salinity), and lower soil acidification rates. Grazing tactics were seen as a means to enhance or maintain the perennial grass content. Soil and water sustainability experiments in summer and winter dominant rainfall environments showed fewer weeds, improvements in water use and less acidity under perennial versus annual grass pastures. F

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Gupta, V. V. S. R., S. J. Kroker, M. Hicks, C. W. Davoren, K. Descheemaeker, and R. Llewellyn. "Nitrogen cycling in summer active perennial grass systems in South Australia: non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 10 (2014): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14109.

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Non-symbiotic nitrogen (N2) fixation by diazotrophic bacteria is a potential source for biological N inputs in non-leguminous crops and pastures. Perennial grasses generally add larger quantities of above- and belowground plant residues to soil, and so can support higher levels of soil biological activity than annual crops. In this study, the hypothesis is tested that summer-active perennial grasses can provide suitable microsites with the required carbon supply for N2 fixation by diazotrophs, in particular during summer, through their rhizosphere contribution. In a field experiment on a Calca

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Gardner, WK, RG Fawcett, GR Steed, JE Pratley, DM Whitfield, Hvan Rees, and Rees H. Van. "Crop production on duplex soils in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 7 (1992): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920915.

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The environment, duplex soil types and trends in crop production in South Australia, southern New South Wales, north-eastern and north-central Victoria, the southern Wimmera and the Victorian Western District are reviewed. In the latter 2 regions, pastoral industries dominate and crop production is curtailed by regular and severe soil waterlogging, except for limited areas of lower rainfall. Subsurface drainage can eliminate waterlogging, but is feasible only for the Western District where subsoils are sufficiently stable. The other regions all have a long history of soil degradation due to cr

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Chittleborough, D. J., J. W. Cox, and D. P. Stevens. "Pathways of phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon movement over and through texturally differentiated soils, South Australia." Soil Research 37, no. 4 (1999): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr98082.

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One method for preventing the degradation of water supplies through contamination with phosphorus (P), nitrate (NO3), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is to restrict movement of these contaminants from the catchment into water bodies. The purpose of the study was to quantify and characterise the proportion of NO3, P, and DOC moving from duplex soils by overland flow and through-flow on a sub-catchment scale, and to characterise soil properties that influence their movement. Two sites in the Adelaide Hills (South Australia) with contrasting duplex soils were instrumented to collect overland f

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Holland, Jonathan E., and Asim Biswas. "Predicting the mobile water content of vineyard soils in New South Wales, Australia." Agricultural Water Management 148 (January 2015): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.09.018.

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Xu, ZH, JN Ladd, and DE Elliott. "Soil nitrogen availability in the cereal zone of South Australia .1. Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and nitrogen mineralisation rates." Soil Research 34, no. 6 (1996): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9960937.

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Assessments of soil nitrogen (N) availability were undertaken using soils sampled at 0-10 and 10-20 cm depths from 123 experimental sites where the responses of cereal crops to N fertilisers were tested, throughout the cereal zone of South Australia. Rates of N mineralisation and percentage N mineralisation, as determined by a laboratory aerobic incubation method, were related to soil properties. Mineralisable N (N mineralised during a Li-week incubation) of 0-10 cm soil varied from 14 to 121 kg N/ha with a median of 50 kg N/ha, and that of 10-20 cm soil, from 5 to 42 kg N/ha (median 19 kg N/h

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Norton, R. M., and N. G. Wachsmann. "Nitrogen use and crop type affect the water use of annual crops in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 3 (2006): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05056.

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The effect of management and crop selection on water use and profile drying was investigated using 2 series of experiments conducted in the Victorian Wimmera. The effect of applied nitrogen on growth and water use of canola was assessed from 3 field experiments on a Vertosol soil. Across these sites, 140 kg N/ha increased crop water use by a mean of 30 mm, and the biological response averaged 3.68 t/ha of shoot dry matter and seed yield increased by 73% from 1.46 to 2.52 t/ha. The additional nitrogen enabled roots to go deeper into the soil and also to extract water to higher tensions, but the

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Banu, Nargis A., Balwant Singh, and Les Copeland. "Microbial biomass and microbial biodiversity in some soils from New South Wales, Australia." Soil Research 42, no. 7 (2004): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03132.

