Dissertations / Theses: 'Sol 3000'

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Bolinder, Lars. "Mångfald och tolerans : En läroboksgranskning gällande de centrala värdegrundsbegreppen." Thesis, Karlstad University, Karlstad University, Karlstad University, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-5812.

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Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur värdegrundsbegreppen mångfald och tolerans implementerats i SO-ämnenas läroböcker. Uppsatsens didaktiska strävan är att skapa gott innehåll i undervisningen att motverka främlingsfientlighet och rasism.

De metoder som använts för att uppnå syftet och den didaktiska strävan är dels en kvantitativ mätning av värdegrundsbegreppens frekventa förekomst samt karaktäristiska framställning i Natur & Kulturs läromedel

Undersökningen av läroböckerna har visat att de normativa och värderande formuleringarna fått stå tillbaka till förmån för en deskriptiv framställning av skolans värdegrund samt att värdegrundsbegreppen har marginell omfattning i förhållande till läroböckernas totala text. Undersökningen visar också, att en didaktisk strävan att förbättra undervisningen kring värdegrundsfrågorna faller på lärarens medvetna val av studiematerial i undervisningen om etnicitet, rasism och främlingsfientlighet. Dessutom för att skapa en djupare förståelse krävs tvärvetenskapliga studier.

Sol 3000 samt en kvalitativ bearbetning i form av en kritisk analys över valda karaktäristiska citat hämtade ur läroböckerna.

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Pelletier, Vincent. "Irrigation de la canneberge basée sur des seuils de tension de l'eau dans le sol." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30006/30006.pdf.

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Le démarrage de l’irrigation basé sur un seuil de tension de l’eau dans le sol (SWTI) permet à la canneberge de se maintenir dans une zone de confort hydrique idéale à sa croissance. Ce seuil pourrait atteindre 6.5 voire 8.0 kPa selon différents auteurs. Afin de valider ces recommandations, une étude au champ était nécessaire. L’objectif principal de ce projet était de déterminer la valeur de SWT¬I permettant de maximiser la productivité de l’eau (WP) sans affecter le rendement. En 2011-2012, un dispositif expérimental aléatoire en blocs complets a été mis en place dans trois sites au Québec et dans un site au Wisconsin. Le sol des quatre sites était un sable fin. Ce dispositif a permis de tester des valeurs de SWTI variant de 5.5 à 10.0 kPa. Des traitements humides et des traitements secs ont été comparés à des traitements témoins. Les précipitations ont maintenu la tension de l’eau dans le sol inférieure à 8,5 kPa dans le site où ce traitement était prévu, l’empêchant ainsi d’être testé. La WP a été significativement supérieure de 15 à 79 % dans les traitements secs et significativement inférieure de 21 à 50 % dans les traitements humides. Le traitement sec ayant une valeur SWTI de 10.0 kPa a connu une baisse de rendement significative de 11 %. Aucun autre traitement n’a présenté de différence significative au niveau du rendement. Le sol peut fournir l’eau nécessaire aux besoins de la canneberge jusqu’à une tension de 8.0 kPa. Lorsque ce seuil est dépassé, le flux capillaire ne semble pas suffisant pour combler les besoins de la plante, ce qui entraîne une baisse de rendement. Basée sur les présents résultats, la valeur SWTI recommandée pour démarrer l’irrigation dans les sables fins est de 8.0 kPa afin de maximiser la productivité de l’eau sans affecter le rendement. En utilisant ce seuil, les producteurs de canneberge pourraient augmenter leur productivité en économisant de l’énergie et en réduisant les coûts de main d’œuvre associés à l’irrigation.
The onset of irrigation based on a soil water tension threshold (SWTI) allows cranberry plants to grow in a comfort zone. According to different authors, this threshold could be 6.5 kPa, or 8.0 kPa. A field study was required to confirm these recommendations. This study was conducted to determine the optimum SWTI value that would optimize water productivity (WP) without decreasing yield. A randomize complete block design has been set up during the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons in three sites in Québec and one site in Wisconsin. In all cases the soil was fine sand. Values of SWTI ranged from 5.5 to 10.0 kPa and dry and wet treatments were compared to control treatments. The treatment with a SWTI value of 8.5 kPa has never been irrigated because the rain kept soil water tension under this threshold. The WP was significantly greater from 15 to 79 % in dry treatments and significantly lower from 21 to 50 % in wet treatments. The dry treatment with a SWTI value of 10.0 kPa had a significant yield depletion of 11 %. It was the only treatment with a significant yield difference. Fine sands seem to have sufficient capillary flux to the cranberry uptake for a soil water tension up to 8.0 kPa. After this threshold, capillary flux seems to be too low to feed cranberry plants and results in yield depletion. Based on the current results, a SWTI value of 8.0 is recommended to maximise water productivity without affecting yield. With this threshold, cranberry growers could improve their productivity with energy and labor savings.
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Bicca, Ana Maria Oliveira. "Produção e valor nutricional de forrageiras sob adubação orgânica." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2014. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3000.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os atributos químicos do solo, a produção, teor de proteína bruta e a concentração de macronutrientes em forrageiras de estação fria e quente sob adubação com vermicomposto bovino em um Luvissolo Háplico órtico típico no município de Bagé-RS. O experimento foi desenvolvido no Centro de Ciências Rurais da URCAMP, em duas épocas: estação fria (azevém) e estação quente (milheto). O experimento foi instalado em uma área de 136,5m2. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo 4m2 o tamanho de cada parcela, e o espaçamento entre parcelas foi de 0,5m. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: (T1) sem vermicomposto e com calcário (testemunha); (T2) vermicomposto bovino (VB) 25% da recomendação total da Comissão de adubação e calagem do RS e SC (ROLAS) + calcário; (T3) VB 50% da recomendação total da ROLAS + calcário; (T4) VB 100% da recomendação total da ROLAS + calcário; (T5) VB 125% da recomendação total da ROLAS + calcário. As variáveis analisadas foram: fitomassa fresca e seca, proteína bruta e macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca e Mg) da parte aérea das plantas e análise química do solo antes da instalação do experimento e após o ciclo de cada cultura. Os resultados foram: a adubação orgânica de forrageiras é uma excelente opção para as pequenas propriedades rurais; a utilização de 125% de vermicomposto bovino + calcário permite respostas significativas para as variáveis fitomassas fresca, seca e proteína bruta da parte aérea das culturas estudadas; os teores foliares dos nutrientes N, P, K na cultura do azevém respondem de forma crescente à aplicação da adubação orgânica. A concentração destes nutrientes diminui com o aumento da idade da planta em todos os tratamentos. Em relação ao solo, de uma maneira geral, é possível concluir que após a cultura do azevém há uma melhora na qualidade do mesmo, exceto para as variáveis: Mg, CTCpH7, Soma das bases, CTCefetiva e P nos tratamentos T1, T2 e T3. Após a cultura do milheto, há um acréscimo nos teores de P, Mg, CTCpH7 e diminuição dos teores de K; a cultura do azevém é mais responsiva à adubação orgânica do que cultura do milheto.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield, crude protein content and macronutrients concentration of winter and warm, chemical soil properties season forage crops under bovine manure fertilization in a Luvissolo Háplico órtico típico. The experiment was carried out at the Centro de Ciências Rurais da URCAMP, Bagé, RS, Brazil in two distinct seasons: ryegrass was cultivated during the winter and millet was cultivated during the summer. The experiment was conduced in a randomized block design, with five treatments and four replications. The size of each plot was 4m2 and the spacing between them was 0.5m, with a total area of 136.5m2. The treatments used were: (T1) no bovine manure vermicompost, only lime (control); (T2) bovine manure vermicompost (VB) at 25% of its total recommended rate by Manual de Adubação e Calagem do RS e SC (ROLAS) + lime; (T3) VB at 50% of Its total recommended rate by ROLAS + lime; (T4) VB at 100% of Its total recommended rate by ROLAS + lime; (T5) VB at 125% Its total recommended rate + lime. The variables analyzed were: green and dry biomass, crude protein content and macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) of the aerial parts of the plants. Soil chemical analysis tests have also been performed before the experiment starts and after each crop cycle. The results were: the organic fertilization of forage crops is an excellent alternative for small farms; the use of bovine manure vermicompost at 125% of Its total recommended rate by ROLAS + lime increases considerably the variables: fresh and dry fitomass as well as the crude protein content of the aerial parts of the crops studied; foliar levels of N, P, K in the culture of ryegrass respond increasingly to the application of bovine manure vermicompost. The concentration of these nutrients decreased progressively with the aging of the plants in all treatments. In regards to the soil, it can be concluded that after the cultivation of ryegrass there was an improvement in quality thereof, except for the following variables: Mg, CTCpH7, Sum of Bases, effective CTC and P in T1, T2 and T3. After the cultivation of millet, It has been observed an increase in the levels of P, Mg, CTCpH7 and a decrease in the levels of K; The ryegrass crop is more responsive to organic fertilization than millet.

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Paixão, Márcia Eliane Leindcker da. "A experiência educativa da extensão na Faculdades EST analisada sob a perspectiva da hermenêutica feminista." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2011. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3000.

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Esta tese interpreta experiências educativas na Extensão das Faculdades EST e as relações de Gênero, a partir da perspectiva da hermenêutica e da metodologia feministas. São apresentados os conceitos de indissociabilidade entre ensino, pesquisa e extensão, de acordo com os pressupostos do Fórum de Extensão. Traz os conceitos de opressão, de gênero e de patriarcado, advindos da teoria feminista em diálogo com os conceitos de in-exclusão social. A primeira parte da tese constitui o caminho metodológico da pesquisa, os contextos e os conceitos que se entrecruzam no estudo e mostra a complexidade que envolve a temática. A hermenêutica feminista é apresentada, a partir de Ivone Gebara e Wanda Deifelt, com destaque à metodologia feminista. É apresentada a noção de cotidiano e de experiência em diálogo com o conceito fazer-pensar, de Richard Senett. A segunda parte enfoca aspectos históricos da Extensão Universitária e o conceito de indissociabilidade como pano de fundo para o diálogo com o conceito de Gênero e Exclusão, trazendo a interface das perspectivas feministas para a trama dialógica. A análise a respeito da indissociabilidade e as relações de Gênero no contexto da EST são problematizadas pela hermenêutica feminista. O conceito de cativeiro, apresentado por Marcela Lagarde, desassossega os lugares e as práticas e mostra a ambiguidade das ações das mulheres na extensão. A extensão mostrou-se como zona de conforto e de reforço do patriarcado. Mas, também pode ser zona de rebeldia, de criatividade e de possibilidades para as mulheres. Concluí-se que há um contraponto entre teoria, metodologia e prática que, a partir de diferentes abordagens que dialogam e interagem, possibilita outras práticas extensionistas e baliza novas relações de gênero na instituição
This dissertation interprets educational experiences within the Extension program of the Faculdades EST and Gender relations, based on the perspective of feminist hermeneutics and methodology. The concepts of the indissociability of teaching,research and extension, are presented here according to the presuppositions of the Extension Forum. They bring with them the concepts of oppression, gender and patriarchy from the feminist theory in dialog with the concepts of social in-exclusion. The first part of the dissertation presents the methodological research path, the contexts and the concepts which cross each other in the study and show the complexity involved in the theme. Feminist hermeneutics is presented based on Ivone Gebara and Wanda Deifelt, highlighting feminist methodology. The notion of the quotidian and experience in dialog with the concept of to make think of Richard Senett is presented. The second part focuses on historical aspects of the University Extension Program and the concept of indissociability as the background for the dialog with the concept of Gender and Exclusion, bringing the interfacing of the feminist perspectives to the dialogical plot. The analysis with regard to indissociability and the relations of Gender in the context of EST is problematized by the feminist hermeneutics. The concept of captivity presented by Marcela Lagarde, disquiets the places and practices and shows the ambiguity of women?s actions in extension programs. The extension program presents itself as a zone of comfort and of reinforcement of the patriarchy. But it can also be a zone of rebelliousness, of creativity and of possibilities for the women. The conclusion is that there is a counterpoint between theory, methodology and practice which, based on different approaches which dialog and interact, makes possible other extension practices and sets apart new gender relations in the institution

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Damaso, Natalie. "Biogeographical Patterns of Soil Microbial Communities: Ecological, Structural, and Functional Diversity and their Application to Soil Provenance." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3006.

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The current ecological hypothesis states that the soil type (e.g., chemical and physical properties) determines which microbes occupy a particular soil and provides the foundation for soil provenance studies. As human profiles are used to determine a match between evidence from a crime scene and a suspect, a soil microbial profile can be used to determine a match between soil found on the suspect’s shoes or clothing to the soil at a crime scene. However, for a robust tool to be applied in forensic application, an understanding of the uncertainty associated with any comparisons and the parameters that can significantly influence variability in profiles needs to be determined. This study attempted to address some of the most obvious uncertainties of soil provenance applications such as spatial variability, temporal variability, and marker selection (i.e., taxa discrimination). Pattern analysis was used to validate the ecological theories driving the soil microbial biogeography. Elucidating soil microbial communities’ spatial and temporal variability is critical to improve our understanding of the factors regulating their structure and function. Microbial profiling and bioinformatics analyses of the soil community provided a rapid method for soil provenance that can be informative, easier to perform, and more cost effective than approaches using traditional physico-chemical data. This study also showed that stable profiles may allow comparison between evidence and a possible crime scene despite the time lapse (4 years) between sample collections, however, this is dependent on the analysis method, site, vegetation, and level of disturbance. Marker selection was also an important consideration for profiling. Even though Fungi look promising for single taxon soil discrimination, the additional markers can help discriminate between a wide variety of soil types. As in human identification, the more DNA markers queried the greater the discrimination power. Lastly, this study illustrated a novel method to query the iron relating genes and ability to design a novel marker that can easily be used to profile the functional diversity of a soil community to enhance soil classification. Overall this research demonstrated the potential and effectiveness of using microbial DNA from soil, not just for comparison, but also for intelligence gathering to pinpoint the geographic origin of the soil.

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Silva, Paulo Rogerio Tavares da. "Análise do comportamento em fadiga do aço SAE 52100 sob diferentes condições microestruturais." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/3040.

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Devido às altas tensões envolvidas nos mecanismos de fadiga por contato, o uso de aços de alta dureza é uma exigência na fabricação de mancais de rolamento. Se a dureza de uma das partes em contato é baixa (sendo menor que 58 HRC), a ocorrência da descamação de camadas superficiais torna-se iminente no material menos duro. Estes defeitos superficiais podem, eventualmente, levar o componente a fraturar na direção radial se as tensões circunferenciais trativas forem relativamente elevadas. Os rolamentos que apresentam estes tipos de falhas são fabricados com o aço SAE 52100 temperado e revenido, com têmpera total. Recentemente tem sido sugerida a utilização do aço SAE 52100 processado por tratamento isotérmico para a obtenção de bainita inferior já que esta microestrutura apresenta boa tenacidade e resistência à fadiga associadas a uma alta dureza. Neste trabalho, foram realizados tratamentos térmicos utilizando o aço SAE 52100 a fim de obter microestruturas cujas matrizes fossem, predominantemente, martensita revenida ou bainita inferior. Para a condição martensítica, utilizou-se o tratamento térmico convencional de têmpera e revenido com três temperaturas de revenido para a obtenção de diferentes quantidades de austenita retida na matriz martensítica. Para a condição bainítica, utilizou-se o tratamento de austêmpera para a obtenção de bainita inferior com alto nível de dureza O comportamento mecânico do aço SAE 52100, tratado termicamente nas quatro condições, foi avaliado através de ensaio de tração e ensaio de impacto Charpy. O comportamento em fadiga, por sua vez, foi avaliado através de ensaios de propagação de trinca por fadiga realizados em corpos de prova tensão compacto. Para a determinação da influência da razão de carregamento (R=Kmin/Kmax) sobre o comportamento em fadiga este parâmetro foi variado entre 0,1 e 0,5. Foram realizadas análises fractográficas em todas as superfícies de fratura e de fadiga. Os resultados dos testes indicaram um melhor comportamento em fadiga para o aço SAE 52100 com microestrutura bainítica. No entanto para um R = 0,5, este material apresentou comportamento semelhante ao martensítico de mesmo nível de dureza na região limiar de fadiga. Observou-se o fenômeno de fechamento de trinca nos testes realizados com R de 0,1 e 0,3, sendo este efeito mais pronunciado para o menor valor de R.

