Journal articles: 'Soils – Zimbabwe'

1

Nyamapfene, K. W. "Some relationships between topography and sodic soils in Zimbabwe." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 30, no. 1 (April 9, 1986): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/30/1986/47.

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Jones, U. S., and M. Piha. "Evaluation of four soil test extractants for Zimbabwe soils." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 20, no. 17-18 (November 1989): 1857–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103628909368188.

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MAPFUMO, P., S. MPEPEREKI, and P. MAFONGOYA. "PIGEONPEA RHIZOBIA PREVALENCE AND CROP RESPONSE TO INOCULATION IN ZIMBABWEAN SMALLHOLDER-MANAGED SOILS." Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 4 (October 2000): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700001009.

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A study was conducted to determine the population sizes of indigenous pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)-nodulating rhizobia and responses of the crop to rhizobial inoculation in soils under smallholder management. Rhizobia populations were determined in 21 soils from three different agro-ecological regions of Zimbabwe using the plant infection most-probable-number technique. Pigeonpea response to rhizobial inoculation was tested in five soils representative of low, medium and high rhizobia populations. Pigeonpea rhizobia ranged from undetectable to 121 cells per g soil compared with 16 to 159 cells per g soil for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) which was used for reference. Soils with high cowpea rhizobia counts had relatively low counts of pigeonpea rhizobia and vice versa, showing that the two legumes associate with different subgroups of rhizobia. Poor soil organic matter, low soil moisture at sampling, low pH and low clay content of the soils had a significant negative effect on rhizobial counts. Organic matter appeared critical for maintenance of high populations of indigenous rhizobia in the mostly sandy soils sampled. Lack of pigeonpea response to inoculation in all the soils tested despite the low initial rhizobial populations could be the result of within-season proliferation of indigenous populations which are competitive and effective. There was evidence of rapid build-up of pigeonpea-compatible rhizobia within one growing season when the crop was first introduced. It was concluded that effective pigeonpea rhizobia occur in many arable soils of Zimbabwe. However, to fully exploit biological nitrogen fixation and maximize yields of pigeonpea, highly efficient, adapted and competitive indigenous rhizobial isolates must be identified and evaluated.

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Mapaure, I. "A floristic classification of the vegetation of a forest-savanna boundary in southeastern Zimbabwe." Bothalia 27, no. 2 (October 8, 1997): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v27i2.680.

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The vegetation of Chirinda Forest boundary was classified into eight types using Two-way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). The moist forest comprises three types: Strychnos mellodora-Chrysophyllum gonmgosanum Forest on deep dolerite soils; Chrysophyllum gorungosanum-Myrianthus holstii Forest on shallow dolerite soils; and Teclea iiobilis-Ehretia cymosa Forest on drier, but deep dolerite soils. The non-forest vegetation comprises five types: Themeda triandra Grassland on shallow dolerite soils; Psidium guajava Bushland on sandstone; Bridelia micrantha-Harungana madagascariensis Mixed Woodland not restricted to any one particular soil type; Acacia karroo- Heteropyxis dehniae Woodland on shallow soils derived from sandstone but sometimes on dolerite; and Julbemardia globiflora-Brachystegia spiciformis (Miombo) Woodland on sandstone.

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5

Twomlow, S. J. "Field moisture characteristics of two fersiallitic soils in Zimbabwe." Soil Use and Management 10, no. 4 (December 1994): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1994.tb00481.x.

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MUJURU, L., L. RUSINAMHODZI, J. NYAMANGARA, and M. R. HOOSBEEK. "Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and manure application on storage of carbon and nitrogen under continuous maize cropping in Arenosols and Luvisols of Zimbabwe." Journal of Agricultural Science 154, no. 2 (June 19, 2015): 242–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859615000520.

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SUMMARYSoil organic matter (SOM) is important for long-term crop productivity through maintenance of soil quality and is also now receiving attention due to its potential for climate change mitigation. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of 9 years of fertilization on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total organic nitrogen (TON) and their fractions for the 0–50 cm profile in clayey (Luvisols) and sandy (Arenosols) soils in Murewa District, Zimbabwe. Three treatments were assessed: unfertilized (Control), nitrogen fertilizer (Nfert) and nitrogen fertilizer plus cattle manure (Nfert+manure). Density fractionation was used to assess the distribution of SOC and TON in three SOM fractions and their sensitivity to fertilization in fields 0–50 m away from homesteads (Homefields) and > 100 m away from homesteads (outfields). The relationship between light and heavy fraction organic carbon (C) were analysed to determine equilibrium levels that give an indication of carbon storage potential. In clayey soils total organic C under Nfert+manure was 4% higher than Nfert and 16% higher than the control. In sandy soils, SOC stocks were lowest in the control and highest in Nfert treatments at all depths. Nine years of fertilization significantly influenced SOC concentrations and storage up to 20 cm depth, below which stocks and concentrations of C and N were statistically insignificant. Distribution of C and N in density fractions showed greater stabilization under Nfert+manure in clayey soils, whereas it was greater under Nfert in sandy soils. Estimation of equilibrium levels suggested that homefields had potential to store more C, whereas outfields and control treatments had limited capacity due to attainment of lower equilibrium levels. Application of manure can be a low-cost alternative for enhancing soil quality and promoting soil C sequestration under conventionally tilled continuous maize cropping systems in Zimbabwe.

