Academic literature on the topic 'Sokoto polity'

Abstract:The Sokoto caliphate in nineteenth-century northern Nigeria was an astonishing episode in the history of Africa: a huge, prosperous polity that created unity where none had existed before. Yet today its history is underexplored, sometimes ignored or even disparaged, both within Nigeria and in Europe and the U.S. Yet that history is extraordinary. Sokoto town was, and still is, an anomaly within Hausaland; built speedily on a “green-field” site as both a trading and a political center for the caliphate, it is a site of pilgrimage that to this day remains a rural town with no monumental buildings or fine edifices. As a by-product of a religious movement (jihad), Sokoto thus represents many of the dilemmas that faced and still face radically reforming Islamic groups if they expand rapidly and go to war. Thus Sokoto history remains deeply significant for modern Nigeria.

‘Uthmān b. Fūdī (d. 1817) launched a jihad in Hausaland in 1804 and was successful in establishing a strong polity known as the Sokoto Caliphate. During this jihad, the Sokoto leadership clashed not only with non-Muslims but also with those who had historically been recognized as Muslims, such as the inhabitants of Bornu, a state neighboring Hausaland. Islamic law does not, in principle, permit attacks on Muslims. Therefore, to justify the jihad, the hostile Muslims had to be branded unbelievers. For that, ‘Uthmān and his successor, Muḥammad Bello (d. 1837), developed and instituted a provision on apostasy based on the idea of muwālāt (friendship) with unbelievers. This stipulation emerged as a substantial regulation legalizing the violence committed by the Sokoto leaders on Muslims who were opposed to them both within and outside the early Caliphate.

This paper is an analysis of the implementation of adult education policy in Sokoto State, it focused mainly on finding out the effort of the Sokoto state government on the implementation of the Adult Education Policy/Programme with particular reference to funding, provision of instructional materials, staff welfare and problems encountered in the process of implementing adult education policy/programme in Sokoto State. The findings revealed that the Sokoto state government has made commendable efforts in providing transportation to the State Agency for Mass Education, for the monitoring and supervision of adult education programmes in the state. The paper also found that in the area of funding, provision of instructional materials, furniture, staff welfare and training, more effort is needed. It also revealed that the implementation of adult education programme in Sokoto state is faced with numerous problems such as inadequate funding and lack of instructional materials. The paper recommends among other things that adequate fund and instructional materials should be provided by the government.

The paper examined the level of awareness, the extent of involvement and probable obstacles to the effective implementation of the national gender policy on basic education in Sokoto State. A sample of 180 teachers was drawn from the population of teachers at the Junior Secondary School level in Sokoto Slate through a stratified random sampling technique. A questionnaire tagged Teachers Awareness and Involvement Questionnaire (TAIO) was used to obtain information from the teachers. Results of the study show that teachers in the state are not aware of the existence of the National Gender Policy in basic education, they are also not involved in the implementation of the policy. The most important obstacle to the successful implementation of the policy being teachers' insufficient knowledge of the various aspects of the policy. It was recommended among others that teachers should be given adequate training and orientation for the implementation of the policy considering the fa c t that teachers are the cornerstone of the implementation of any education policy.