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Adetola, Opeyemi. "Immobilization of Heteropolyacids in Silica Gel." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3050.

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Silica gels containing incorporated heteropolyacids (HPAs) were synthesized in acidic media by co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with phosphotungstic or phosphomolybdic acids using sol-gel technique. Effect of the synthesis conditions on their structure and morphology was studied. Yields of modified materials were some lower as compared to non-modified silica gels. All materials were mesoporous but contained micropores in their structures. Presence of bands of Keggin’s structures in FT-IR spectra along with absence of XRD patterns of crystalline HPAs confirmed their fine incorporation into silica network. Particle sizes of modified materials were 800-1100 nm excepting for W-containing sample obtained with trimethylstearylammonium chloride. This unusual effect was attributed to stabilization of primary silica nanoparticles by interaction between surfactant and HPA. High ratio HPA/TEOS resulted in partial loss of porosity. Obtained results might be used for optimization of synthesis of effective catalysts and adsorbents containing HPAs in mesoporous structure.

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Plácido, Júnior Cristóvão Gomes. "Avaliação de guaranazeiro cultivado em diferentes estandes de plantas nos primeiros anos de produção." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2012. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3050.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
The guarana cultivation has great social and economic importance in Maués City. Aimed at increasing crop yields, studies are needed on the plant population per unit area. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of different plant stands in the cultivation of guarana on aspects of vegetative growth, diseases, soil fertility and productivity, to improve the productive use of areas with the culture of guarana and reducing the impact of the implementation of the culture in new areas, providing an economic return for producers of guarana in Maués City, Amazonas State. We studied two clones BRS-Amazonas (CMU-300) and BRS-Maués (CMU-871) in booths of 625, 833, 1,111, 1,666, 2,500 and 5,000 plants per hectare. The experimental design for the analysis was completely randomized in factorial arrangement 2x6 and the number of replicates ranged from 3 to 10 according to the variables studied. The increase in the plant stands showed the economic viability for all indicators, with low risk of obtaining unfavorable results in the region analyzed when the used clones show high resistance to major diseases affecting the crop. There is need for continued evaluation to define the better stand of plants per unit area, which should be set at the end of at least five years of evaluation, after the stabilization of yield per plant.
O cultivo do guaranazeiro tem grande importância social e econômica na região do município de Maués. Visando o aumento da produtividade da lavoura, são necessários estudos sobre a população de plantas por unidade de área cultivada. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes estandes de plantas no cultivo do guaranazeiro sobre aspectos de crescimento vegetativo, doenças, produtividade e fertilidade do solo, possibilitando uma melhor utilização das áreas utilizadas com a cultura do guaranazeiro, reduzir o impacto da implantação da cultura em novas áreas apresentando um retorno econômico aos produtores de guaraná do município de Maués, Estado do Amazonas. Foram estudados duas cultivares BRS-Amazonas e BRS-Maués em estandes de. 625, 833, 1.111, 1.666, 2.500 e 5.000 plantas por hectare. O delineamento experimental adotado para a análise foi o inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 6, sendo que o número de repetições variou de 3 a 10, de acordo com as variáveis estudadas. O aumento do estande de plantas mostrou viabilidade econômico-financeira para todos os indicadores, com baixo risco de obter resultados desfavoráveis na região analisada quando utilizadas cultivares que apresentem alta resistência às principais doenças que afetam a cultura. Existe a necessidade de se definir o estande ideal de plantas por unidade de área, considerando o tempo de estabilização da produção que ocorre a partir do quinto ano.

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Orioli, Felipe Porphirio. "Antecipação da adubação nitrogenada na cultura do milho sob pastagem de capim braquiária." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2008. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/3008.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, 2008.
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No sistema de Integração Lavoura Pecuária, o nitrogênio é o nutriente que mais limita o desenvolvimento, produtividade e biomassa da maioria das culturas. Sendo assim, é necessário desenvolver estratégias de manejo que contribuam para aumentar a eficiência de aproveitamento do nitrogênio. O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar, em condições de campo, as produtividades do milho cultivado sob pastagem de capim Braquiária com aplicação em pré-semeadura de níveis de nitrogênio. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Fazenda Água Limpa da Universidade de Brasília, em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico típico, utilizando a pastagem do capim Braquiária como cultura antecessora. Foram realizados a adubação corretiva de 1448 Kg ha-¹de Calcário dolomítico, 120 Kg ha-¹ de P2O5, 100 Kg ha-¹ de K2O. O nitrogênio, na forma de uréia, foi aplicado em sulcos feitos na pastagem com 5 níveis de nitrogênio em pré-semeadura do milho: 0; 30; 60; 90 e 120 Kg ha-1 de N. Após a aplicação dos níveis de N no capim foi feita a dessecação da parte aérea com herbicida de contato na dose de 3 litros por hectare. Na semeadura do milho acrescentou-se mais 30 Kg ha-1 de N perfazendo os níveis: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 Kg de N ha-1 e a adubação de 120 Kg ha-¹ de P2O5, 100 Kg ha-¹ de K2O e 50 Kg ha-¹ de sulfato de zinco recomendada para o plantio da cultura do milho nos Cerrados. Os atributos analisados foram: massa seca do grão de milho a 13% de umidade; a massa seca da parte aérea do milho aos 90 dias após a semeadura; o teor de nitrogênio na folha do milho, o teor de nitrogênio no grão, o teor de clorofila nas folhas no momento da inflorescência com o auxilio do equipamento SPAD e a massa seca da parte aérea do capim Braquiária aos 45 dias após a aplicação das doses de N em pré-semeadura do milho. Os resultados obtidos tanto do milho como do capim Braquiária foram submetidos a analise de variância, aplicados o teste de significância e curvas de respostas. Na dose de 150 Kg ha-1de N aplicado antecipadamente proporcionou uma produção de 8 ton de massa de grãos a 13% de umidade, 10 t de massa seca da parte aérea, uma concentração de 3,2% de N nas folhas do milho e 0,8% de N no grão do milho. No capim Braquiária observou-se uma produção de 34 ton ha-1 na dose de 120 Kg ha-1de N. Os atributos avaliados mostraram que todos os resultados tiveram respostas lineares e significativas ao aumento das doses de N e observou-se, pelo teor de N nas folhas e na leitura do SPAD, que as planta de milho apresentaram estados normais de nutrição com a adubação antecipada. _________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Regarding the Crop Livestock integration system, nitrogen is the nutrient that most limits the development, productivity and biomass of most crops. Therefore, the development of management strategies which contribute to a higher efficiency of nitrogen are necessary. The objective of this study is to evaluate, under field conditions, within the Crop Livestock integration system, the corn productivity grown under pasture with application in pre-sowing with different levels of nitrogen.The work was developed at the University of Brasilia`s Farm, in a typical Dark Yellow Latosol, using the pasture of Braquiária grass as predecessor culture.A corrective fertilization was made using 1448 kg ha-¹ Limestone, 120 Kg ha-¹ P2O5, 100 kg ha-¹ of K2O and nitrogen was applied in the form of urea in grooves made in the pasture with 5 levels of nitrogen corn`s in pre-sowing: 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1 of N. After the application of the different levels of N, the drying of the aerial part was made with contact herbicide in the dose of 3 litres per hectare. In the corn sowing were added other 30 kg ha-1 of N, comprising the levels: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 kg N ha-1 and fertilization of 120 Kg ha-¹ P2O5, 100 kg ha-¹ K2O, and 50 kg ha-¹ zinc sulfate, as recommended for the Cerrado. The attributes analyzed were: net weight of the corn grain under moisture of 13%, the net weight of the aerial part of the corn 90 days after sowing, the amount of nitrogen in the corn leaves, the amount of nitrogen in the grain, the amount of chlorophyll in the leaves at the time of inflorescence, measured with the SPAD equipment and net weight of the aerial part of Braquiaria grass 45 days after the application of the N in corn pre-sowing. The results of both the corn and the Braquiaria grass went through analysis of variance, test of significance and curves of answers. The dose of 150 kg ha-1 N applied beforehand provided a production of 8 tons net weight of grains at 13% moisture, 10 tons of net weight of aerial part, a concentration of 3.2% of N in the leaves of corn and 0.8% of N in corn grain. In braquiaria grass there was a production of 34 kg ha-1 at the dose of 120 kg ha-1 of N. The attributes evaluated showed that all results had significant and linear responses to the increase of N rates, and it was observed, by the content of N in the leaves and readings from SPAD, that the corn presented normal state of nutrition with the early fertilization.

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Silveira, Paulo Jorge Ávila da. "Modelo de interacção espacial: um instrumento para o planeamento e análise do território." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/30100.

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As alterações do uso do solo processam-se de forma natural ou mediante alterações induzidas pelo Homem, tratando-se de um processo evolutivo do desenvolvimento dos ecossistemas e das civilizações. Neste trabalho, desenvolveram-se metodologias que resultaram numa aplicação informática (SIMLU), a qual implementa um modelo de interação espacial do uso do solo, com o propósito de analisar as relações entre o Homem, a economia e o ambiente, de forma a entender como determinados fatores edafoclimáticos, económicos, tecnológicos, demográficos e regulamentares, influenciam a ocupação e o uso do solo. O modelo permite simular a ocupação do solo ao longo do tempo e do espaço, face a cenários de mudanças climáticas, distribuindo emprego por sector de atividade e população pelas diferentes zonas consideradas, gerando repercussões na ocupação do território, na estrutura socioeconómica das populações e no valor da terra. A partir dos cenários de alterações climáticas (RCP4.5 e RCP8.5), previstos no Quinto relatório de avaliação do Painel Intergovernamental para as Alterações Climáticas (AR5- IPCC), aplicou-se o SIMLU a dois casos de estudo com características distintas: Tahaddart no Nordeste de Marrocos e na ilha Terceira no Arquipélago dos Açores. O modelo foi calibrado e validado para cada um dos dois casos de estudo, onde progressivamente foram introduzidas melhorias ao nível da capacidade de cálculo, análise e apresentação dos resultados, passando desde a primeira versão em formato Excel® (SIMLU V1.0), para a versão atual (SIMLU V2.0) numa aplicação autónoma e independente com interface gráfica para utilizadores. Para o caso de estudo de Tahaddart e áreas adjacentes, foram considerados para cada cenário RCP’s (horizonte temporal de 2099) dois tipos de sub-cenários: ocupação do uso do solo com base na estrutura produtiva e das aptidões de referência (2011) e ocupação do território através substituição do uso. Para cada cenário tratado, face à situação de referência, verificou-se uma diminuição da população que variou entre os 6818 e os 14244 habitantes (RCP4.5) e entre 48991 e os 43974 habitantes (RCP8.5). Para o caso de estudo aplicado á ilha Terceira, utilizou-se unicamente o cenário regionalizado RCP8.5 (horizonte temporal de 2099), não sendo admitido a substituição de uso relativamente à variação das normais climatológicas utilizadas (temperatura média anual e precipitação anual acumulada). Foi ainda considerado a redução dos postos de trabalho na Base Área das Lajes - BA4. Estimou-se os impactos na população e no valor da terra, resultante das alterações climáticas e da BA4. Dos resultados obtidos, verificase uma considerável redução da área de pastagem, que resulta na perda direta de cerca de 195 empregos ligados ao sector da pecuária a que se juntam 285 postos de trabalho suprimidos na BA4. O cenário simulado traduz-se numa diminuição de 2599 habitantes (cerca de 4% da população da Terceira em 2011) e um decréscimo global do valor da terra de cerca de 524 milhões de euros. O SIMLU apresenta-se assim como uma ferramenta de apoio à decisão, replicada em regiões e contextos diferentes, numa perspetiva de avaliar impactos na ocupação do uso do solo perante diferentes cenários de alterações climáticas; ABSTRACT: Spatial Interaction Model – A Tool for Land Analysis and Planning Land use changes are a result of natural or human induced changes, being an evolutionary process of ecosystems and civilizations. Methodologies were developed in this work, resulting in computer program (SIMLU) which implements a spatial interaction model of land use, with the aim of analyzing the relations between Man, the economy and the environment, and how edaphoclimatic (that affect land suitability), economic, technological, demographical factors and policies, can influence land use. The model allows us to simulate land use, through time and space, given climatic changes, distributing employment for activities and population for each considered zones, generate impacts in land use, socioeconomic structure of the populations and in the land value. Starting with the land use scenarios (RCP4.5 e RCP8.5), presented in the Fifth report of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC), SIMLU was applied in two case study areas with different characteristics: Tahaddart (Morocco) and Terceira island (Azores, Portugal). The model was calibrated and validated for each of the case study areas, improving on the calculation, analysis and outputs, starting from a Excel worksheet until arriving in the current form, an independent application with a user’s graphical interface. For each of the case studies, different outputs were presented allowing analysis of the model, as a decision support tool, which can be replicated for different contexts facing the evaluation of the impact of land use policies. Two types of sub-scenarios were considered in each RCP’s scenario, to Tahaddart basin: field occupation, based on productive structure and reference skills (2011) and occupation of the use replacement. In both scenarios, there was a population decrease raging 6818- 14244 habitants to RCP4.5 and 48991-43974 habitants to RCP8.5 scenario. For the case study applied to Terceira Island, only RCP8.5 was used for the temporal horizon to 2099, not admitting the use replacement relatively to the climatological norms used (average annual temperature and accumulated annual rainfall). The reduction of the working places in Air Base of Lajes- BA4, was also considered. The land values and the impact in population resulting from the climate changes and from the BA-4 was estimated. From the obtained results, a considerable decrease from the pasture area (resulting from the direct loss of the 195 jobs connected to the livestock) in which is added 285 jobs lost in BA-4. The simulated scenario indicates a diminution in the number of habitants, around 2599 (about 4% of the population in 2011) and a global decrease of the land value around 524 million euros. SIMLU presents as a support tool to decision, which can be replicated in different circumstances, concerning different scenarios in a way to evaluate the impacts of territory occupation regarding different climatic changes scenarios.

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Oliveira, Maria Inês Lopes de. "Movimento de íons em solo sob sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária na região de cerrados." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2007. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/3020.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, 2007.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as concentrações e o fluxo vertical de íons na solução de solo, em parcelas experimentais submetidas aos seguintes sistemas de cultivo: lavoura contínua, pastagem contínua e integração lavoura-pecuária. O experimento foi iniciado em 1991, mas a coleta de amostras da solução do solo foi realizada em 2005 e 2006. Para tanto, cápsulas porosas foram instaladas, nas profundidades de 20 e 150 cm e as soluções foram extraídas em seis datas, para cada ano. Foram determinadas, em laboratório, as concentrações dos seguintes íons nas soluções coletadas: Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, H2PO4-, K+, Mg2+, e Ca2+. Para estimar o fluxo dos íons no perfil do solo foi adotado o Sistema de Análise Regional de Risco Agroclimático (SAARA-Br). Em termos gerais, a movimentação de ânions no solo, considerando as duas profundidades, apresentou concentrações na seguinte ordem de grandeza: NO3- >> Cl- > SO42- > H2PO4-. Já a movimentação de cátions, apresentou concentrações na seguinte ordem: Ca2+ >K+ > Mg2+. Em termos comparativos entre os sistemas de cultivo, a concentração dos íons na solução do solo, nas duas profundidades, mostrou a seguinte seqüência: lavoura contínua > integração lavoura-pecuária > pastagem contínua. As concentrações dos íons na solução de solo, na profundidade de 150 cm, sob pastagem contínua e integração lavoura-pecuária foram sempre baixas. Em termos de potencial de perdas por lixiviação, a maior preocupação se refere ao íon nitrato, em sistemas de lavoura contínua sob preparo convencional. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil solution ion concentrations and vertical flux in experimental plots under the following systems: continuous crop, continuous pasture and crop-pasture rotations. The experiment was started in 1991, but the soil solution was collected during the years of 2005 and 2006. Porous capsules were installed in two soil depths, 20 and 150 cm, and samples of solution were extracted in six dates for each year. The concentration of the following ions was measured: Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, H2PO4-, K+, Mg2+ e Ca2+. In order to estimate the vertical flux of ions in the soil profile it was adopted the SAARA Model (System of Regional Analysis of Agroclimatic Risks) In general terms, the pattern of anions movement was: NO3- >> Cl- > SO42- > H2PO4-, and of cations was: Ca2+ >K+ > Mg2+. When cropping systems were compared, the general pattern of ion movement was: continuous cropping > crop-pasture rotations > continuous pasture. Considering leaching potential, the main concern is with nitrate ion in soil under continuous cropping.