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7

Mugabe, F. T., M. G. Hodnett, and A. Senzanje. "Effect of temporal rainfall distribution and soil type on soil moisture and runoff generation in semi-arid Zimbabwe." Hydrology Research 38, no. 3 (June 1, 2007): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2007.014.

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This paper examines the effect of temporal rainfall distribution on soil moisture and runoff generation in the 5.9 km2 Mutangi catchment in semi-arid Zimbabwe. Rainfall, soil moisture and runoff were measured during the 1999/00 and 2000/01 rainy seasons during which periods 755 mm and 615 mm of rainfall were received, respectively. The percentage of rainfall totals in these periods were 58% and 69%, respectively, in February. The total catchment runoff was 102 mm and 63 mm, of which 52% and 49% were recorded over 6 and 4 d in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Baseflow was negligible. Rainfall intensities were generally low. In the 1999/00 season there were 2 and 8 h with intensities >20 mm h−1 and 10 mm h−1, respectively. Some runoff appears to be generated by Hortonian overland flow (HOF), mainly in the early wet season before ploughing creates a rougher soil surface. The dominant process of runoff in this catchment was saturated overland flow (SOF), which occurs when the soils become saturated from below. The sodic soils along the stream channels appear to generate most of the runoff because of their small capacity to store water before saturation. The ridge soils are coarse sands, with a large capacity to store rainfall. The transitional (slope) soils have an intermediate capacity to store water. If there is a sequence of daily events that completely fills the storage available in both the sodic and transitional soils, and which begins to saturate the ridge soils, there could be very large amounts of runoff (>50% of the daily rainfall). The occurrence of such runoff events depends very heavily on the distribution of rainfall. Dry spells between rain events create storage, thereby reducing the risk of runoff from the next events.

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8

Cooper, G. R. C. "Oxidation and toxicity of chromium in ultramafic soils in Zimbabwe." Applied Geochemistry 17, no. 8 (August 2002): 981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0883-2927(02)00014-8.

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9

Scoones, Ian. "Landscapes, fields and soils: understanding the history of soil fertility management in Southern Zimbabwe." Journal of Southern African Studies 23, no. 4 (December 1997): 615–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057079708708560.

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10

Mukungurutse, Collis, Newton Nyapwere, Amos Manyanga, and Luke Mhaka. "Pedological Characterization and Classification of Typical Soils of Lupane District, Zimbabwe." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 22, no. 3 (April 4, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2018/39609.

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11

Burt, R., M. A. Wilson, C. W. Kanyanda, J. K. R. Spurway, and J. D. Metzler. "Properties and effects of management on selected granitic soils in Zimbabwe." Geoderma 101, no. 3-4 (April 2001): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7061(00)00100-2.

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12

Mtambanengwe, Florence, and Paul Mapfumo. "Combating food insecurity on sandy soils in Zimbabwe: The legume challenge." Symbiosis 48, no. 1-3 (February 2009): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03179982.

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13

Murata, M. R., P. S. Hammes, and G. E. Zharare. "SOIL AMELIORATION EFFECTS ON NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF GROUNDNUT ON ACID SANDY SOILS OF ZIMBABWE." Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 3 (June 18, 2002): 317–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479702003058.