AbstrakPada tahun 2020 ini, Menteri Pendidikan, Nadiem Makarim, mengeluarkan kebijakan Merdeka Belajar-Kampus Merdeka. Hal yang menarik perhatian dalam kebijakan ini adalah kegiatan belajar di luar kampus. Terdapat delapan contoh kegiatan pembelajaran di luar kampus, yang meliputi kegiatan magang atau praktik kerja, proyek di desa, mengajar di sekolah, pertukaran pelajar, penelitian, kegiatan kewirausahaan, studi/proyek independen, dan proyek kemanusisaan. Aktualisasi kegiatan ini memerlukan sebuah referensi nyata yang dapat dijadikan pedoman. Film “Sokola Rimba” menawarkan konsep kegiatan-kegiatan ini dalam penceritaan filmnya. Oleh karena itu diperlukan penelitian secara mendalam terhadap film “Sokola Rimba”. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan sinopsis film “Sokola Rimba” dan mendeskripsikan konsep pendidikan yang memerdekakan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek penelitian ini adalah film “Sokola Rimba”. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode observasi dan studi literatur. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan terdapat tiga kegiatan yang divisualkan dalam film dari delapan contoh kegiatan kegiatan belajar di luar kampus, yaitu proyek kemanusiaan, proyek di desa, dan mengajar di sekolah.Kata Kunci: pendidikan, memerdekakan, film sokola rimba. AbstractIn 2020 the government issued a policy on “Merdeka Belajar-Kampus Merdeka”. The thing that attracts attention in this policy is learning activities off campus. There are eight examples of off-campus learning activities, internships or work practices, village projects, school teaching, student exchanges, research, entrepreneurial activities, independent studies / projects, and humanitarian projects. Actualization of this activity requires a real reference that can be used as a reference. The film "Sokola Rimba" visualizes the concept of these activities in the film's story. Then research is needed on the film "Sokola Rimba". This study aims to describe the synopsis of the film "Sokola Rimba" and describe the concept of liberating education. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The subject of this research is the film "Sokola Rimba". Data collection methods used are the method of observation and study of literature. The results of this study indicate there are three activities visualized in the film from eight examples of activities outside the campus learning activities, such as humanitarian projects, projects in villages, and teaching in schools.Keywords: education, liberation, sokola rimba films.

Accountability in discharging official duties is very essential as it increases effectiveness and efficiency in service delivery. As public servants teachers are expected to demonstrate high level commitment in the teaching and learning process as this will lead to the attainment of quality education. The paper pointed out that where secondary education is of good quality, right students will be admitted into tertiary institutions of learning and subsequently, competent graduates will be produced who will work in different capacities. Literate workforce is however capable of implementing government’s policies in a more effective and efficient manner. The research employs descriptive research analysis to analyze teacher’s accountability in secondary schools of Sokoto state, Nigeria. The results showed pleasing teacher’s accountability. The paper therefore recommends that the government should intensify efforts and put in place more appropriate mechanisms including motivation and constant training and re-training of the teachers in order to maintain the tempo as this will ensure the attainment of the much needed quality education and subsequently effective implementation of government policies.

Abstract The government and other policy makers continue struggles to achieve maximum access of modern healthcare by the women in developing countries. To assist actualising such goal this study intends to examine the influence of distance to facility, time taken for travel and means of transportation (DTTf) to the health facility. Based on conceptual discussion of Behavioural Model of Health Services’ Use, over 300 targeted women aged 15 to 45 years were selected using systematic sampling in three regions of Sokoto, northern Nigeria and IBM-SPSS version 22 statistical software program was employed for data analysis in both descriptive statistics and Pearson r correlation analysis. The finding reveals that over 77 percent women are located far away distance from health facility, 2.2percent take over 5 hours of traveling before they can reach to the health centre and 35percent of women use hired motor-cycle. Also, there is strong significant relationship between antenatal care services and distance (r = 0.477 and p. < .40) correlation significant at 0.05 (2-tailed) as well as the between delivery care and PNC services. To achieve maximum women access to healthcare, relevant information aimed at proper planning for distribution of health facilities, have been provided for both government and other policy makers in developing countries.

The Sokol gymnastic movement was an important part of civil societies of Slavic nations. The first Sokol society within Yugoslavian nations (Slovenes, Croats, Serbs) was founded in 1863 in Ljubljana and in a few decades, it spread throughout the Slovene, Croatian, and Serbian territories. In the Austro-Hungarian period before WWI, Sokol valued itself as a national, liberal and emancipation-seeking movement, based on the Tyrsch’s gymnastics and national and pan-Slavic idea. In 1919, following the end of WWI and with the formation of the Yugoslav state, the national Sokol organisations merged in the centralised Yugoslav Sokol Union. The Yugoslavian state went through difficult political situations and confrontations in the first decade, which culminated in the summer of 1928 with shooting in the parliament in Belgrade. In attempting to solve the situation, King Aleksandar Karadjordjević proclaimed the so-called Sixth January Dictatorship (1929). Consequently, the government, with the approval of the King, adopted, on the 4th of December 1929, the law on establishing of a new all-state gymnastic organisation Sokol of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The new Sokol organisation, based on the Sokolism of the former Yugoslav Sokol (Sokol’s gymnastics, principles, national-liberal and Slavic idea) was constituted at the beginning of 1930. It was supported by the King and government and the King’s son, Prince Petar became the leader of the Sokol organisation. After the assassination of king Aleksandar (1934), in the filling-in period of Prince Pavle (1935-41) and government of the Prime Minister Milan Stojadinović (1935-39), Sokol of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia fell out of political grace in the western Roman-Catholic regions and it had to defend its position. Due to drasticall changes in international policy (German revisionist policy, the “Anschluss” in 1938 and the Czechoslovakian crisis in 1938/39), more militaristic practices were included in the Sokol’s professional work to preserve a free and independent state. During tense diplomatic events in March 1941, when Yugoslavia entered the Nazi- Fascist camp, Sokol supported a military putsch and stepped into the front lines of demonstrations. In that mood, Sokol faced the Nazi-Fascist attack on Yugoslavia in April 1941 and the beginning of WWII in the Yugoslav territory.