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Woyann, Leomar Guilherme. "Análise do transcriptoma de genótipos de arroz sob estresse por frio." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2014. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3010.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
O estresse por frio pode trazer prejuízos econômicos significativos em diversas fases do ciclo da cultura do arroz. Em arroz (Oryza sativa L.), há grande variabilidade genética para tolerância ao frio sendo a subespécie japonica considerada tolerante e a subespécie indica considerada sensível. Foi realizado sequenciamento de RNA (RNA-Seq) visando identificar genes diferencialmente expressos entre os genótipos BRS Atalanta (indica) (A), Nipponbare (japonica) (N) e bulks formados por RILs (Linhas endogâmicas recombinantes) provenientes do cruzamento entre elas. Bulks (B) com as 15 RILs mais próximas a cada genitor (BA e BN) foram formados com base em dados de genotipagem. As plântulas, tanto da condição tratamento quanto da condição controle, permaneceram por 7d a 28°C. Para análise do transcritoma, as plântulas da condição tratamento (T) foram expostas ao frio numa temperatura de 13°C por 24h e as plantas da condição controle (C) permaneceram mais 24h a 28°C. Após este período foi realizada a coleta das plântulas, extração de RNA total, síntese de cDNA e preparo das bibliotecas para sequenciamento (RNA-Seq). Este foi realizado em sequenciador HiSeq 2000, sendo as reads de 100b single-end. Diversas combinações foram analisadas para obter o número de genes diferencialmente expressos envolvendo as condições BRS Atalanta (controle e tratamento), Nipponbare (controle e tratamento), bulk de RILs mais próximos a cultivar BRS Atalanta (controle e tratamento) e bulk de RILs mais próximos ao genótipo Nipponbare (controle e tratamento). Um número significativo de genes mostra-se diferencialmente expressos em cada condição, sendo de modo geral mais genes estão subexpressos do que superexpressos, exceto para as condições AC x BAC, AT x BAT e NT x BNT. Um dendrograma usando as distâncias de Jensen-Shannon mostra a formação de dois ramos sendo que num deles está a cultivar BRS Atalanta e os bulks formados por sua semelhança genotípica com esta cultivar. No outro ramo estão o genótipo Nipponbare e os bulks formados pela semelhança com o genitor. Genes pertencentes a diversas famílias de fatores de transcrição estão diferencialmente expressos nas diferentes combinações, sendo que para grande parte destas famílias já foi demonstrada sua participação na resposta ao estresse por frio. As conclusões deste trabalho indicam que o número de genes diferencialmente expressos (log2-fold-change ≥ |1.5|) varia grandemente entre as combinações, apresentando como limite superior 1481 genes subexpressos na combinação BNC x BAC e 1017 genes superexpressos em NT x AT, e seis genes subexpressos na combinação NT x BNT e cinco genes superexpressos na combinação NC x BNC. As combinações analisadas mostram a expressão diferencial de um grande número de famílias de fatores de transcrição, muitas delas já descritas como responsivas ao estresse por frio, que apresentam um padrão difuso de expressão entre as subespécies indica e japonica.
Chilling stress can cause significant economic losses in different phases of the cycle of rice. There are a wide of genetic variability for cold tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.), japonica subspecies is considered tolerant and subspecies indica is considered sensitive. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed to identify differentially expressed genes among the cultivar BRS Atalanta (indica) (A), Nipponbare (japonica) (N) and bulks composed by RILs from crosses between them. Bulks (B) with the 15 closest RILs to each parent (BA and BN) RILs were composed based on SNPs-genotyping data. To analyze the transcriptome, plants of the treatment condition (T), 7d after imbibition were exposed to a chilling temperature of 13°C per 24h and plants of the control condition (C) remained 24h more at 28°C. After this time was performed the collection of seedlings, total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and preparation of libraries for sequencing (RNA-Seq) in a HiSeq 2000 sequencer, with 100bp single-end reads. Several combinations were analyzed to obtain the number of differentially expressed genes involving BRS Atalanta conditions (control and treatment), Nipponbare (control and treatment), bulk of RILs closest to BRS Atalanta – BA (control and treatment) and bulks of RILs closest to the cultivar Nipponbare - BN (control and treatment). A significant number of differentially expressed genes are shown in each condition, being generally founded more downregulated than up-regulated genes, except for the combinations AC x AT x NT x BAT and BAC x BNT. A dendrogram using the Jensen-Shannon distance shows the formation of two branches of which one is composed by BRS Atlanta cultivar and the bulks composed by the genotypic similarity with this cultivar. In the other branch is the cultivar Nipponbare and the bulks composed by similarity with the parent. Several differentially expressed genes from transcription factors families are present in different combinations, and for many of these families has been demonstrated its involvement in the response to chilling stress. The conclusions of this study indicate that the number of differentially expressed genes (log2 fold-change ≥ |1.5|) greatly changed between combinations, with an upper limit of 1481 down-regulated genes in the combination BAC x BNC and 1017 up-regulated genes in the combination NT x AT, six genes are up-regulate in the combination NT x BNT and five genes are upregulated in NC x BNC combination. The combinations analyzed showed differential expression of a large number of families of transcription factors, many of which have been described as responsive to cold stress, showing a diffuse pattern of expression between indica and japonica groups.

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Silva, Derli João Siqueira da. "Indicadores de qualidade do solo na região da campanha do Rio Grande do Sul, sob sistemas de pastoreio Contínuo e Voisin." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2015. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3001.

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Sem bolsa
A região da campanha do Rio Grande do Sul é caracterizada por ter como matriz produtiva histórica a pecuária de corte, apresentando a figura do pecuarista familiar que tem na baixa produtividade da exploração pecuária seu principal sustento. O solo é a base produtiva para a atividade agropecuária, sendo preciso que se encontre mecanismos que levem a melhoria de suas propriedades naturais. Esse trabalho foi conduzido sobre solo coberto por vegetação campestre pertencente ao bioma pampa objetivando testar o efeito de dois sistemas de pastoreio com bovinos, pastoreio Contínuo e rotativo Voisin, na melhoria das condições de fertilidade deste solo, nas suas características químicas e biológicas, nas populações de ácaros e colêmbolos e na preservação das condições ambientais naturais. O presente experimento foi conduzido junto ao Campus Rural da Universidade da Região da Campanha, Campus Bagé-RS. O trabalho consistiu na utilização de dois tratamentos, representados pelo pastoreio de gado bovino em pastagem natural utilizando o sistema de pastoreio Voisin e o sistema de pastoreio Contínuo durante um período de três anos. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com repetições. As variáveis foram produção de esterco, pH em água, matéria orgânica, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, alumínio, capacidade de troca de cátions, nitrogênio total, carbono orgânico, relação C/N, levantamento populacional da mesofauna (ácaros, colêmbolos e suas relações). A análise dos dados sugere que o pastoreio Voisin em relação ao Contínuo permite: aumentar a distribuição de dejeções bovinas por unidade de superfície pastoril; aumentar o ph e a CTC do solo; diminuir os teores de Al e de H+Al a partir do segundo ano; aumentar a partir do segundo ano a matéria orgânica, o potássio, o cálcio e o magnésio, e o fósforo a 7 partir o terceiro; aumentar os teores de nitrogênio e carbono orgânico; diminuir a relação carbono/nitrogênio; mais do que duplicar as comunidades de ácaros e colêmbolos. Ambos os sistemas de pastoreio não alteraram substancialmente os índices de diversidade, uniformidade e similaridade das populações de ácaros e colêmbolos. Observou-se que fósforo, potássio, cálcio e matéria orgânica aumentaram onde havia maiores populações de organismos do solo, condições estas encontradas no sistema de pastoreio Voisin. Concluiu-se que o sistema de pastoreio Voisin é uma ferramenta capaz de melhorar os atributos químicos e biológicos do solo favorecendo o pecuarista familiar.
The campaign region of Rio Grande do Sul is characterized by having as historical production matrix beef cattle, with the figure of the family farmer who has low productivity of livestock farming their main livelihood. The soil is the production base for agricultural activities, and must be located mechanisms that lead to improvement of its natural properties. This work was conducted on soil covered by grassland belonging to the pampa biome aiming to test the effect of two grazing systems with cattle, continuous and rotational grazing Voisin, improving fertility conditions of soil, its chemical and biological characteristics in populations mites and springtails and the preservation of natural environmental conditions. This experiment was conducted by the Rural Campus of the University of the Campaign Region, Campus Bagé-RS. The work involved the use of two treatments, represented by natural pasture in cattle grazing using the grazing system Voisin and continuous grazing system over a period of three years. The experimental design was a randomized block with repeats. Variables were producing manure, pH, organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, cation exchange capacity, total nitrogen, organic carbon, C/N, the population survey mesofauna (mites, springtails and their relations). Analysis of the data suggests that Voisin grazing on continuous allows: increase the 9 distribution of bovine stools per pasture surface unit; increasing the pH of soil and CTC; decrease the contents of Al and H+Al from the second year; increase from the second year organic matter, potassium, calcium and magnesium, and phosphorus from the third; increase the content of nitrogen and organic carbon; reduce the carbon/nitrogen ratio; more than double the communities of mites and springtails. Both grazing systems do not substantially alter the diversity indices, uniformity and similarity of populations of mites and springtails. It was observed that phosphorous, potassium, calcium and organic matter had increased where large populations of soil organisms found in these conditions Voisin grazing system. It was concluded that the Voisin grazing system is a tool to improve soil chemical and biological attributes favoring the family farmer

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Bitencourt, Dioni Glei Bonini. "Dinâmica de acidificação e de liberação de metais na solução do solo de perfis de solos construídos na área de mineração de carvão de Candiota, RS." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2014. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3050.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
O carvão mineral e rochas associadas podem conter pirita, que ao entrar em contato com ar ou água sofre oxidação, produzindo ácido sulfúrico. Essa acidez acelera dissolução dos minerais do solo e aumenta a concentração de metais pesados na solução do solo, criando a drenagem ácida da mina que contamina as águas superficiais e subsuperficiais. Este estudo teve o objetivo de investigar o efeito da drenagem ácida nas propriedades químicas e na retenção da solução do solo construído numa área de mineração de carvão em Candiota, RS. Foram abertas trincheiras e coletadas amostras deformadas e indeformadas, em quatro profundidades (0-10; 40-50; 100-110; 190-200 cm), bem como instalados lisímetros de sucção e sensores de umidade, em perfis de solos construídos de diferentes idades e morfologia (sem terra vegetal: MII-T1 – 28 anos; com terra vegetal: MIV-T1 – 18 anos, MIV-T2 – 17 anos, MVII-T3 – 10 anos, MIV-T4 – 4 anos). Nas amostras deformadas foram realizadas análises físicas e químicas básicas (granulometria, pH (em água, em CaCl2), índice SMP, cátions trocáveis, acidez potencial e carbono orgânico), metais extraídos pelo método US-EPA3050, o potencial de acidificação (PA) e de neutralização (PN) pelo método do peróxido de hidrogênio, bem como a mineralogia, analisada por difratometria de raios X na forma de pó na amostra total. Para a coleta de solução do solo a campo foram instalados lisímetros de sucção (ecoTech, Bonn, Germany) e o monitoramento da umidade do solo foi feito com sensores de umidade (Watermark). A obtenção da solução do solo em laboratório foi feita pelo método do extrato da pasta saturada. Os metais e os cátions básicos das soluções do solo obtidas pelos dois métodos foram analisadas por ICP-OES e o Si e o S determinados por espectroscopia UVvisível e os resultados comparados por testes não paramétricos e em diagramas de estabilidade mineral. Foram obtidas curvas de retenção de solução do solo por câmara de Richards e pelo WP-4 e calculada a capacidade de água disponível em função do potencial osmótico. Concluiu-se que (a) todas camadas de estéril dos solos construídos possuem potencial de acidificação e que as camadas de terra vegetal e argila (malhas IV e VII) apresentaram potencial líquido positivo (não geradoras de acidez), indicando estarem livres de contaminação por sulfetos; (b) ambos os métodos de extração de solução do solo se mostraram equivalentes em termos de concentração de íons extraídos, conforme teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney; porém os diagramas de estabilidade mineral mostraram comportamento discrepante em função da maior atividade do Al na solução extraída com a pasta saturada em laboratório, mais diluída; (c) a solução do solo, por ambos métodos, confirmam a formação de drenagem ácida em profundidade, mesmo nas áreas com cobertura de terra vegetal ou argila (malhas IV e VII), indicando que essas camadas não são suficientes para conter ou minimizar o processo de geração de drenagem ácida; (d) na solução do solo foram encontrados valores acima do permitido para consumo humano para vários elementos (S, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Se e As), como resultado do processo ativo de sulfurização, contrastando com a extração pelo método USEPA 3050, que indica somente valores acima para As e Se; (e) os estéreis de mineração dos solos construídos retém solução do solo com maior energia em relação às camadas superficiais (terra vegetal e argila) em função do caráter da porosidade dos estéreis, oriundo de processos litogênicos (diagênese), que aliada ao elevado potencial osmótico, reduz a quantidade de água disponível as plantas e (f) o monitoramento da variação da umidade do solo nos perfis dos solos construídos mostrou que as camadas de terra vegetal e de argila, em função da menor capacidade de retenção de água, mesmo quando saturadas, apresentaram menores níveis de umidade do solo ao longo do tempo do que as camadas mais profundas, compostas pelos estéreis de mineração.
The coal and associated rocks may contain pyrite, which undergoes oxidation, when in contact with air or water producing sulfuric acid. This acidity accelerates the dissolution of minerals from the soil and increase the concentration of heavy metals in the soil solution, creating the acid mine drainage which contaminates surface and subsurface waters. This study aimed to investigate the effect of acid mine drainage on the chemical properties and retention of the soil solution in constructed soil in coal mining area in Candiota, RS. Pits were opened and disturbed and undisturbed samples were collected at four depths (0-10, 40-50, 100-110, 190-200 cm) and suction lysimeters and humidity sensors were installed in soil constructed soil profiles of different ages and morphology (without topsoil: MII-T1 - 28 years; with topsoil: MIV-T1 - 18 years, MIV-T2 – 17 years, MVII-T3 - 10 years, MIV-T4 - 4 years). In the disturbed samples basic physical and chemical analysis were performed (particle size, pH (in water, CaCl2), SMP index, exchangeable cations, potential acidity and organic carbon), as well as metals extracted by the US-EPA3050 method, acidification (AP) and neutralization potential (PN) by the hydrogen peroxide method, and mineralogy, analyzed by X-ray diffraction in powder (total sample). In the field, suction lysimeters (Ecotech, Bonn, Germany), to collect soil solution, and moisture sensors (Watermark), to monitor the moisture, were installed. Soil solution were also extracted in the laboratory, by the saturated paste extract method. Metals and basic cations in soil solutions obtained by the two methods were analyzed by ICP-OES and Si and S determined by UV-visible spectroscopy and the results compared by nonparametric tests and mineral stability diagrams. Soil solution retention curves were determined with Richards chambers and by WP-4, and the available water capacity taking into account the osmotic potential. It was concluded that (a) all layers of mine overburden materials showed acidification potential while top soil and clay layers (MIV and MVII) had a positive net potential (non-acid generation), indicating the they were free from sulfides contamination; (b) both methods of extraction of soil solution showed to be equivalent in terms of concentration of extracted ions as analyzed by non-parametric Mann-Whitney test; but the mineral stability diagrams showed different behavior due to the higher activity of Al in solution extracted with saturated paste in the laboratory, more diluted; (c) the soil solution, by both methods, confirm the formation of acid drainage in depth, even areas covered by topsoil or clay layers (MIV MVII), indicating that these layers are not sufficient to contain or minimize the generation of acid mine drainage; (d) in soil solution values above the allowed for human consumption for various elements (S, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Se and As) as a result of the active process of desulfurization were found, contrasting with the metals extracted by the USEPA 3050 method, that indicates that values above the allowed only to As and Se; (e) the overburden materials retain soil solution with higher energy than the topsoil and clay layers due to the character of their porosity, originated by lithogenic processes (diagenesis), which allied to the high osmotic potential, reduces the amount of plant available water and (f) the monitoring of the soil moisture in the constructed soil profiles showed that the topsoil and clay layers, due to the lower water holding capacity, even when saturated, showed lower levels of soil moisture over time than the deeper layers, composed by mine overburden.