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The effects of four calcium-containing materials on soil pH, nutrient availability and productivity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) on acid soils were studied in field experiments conducted at the Horticulture Research Centre and the Makoholi Experiment Station in Zimbabwe. The materials were calcitic limestone, dolomitic limestone, gypsum and single super phosphate.Application of dolomitic or calcitic limestone significantly increased soil pH and exchangeable calcium and magnesium levels, whereas gypsum and single super phosphate did not. Application of 4000 kg ha−1 calcitic limestone increased calcium levels by up to 125% at the Horticulture Research Centre and 872% at Makoholi Experiment Station, while dolomitic limestone increased magnesium levels by 183% and 473% at the Horticulture Research Centre and Makoholi Experiment Station respectively. Combining gypsum and single super phosphate with 2000 kg ha−1 calcitic or dolomitic limestone did not affect soil pH differently than the limes alone. Furthermore, gypsum and single super phosphate applications on their own had no effect on pH, calcium and magnesium levels. The phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen levels were not significantly affected by the calcium-containing materials.Application of either dolomitic or calcitic limestone significantly improved productivity of groundnut, with 4000 kg ha−1 calcitic limestone producing the largest increases in kernel yields at both sites. Yield responses to gypsum were not significantly different from the control treatment. Despite the notable changes in soil chemical properties observed at both sites, deficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, coupled with low pH per se, remained the primary reasons for poor growth on the acid sandy soils at both sites.

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14

Chikuvire, T. J., S. Mpepereki, and R. Foti. "Soil Fertility Variability in Sandy Soils and Implications for Nutrient Management by Smallholder Farmers in Zimbabwe." Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 30, no. 2 (August 2007): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j064v30n02_08.

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15

Vogel, H. "Tillage effects on maize yield, rooting depth and soil water content on sandy soils in Zimbabwe." Field Crops Research 33, no. 4 (June 1993): 367–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(93)90159-k.

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16

Kurwakumire, Natasha, Regis Chikowo, Shamie Zingore, Florence Mtambanengwe, Paul Mapfumo, Sieglinde Snapp, and Adrian Johnston. "Nutrient Management Strategies on Heterogeneously Fertile Granitic-Derived Soils in Subhumid Zimbabwe." Agronomy Journal 107, no. 3 (May 2015): 1068–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj14.0466.

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17

Stoops, G., E. Van Ranst, and K. Verbeek. "Pedology of soils within the spray zone of the Victoria Falls (Zimbabwe)." CATENA 46, no. 1 (November 2001): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0341-8162(01)00153-9.

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18

Chimweta, M., I. W. Nyakudya, and L. Jimu. "Fertility status of cultivated floodplain soils in the Zambezi Valley, northern Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 105 (June 2018): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2017.12.005.

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19

McKyes, E., P. Nyamugafata, and K. W. Nyamapfene. "Characterization of cohesion, friction and sensitivity of two hardsetting soils from Zimbabwe." Soil and Tillage Research 29, no. 4 (April 1994): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(94)90108-2.

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20

Gonese, Jane U., and Jerome B. Weber. "Herbicide Rate Recommendations: Soil Parameter Equations vs. Registered Rate Recommendations." Weed Technology 12, no. 2 (June 1998): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00043748.

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Chlorimuron, clomazone, imazaquin, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin were each applied at five rates to soils at 10 different sites each year for three years to determine which soil properties influenced their bioactivity. Six soils in the U.S. (NC) and four in Zimbabwe were characterized for their plow-layer contents of organic matter (OM), humic matter (HM), clay mineral (CM), and silt and for pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC). At each site, the rate of each herbicide yielding 80% weed control (I80) was determined by visually evaluating the treated plots. The I80values were then regressed with the various soil properties to determine which of them contributed to this rate. In the U.S. soils, the I80was highly correlated with % OM (r2= 0.64–0.72) and % HM (r2= 0.55–0.69) for chlorimuron, imazaquin, and pendimethalin but was less correlated with % OM (r2= 0.30) and pH (r2= 0.31) for imazethapyr. Equations relating the herbicide rate for 100% weed control to soil properties were derived for chlorimuron, imazaquin, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin then compared with registered recommended rates for each chemical from the label. Herbicide rate equations based on similar soil parameters were taken from the literature to compare with our rate equations and with registered rate recommendations for comparison purposes and to add validity to the use of soil parameters for making herbicide rate recommendations. The rate equations, based on selected soil parameters, produced rates comparable with registered rates for chlorimuron, pendimethalin, and metribuzin and lower rates of application than registered rates for imazaquin, imazethapyr, alachlor, and metolachlor for soils with OM levels below 3.5%.

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21

Zengeni, Rebecca, Sheunesu Mpepereki, and Ken E. Giller. "Manure and soil properties affect survival and persistence of soyabean nodulating rhizobia in smallholder soils of Zimbabwe." Applied Soil Ecology 32, no. 2 (June 2006): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2005.06.001.

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22

Vogel, H. "The Effect of Tillage on Topsoil Temperature and Strength in Coarse-grained Sands with Special Reference to a Tied Ridging System." Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 1 (January 1994): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447970002384x.