Abstract. This study assessed resource utilisation in beef cattle fattening units in Adamawa State, Nigeria, with the intent of highlighting some crucial areas that may require policy intervention for improvement. Purposive, multistage and random sampling methods were employed in selection of 270 beef cattle fatteners in the area studied. Structured questionnaire and group discussion were used in sourcing for data. The latter were analysed through descriptive statistics and efficiency methods of Data Enveloping Analysis (DEA). Results indicated that Sokoto gudali (72.60%) and Rahaji (20.00%) were the major cattle breeds adopted for fattening. While a total of 70.70% of fatteners fed bulls for a period of 4-6 months and in the open without shade (77.80%), the use of combination of crop residues and conventional feeds was the most popular (74.81%) in feeding stock in the State. Further, the most important resources were initial cost of bulls and cost of feeds with N169,056.00 and N10,559.00 per bull, respectively. Resources were found to be efficiently utilised within the beef cattle feedlot farms with Constant Return to Scale (CRS), Non-Increasing Return to Scale (NIRTS), Variable Return to Scale (VRS), Scale Efficiency (SE) and Return to Scale RTS) models mean scores of 84.44%, 84.44%, 91.48%, 84.74%, and 100%, respectively. Conclusively, it could be stated that indigenous breeds of Sokoto gudali and Rahaji were the main bulls used for fattening in the State, and a mixture of crop residues and conventional feeds was the popular plane of feeding stock, with most farms utilising resources efficiently. Stemming from the findings, soft credit facilities to accord fatteners afford initial off-setting cost of bulls and frequent extension services to same, for modernisation of beef cattle feedlot system are highly recommended.

The dryland ecosystem of Sokoto state, in the North-western part of Nigeria has been witnessing gradual loss of vegetation cover in the recent decades caused by natural and human induced drivers of ecosystem change. This negative trend poses great challenges to both the physical environment and the people of the area, particularly due to the fragile nature of the ecosystems in the region and the peoples’ over dependence on it for their livelihoods. This study tries to monitor and assess the rate of change in the spatial distribution of vegetation in the area over the time and identify the drivers responsible for changing the vegetation. This is with a view to providing evidence-based information to the policy makers that would guide them in making informed decisions that would assist in conserving the vegetation and the entire ecosystem of the area. Using multi-temporal MODIS-NDVI satellite data, image processing and GIS techniques, this research work tries to monitor and assess gradual change in vegetation cover in Sokoto state, North-western Nigeria. Correlation analysis was also used to measure the degree of relationship between vegetation change and some drivers of ecosystem change in the area. The findings of the research reveal a gradual but persistent decline in vegetation cover in the area, both during the rainy and dry seasons. This is also show a strong positive relationship with the rainfall distribution and a perfect negative relationship with the population distribution of the area. This indicate that, both climate change and anthropogenic drivers plays a significant role in changing vegetation distribution of the area. Anthropogenic drivers however, play a more significant influence. The degree of relationship is however, stronger during the dry season, making the ecosystem more vulnerable during the dry season due to increasing aridity. Although change in the vegetation cover of the area seems to be gradual and unnoticed, if left unchecked the long-term cumulative impacts could have serious negative impacts on both the structure and functions of the ecosystems of the area. This could in turn, affect the livelihoods and socio-economic development of the area.