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Machado, Rodrigo Corrêa Martins. "Vozes insurrectas num mundo em crise: Camões e Jorge de Sena sob uma leitura maneirista." Niterói, 2017. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/3090.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Universidade Federal Fluminense
Este trabalho se propõe a analisar comparativamente as obras de dois importantes poetas portugueses: Luís de Camões e Jorge de Sena. Como eixo temático, me baseei, sobretudo, nas possibilidades abertas pelo Maneirismo a toda a arte (com enfoque na poesia) no que diz respeito à violação, profanação, ressignificação de si mesma dentro e além da sua história. Essa leitura maneirista das obras camonianas e senianas se deu de forma alegórica, não histórica, de forma a nos possibilitar, a princípio, investigar o próprio lugar do poeta que Camões e Sena assinalam em seus escritos e, a posteriori, buscar apresentar uma relação entre os conceitos de “apetite em razão”, do autor d’Os Lusíadas, e “testemunho”, do autor de Metamorfoses. Para ambos os autores, o poeta é um ser em exílio, à margem, angustiado pelo mundo fragmentado em que vive, pelas desrazões a que é submetido cotidianamente e que vê na palavra a possibilidade de subverter a ordem, de profaná-la. Dessa forma, a poesia de Camões e Jorge de Sena constitui-se palco para as manifestações das experiências interiores que possuem do erotismo, da guerra, do exílio, fazendo com que, a partir do individual, a palavra poética toque os universais da existência humana. Os dois poetas são paradoxais: escritores do seu tempo e à frente dele que, ao falarem de si próprios, atingem a mais universal humanidade
This study aims to comparatively analyze the works of two important Portuguese poets: Luís de Camões and Jorge de Sena. As main theme we rely mainly on the possibilities opened up by Mannerism to the artwork (with a focus on poetry) with regard to rape, defilement, reframing itself within and beyond its history. This Mannerist reading of Camoniana and Seniana’s work took place in an allegorical way, not historical in order to enable us, in principle, to investigate the actual place of the poet Camões and Sena mark in his writings and in retrospect, seek to present a relationship between the concepts of "transformar apetite em razão", the author of Os Lusíadas, and "Testemunho", the author of Metamorfoses. For both authors, the poet is a being in exile on the sidelines, distressed by the fragmented world in which he lives, by no-reasons that undergoes daily and you see the word the possibility of subverting the order of profane it. Thus, the poetry of Camões and Sena Jorge constitutes stage for the manifestations of inner experiences that have eroticism, war, exile, making, from the individual, the poetic word touch the universals of human existence . The two poets are paradoxical: writers of his time and ahead of him, when speaking of themselves, reach more universal humanity

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Barrocas, Eva de Gouveia. "Contribution to the study of holm oak stand dynamics." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/30090.

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The holm oak is an emblematic species of the montado, a complex and biodiverse multifunctional, agro-silvopastoral system. Signs of the decline of the montado crown cover have been reported. This research followed an integrative approach to investigate how crown cover influences stand structure, natural regeneration, soil conditions, and litter layer in pure holm oak stands. Two new methodologies were created: STRUX Index that facilitates structure classification, and Natural Regeneration Classification that studies the viability of natural regeneration. The results showed that a higher crown cover was linked to uneven-aged structure, higher values of above-ground biomass, higher number of established natural regeneration, and a tendency for higher values of soil organic carbon and litter layer. Furthermore, it was observed a positive correlation between natural regeneration, litter layer, and soil organic carbon together with a negative correlation with soil pH This study brings a positive perspective on the preservation of holm oak stands; Contribuição para a dinâmica de povoamento em montado de azinho A azinheira é uma espécie emblemática do montado, sistema agro-silvopastoril, multifuncional e de elevada biodiversidade. Como a área de montado regrediu nas últimas décadas, tornou-se urgente compreender a dinâmica dos montados de azinho. Através de uma abordagem integrada, foi estudada a contribuição do grau de coberto para a dinâmica da estrutura dos povoamentos. Duas novas metodologias foram criadas: o Índice STRUX, para a classificação da estrutura do povoamento, e a Classificação de Regeneração Natural, para avaliar a viabilidade e qualidade da regeneração natural. Os resultados indicaram que valores superiores de grau de coberto estão relacionados com a estrutura irregular, com mais biomassa florestal e com mais regeneração natural instalada. Foi observada uma correlação positiva entre a regeneração natural, a manta morta e o carbono orgânico e uma correlação negativa com o pH do solo. Este estudo contribuiu para uma perspetiva positiva sobre a resiliência do montado de azinho.

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Benfica, Juliano D'ornellas. "Plataforma para desenvolvimento de SoC (System-on-Chip) robusto ? interfer?ncia eletromagn?tica." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2007. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/3060.

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O ambiente eletromagn?tico em que sistemas eletr?nicos operam est? tornando-se cada vez mais hostil. A sociedade observa com bastante entusiasmo a r?pida prolifera??o de uma quantidade infind?vel de equipamentos eletr?nicos sem fio (wireless). Infelizmente, esta tend?ncia tem por conseq??ncia a polui??o de forma dram?tica do espectro de freq??ncia, e portanto, aumentando o ru?do intr?nseco do ambiente onde vivemos. Por outro lado, ? fundamental para a aceita??o e a seguran?a destes equipamentos eletr?nicos que estes n?o falhem devido ao ambiente eletromagn?tico. Assim, ? de suma import?ncia compreender como o ru?do eletromagn?tico (Electromagnetic Interference, ou EMI) impacta a confiabilidade de sistemas integrados complexos (Systems-on-Chip, ou SoC). Algumas empresas em escala mundial t?m demonstrado muita preocupa??o com este problema atrav?s do desenvolvimento de v?rias plataformas comerciais para o projeto e o teste de SoCs. Entretanto, estas plataformas n?o garantem medi??es adequadas da susceptibilidade dos sistemas eletr?nicos ? EMI. Este cen?rio nos motivou a propor uma plataforma de prototipagem reconfigur?vel para avaliar e aprimorar projetos de SoCs levando-se em considera??o sua imunidade ao ru?do eletromagn?tico. Esta plataforma ? baseada em normas internacionais IEC 62.132 para o projeto e o teste de sistemas eletr?nicos, ao n?vel de placa. O objetivo final deste conjunto de normas ? ditar regras que viabilizam a medi??o precisa da imunidade de circuitos integrados ? EMI, tanto radiada quanto conduzida. A plataforma desenvolvida ? baseada em duas placas espec?ficas e complementares. A primeira ? dedicada para o teste de imunidade ao ru?do irradiado em uma Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic Cell (GTEM Cell) de acordo com a norma IEC 62.132-2 (IEC, 2004). A segunda placa ? dedicada ao teste conduzido de ru?do de RF e foi implementada de acordo com as normas IEC 62.132-4 e IEC 62.132-2 (IEC, 2004), respectivamente. Ap?s o desenvolvimento da plataforma em quest?o, um estudo-de-caso baseado no processador soft-core da Xilinx, MicroBlaze, operando sob o controle do sistema operacional uCOS-II foi desenvolvido pelo Grupo SiSC e testado na plataforma. Os resultados dos ensaios s?o bastante motivadores e demonstram a capacidade e a flexibilidade da plataforma ser utilizada como ferramenta para avaliar o comportamento de SoCs em ambiente ruidoso do tipo EMI

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Oliveira, Arthur Albuquerque Batista de. "Subsídios para a gestão de bacias hidrográficas a partir dos impactos do uso e ocupação do solo na microbacia hidrográfica do rio Camaragibe - PE." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2009. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/3001.

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O estudo aborda a realidade de uma microbacia hidrográfica concentrando-se na observação da interação dos processos constitutivos das variadas práticas espaciais que, originadas da relação do social com o natural, moldam o conjunto de usos do recorte espacial em questão. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a dinâmica socioespacial a partir dos principais usos e formas de ocupação atuais no espaço da microbacia do rio Camaragibe, de sorte a oferecer subsídios à gestão urbano-ambiental participativa desse espaço. Para atingir este objetivo foi realizado o resgate histórico do uso e ocupação do solo dos últimos cinquenta anos no entorno desse sistema hídrico, cotejando as principais transformações ocorridas no território da microbacia, como forma de avaliar os processos que contribuem para a degradação socioambiental. O rio Camaragibe, afluente do rio Capibaribe pela margem direita, drena áreas dos municípios de São Lourenço da Mata, Camaragibe e da capital, Recife. No território da microbacia existe uma carência de instrumentos jurídicos, associada a uma debilidade da esfera publica em gerir o espaço de forma adequada. Associado a isso, observa-se a escassez de informações bibliográficas e cartográficas referentes a aspectos socioambientais dos citados municípios. Para preencher tais lacunas, foi realizado um levantamento de dados primários, através de visitas de campo e da busca e sistematização de dados bibliográficos que, sobrepostos e retrabalhados, possibilitaram a consolidação das analises textuais e o desenvolvimento de sínteses cartográficas. O estudo revelou que, ao longo dos últimos vinte anos a microbacia vem passando por profundas transformações em seu conteúdo ambiental, socioeconômico e cultural, surgindo, assim, vetores que denunciam novas dinâmicas de reestruturação socioambiental do território. Tais transformações são representadas ora pelas dinâmicas naturais do crescimento vegetativo, ora por dinâmicas de origem externa a área da microbacia, que desencadeiam processos de elitização de frações do espaço e expansão de assentamentos informais. Cada fração do espaço abriga em seu território uma rede de tecnologias de uma época que se encontra em relação, sincrônica ou não, com o uso do solo em processo nas diferentes frações espaciais. Tais usos e ocupações preponderantes no espaço formam um mosaico, cuja dinâmica de configuração das parcelas representa um complexo jogo de apropriações e (re)produções socioespaciais, sempre acompanhadas de impactos ambientais negativos agravados pela inexpressiva atuação do poder público, no que tange à gestão ambiental, bem como a políticas de regularização fundiária e de redução das desigualdades sociais. Ao propor uma tipologia de unidades espaciais baseada no uso e ocupação do solo e em seu conteúdo socioambiental, a pesquisa espera contribuir para fortalecer o diálogo entre atores sociais no gerenciamento dos conflitos provocados pelos interesses em jogo na apropriação dos recursos ambientais da microbacia

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Gama, M?rcio Almeida. "N?cleos IP corretores de erros para prote??o de mem?ria em SoC." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2008. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/3003.

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O constante avan?o no processo de fabrica??o de circuitos integrados tem reduzido drasticamente a geometria dos transistores e os n?veis das tens?es de alimenta??o. Em circuitos de alta densidade operando a baixa tens?o, as c?lulas de mem?ria s?o capazes de armazenar informa??o com menos capacit?ncia, o que significa que menos carga ou corrente ? necess?ria para armazenar os mesmos dados. Durante o per?odo de armazenamento, os dados envolvidos est?o suscet?veis a sofrerem influ?ncia de meio, tais como interfer?ncias eletromagn?ticas, radia??es ou at? mesmo falhas do pr?prio hardware envolvido. A falha ? caracterizada como uma invers?o de um ou mais bits de um dado armazenado na mem?ria. Conseq?entemente, os dados poder?o apresentar falhas, que provocar?o erros e comprometer?o a utiliza??o destes dados. Uma forma de resolu??o destes problemas ? a utiliza??o de C?digos Corretores de Erros. Um C?digo Corretor de Erros ?, em ess?ncia, um modo organizado de acrescentar algum dado adicional a cada informa??o que se queira armazenar e que permita, ao recuperarmos a mesma, detectar e corrigir os erros encontrados. A maioria dos C?digos Corretores de Erro em uso s?o desenvolvidos para corrigirem erros aleat?rios, isto ?, erros que ocorrem de maneira independente da localiza??o de outros erros. Contudo, em muitas situa??es, os erros podem aparecer em rajadas. De uma maneira geral, C?digos Corretores de Erros aleat?rios n?o se constituem na forma mais adequada e eficiente para corre??o de erros em rajadas, e a rec?proca tamb?m ? verdadeira. Dos v?rios m?todos propostos pela literatura, para corrigirmos simultaneamente estes dois tipos de erros, o mais efetivo ? o Embaralhamento. O Embaralhador ? um algoritmo, um m?todo que pode ser implementado tanto em hardware quanto em software. ? essencialmente constitu?do por um reordenamento dos bits e ? executado anteriormente ao armazenamento em mem?ria (Embaralhador) e na leitura, os bits s?o novamente reordenados, ou seja, s?o colocados novamente em sua posi??o original (Desembaralhador). Isto provoca um aumento na taxa de detec??o e corre??o destes erros, uma vez que se houver uma interfer?ncia concentrada (rajada de erros) em uma mem?ria, por exemplo, durante o armazenamento, na opera??o de leitura, ao se fazer o desembaralhamento, os erros ficam expostos de forma distribu?da, aparecendo como erros aleat?rios ao decodificador. Esta disserta??o apresenta uma proposta que combina a utiliza??o de C?digos de Detec??o e Corre??o de erros amplamente referenciados na literatura (Hamming, Hamming Estendido, Reed-Muller e Matrix) associados ? t?cnica de Embaralhamento aplicada a Hardware, com o objetivo de aumentar a capacidade de detec??o e corre??o de erros em rajada (erros concentrados). A execu??o dos testes de inje??o de falhas do tipo bit-flip, aplicadas ?s t?cnicas corretoras de erros utilizadas nesta disserta??o, mostraram que com a associa??o da t?cnica de Embaralhamento as mesmas passaram a ser eficientes tamb?m para erros em rajadas

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Miranda, José Furtado de. "Recuperação de pastagens degradadas e implantação de sistema silvipastoril no Município de Autazes, AM." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2009. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3005.