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SummaryTillage trials on sandy soils in Zimbabwe have shown that sheet erosion from arable fields under a no-till tied ridging treatment is negligible but that the system generates environmental conditions that have an adverse effect on crop potential. Tied ridging improves crop production by preventing waterlogging in high rainfall years and improving rooting depth when adequate water supply prevents soils from setting hard, but it causes high temperatures in the ridges and rapid drying during dry weather, resulting in poor or delayed emergence and thus in low and uneven crop stands. New strategies need to be developed to minimize these effects.

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23

Dunjana, N., P. Nyamugafata, A. Shumba, J. Nyamangara, and S. Zingore. "Effects of cattle manure on selected soil physical properties of smallholder farms on two soils of Murewa, Zimbabwe." Soil Use and Management 28, no. 2 (April 4, 2012): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2012.00394.x.

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24

Mtambanengwe, F., and P. Mapfumo. "Effects of Organic Resource Quality on Soil Profile N Dynamics and Maize Yields on Sandy Soils in Zimbabwe." Plant and Soil 281, no. 1-2 (March 2006): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-4182-3.

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Mapfumo, Paul, Florence Mtambanengwe, and Bernard Vanlauwe. "Organic matter quality and management effects on enrichment of soil organic matter fractions in contrasting soils in Zimbabwe." Plant and Soil 296, no. 1-2 (June 19, 2007): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9304-7.

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26

NYAMANGARA, J., K. NYENGERAI, E. N. MASVAYA, R. TIRIVAVI, N. MASHINGAIDZE, W. MUPANGWA, J. DIMES, L. HOVE, and S. TWOMLOW. "EFFECT OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE ON MAIZE YIELD IN THE SEMI-ARID AREAS OF ZIMBABWE." Experimental Agriculture 50, no. 2 (September 27, 2013): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479713000562.

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SUMMARYGlobally, a range of agronomic factors have been reported to have an impact on the performance of conservation agriculture (CA) and often determine its performance in relation to conventional agriculture (CONV). To assess this performance in Zimbabwe, 48 CA experiments were conducted by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in the semi-arid areas of southern Zimbabwe from 2004 to 2010, to calculate the weighted mean difference (WMD) through meta-analytical methods. The two CA practices, planting basins (Basins) and ripper tillage (Ripper), were compared with CONV. It was hypothesised that CA results improved yield compared with CONV and that the effect of CA practices on yield is affected by soil type, rainfall amount and distribution and selected management practices, which included rates of inorganic fertilisers and manures and mulching. Basins were superior to CONV in 59% of the experiments and the overall effect was significant (p < 0.001). The effect of Ripper was non-significant. The hypothesis that CA practices result in improved maize grain yield over CONV was accepted for Basins. The WMD for experiments conducted on sandy soils was 0.365 t ha−1 for Basins and 0.184 t ha−1 for Ripper, and in both cases was significant (p < 0.05). For clay soils, only the WMD for Basins was significant. A higher rainfall regime (500–830 mm) resulted in a lower WMD for Basins (0.095 t ha−1) and Ripper (0.105 t ha−1) compared with 0.151 t ha−1 for Basins and 0.110 t ha−1 for Ripper under lower rainfall (320–500 mm). The overall effect of Basins under the higher rainfall regime was not significant. There was better yield performance for Basins when the rainfall was well distributed; the reverse was noted for the Ripper. The application of 10–30 kg ha−1 of N (micro-dose range) resulted in a higher WMD for Basins than zero N application. Without N application, the WMD of Basins was not significant. For zero manure application in Basins, the WMD was 0.043 t ha−1 compared with 0.159 t ha−1 when manure was applied. The application of mulch depressed the WMD in Basins by 44% and Ripper by 89%. The hypothesis that yield performance under CA is influenced by soil type, rainfall amount and distribution, inorganic fertiliser and manure application was accepted.

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27

Maramura, Tafadzwa Clementine, Dovhani Reckson Thakhathi, and Happy Mathew Tirivangasi. "Women and Economic Production: Towards Sustainable Livelihoods in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (July 29, 2021): 1256–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.145.

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Persistent drought and economic collapse in Zimbabwe have seen most, if not all, rural women shifting from the receiving end to the giving end. Rural women have since initiated several livelihood activities to make ends meet, as they are the most vulnerable whenever they are left to look after children at home. The paper aims to examine rural livelihoods and how they contribute to economic production in Ward 5 of Bikita district. A mixed design in the form of a case study was employed in this study. Systematic random sampling was used to select 40 households, which provided data for the study out of 409 households in Ward 5. The study used questionnaires and semi-structured interviews as data collecting instruments. Several livelihood activities were noted in the ward including seasonal farming, gardening, community-based and money lending and saving schemes (fushai), informal trading, and petty trading as selling thatch grass and firewood, among others. However, climate change and drought, economic crisis, lack of capital and poor soils and poor farming methods were some of the constraints faced in rural livelihoods. The paper concludes with several recommendations for eradicating rural livelihood challenges.