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Eight surface soils (0–15 cm) including 1 Ferrosol, 2 Tenosols, 2 Kurosols, 1 Sodosol, 1 Chromosol, and 1 Kandosol were collected from mainly pasture sites in New South Wales. The soils had different physico-chemical properties and there were some differences between the sites in climatic conditions. Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was estimated by the chloroform-fumigation extraction method, and substrate utilisation patterns determined by the Biolog method were used to assess the amount, functional diversity, substrate richness and evenness, and community structure of the microorganisms

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Valentine, S., P. Lewis, R. T. Cowan, and J. DeFaveri. "The effects of high stocking rates on milk production from dryland and irrigated Mediterranean pastures." Animal Production Science 49, no. 2 (2009): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07071.

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An experiment using herds of ~20 cows (farmlets) assessed the effects of high stocking rates on production and profitability of feeding systems based on dryland and irrigated perennial ryegrass-based pastures in a Mediterranean environment in South Australia over 4 years. A target level of milk production of 7000 L/cow.year was set, based on predicted intakes of 2.7 t DM/cow.year as concentrates, pasture intakes from 1.5 to 2.7 t/cow.year and purchased fodder. In years 1 and 2, up to 1.5 t DM/cow.year of purchased fodder was used and in years 3 and 4 the amounts were increased if necessary to

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Hopmans, P., N. Collett, and R. Bickford. "Effects of fire retardant on heathland soils in south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 45, no. 8 (2007): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07040.

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A study was undertaken to assess the effects of fire retardant application, unmodified by heat of fire, on soil properties in 2 fire-prone heathland communities at Marlo and the Grampians in south-eastern Australia. Fire retardant (Phos-Chek D75-R at 0.144 g/L) was applied at rates of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 L/m2 and compared with control treatments of nil and 1.0 L/m2 of water. Monitoring of surface soils showed that pH at both sites decreased while soil salinity increased immediately after application followed by a rapid decline to pre-treatment values within 12 months. The impact of retardant on

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Evans, J. "An evaluation of potential Rhizobium inoculant strains used for pulse production in acidic soils of south-east Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 3 (2005): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03129.

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Profitability of the pulse industry relies considerably on crop nitrogen fixation because this process supplies greater than 60% of pulse crop nitrogen. Therefore the industry requires the most efficient Rhizobium symbioses and effective inoculation management. Re-appraisal of the recommended inoculant strain for field pea, SU303, in south-east Australia, was warranted by field evidence that SU303 failed to maximise grain yield at sites in Western Australia. Re-appraisal of the inoculant strain for faba bean and lentil, WSM1274, was warranted because of anecdotal evidence from Western Australi

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Paul, K. I., P. J. Polglase, A. M. O'Connell, J. C. Carlyle, P. J. Smethurst, and P. K. Khanna. "Soil nitrogen availability predictor (SNAP): a simple model for predicting mineralisation of nitrogen in forest soils." Soil Research 40, no. 6 (2002): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01114.

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A new empirical model (SNAP) combines a simple laboratory measurement of the basal rate of N mineralisation with the modifying effects of daily temperature and water content to predict seasonal and annual rates of mineralisation of forest soils. Short-term (20-60-day) aerobic incubations of either undisturbed or bulked and mixed soil were found suitable for prediction of the basal rate of N mineralisation. Data from laboratory incubations of a range of soils were used to calibrate empirical relationships describing the effects of temperature (Tm) and water (Wm) on rates of N mineralisation. Su

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Fillery, IR, and KJ McInnes. "Components of the fertiliser nitrogen balance for wheat production on duplex soils." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 7 (1992): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920887.

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In this paper, we review literature on the fate of fertiliser nitrogen (N) applied to duplex soils in wheat-growing regions of southern Australia, and discuss the contribution of specific N transformations to N loss. Duplex soils are characterised by the presence of soil material, within the rooting depth of crops, that possess hydraulic conductivities that are lower than those of overlying material. Denitrification and the transport of nitrate below rooting depth of crops are thought to be the chief causes of loss of fertiliser N and to contribute to poor grain yields. Ammonia volatilisation

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