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FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
The largest forest covering of in the world, the Amazon, to carry on in reducing in alarming proportions. The rate of deforestation in Brazilian Amazon was of order of 11,968 km2/year in the period of 2007/2008, with 3.8% higher that previous period. Livestock farming made by medium and large producers is a major cause of deforestation of the Amazon due to the formation of pasture for cattle, approximately 40% of these pastures are in some stage of degradation, from factors such as low natural fertility of soil, forage germplasm use of inappropriate, inadequate management of pastures, pests and disease, culminating with weeds more adapted to ecological conditions in the region. Objecting to recoverer areas of pasture degraded, it was carried out an experiment in field with seven treatments: T1 witness (soil without fertilization), T2 Liming, (soil with application of lime); T3 N-P-K (soil with fertilization with N-P-K), T4 phosphate (soil with fertilization with single super phosphate), T5 Lime + NPK (soil with application of lime and fertilizer with NPK) T6 + phosphate Liming (soil with application of lime and fertilizer with simple super phosphate), T7 Liming + N-P-K + phosphate (soil with application of lime, and N-P-K fertilization with single super phosphate). For all the treatments were made fertilization treatments was done to correct the deficiency of micronutrients, except for treatment T1 witness. The design was experimental was occured by block with four replications. The characteristics of growth were: Height of grass, forage yield of the mass, leaf, stem, dry matter content of nutrients in dry ether extract protein and crude fiber gray. Means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The results show that the application of limestone associated with the application of phosphate, nitrogen and potassium, resulting in decreased acidity and increased the availability of Ca, Mg, P and K; Increased availability of nutrients in the soil has higher absorption the Kikuyu and the Amazon has higher content of nutrients and the growth of kikuyu on the Amazon was influenced by the application of lime and fertilizers, the increased availability of nutrients in the soil caused the greatest absorption of nutrients by the plant and resulted in better gray levels, protein, ether extract and crude fiber, for recovery of degraded pastures with kikuyu the Amazon, it is recommended to correct the acidity together to fix the levels of P fertilization and planting.
A maior cobertura florestal do mundo, a Amazônica, continua reduzindo em proporções alarmantes. A taxa de desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira foi da ordem de 11.968 km2/ano no período de 2007/2008, sendo 3,8% mais alta que o período anterior. A pecuária feita pelos médios e grandes produtores é uma das principais causas do desmatamento da Amazônia em virtude da formação de pastagens para o gado, aproximadamente 40% dessas pastagens encontram-se em algum estágio de degradação, proveniente de fatores como a baixa fertilidade natural dos solos, utilização de germoplasma forrageiro inadequado, manejo deficiente das pastagens, pragas e doença, que culminam com plantas invasoras mais adaptadas às condições ecológicas na região. Objetivando recuperar áreas de pastagem degradada, foi realizado um experimento em campo com sete tratamentos: T1 Testemunha (solo sem adubação); T2 Calagem (solo com aplicação de calcário); T3 N-P-K (solo com adubação com N-P-K); T4 Fosfatagem (solo com adubação com super fosfato simples); T5 Calagem + N-P-K (solo com aplicação de calcário e adubação com N-P-K); T6 Calagem + fosfatagem (solo com aplicação de calcário e com adubação com super fosfato simples); T7 Calagem + N-P-K + Fosfatagem (solo com aplicação de calcário, adubação com N-P-K e com super fosfato simples). Para todos os tratamentos foi feito adubação para corrigir a deficiência de micronutrientes, exceto no tratamento T1 testemunha. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualisados, com quatro repetições. As características de crescimento avaliadas foram: Altura do pasto, rendimento da massa forrageira, folha, colmo, matéria seca conteúdo de nutrientes na matéria seca extrato etéreo cinza proteína e fibra bruta. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados permitem afirmar que, a aplicação do calcário associado a aplicação da fosfatagem, adubação nitrogenada e potássica, resultou na diminuição da acidez e aumentou a disponibilidade de Ca, Mg, P e K; O aumento da disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo possibilitou maiores absorções pelo quicuio da Amazônia e proporcionou maiores conteúdos de nutrientes; o crescimento relativo do quicuio da Amazônia foi influenciado pela aplicação da calagem e dos fertilizantes; a maior disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo ocasionou a maior absorção de nutrientes pela planta e resultou nos melhores teores cinza, proteína, extrato etéreo e fibra bruta; para recuperação de pastagens degradadas com o quicuio da Amazônia, recomendase a correção da acidez em conjunto a correção dos teores de P e as adubações de plantio.

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Zhang, Huijie. "Numerical study of solute transport in deformable soil liners." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2012. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/c1d70753-3070-4af7-a56f-705a078f35f5.

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For reasons of simplicity and economics, landfills are the main methods of disposing the solid waste (either household or industrial) and the highly contaminated aqueous sediments due to toxic substances. To protect the surrounding environment and groudwater from pollution, liner system is usually constructed beneath the landfill. In a modern composite basal liner system, preventing the breakthrough of volatile organic contaminants (VOCs) is a coreconcern to design a effective barrier. Conventional methods of analysis assume that the soil is fully saturated. However, throughout much of the world unsaturation exists in landfill basal liner. Although a few investigations have treated the migration of VOCs in unsaturated soil liner, no deformationof liner due to mechanical consolidation was included and VOCs only move in liquid phase. In reality, landfill compacted clay liner (CCL) is compacted on the optimum water content, where the air phase exists in the form of occluded air bubbles. However, the air phase becomes continuous when the temperature increases and then VOCs will be transported in the gaseous phase. Therefore, it is clear that the traditional approaches to assessing VOCs transport are inadequate to enable reliable assessment of VOCs break through landfill basalsoil liner. This thesis attempts to make an investigation into migration of VOCs in partially saturated landfill soil liner using numerical modeling techniques.Firstly, pore fluid storage and solute transport equations suitable for quasi-saturated porous medium were developed. In the frame of small strain, a one-dimension coupling model was non-dimensionlized, whereby relative importance of the terms related to consolidation advection were compared. Based on the non-dimensional analysis, a simplified model was proposed and applied to a hypothetical landfill CCL. Numerical results demonstrated that the longitudinal dispersivity and compressibility of the pore fluid can be significant.Furthermore, the degree of soil saturation and loading rate of the waste surcharge affect significantly the contamination advective emission, namely the cumulative contaminant mass outflow per unit area from compacted clay liner (CCL) due to advective flow. Secondly, the coupled model was extended to include finite strain and geometric and material nonlinearity. Using the finite strain model, a parametric study was carried out to examine the influences of consolidation and several other parameters on the process of VOCssolute transport in quasi-saturated soil liner. Consolidation-induced advection was found to have a lasting effect on solute transport during and after the deformation for relatively compressible soil regardless of the sorption level, though the sorption could dramatically slow the solute transport process rate. A lower degree of saturation leads to a slower pore fluid flow and solute transport due to a narrower channel. Effective diffusion decreases during consolidation and consequently the relative importance of mechanical dispersion becomesprofound. In general, reducing soil compressibility and improving sorption levels of clay are the most effective ways to retard contaminant migration. Thirdly, a fully coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical-chemical (THMC) model wasproposed to describe the migration of VOCs in unsaturated landfill liners with continuous air phase. In the formulation, vertical soil stress, capillary pressure, air pressure, temperature increase and dissolved solute concentration were selected as primary variables. The finite deformation was addressed by use of Lagrangian coordinate. The non-isothermal moisture transport was dependent on both temperature gradient and VOCs concentration. VOCs were assumed to reside and be transported by three phases, i.e., solid, liquid and gas phases insoil. Based on the model, an illustrative example of unsaturated compacted clay liner (CCL) was presented. For the case considered, transport of gaseous phase VOCs was found to dominate the migration progress. Moreover, the temperature gradient could accelerate the breakthrough of VOC in unsaturated liner, whilst the mechanical consolidation slowed down the motion of VOCs due to soil contraction.The theoretical models established in this study encompass several important situations in landfill basal soil liner, which can facilitate understanding of the VOCs transport process and assessment of soil liner performance. In addition, some areas where further work is required are identified.

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Siqueira, Marta Mitiko Kubota de. "Uniformidade da irrigação por microaspersão em jardim residencial e por aspersão em campos de golfe e futebol." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2017. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3004.

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With the cities expansion, investments in recreation areas, development’s facades, parks and sports areas have been significant in urban areas. It can be noticed that the landscaping of these areas usually consists of extensive grassy areas, protecting the soil against erosions, allowing rainwater drainage and avoiding flooding. However, to maintain this landscaping, the manpower for irrigation or the use of some irrigation system is necessary. Thus, considering the water scarcity that affects several regions of the planet, the present study aimed to evaluate irrigation systems by micro sprinklers in a residencial garden and by sprinklers on a golf and a football fields. The assays were performed according to ABNT standards, calculating the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU) and distribution uniformity coefficient (DU), with collectors positioned with their base on the lawn. In addition to the irrigation depth data, climate data such as temperature, air humidity, wind speed, and direction were also collected through a mini meteorological station installed near the trials. At the residence garden, the main objective was to evaluate four microsprinklers under five different operating pressures, which varied from 80 to 180 kPa. The microsprinklers were arranged in a grid of 2.50 x 2.50 meter with area of 6.25 m2, among which 25 collectors were placed, spaced 0.50 meters apart. Twenty-five replications were performed with 1 hour of irrigation and the climatic data were obtained every 10 minutes, with the mini meteorological station at 1 meter high. The best results for CUC, CUD and efficiency were obtained in treatment 4 (150 kPa pressure), with values of 81.38, 72.19 and 53.15%, respectively. In all treatments, the climatic factors with the highest level of similarity were between temperature and wind speed. It was identified by the control chart that only treatment 4 was under statistical control. Therefore, it has been found that it is possible to use a service pressure of 150 kPa, lower than the one specified by the catalog (180 kPa) without significant losses of uniformity of water distribution and efficiency of application. In the football field, two parallel lateral lines, 18 meters apart, were installed with five mini cannon type sprinklers on each line with spacing of 18 meters. The tests were performed in two areas, area A being between the first four sprinklers, and area B between the last four sprinklers. The collectors were spaced 2 meters apart, totalizing 81 collectors between the sprinklers in each area. Twenty-five replications were performed with 10 minutes of irrigation, obtaining the climatic data every 5 minutes, with the mini meteorological station at 2 meters high. In both areas, the results for CUC, CUD and efficiency were not significant at the 5% level. Among the climatic factors, relative air humidity and wind speed had the highest level of similarity, with 67.90%. The control graphs of both areas showed that irrigation was under statistical control. These results indicated that uniformity of water distribution and efficiency was maintained along the lateral line. At the golf course, the tests were performed in three different areas called Tee, Fairway, and Green, in which the collectors were distributed among spacers spaced 2 meters apart. At these sites, 25 trials of 12 minutes of irrigation were performed, with the mini meteorological station positioned at 2 meters high and collecting the climatic data every 5 minutes. In the areas of Tee and Fairway, 27 and 84 collectors were placed, respectively, between four sprinklers, and in the area of Green, 138 collectors between five sprinklers. Soil density and gravimetric moisture in the field capacity and permanent wilting point were obtained in the laboratory to calculate the application efficiency. The best results for CUC, CUD and efficiency were obtained in Tee. On the other hand, from the relative depht, it was verified that irrigation in the Fairway was the closest to the required real irrigation, with lower excess water applied. It was detected from the control chart that the irrigation in the Tee was not under control, unlike the other areas. It was identified that the climatic factors of greater similarity were between wind speed and relative air humidity, with 83.79%, obtained in the Fairway. Overall, due to the low value of the process capability index, both in the residential garden, golf course and football field, the irrigations were not able to remain under control over time. However, the application of the techniques used in the present research was important to detect possible irrigation faults, which can be corrected during the process.
Com o crescimento das cidades, investimentos em áreas de lazer, fachadas de empreendimentos, parques e áreas esportivas têm sido representativos nas zonas urbanas. Percebe-se que o paisagismo dessas áreas é normalmente constituído por extensas áreas gramadas, que protegem o solo contra erosões, possibilitando a drenagem de águas pluviais, evitando possíveis inundações. No entanto, para manter esse paisagismo é necessário mão de obra para a rega ou o uso de algum sistema de irrigação. Dessa forma, considerando-se a escassez da água que atinge diversas regiões do planeta, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar os sistemas de irrigação por microaspersão em um jardim residencial e por aspersão em um campo de golfe e futebol. Os ensaios foram realizados de acordo com as normas da ABNT, calculando-se o coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) e coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição (CUD), cujos coletores foram posicionados com a sua base sobre o gramado. Além dos dados da lâmina de irrigação, foram coletados dados climáticos como temperatura, umidade relativa do ar, velocidade e direção do vento a partir de uma miniestação meteorológica instalada nas proximidades dos ensaios. No jardim residencial, o principal objetivo foi de avaliar quatro microaspersores sob cinco diferentes pressões de serviço (de 80 a 180 kPa). Os microaspersores foram dispostos numa malha de 2,50 x 2,50 metros com área de 6,25 m2, entre os quais posicionaram-se 25 coletores distanciados de 0,50 metros entre si. Foram realizadas 25 repetições com duração de 1 hora de irrigação e obtidos os dados climáticos a cada 10 minutos, estando a miniestação meteorológica a 1 metro de altura. Os melhores resultados quanto ao CUC, CUD e eficiência foram obtidos pelo tratamento 4 (pressão de 150 kPa), com os valores de 81,38, 72,19 e 53,15%, respectivamente. Em todos os tratamentos, os fatores climáticos com maior nível de similaridade foram entre a temperatura e a velocidade do vento. Identificou-se pelo gráfico de controle que somente o tratamento 4 (pressão de 150 kPa) esteve sob controle estatístico. Assim, verificou-se que é possível utilizar pressão de serviço de 150 kPa, inferior ao especificado pelo catálogo (180 kPa) sem perdas significativas de uniformidade de distribuição de água e eficiência de aplicação. No campo de futebol, foram instaladas duas linhas laterais paralelas e distanciadas em 18 metros, com cinco aspersores do tipo mini canhão em cada linha com espaçamento de 18 metros. Os ensaios foram realizados em duas áreas, estando a área A entre os quatro primeiros aspersores e a área B entre os quatro últimos aspersores. Os coletores foram espaçados de 2 metros, totalizando 81 coletores entre os aspersores em cada área. Foram realizadas 25 repetições com 10 minutos de irrigação, obtendo-se os dados climáticos a cada 5 minutos, com a miniestação meteorológica a 2 metros de altura. Em ambas as áreas, os resultados quanto ao CUC, CUD e eficiência não houve diferença significativa ao nível de 5%. Entre os fatores climáticos, a umidade relativa do ar e a velocidade do vento tiveram o maior nível de similaridade, com 67,90%. Pelo gráfico de controle de ambas as áreas, verificou-se que a irrigação esteve sob controle estatístico. Esses resultados indicaram que a uniformidade de distribuição de água e a eficiência se mantiveram ao longo da linha lateral. No campo de golfe, os ensaios foram realizados em três áreas diferentes denominadas Tee, Fairway e Green, nas quais os coletores foram distribuídos entre os aspersores, distanciados em 2 metros. Nesses locais, foram realizados 25 ensaios de 12 minutos de irrigação, com a miniestação meteorológica posicionada a 2 metros de altura e coleta dos dados climáticos a cada 5 minutos. Nas áreas do Tee e do Fairway foram colocados respectivamente 27 e 84 coletores entre quatro aspersores e na área do Green, 138 coletores entre cinco aspersores. A densidade do solo e a umidade gravimétrica na capacidade de campo e ponto de murcha permanente foram obtidas em laboratório para o cálculo da irrigação real necessária. Os melhores resultados quanto ao CUC, CUD e eficiência foram obtidos no Tee. Por outro lado, a partir da lâmina relativa verificou-se que irrigação no Fairway foi a mais próxima da irrigação real necessária, com menor excesso de água aplicada. Detectou-se, a partir do gráfico de controle que a irrigação no Tee esteve fora de controle, ao contrário das demais áreas. Identificou-se que os fatores climáticos de maior similaridade foram entre a velocidade do vento e umidade relativa do ar, com 83,79%, obtida no Fairway. De forma geral, devido ao baixo valor do índice de capacidade do processo, tanto no jardim residencial quanto nos campos de golfe e de futebol, as irrigações não foram capazes de se manter sob controle ao longo do tempo. Entretanto, as aplicações das técnicas utilizadas na presente pesquisa foram importantes para detectar possíveis falhas na irrigação, que podem ser corrigidas durante o processo.