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Holdo, Ricardo M. "Woody plant damage by African elephants in relation to leaf nutrients in western Zimbabwe." Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, no. 2 (February 6, 2003): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403003213.

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The relationship between elephant damage and leaf nutrient concentration across tree species was investigated in a semi-arid savanna in western Zimbabwe with the purpose of investigating possible nutritional factors influencing elephant feeding preferences in Kalahari sand woodlands. The presence of elephant damage was recorded in all trees above 1 m in height, and leaf samples were collected from all tree species encountered in 12 vegetation plots during the late dry season. Elephant damage was positively correlated with leaf calcium, magnesium, potassium and protein concentration, but not with sodium, phosphorus or fibre. Tree species associated with sandy soils appeared to be less preferred by elephants and to have lower nutrient concentrations than species occurring on more fertile soils, such as species associated with termite mounds. Elephant damage may suppress recruitment in preferred tree species in these woodlands. This notion was supported by (1) the fact that 44% of all trees surveyed had had their main stems broken by elephants, a situation that leads to a multi-stemmed growth form with limited vertical growth; and (2) the negative correlation between the height of damaged trees and elephant damage across species.

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29

Makuleke, Peace, and Veronica M. Ngole-Jeme. "Soil Heavy Metal Distribution with Depth around a Closed Landfill and Their Uptake by Datura stramonium." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2020 (September 15, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8872475.

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Landfills are major sources of environmental pollution. This study evaluated heavy metal concentrations in soils and plants around the closed Lumberstewart landfill in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, to determine the pollution potential of a closed landfill and the risks they present to plants growing in this environment and surrounding communities. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0–30 cm, 30–60 cm, and 60–90 cm around the landfill and at a control site and characterized for various properties and concentrations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Zn. Samples of Datura stramonium, collected from the same sites where soil samples were collected, were also analyzed for the same heavy metals. The soils were sandy, mostly acidic (5.01 < pH < 7.65) with low organic matter content (<2%) and cation exchange capacity (<15 meq/100 g). These properties varied with depth around the landfill. Heavy metals concentrations in the soils and Datura stramonium followed the order Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Cd with samples from around the landfill having higher concentrations than samples from the control site. Soil heavy metal enrichment was highest at a depth of 30–60 cm. Pollution load index (PLI) values indicated that all sites around the landfill were polluted (PLI > 1). Heavy metal transfer coefficient in Datura stramonium ranged between 0.0 and 209 with <60% of the variation observed in heavy metal transfer coefficient in Datura stramonium explained by the extent of heavy metal enrichment in the soils. More than 20 years after closure of the landfill, there are indications that leachate migration may still be going on around the landfill. Monitoring of environments around closed landfills needs to be ongoing to mitigate negative impacts on humans and the environment.

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Munodawafa, Adelaide. "The Effect of Rainfall Characteristics and Tillage on Sheet Erosion and Maize Grain Yield in Semiarid Conditions and Granitic Sandy Soils of Zimbabwe." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/243815.

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In semiarid regions, rainfall is one of the primary factors affecting soil erosion and crop production under rain-fed agriculture. The study sought to quantify the effect of rainfall characteristics on sheet erosion and maize grain yield under different tillage systems. It was carried out under semiarid conditions and infertile sandy soils of Zimbabwe. Rainfall amount and intensity were recorded every 24 hours, while sheet erosion was measured from four tillage systems (Conventional Tillage (CT), Mulch Ripping (MR), Tied Ridging (TR) and Bare Fallow (BF)). Maize (Zea mays L.) was grown on three tillage systems (CT, MR, and TR). Rainfall amount varied significantly (P<0.001) between seasons (164–994 mm). CT recorded the highest average soil losses (15 t/ha), while MR and TR recorded 1.3 and 1.2 t/ha, respectively. Maize grain yields increased with increasing seasonal rainfall giving yield-responses of 0.9 t/ha (TR) to 1.3 t/ha (MR) for every 100 mm rainfall increment. Overall, treatments didnot differ significantly (P<0.497), except during drier seasons (P<0.025). Regression equations showed that yields can be confidently predicted using rainfall amount and time, withR2values of 0.82 to 0.94. Maize grain yields proved to be mostly dependent on rainfall amount than fertility. The productivity of the soils decreased with increased length of cultivation.