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23

Tonello, Tamiris Uana. "Influência da carga orgânica na produção de bio-hidrogênio a partir de resíduo de fecularia em reator ansbbr em batelada alimentada." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2017. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3008.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Energy demand has been met, for the most part, by non-renewable sources of energy, mainly from fossil fuels. These fuels tend to become extinct, so that, in order to guarantee economic, social, and ecological progress,it is necessary to look for renewable alternatives for the generation of energy. Bio-hydrogen production resulting from the biological method stands out due to the possibility of its obtaining from residue. Therefore, this work has the objective of evaluating the efficiency of anaerobic sequential batch reactor with immobilized biomass (AnSBBR) for the production of bio-hydrogen from cassava starch wastewater (CSW). The AnSBBR used in the tests presents mechanical agitation system and total and useful volumes of 6.0 and 4.3 L, respectively. The reactor was kept in a controlled temperature chamber (30 °C). Four experimental conditions (I, II, III, and IV) were carried out in a fed batch with organic volumetric loads (9.0, 13.5, 18.0, and 18.0 g-total sugars L-1d-1) for cycle durations of 4; 4; 3; and 2 h, respectively.Conditions I, II, and IV were inoculated with sludge from an anaerobic reactor from CSW, and condition III was with auto-fermented inoculum. It was found that the inoculum from the anaerobic reactor of the cassava starch effluent influenced the production of biogas in AnSBBR reactors. Condition II showed total sugar conversion of 84%, hydrogen molar productivity of 35.8 mLH2 m-3d-1 and hydrogen yield related to total sugar applied and removed of 2.42 and 4.6 molH2 Kg total sugars-1, respectively. In condition III (18 g-total sugars L-1d-1 and TDH of 3 h) with auto-fermented inoculum, there was no hydrogen production; however, it presented 98.47% of total sugar conversion throughout the operation. As for the intermediate products, there was an increase of acetic, butyric, and propionic acids in the reactor. However, the lactic acid did not increase, probably due to consumption by microorganisms, except in condition IV.
A demanda energética vem sendo atendida, em sua maior parte, por fontes de energia não renováveis advindas, principalmente, de combustíveis fósseis. Esses combustíveis tendem a se extinguir, de forma que se faz necessário, para garantir os avanços econômico, social e ecológico, buscar alternativas renováveis para a geração de energia.A produção de bio-hidrogênio, resultante do método biológico, se mostra de interesse pela possibilidade da sua obtenção a partir de resíduos.Diante disso, esse trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da carga orgânica na produção de bio-hidrogênio, a partir de água residuária de fecularia de mandioca (ARF) em reator anaeróbio operado em bateladas sequenciais com biomassa imobilizada (AnSBBR). O AnSBBR utilizado nos ensaios apresenta sistema de agitação mecânica e volume total e útil de 6,0 e 4,3L, respectivamente. O reator foi mantido em câmara com temperatura controlada (30 °C). Foram realizadas quatro condições experimentais (I, II, III e IV) em batelada alimentada com cargas orgânicas volumétricas de 9,0; 13,5; 18,0 e 18,0 g-carboidratos totais.L-1d-1), nos tempos de ciclo de 4; 4; 3 e 2 h, respectivamente. As condições I, II e IV foram inoculadas com lodo de um reator anaeróbio tratado termicamente, e a condição III com inóculo obtido por autofermentação da ARF. Concluiu-se que o inóculo proveniente do reator anaeróbio influenciou na produção de biogás em reatores AnSBBR. A condição II apresentou a conversão de açúcar total de 84%, a produtividade molar de hidrogênio de 35,8 molH2 m-3d-1 e o rendimento de hidrogênio em relação ao açúcar total aplicado e removido de 2,42 e 4,6 molH2 Kg-carboidratos totais-1, respectivamente. Na condição III (18 g-carboidratos totais L-1d-1e TDH de 3 h) com inóculo autofermentado não houve produção de hidrogênio; no entanto, houve conversão de açúcar total de 98,47% ao longo da operação. Quanto aos produtos intermediários, ocorreu aumento dos ácidos acético, butírico e propiônico no reator. Todavia, o ácido lático não aumentou, provavelmente devido ao consumo pelos micro-organismos, exceto na condição IV.

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Herther, Cintia Caroline Krebs. "Vazões ecológicas na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Piquiri." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3040.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The instream flows are also known as environmental flow, residual flow, remaining flow among other designations that correspond to the amount of water that must remain into river bed to meet survival and preservation needs of the aquatic ecosystem. Thus, this study aimed at carrying out a comparative analysis among the different hydrological methods in order to obtain the water flow such as: method of water flow base, method of Q90 and Q95 duration curve, method of minimum annual flows of 7 days, and the method of the average minimum flow of 7 days with 10-year reoccurrence period (Q7,10), in Piquiri river basin. There was a comparison among those methods as well as for each station. The largest estimates of flow rates among the methods were obtained with the base water flow method and the lowest values were recorded by the Q7,10 method. In most stations, the method of base water flow was the highest, except at the station (64776100), whose Q90 flow value was superior as well as at the station (64785000), whose highest value of flow was recorded in the annual average of minimum stream flow of seven days. For all stations, the Q7,10 method showed the lowest values of environmental flow, which is a restrictive estimate when compared to the grantable maximum limit in Paraná state.
As vazões ecológicas são denominadas também como vazão ambiental, vazão residual e vazão remanescente, entre outras denominações que correspondem à quantidade de água que deve permanecer no leito do rio para atender às necessidades de sobrevivência e preservação do ecossistema aquático. Nesse sentido, estabeleceu-se como objetivo deste trabalho fazer uma análise comparativa entre diferentes métodos hidrológicos de obtenção da vazão aquática: método da vazão aquática de base, método da curva de permanência Q90 e Q95, método das vazões anuais mínimas de 7 dias e o método da vazão média mínima de 7 dias, com período de recorrência de 10 anos (Q7,10), na bacia hidrográfica do rio Piquiri. Foi realizado um comparativo entre os métodos e, também, para cada estação. Verificou-se diferença entre os valores de vazão ecológica estimados para os diferentes métodos analisados. As maiores estimativas de vazão entre os métodos foram encontradas no método da vazão aquática de base e as menores estimativas foram obtidas pelo método da Q7,10; na a maioria das estações o método da vazão aquática de base foi maior, exceto na estação (64776100), na qual o valor da vazão Q90 foi superior e na estação (64785000) cujo maior valor de vazão encontrado foi na média anual das vazões mínimas de sete dias; para todas as estações, o método que obteve os menores valores de vazão ecológica foi o da Q7,10, que é uma estimativa restritiva, quando comparada com o limite máximo outorgável no estado do Paraná.

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Dumas, Rose-Marie, and Rose-Marie Dumas. "Les enjeux politiques de la gouvernance environnementale : le cas de la gestion des eaux de surface à São Paulo." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30030.

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Dans un contexte où les changements climatiques se manifestent sous forme de phénomènes climatiques extrêmes tels que des sècheresses prolongées et des précipitations abondantes soudaines, la question de la texture des sols urbains et de la protection des sources d’eau fait l’objet de nouvelles préoccupations en matière de planification urbaine. Alors que la régulation et la filtration de l’eau de ruissèlement sont restreintes par l’imperméabilité des surfaces urbaines, plusieurs métropoles, dont São Paulo, peuvent se retrouver en situation de crises dues à l’indisponibilité de l’eau potable, aux inondations subites ou à la création d’îlots de chaleur. L’efficacité de la gouvernance environnementale appliquée à la gestion des eaux en milieu métropolitain devient donc primordiale. Par une étude de cas de la métropole de São Paulo, la présente recherche tente d’élucider les facteurs rendant possible l’atteinte d’un modèle de gouvernance environnementale métropolitain qui permettrait de maintenir les fonctions écosystémiques des bassins versants et de construire la résilience à la variabilité climatique. La stratégie d’enquête, basée sur l’analyse de documents scientifiques et gouvernementaux, l’observation participante et la tenue d’entretiens semi-dirigés, permit de soulever plusieurs obstacles à l'application des politiques publiques de protection des espaces verts et des sources d’eau. La carence de maîtrise de l’usage des sols, la priorisation des intérêts économiques, la sectorisation des instances gouvernementales et la faible intégration de la société civile au processus de prise de décision surgissent comme d’importants freins à la construction d’une gouvernance environnementale à São Paulo. La considération des savoirs scientifiques et locaux et la gestion du risque lié à la variabilité climatique sont marginalisées par la sphère politique. Ainsi, la présence d’une vaste législation environnementale, telle qu’en vigueur dans la métropole de São Paulo, ne signifie pas forcément une application des projets et des règlements sans faille.
Dans un contexte où les changements climatiques se manifestent sous forme de phénomènes climatiques extrêmes tels que des sècheresses prolongées et des précipitations abondantes soudaines, la question de la texture des sols urbains et de la protection des sources d’eau fait l’objet de nouvelles préoccupations en matière de planification urbaine. Alors que la régulation et la filtration de l’eau de ruissèlement sont restreintes par l’imperméabilité des surfaces urbaines, plusieurs métropoles, dont São Paulo, peuvent se retrouver en situation de crises dues à l’indisponibilité de l’eau potable, aux inondations subites ou à la création d’îlots de chaleur. L’efficacité de la gouvernance environnementale appliquée à la gestion des eaux en milieu métropolitain devient donc primordiale. Par une étude de cas de la métropole de São Paulo, la présente recherche tente d’élucider les facteurs rendant possible l’atteinte d’un modèle de gouvernance environnementale métropolitain qui permettrait de maintenir les fonctions écosystémiques des bassins versants et de construire la résilience à la variabilité climatique. La stratégie d’enquête, basée sur l’analyse de documents scientifiques et gouvernementaux, l’observation participante et la tenue d’entretiens semi-dirigés, permit de soulever plusieurs obstacles à l'application des politiques publiques de protection des espaces verts et des sources d’eau. La carence de maîtrise de l’usage des sols, la priorisation des intérêts économiques, la sectorisation des instances gouvernementales et la faible intégration de la société civile au processus de prise de décision surgissent comme d’importants freins à la construction d’une gouvernance environnementale à São Paulo. La considération des savoirs scientifiques et locaux et la gestion du risque lié à la variabilité climatique sont marginalisées par la sphère politique. Ainsi, la présence d’une vaste législation environnementale, telle qu’en vigueur dans la métropole de São Paulo, ne signifie pas forcément une application des projets et des règlements sans faille.
In a context where climate changes are manifested by extreme climatic events such as prolonged droughts and sudden abundant rainfall, the issue of urban soil texture and water protection is a new concern in urban planning. While the regulation and filtration of runoff water is restricted by the impermeability of urban surfaces, several cities, including São Paulo, may end up in crisis due to the unavailability of drinking water, floods or creation of heat islands. The effectiveness of environmental governance applied to water management in metropolitan areas therefore becomes paramount importance. Through a case study of the metropolis of São Paulo, this research attempts to elucidate the factors that make it possible to achieve a metropolitan environmental governance that would maintain watersheds ecosystem functions and build resilience to climate variability. The research strategy, based on the analysis of scientific and governmental documents, participant observation and semistructured interviews, shows several obstacles to the application of public policies for the protection of green spaces and water sources. The lack of control over land use, the prioritization of economic interests, the governmental sectoralization and the weak integration of civil society into the decision-making process appear as major obstacles to the construction of environmental governance in São Paulo. Scientific and local knowledges and climate risk management are marginalized by the political sphere. Thus, the presence of a vast environmental legislation, as in place in the metropolis of São Paulo, does not necessarily mean an unfailing application of projects and regulations.
In a context where climate changes are manifested by extreme climatic events such as prolonged droughts and sudden abundant rainfall, the issue of urban soil texture and water protection is a new concern in urban planning. While the regulation and filtration of runoff water is restricted by the impermeability of urban surfaces, several cities, including São Paulo, may end up in crisis due to the unavailability of drinking water, floods or creation of heat islands. The effectiveness of environmental governance applied to water management in metropolitan areas therefore becomes paramount importance. Through a case study of the metropolis of São Paulo, this research attempts to elucidate the factors that make it possible to achieve a metropolitan environmental governance that would maintain watersheds ecosystem functions and build resilience to climate variability. The research strategy, based on the analysis of scientific and governmental documents, participant observation and semistructured interviews, shows several obstacles to the application of public policies for the protection of green spaces and water sources. The lack of control over land use, the prioritization of economic interests, the governmental sectoralization and the weak integration of civil society into the decision-making process appear as major obstacles to the construction of environmental governance in São Paulo. Scientific and local knowledges and climate risk management are marginalized by the political sphere. Thus, the presence of a vast environmental legislation, as in place in the metropolis of São Paulo, does not necessarily mean an unfailing application of projects and regulations.

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26

Kunde, Roberta Jeske. "Qualidade do solo em sistemas de integração lavourapecuária no Bioma Pampa." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2016. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3040.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
O crescente nível de degradação dos solos tem promovido a adoção de manejos agrícolas que aliem a produção agropecuária à conservação do solo. Neste contexto, Sistemas de Integração Lavoura-Pecuária (ILP) têm sido adotados com sucesso, pois ocupam os recursos disponíveis nos agroecossistemas concomitante à melhoria da qualidade do solo. Baseado no exposto, o presente trabalho foi estruturado em dois capítulos, onde buscou-se avaliar a qualidade do solo em propriedades agrícolas familiares sob sistemas de ILP, definindo indicadores físicos, químicos e biológicos capazes de detectar os efeitos das práticas de manejo utilizadas em diferentes sistemas de uso do solo. O capítulo 1 foi desenvolvido no Município de Arroio do Padre e o capítulo 2 no Município de Rio Grande, RS. Foram avaliados três sistemas de uso do solo: campo nativo pastejado (CN), pastagem de azevém (PA) e milho com sucessão de azevém (MI). Em cada um dos sistemas foram coletadas amostras indeformadas e deformadas de solo nas camadas de 0,00-0,05m, de 0,05-0,10m e de 0,10-0,20m para a determinação de indicadores como: densidade do solo, porosidade total, diâmetro médio ponderado, macronutrientes, micronutrientes, carbono orgânico total, nitrogênio total, fracionamento físico granulométrico e densimétrico da matéria orgânica, índice de manejo de carbono, carbono da biomassa microbiana, respiração basal do solo e fluorescência induzida por laser. No capítulo 1, concluiu-se que a análise fatorial evidenciou que o “Fator Matéria Orgânica” foi o que mais contribuiu para a variação total dos dados nas três camadas avaliadas. Os indicadores que compõem o “Fator Matéria Orgânica” estão mais associados ao CN, enquanto que os indicadores do “Fator Agregação”, “Fator Compactação” e “Fator Carbono Microbiano” estão mais associados à PA, sendo os indicadores respiração basal do solo, fração leve livre e porosidade total àqueles mais relacionados ao sistema MI e a densidade do solo encontra-se relacionada aos três sistemas de uso do solo. Somente a porosidade total não foi eficiente para detectar diferenças entre os sistemas estudados. No capítulo 2, concluiu-se que a análise fatorial evidenciou que os fatores “Matéria Orgânica”, “Matéria Orgânica Leve” e “Carbono Humificado” foram os que mais contribuíram para a variação total dos dados nas três camadas avaliadas. Os indicadores que compõem o “Fator Matéria Orgânica” estão mais associados ao CN e os indicadores relacionados ao “Fator Agregação”, “Fator Frações Granulométricas” e “Fator Porosidade Total” estão mais associados aos sistemas MI e PA. A densidade do solo, a fração pesada da matéria orgânica e o carbono microbiano encontram-se relacionados aos três sistemas de uso do solo. O diâmetro médio ponderado e a respiração basal do solo não foram eficientes para detectar diferenças entre os sistemas de uso do solo.
The increasing level of soil degradation has promoted the adoption of agricultural management that combine agricultural production to soil conservation. In this context, Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems (ILP) have been successfully adopted, because they occupy the available resources in agroecosystems, concomitant to the improvement of soil quality. Based on the above, this study was divided into two chapters, where we sought to evaluate the soil quality on family farms in ILP systems, defining physical, chemical and biological indicators able to detect the effects of management practices used in different land use systems. The chapter 1 was developed in the municipality of Arroio do Padre and the chapter 2 in Rio Grande, RS. Were evaluated three land use systems: grazed native field (CN), ryegrass pasture (PA) and maize with succession of ryegrass (MI). In each of the systems, disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected in the layers from 0.00-0.05m, 0.05-0.10m and 0.10-0.20m for determining indicators such as: bulk density, soil porosity, mean weight diameter, macronutrients, micronutrients, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, granulometric physical fractionation and densimetric physical fractionation, carbon management index, microbial biomass carbon, basal soil respiration and laser-induced fluorescence. In Chapter 1, we concluded that the factor analysis showed that the "Organic Matter Factor" was the largest contributor to the total variance of the data evaluated in the three layers. The indicators that compose the "Organic Matter Factor " are more associated with the CN, while the indicators of "Aggregation Factor", "Compression Factor" and "Microbial Carbon Factor" are more related to PA, and the indicators soil basal respiration, free light fraction and porosity are more related to the system MI. The bulk density is related to the three land use systems. Only the total porosity was not enough to detect differences between the systems studied. In chapter 2, it was concluded that the factor analysis showed that the factors "Organic Matter", "Light Organic Matter" and "Humified Carbon" were the main contributors to the total variance of the data evaluated in the three layers. The indicators that compose the "Organic Matter Factor" are more associated with the CN and indicators related to "Aggregation Factor", "Granulometric Fractions Factor” and " Total Porosity Factor" are more associated with PA e MI. The bulk density, the heavy fraction of organic matter and microbial carbon are related to the three land use systems. The mean weight diameter and basal soil respiration were not effective to detect differences between land use systems.

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27

Piccoli, Leonardo Bisch. "Solu??es h?bridas de hardware/software para a detec??o de erros em systems-on-chip (SoC) de tempo real." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2006. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/3006.

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Nos ?ltimos anos, o crescente aumento do n?mero de aplica??es cr?ticas envolvendo sistemas de tempo real aliado ao aumento da densidade dos circuitos integrados e a redu??o progressiva da tens?o de alimenta??o, tornou os sistemas embarcados cada vez mais suscept?veis ? ocorr?ncia de falhas transientes. T?cnicas que exploram o aumento da robustez de sistemas em componentes integrados (SoC) atrav?s do aumento do ciclo de trabalho do sinal de rel?gio gerado por um bloco PLL para acomodar eventuais atrasos indesejados da l?gica [1] s?o poss?veis solu??es para aumentar a confiabilidade de sistemas eletr?nicos. Diz-se que estes sistemas utilizam t?cnicas de error avoidance. Outras t?cnicas cujo objetivo n?o ? o de evitar falhas, mas sim o de detect?-las, s?o ditas t?cnicas de error detection. Este trabalho aborda esse segundo tipo de t?cnica para aumentar a confiabilidade de sistemas eletr?nicos; ou seja, aborda o desenvolvimento de t?cnicas que realizam a detec??o de erros em tempo de execu??o do sistema. Sistemas de tempo real n?o dependem somente do resultado l?gico de computa??o, mas tamb?m no tempo em que os resultados s?o produzidos. Neste cen?rio, diversas tarefas s?o executadas e o escalonamento destas em fun??o de restri??es temporais ? um tema de grande import?ncia. Durante o funcionamento destes sistemas em ambientes expostos ? interfer?ncia eletromagn?tica (EMI), existe a enorme probabilidade de ocorrerem falhas transientes. Assim, a utiliza??o de t?cnicas capazes de detectar erros evita que dados err?neos se propaguem pelo sistema at? atingir as sa?das e portanto, produzindo um defeito e/ou comprometendo a caracter?stica temporal do sistema. Basicamente, as t?cnicas de detec??o s?o classificadas em duas categorias: solu??es baseadas em software e solu??es baseadas em hardware. Neste contexto, o objetivo principal deste trabalho ? especificar e implementar uma solu??o baseada em software (descrito em linguagem C e inserida no n?cleo do Sistema Operacional de Tempo Real - RTOS) ou baseada em hardware (descrito em linguagem VHDL e conectada no barramento do processador) capaz de detectar em tempo de execu??o eventuais erros devido a falhas ocorridas no sistema. As falhas consideradas neste trabalho s?o aquelas que afetam a execu??o correta do fluxo de controle do programa. A solu??o proposta ? inovadora no sentido de se ter como alvo sistemas SoC com RTOS multitarefa em ambiente preemptivo. A solu??o proposta associa a estes sistemas, t?cnicas h?bridas de detec??o de erros: baseadas em software (YACCA [2,3]) e em hardware (WDT [4,5], OSLC [6,7] e SEIS [8,9,10]). Diferentes vers?es do sistema proposto foram implementadas. Em seguida, foram validadas em um ambiente de interfer?ncia eletromagn?tica (EMI) segundo a norma IEC 62132-2 [11] que define regras para os testes de circuitos integrados expostos ? EMI irradiada. A an?lise dos resultados obtidos demonstra que a metodologia proposta ? bastante eficiente, pois apresenta uma alta cobertura de falhas e supera os principais problemas presentes nas solu??es propostas na literatura. Ou seja, associa uma menor degrada??o de desempenho com um menor consumo de mem?ria e uma maior cobertura de falhas.

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28

Larsson, Maria. "Chemical and bioanalytical characterisation of PAH-contaminated soils : identification, availability and mixture toxicity of AhR agonists." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-30070.

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Contaminated soils are a worldwide problem. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common contaminants in soil at former industrial areas, especially at old gasworks sites, gas stations and former wood impregnation facilities. Risk assessments of PAHs in contaminated soils are usually based on chemical analysis of a small number of individual PAHs, which only constitute a small part of the complex cocktail of hundreds of PAHs and other related polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in the soils. Generally, the mixture composition of PAH-contaminated soils is rarely known and the mechanisms of toxicity and interactions between the pollutants are far from fully understood. The main objective of this thesis was to characterize remediated PAHcontaminated soils by use of a chemical and bioanalytical approach. Bioassay specific relative potency (REP) values for 38 PAHs and related PACs were developed in the sensitive H4IIE-luc bioassay and used in massbalance analysis of remediated PAH contaminated soils, to assess the contribution of chemically quantified compounds to the overall aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activity observed in the H4IIE-luc bioassay. Mixtures studies showed additive AhR-mediated effects of PACs, including PAHs, oxy PAHs, methylated PAHs and azaarenes, in the bioassay, which supports the use of REP values in risk assessment. The results from the chemical and bioassay analysis showed that PAH-contaminated soils contained a large fraction of AhR activating compounds whose effect could not be explained by chemical analysis of the 16 priority PAHs. Further chemical identification and biological studies are necessary to determine whether these unknown substances pose a risk to human health or the environment. Results presented in this thesis are an important step in the development of AhR-based bioassay analysis and risk assessment of complex PAH-contaminated samples.

Other funders: Sparbanksstiftelsen Nya and Ångpanneföreningen

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29

Machado, Suellen Emilliany Feitosa. "Produção de proteases por fungos isolados no semiárido da Paraíba e na Antártida." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/jspui/handle/tede/3008.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Proteases are essential constituents of all living beings, since they are involved in essential biological processes such as blood clotting, cell death, tissue differentiation, protein transport across the membrane etc. They also have important biotechnological applicability, because they can be used in food processing, manufacture of detergents, leather processing, meat softening, drug formulation, in the textile industry etc. These enzymes represents about 60% of the global market for industrial enzymes; so, they are considered an important group of enzymes. This work was divided into two stages and aimed to isolate filamentous fungi collected from coconut trees and soil from a coconut located in Varzeas de Sousa, Paraiba, Brazil and do a screening for the production of proteases and to evaluate, in a bioreactor, the production of proteases by the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa L07. In all, 32 fungi were isolated in Paraiba semiarid. They were grown in rotary shaker and sent to the analysis of proteolytic activity. The specie, originally called Fung1, showed better results in the qualitative stage and was taken to the molecular identification and selected for production in rotary shaker (30°C / 200rpm / 240h). R. mucilaginosa L07, originally from Antarctica, was cultivated in a bioreactor (25°C / 72h), varying agitation and aeration. The maximum enzyme activity by the Fung1, identified as Aspergillus tubingensis, was 29 U.mL^-1, after 144h cultivation. This fungus is not a fumonisin B2 and ochratoxin A producer. The greatest value of proteolytic activity of R. mucilaginosa L07 was 124.88 U.mL^-1 with agitation of 500rpm and aeration 1,0vvm. The results indicated that A. tubingensis produces proteases, but other studies are needed to optimize production and classify proteases. The supply of oxygen to R. mucilaginosa L07 were positive for proteolytic activity, because it increased from 33.36 to 124.88 U.mL^-1 in rotary shaker and bioreactor, respectively.
Proteases são constituintes essenciais em todos os seres vivos, pois estão envolvidas em processos biológicos essenciais como coagulação sanguínea, morte celular, diferenciação de tecidos, transporte de proteínas através da membrana etc. Também possuem importante aplicabilidade biotecnológica, pois podem ser usadas no processamento de alimentos, formulação de detergentes, processamento de couro, amaciamento de carnes, formulação de medicamentos, na indústria têxtil etc. Por representarem aproximadamente 60% do mercado mundial de enzimas industriais, são consideradas um importante grupo de enzimas. Este trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas e objetivou isolar fungos filamentosos coletados em coqueiros e solo de um coqueiral localizado nas Várzeas de Sousa, Paraíba, Brasil e fazer um screening quanto à produção de proteases, além de avaliar, em biorreator, a produção de proteases pela levedura Rhodotorula mucilaginosa L07. Ao todo, 32 fungos foram isolados no semiárido paraibano, cultivados em agitador rotatório e encaminhados à análise da atividade proteolítica. A espécie inicialmente denominada Fung1 apresentou melhor resultado na etapa qualitativa, foi encaminhada à identificação molecular e selecionada para a produção em agitador rotatório (30°C/ 200rpm/ 240h). A R. mucilaginosa L07, coletadada na Antártida, foi cultivada em biorreator (25°C/ 72h), variando agitação e aeração. A atividade enzimática máxima do Fung1, identificado como Aspergillus tubingensis, foi 29 U.mL , após 144h de cultivo. Este fungo não é produtor de fumonisina B2 e ocratoxina A. O maior valor de atividade proteolítica da R. mucilaginosa L07 foi de 124,88 U.mL^-1 , com agitação de 500rpm e aeração de 1,0vvm. Os resultados indicaram que A. tubingensis produz proteases, porém outros estudos são necessários para otimizar a produção e classificar as proteases. O fornecimento de oxigênio em cultivos da R. mucilaginosa L07 foi positivo para a atividade proteolítica, pois a mesma aumentou de 33,36 para 124,88 U.mL^-1, em agitador rotatório e biorreator, respectivamente.

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30

Pavani, Bruna Fatiche. "Análise do balanço de carbono de remanescentes de Mata Atlântica em cenários de uso e ocupação do solo e mudanças climáticas para o Litoral Norte de São Paulo." Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2013. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3009.

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O armazenamento e o sequestro de carbono estão associados à função ecossistêmica de regulação climática, mantenedora dos processos ecológicos essenciais de suporte à vida. No presente trabalho é apresentada uma metodologia para valoração do balanço do carbono gerado por mudanças de uso e cobertura da terra (LULC) entre cenários pretéritos (1990 e 2010) e preditivo (2030), para o Litoral Norte de São Paulo. Para tanto, foi aplicado o módulo Carbon Storage and Sequestration do modelo InVEST 2.4.5 (The Natural Capital Project) que agrega a quantidade armazenada em cada compartimento de carbono nas paisagens dos mapas de uso e cobertura do solo, de acordo com o preço de mercado do carbono para projetos de REDD e a taxa de desconto do mercado financeiro. Os resultados apontaram uma preocupante liberação de carbono para a atmosfera, intensificando os efeitos negativos das mudanças climáticas. Estima-se uma perda de aproximadamente 6,7 milhões de dólares, entre os anos de 1990 e 2010, para a redução da capacidade de armazenamento de carbono. Para a análise do período futuro, entre os anos de 2010 e 2030, apontam-se valores distintos na liberação de carbono nos três cenários confeccionados. Os valores encontrados nos cenários de enquadramento legal e status quo são semelhantes ao período anterior, sendo respectivamente 5,6 e 6,1 milhões de dólares. Entretanto, quando consideradas as forçantes relativas aos novos empreendimentos da região, associados à infraestrutura logística e de exploração de petróleo e gás, a pressão sobre os ambientes naturais é sensivelmente maior e a perda monetária ultrapassa 85 milhões de dólares. Inserindo um incremento na temperatura atmosférica, a valoração da perda do carbono ultrapassa os 150 milhões de dólares para o cenário de novos empreendimentos, demonstrando um grande impacto potencial associado ao aquecimento global. Também foram analisados os dados para os valores de crédito de carbono comercializados nos mercados voluntário e regulado, além da inserção da taxa de desconto social. O modelo utilizado e as adaptações de pré-processamento realizadas para aumentar a precisão dos dados de entrada permitiram gerar resultados passíveis de utilização para políticas públicas relacionadas à adaptação às mudanças climáticas bem como para objetivos de conservação de ambientes naturais.

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Andrade, Greice Kelly Oliveira. "Avaliação da regeneração natural em áreas de reflorestamento, no município de Laranjeiras-SE." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2015. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/3004.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Many researches have been focused on reforestation projects, taking advantages on the self recuperation mechanism of the frorest such as seed rain, soil seed bank and seedling banks. Seed rain is an initial process which develops the dynamic, organization and structuration of the forest. However, the seed bank is one of the most important factors for natural recolonization of affected areas which start the succession process. Through this natural regeneration, a set of individuals are able to be recruited to the upper stages. In this way, the present study was performed aiming to evaluate the plant species establishment strategies through natural regeneration, in an area in the city of Laranjeiras-SE. Thirty plots were installed, and in center of these plots, collectors were installed (1m x 1m) to estimate the seed rain. To characterize the seed bank, was collected from August 2014 (corresponding to the rainy season in the region) to February 2015 (dry season), a soil sample from the center of each subplot (1m x 1m) through a metal jig which was introduced into the soil to remove a 5 cm layer. In the seedling bank evaluation, height and diameter of seedlings were analyzed between August 2014 (rainy season) and Februare 2015 (dry season) in subplots (1m x 1m). In seed rain were found 7,788 seeds, in which Shinus terebinthifollius Raddi (aroeira) presented a higher number of seeds collected with 6,799 samples and its frequency was 87.84% in relation with others species. The autochoric syndrome of dispersion was observed to Centrosema brasilianum (L.) Benth., Fabaceae 2 and Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan, for Asteraceae 1 and Bignoniaceae 1 the dispersion syndrome observed was anemocoric and to Schinus terebinthifollius and Passiflora mansoi (Mart.) Mast, the dispersion syndrome was zoochoric. In the study of seed bank, it was found a total of 171 seeds. The seed bank analyzes by the rainy season and dry season, Schinus terebinthifollius prevailed with more individuals in the rainy season. However, Fabaceae sp prevailed in the dry season. The distribution of species per plot was heterogeneous in both seasons, but presented a better distribution in the rainy season. In the study of seedlings bank, samples were found belonging to seven families and thirteen species. Shinus terebinthifollius represented 28% of total specimen, followed by Genipa Americana L. with 20%. The rainy season showed better seedling distribution along the plots. The processes of natural regeneration at studied area have presented a diversity of species into three regeneration kinds evaluated in different fructification seasons, establishing int this way, a steady supply of seeds, enabling the development of new individuals for future process.
Inúmeras pesquisas têm sido voltadas a projetos de reflorestamentos, aproveitando o próprio mecanismo de recuperação da floresta como chuvas de sementes, bancos de sementes do solo e bancos de plântulas. A chuva de sementes é um processo inicial que desenvolve a dinâmica, organização e estruturação da floresta. No entanto, o banco de sementes é um dos fatores mais importantes para a recolonização natural das áreas afetadas dando início ao processo sucessional. Por meio dessa regeneração natural, um conjunto de indivíduos são capazes de ser recrutados para os estádios superiores. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho foi realizado objetivando avaliar as estratégias de estabelecimentos das espécies vegetais por meio da regeneração natural, numa área em reflorestamento, no município de Laranjeiras-SE. Foram instaladas 30 parcelas, e no centro dessas parcelas foram instalados coletores (1m x 1m) para estimar a chuva de sementes. Para a caracterização do banco de sementes, foi coletada, no mês de agosto de 2014 (correspondente a estação chuvosa na região) e fevereiro de 2015 (estação seca), uma amostra de solo no centro de cada subparcela (1m x 1m), através de um gabarito metálico que foi introduzido no solo para remover uma camada de 5 cm. Na avaliação do banco de plântulas, foram realizadas análises de altura e diâmetro das plântulas, entre agosto de 2014 (estação chuvosa) a fevereiro de 2015 (estação seca), em subparcelas (1m x 1m). Na chuva de sementes foram encontradas 7.788 sementes, dentre as quais a espécie Schinus terebinthifollius Raddi (aroeira) apresentou maior número de sementes coletadas, com 6.799 amostras possuindo frequência de 87,84% em relação as outras espécies. A síndrome de dispersão autocórica foi observada para as espécies Centrosema brasilianum (L.) Benth., Fabaceae 2 e Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan, para Asteraceae 1 e Bignoniaceae 1 a síndrome de dispersão observada foi anemocorórica e para as espécies Schinus terebinthifollius e Passiflora mansoi (Mart.) Mast, a síndrome de dispersão presente foi a zoocórica. No estudo do banco de sementes, foi encontrado um total de 171 sementes. Nas análises por estação chuvosa e seca do banco de sementes, a espécie Schinus terebinthifollius prevaleceu com maior número de indivíduos na estação chuvosa. Contudo, prevaleceu a espécie Fabaceae 1 na estação seca. A distribuição das espécies por parcela foi heterogênea em ambas as estações, porém apresentou uma melhor distribuição no período chuvoso. No estudo do banco de plântulas, foram encontradas amostras pertencentes a sete famílias e treze espécies. A espécie Schinus terebinthifollius representou 28% dos espécimes amostrados, seguida por Genipa americana L. com 20%. Na estação chuvosa houve uma melhor distribuição de plântulas ao longo das parcelas. O processo de regeneração natural da área de estudo apresentou uma diversidade de espécies nas três formas de regeneração avaliadas com diferentes épocas de frutificação, estabelecendo assim, uma constante oferta de sementes, viabilizando o desenvolvimento de novos indivíduos para processos futuros.