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WURSTEN, BART, DIANE BRIDSON, STEVEN B. JANSSENS, and PETRA DE BLOCK. "A new species of Sericanthe (Coffeeae, Rubiaceae) from Chimanimani Mountains, Mozambique-Zimbabwe border." Phytotaxa 430, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.430.2.3.

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The Chimanimani Mountains, located at the Mozambique-Zimbabwe border, are geologically unique in that they consist of quartzites giving rise to peaks and outcrops between zones of schist supporting grasslands. The nutrient-poor quartzitic soils house a high number of endemic plant species. One of these is Sericanthe chimanimaniensis, which is here described as new for science. We give a detailed description and distribution map, illustrations, information on ecology and phenology, and an assessment on the conservation status. An identification key to closely allied species is presented.

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32

MADAMOMBE, SANDRA M., ISAIAH NYAGUMBO, BRIGHTON M. MVUMI, PHILLIP NYAMUGAFATA, MENAS WUTA, and CLEOPAS C. CHINHEYA. "NEMATODE MANAGEMENT IN RAIN-FED SMALLHOLDER MAIZE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS UNDER CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE IN ZIMBABWE." Experimental Agriculture 54, no. 3 (April 25, 2017): 452–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479717000163.

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SUMMARYNematode infestation in Sub-Saharan Africa's (SSA) cropping systems, worsened by poor crop rotations, is a major factor contributing to limited utilisation of applied nutrients and water, leading to low maize (Zea mays L.) yields particularly on sandy soils. The effects of nematode infestation on maize productivity were evaluated under conservation agriculture (CA) on granitic sandy soils in sub-humid smallholder farms of Goromonzi district of Zimbabwe. Four treatments were tested for three seasons on six smallholder farmers’ fields in a randomised complete block design, each farm being a replicate: fenamiphos 40EC (a commercial synthetic nematicide), lime + fenamiphos 40EC, lime and an untreated control. Results of the study showed that independent application of fenamiphos 40EC and lime significantly reduced plant parasitic nematode infestations in maize roots by more than 10 times those present in the untreated plots while maize yield also increased significantly. Yield increase from fenamiphos and lime applications amounted to 53 and 42% respectively, compared to the untreated controls. Maize yield was negatively correlated with density of Pratylenchus spp. nematodes. Nematode management strategies involving fenamiphos 40EC or lime could significantly reduce maize yield losses in maize-based smallholder farming systems of SSA under CA. It was more economical to use fenamiphos than lime to control nematodes.

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33

RICHES, TWOMLOW, and DHLIWAYO. "LOW-INPUT WEED MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION TILLAGE IN SEMI-ARID ZIMBABWE." Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 2 (April 1997): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479797000033.

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Four weeding systems were evaluated for three seasons on sandy soils in a semi-arid area of Zimbabwe. Inter-row weeding with a plough with body (mouldboard breast) attached, produced a ridge and furrow landform. This confers the advantage of increased water retention associated with ridging without the additional investment in labour and equipment needed when ridges are made pre-planting with a ridging plough. Mid-season ridging by plough with body attached achieved more efficient weed control than the common farmer practices of using a cultivator or plough without the body. In terms of crop water use efficiency and grain yield, weeding with the plough and body performed at least as well as any existing farmer practices. Productivity, in terms of grain yield per hour worked, was considerably higher following weeding with the plough and body compared with alternative systems.

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Koga, C., E. Mwenje, and D. Garwe. "Response of Tobacco Cultivars to Varying Fertiliser Levels in Striga gesnerioides Infested Soils in Zimbabwe." Agricultural Journal 6, no. 6 (June 1, 2011): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/aj.2011.347.352.

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Nyakatawa, E. Z. "Rain Water and Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Cropping on Sandy Soils in Semi-Arid South-East Lowveld of Zimbabwe." Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 7, no. 4 (July 23, 1996): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j064v07n04_04.

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Gandiwa, Edson, Patience Zisadza-Gandiwa, David Goza, Clayton Mashapa, and Never Muboko. "Diversity and structure of woody vegetation across areas with different soils in Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe." Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science 76, no. 2 (April 3, 2014): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2014.921007.

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Vogel, Horst. "Effects of conservation tillage on sheet erosion from sandy soils at two experimental sites in Zimbabwe." Applied Geography 12, no. 3 (July 1992): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-6228(92)90041-k.

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Onyike, Nwanma B. N., and Paul E. Nelson. "The distribution ofFusarium species in soils planted to millet and sorghum in Lesotho, Nigeria and Zimbabwe." Mycopathologia 121, no. 2 (February 1993): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01103578.

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Mtambanengwe, F., and P. Mapfumo. "Smallholder farmer management impacts on particulate and labile carbon fractions of granitic sandy soils in Zimbabwe." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 81, no. 1 (February 26, 2008): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-007-9136-0.

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Munodawafa, Adelaide. "Maize grain yield as affected by the severity of soil erosion under semi-arid conditions and granitic sandy soils of Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 36, no. 14-15 (2011): 963–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2011.07.068.

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Jiri, Obert, and Paramu L. Mafongoya. "Velvet Bean and Cowpea Residual Effects on Maize Crop in Smallholder Farming Areas of Zimbabwe." Sustainable Agriculture Research 7, no. 1 (October 30, 2017): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v7n1p54.

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On-farm research was conducted in Dendenyore Communal Land and Zana Resettlement areas of Hwedza District, Zimbabwe from 1999 to 2001. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of velvet bean and cowpea on growth and yield of maize in legume-maize rotation system. A total of 14 treatments, which consisted of forage legume and maize crops were examined. The experiment was established in a randomized complete block design with 9 replicates. On-farm sites were the replicates. The results show a significant residual effect of velvet bean and cowpea, when grown with single super phosphate fertiliser, on the maize stover and grain yield. They indicate significant phosphorus residual effects on a subsequent maize crop on sandy soils. Forage legumes contribute to residual soil fertility in fallen leaves and roots that increases yield of subsequent crops. The results also reveal that biomass production in perennial leys, grazed during the dry season, would be greater in the second season than in the establishment year. The results also indicate that in the velvet bean systems, especially green manure, nitrogen is lost very early in the season. This may lead to lack of synchrony between nutrient availability and crop uptake. The maize after green manure system had a nitrogen use efficiency of about 11 kg/kg of nitrogen applied. These results show the residual potential of forage legumes in reducing nitrogen fertiliser need for subsequent maize crops in mixed livestock-cropping systems.

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Nezomba, Hatirarami, Florence Mtambanengwe, Pablo Tittonell, and Paul Mapfumo. "Point of no return? Rehabilitating degraded soils for increased crop productivity on smallholder farms in eastern Zimbabwe." Geoderma 239-240 (February 2015): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.10.006.

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Dunjana, N., P. Nyamugafata, J. Nyamangara, and N. Mango. "Cattle manure and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer application effects on soil hydraulic properties and maize yield of two soils of Murewa district, Zimbabwe." Soil Use and Management 30, no. 4 (October 21, 2014): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sum.12152.

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Chipomho, Justin, Cosmas Parwada, Joyful T. Rugare, Stanford Mabasa, Regis Chikowo, and Arnold B. Mashingaidze. "Influence of soil organic carbon, fertiliser management, and weeding regime on weed dynamics and maize productivity on sandy soils in eastern Zimbabwe." South African Journal of Plant and Soil 38, no. 2 (March 15, 2021): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2020.1845831.

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Piha, M. I. "Optimizing Fertilizer Use and Practical Rainfall Capture in a Semi-Arid Environment with Variable Rainfall." Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 4 (October 1993): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700021128.

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SummaryFertilizer use in the semi-arid tropics is considered risky because of the unreliable rainfall pattern. A flexible system of fertilization was devised which allowed for high yields in wet years, and reduced financial losses in dry years. Relatively immobile nutrients, such as phosphorus, potassium and sulphur, were applied at rates determined from generalized soil properties and the total nutrient uptake required for a crop to achieve its maximum yield potential in a season with average rainfall. Nitrogen was applied as a series of split applications, which were adjusted during the season according to the degree of water stress observed. This approach was tested in on-farm trials for maize production on nutrient-poor sandy soils in three regions of Zimbabwe, and resulted in larger yields and profits than current recommendations, providing an accept able level of financial return. Small further yield increases were possible, at acceptable returns, when these fertilizer practices were combined with the establishment of tied-ridges by ox-drawn implements, 30 days after planting. By careful estimation of yield potential, and appropriate adjustments to soil fertility, this system of soil management could be applied to other cropping situations and other areas with variable rainfall.Uso de fertilizantes para condiciones de precitación variable

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Mupangwa, Walter, Isaiah Nyagumbo, Eleanor Mutsamba, Blessing Mhlanga, and Jefias Mataruse. "Maize responses to reduced tillage, different plant residue mulch and nitrogen fertiliser on granitic sandy soils of Zimbabwe." South African Journal of Plant and Soil 35, no. 5 (June 3, 2018): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2018.1438673.

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Chekanai, Vongai, Regis Chikowo, and Bernard Vanlauwe. "Response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to nitrogen, phosphorus and rhizobia inoculation across variable soils in Zimbabwe." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 266 (November 2018): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.08.010.

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Chazovachii, Bernard, Maxwell Chuma, Alimos Mushuku, Leonard Chirenje, Leonard Chitongo, and Raphel Mudyariwa. "Livelihood Resilient Strategies through Beekeeping in Chitanga Village, Mwenezi District, Zimbabwe." Sustainable Agriculture Research 2, no. 1 (November 8, 2012): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v2n1p124.

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<p>The study sought to establish the contribution of beekeeping in rural livelihoods sustainability. Chitanga village had experienced low agricultural productivity due to poor and infertile soils and this has led to food insecurity which had driven them into beekeeping. This opportunity has been driven by the existence of tall trees and wild plants that develop flowers in the village which attracted bees. However, the utility of beekeeping enterprise as a livelihood activity has not been fully realised. This study was carried out in the context of a sustainable rural livelihoods framework. This framework states that at any given time, every community or society falls under a vulnerability context as a result of both natural and human made disasters. In light of the vulnerability, a community mobilises the various forms of its assets at its disposal to earn a living. Applying this framework, the study analysed the strategies the community employed to enhance its livelihoods through the sharing of benefits. The research used questionnaires, structured interviews and observations as sources of gathering data. The study established the benefits which accrued from beekeeping that included honey as food, income in the form of cash, medicines, scenery creation for tourism and income generating projects through making of hives, growing of flowers and citrus fruits which attract bees. A backward and forward linkage of enterprises emerged. Employment creation and increasing in the number of livelihood activities in the area has been witnessed due to beekeeping. This culminated in diversification of livelihood options leading to rural transformation through utilization of local available resources. The study recommends that the sustainability of beekeeping enterprise should be reinforced by backward and forward linkages. The government partnered by NGOs should take the lead and compliment the efforts of beekeepers by providing clear policy and planning.</p>

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Gunda, L., E. Chikuni, H. Tazvinga, and J. Mudare. "Estimating wind power generation capacity in Zimbabwe using vertical wind profile extrapolation techniques: A case study." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 32, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2021/v32i1a8205.

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Only 40% of Zimbabwe’s population has access to electricity. The greater proportion of the power is generated from thermal stations, with some from hydro and solar energy sources. However, there is little investment in the use of wind for electricity generation except for small installations in the Eastern Highlands, as Zimbabwe generally has wind speeds which are too low to be utilised for electricity generation. This paper presents the use of vertical wind profile extrapolation methods to determine the potential of generating electricity from wind at different hub heights in Zimbabwe, using the Hellman and exponential laws to estimate wind speeds. The estimated wind speeds are used to determine the potential of generating electricity from wind. Mangwe district in Matabeleland South province of Zimbabwe was used as a test site. Online weather datasets were used to estimate the wind speeds. The investigation shows that a 2.5kW wind turbine installation in Mangwe can generate more than 3MWh of energy per annum at hub heights above 40m, which is enough to supply power to a typical Zimbabwean rural village. This result will encourage investment in the use of wind to generate electricity in Zimbabwe. Highlights Wind power utilisation is low in Zimbabwe. Vertical wind profile is estimated using extrapolation methods. Online weather data for soil and water analysis tool was used. Electricity can viably be generated from wind in Zimbabwe.

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Zisadza-Gandiwa, Patience, Cheryl T. Mabika, Olga L. Kupika, Edson Gandiwa, and Chrispen Murungweni. "Vegetation Structure and Composition across Different Land Uses in a Semiarid Savanna of Southern Zimbabwe." International Journal of Biodiversity 2013 (April 11, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/692564.

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We compared the structure and composition of vegetation communities across different land uses in the northern Gonarezhou National Park and adjacent areas, southeast Zimbabwe. Vegetation data were collected from 60 sample plots using a stratified random sampling technique from April to May 2012. Stratification was by land use, and sample plots in all three strata occurred on predominantly siallitic soils. Our results show that the communal area had higher woody plant species diversity (H'=2.66) than the protected area (H'=1.78). However, the protected area had higher grass species richness per plot than the communal area and resettlement area. Overall, the protected area had more structural and compositional diversity than the other land use areas. These findings suggest that the areas adjacent to protected areas contribute to plant diversity in the greater ecosystem; hence conservation efforts should extend beyond the boundaries of protected areas. We recommend that protected area management should engage community-based institutions in neighbouring areas for effective monitoring of woody vegetation structure and composition.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Soils – Zimbabwe'

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