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32

Axelsson, Gary. "Long-term set-up of driven piles in sand." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3009.

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Oliva, Flávio Pires. "Dinâmica de aeronaves em corrida no solo : estudo de sensibilidade de parâmetros aerodinâmicos." Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2011. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3006.

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O desempenho em pista de aeronaves é de extrema importância para o sucesso do projeto, pois ele pode limitar a operação da aeronave, dependendo do comprimento da pista dos aeroportos. Para aeronaves da aviação executiva, o sucesso de vendas guarda uma relação direta com esses parâmetros, já que as mesmas podem atender um número maior de aeroportos e/ou operar com maior variedade de combinações de carga paga e combustível carregados, tornando a aeronave muito mais versátil. Com essa premissa em mente, se torna importante a obtenção da estimativa do comprimento de pista para decolagem e pouso nas fases iniciais do projeto aeronáutico, possibilitando tempo, à baixo custo, para que se possa corrigir qualquer problema que possa comprometer o desempenho da aeronave. As manobras que determinam a velocidades mínimas de decolagem e velocidades mínimas de controle em solo são as escolhidas para serem estudadas, dada a importância que possuem no dimensionamento da empenagem da aeronave. As principais dificuldades na estimativa dessas velocidades são a obtenção dos dados aerodinâmicos sob efeito solo e das características dinâmicas do trem de pouso. Portanto decidiu-se concentrar o estudo na sensibilidade de alguns parâmetros aerodinâmicos a fim de melhor direcionar os trabalhos de modelagem.

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Ferreira, Helder Calsavara. "Geoprocessamento aplicado à determinação da fragilidade emergente em um manancial de abastecimento público: a microbacia do alto do rio Sarandi." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/3007.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar e avaliar a fragilidade ambiental da microbacia do alto do rio Sarandi, uma importante área de manancial de abastecimento público dos municípios de Realeza e Santa Izabel do Oeste, na região sudoeste paranaense. A fragilidade ambiental foi determinada a partir da metodologia de Ross (1994), baseando-se em dados de declividade, solo e uso atual da terra. O cruzamento do mapa da declividade com o mapa de solos gerou o mapa de fragilidade potencial e o cruzamento do mapa da fragilidade potencial com o mapa de uso e ocupação do solo gerou o mapa de fragilidade emergente. Através do mapa de uso e ocupação do solo, foi possível avaliar a atual condição da ocupação das áreas de florestas ciliares. Foi constatado que há áreas que apresentam conflitos de uso e ocupação nessas áreas de preservação permanente, sendo que a agricultura ocupa atualmente 34,63% de área legal destinada às florestas ciliares. Considerando a fragilidade potencial, nota-se que na bacia do rio Sarandi as classes de fragilidade compreendidas entre “Muita baixa” a “Média” representam 66,92% e as classificadas como “Forte” e “Muito forte” representam 33,08% da área total da microbacia, enquanto que 49,98% e 32,45% da área apresentaram fragilidade emergente “Média” e “Alta”, respectivamente. A estabilidade natural presente em 66,92% da área não isenta a microbacia de problemas relacionados à erosão, pois isso torna o solo mais suscetível a ser transportado em períodos de precipitação intensa. Com a retirada da cobertura vegetal, essa estabilidade é rompida, elevando-se o nível de fragilidade da área.
The objective of this study was to characterize and evaluate the environmental fragility of the upper sub-drainage basin of the Sarandi River, an important source of public water supply in the municipalities of Realeza and Santa Izabel do Oeste, in the southwestern region of Paraná. Environmental fragility was determined according to the methodology of Ross (1994), based on slope, soil and current land use data. The crossing of the declivity map with the soil map generated the map of potential fragility and the crossing of the map of potential fragility with the map of land use and occupation generated the map of emergent fragility. Behind the land use and occupation map, it was possible to evaluate the current condition of occupation of the riparian forest areas. I have noticed that there are areas that present conflicts of use and occupation in these areas of permanent preservation, and agriculture currently occupies 34.63% legal area destined to the ciliary forests. Considering the potential fragility, it can be observed that in the Sarandi river basin the fragility classes comprised between low and medium represent 66.92% and those classified as strong and very strong represent 33.08% of the total area of the sub-drainage basin, while 49.98% and 32.45% of the area presented medium and high emergence fragility, respectively. The natural stability present in 66.92% of the area, does not exempt the sub-drainage basin from problems related to erosion, as this makes the soil more susceptible to be transported during periods of intense precipitation. With the removal of the vegetal cover this stability is broken, raising the level of fragility of the area.

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Pagliuca, Daniel. "AVALIAÃÃO DE UMA POLÃTICA PÃBLICA DE USO E OCUPAÃÃO DO SOLO: estudo da implementaÃÃo de condomÃnio e/ou loteamentos fechados na zona rural especial no municÃpio de Guaramiranga-CearÃ a parir da Lei Municipal NÂ 111/05." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3002.

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A desordem na ocupaÃÃo dos territÃrios brasileiros Ã um fato real desde a Ãpoca da colonizaÃÃo. Com o passar do tempo, os problemas foram apenas mudando de forma, mas jamais foram solucionados, deixando sempre uma heranÃa difÃcil de ser resolvida. A partir dos anos 1970, inicia-se um grande ciclo de debates em torno dos problemas da desordem urbana e das ocupaÃÃes mal planejadas. ApÃs a aprovaÃÃo da onstituiÃÃo Federal de 1988, os municÃpios brasileiros assaram a ter um novo modo de desenvolver polÃticas pÃblicas urbanÃsticas, recebendo competÃncias legislativas sobre a matÃria e podendo exercer sua funÃÃo de ordenadora da sua territorialidade. Ao ser aprovada a Lei no 10.257/01, que institui o Estatuto da Cidade, ficou definido como se processariam as polÃticas pÃblicas de planejamento urbano. Embora se tenha feito muito, pouco se evoluiu, pois os planos diretores foram sendo criados e aprovados, mas com muitas falhas, pouca legitimidade e participaÃÃo. Neste contexto, esta dissertaÃÃo avalia a PolÃtica PÃblica de Uso e OcupaÃÃo do Solo na Zona Rural do MunicÃpio de Guaramiranga, com base na anÃlise de legitimidade legal da nomenclatura âZona Rural Especialâ, - que nÃo se apresenta como ilegal, mas acaba por gerar dÃvidas aos que operam com a lei. Mediante investigaÃÃo da viabilidade jurÃdica da instalaÃÃo de condomÃnios e loteamentos fechados na Ãrea rural do municÃpio por meio de um trabalho da anÃlise de leis, suscitaram-se os problemas gerados por conflitos entre as normas estaduais que regulamentam a APA de BaturitÃ, e os ditames da lei municipal que se enquadra como competente para regular o uso do solo em zona rural. Isso posto, este trabalho percorre os caminhos da doutrina jurÃdica referente Ã legalidade dos loteamentos e/ou condomÃnios fechados, apontando que, para a regulamentaÃÃo destes, deve haver normas municipais que os definam, e os empreendimentos devem seguir os preceitos de leis federais que os caracterizem. Com isso, pretendeu-se avaliar esta polÃtica pÃblica e propor soluÃÃes e medidas necessÃrias para o melhor regramento do uso do solo rural do MunicÃpio de Guaramiranga.
The disorder in the occupation of the Brazilian territory is a fact since the colonization period. Over time, the problems just changed forms but never had a solution, always leaving behind a heritage that was hard to solve. The first cities were on the coastland and soon also started to develop towards the inside of the continent. Those cities were usually located close to natural resources that suffered with the pressure exerted over the riverbed deteriorating their natural conditions. As from the 1970âs, a large cycle of debates started about urban disorder problems and unplanned occupations. After the approval of the Federal Constitution of 1988, Brazilian cities started to develop urban public policies in a new way, with legal competency to rule on the issue and power to exert their territorial order function. The approval of Law 10.257/01, which established the City Statute, defined the processing of public urban planning policies. Although a lot has been done, evolution was small, as urban plans were created and approved, however, with many flaws, little legitimacy and participation. In this context, this thesis assesses the Public Policy of Land Use and Occupation in the Rural Zone of Guaramiranga, based on an analysis of the legitimacy of the nomenclature âSpecial Rural Zoneâ which, although not illegal, ends up generating doubts among stakeholders. The examination of the legal viability of the installation of condominiums and land plots in the rural area of the city, through a legal analysis, surveyed the problems created by conflicts between state laws that regulate the APA of BaturitÃ, and the dictates of the Municipal Law, with legal competency to regulate land use in the rural zone. This study looks at the legal doctrine that rules the legality of condominiums and land plots, appointing that, for their regulation, here should be municipal rules to define them, and the projects should follow the rules of the federal laws that characterize them. This study intended to evaluate this public politic and propose solutions and measures needed for a better regulation of rural land use in Guaramiranga.

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36

Johnson, Peter G. "The swap model : policy and theory applications for agent-based modelling of soil and water conservation adoption." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2015. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/807166/.

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As the use of agent-based models (ABMs) in policy making continues to expand, it is increasingly clear what a variety of uses ABMs can be put to. Using the development of the SWAP model of soil and water conservation (SWC) adoption in developing countries, this thesis explores how a non-predictive policy-focused ABM can be useful in policy and theoretical contexts. Policies designed to increase adoption of SWC have generally been unsuccessful due to poor calibration to farmers’ needs. This is understood to be a result of poor interaction between the various stakeholders working on SWC. The SWAP model is developed: (i) as an ‘interested amateur’ to be used as a discussion tool to improve the quality of interaction between policy stakeholders; and (ii) as an exploration of the theory on farmer behaviour in the SWC literature. This approach was underpinned by a set of semi-structured interviews with policy practitioners on their understanding, use, and evaluation of models used in policy. The model’s use as an ‘interested amateur’ was explored during a workshop with stakeholders in Ethiopia. Participants recognised the value of the model and it was successful in aiding discussion. However, participants described an inability to innovate in their work, and viewed stakeholders ‘lower-down’ the policy spectrum as being in more need of discussion tools. A pattern-oriented modelling approach showed that the theory used in the model is successful in recreating broad patterns of adoption, but is too generic to represent a variety of different contexts. This thesis develops and presents the first use of the ‘interested amateur’ approach for ABMs. The findings suggest it has value and could be applied in other policy domains. The performance of the SWC theory is also encouraging, suggesting it can be used as a basis for other ABMs exploring farmers’ SWC behaviour.

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37

Gillot, Florence. "Genèse et évolution des smectites de transformation de trois chronoséquences (300-10000 ans) de podzols de Finlande." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2300.

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La formation pedogenetique des mineraux argileux a ete etudiee dans trois chronosequences de podzol de finlande (300 a 10000 ans). La premiere sequence est developpee sur des sables fluvio-glaciaires de finlande nord (150-4450 ans hors gel). La seconde sequence est developpee sur des moraines (tills) de laponie (2800-4500 ans hors gel). La troisieme sequence est developpee sur des tills en finlande centrale (2900 ans-5400 ans hors gel). Les mineraux argileux ont ete etudies par diffraction des rayons x, microscopie electronique a transmission et microscopie analytique. Les transformations pedogeniques observees etaient les memes pour les trois chronosequences. Des smectites dioctaedriques (beidellites) sont formees dans les horizons e eluviaux des podzols apres 3600 ans hors gel, lorsqu'ils sont developpes sur des tills, alors que 600 ans hors gel seulement sont necessaires pour produire des smectites dans les sols developpes sur sables fluvio-glaciaires. Pour tous les podzols, la charge interfoliaire des feuillets des smectites diminue avec la duree d'evolution des sols, des smectites de basse-charge sont observees apres 5300 ans hors gel. Une analyse detaillee par microscopie electronique analytique permet de distinguer deux populations principales dans les horizons eluviaux. Ces smectites sont toutes de type beidellite, mais la premiere population est constituee de particules de faible extension laterale et comprennant un nombre reduit de feuillets par cristal, elles contiennent du fer et du magnesium. La seconde population, plus strictement alumineuse, est composee de particules d'extension laterale plus grande et ayant un plus grand nombre de feuillets par cristal. Les smectites derivent de la transformation des chlorites et des micas ferro-magnesiens pour la premiere population, et, de la transformation des micas dioctaedriques (phengite, muscovite) pour la seconde. Le premier processus (le plus precoce et le plus rapide) contribue de facon preponderante a la formation des smectites, tant que les reserves en phyllosilicates ferromagnesiens ne sont pas epuisees. En consequence, les smectites des horizons e des podzols sont un melange dont les proportions et les caracteristiques de ses composants changent au cours du temps.

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Vilela, Renata. "Ensino de matemática sob a influência de professores e alunos líderes em uma perspectiva colaborativa." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6299.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This research aims to investigate the contributions of collaborative approach in education, especially in the mathematics classroom. Search to see mathematics as a discipline critical of Basic Education. In this perspective we have as main goal to answer the following questi-ons: "How to motivate students of Basic Education to become a coauthor on building your knowledge?" and "What aspects relevant to the formation of a mathematics teacher influencer that guides his teaching for a comprehensive training Student of Basic Education? " In order to investigate these issues worked the historical aspects of collaborative learning, lea-dership, teacher training and the methodology 300 Ricardo Fragelli. We try to influence the educational environment in the appropriation of collaborative and participatory methodo-logies in an attempt to give meaning to mathematics learning in high school. The approach is guided on the teacher’s posture while influencer leader who motivates students to build their mathematical knowledge sharing what was meant, allowing the formation of critical thinking through mathematics. They were used as instruments mediators of the process questionnaires which were analyzed from a qualitative approach.
Esta pesquisa busca investigar as contribuições da abordagem colaborativa na educação, de modo especial na sala de aula de matemática. Busca-se ver a Matemática enquanto disciplina crítica da Educação Básica. Nessa perspectiva tem-se como meta principal responder os seguintes questionamentos: "Como motivar o aluno da Educação Básica a se tornar coautor na construção de seu conhecimento?" E "Quais aspectos relevantes para a formação de um professor de Matemática influenciador que norteia seu ensino para a formação integral do aluno da Educação Básica?" Com o propósito de investigar estas questões apresenta-se os aspectos históricos do ensino colaborativo, a liderança, a formação do professor e a metodologia 300 de Ricardo Fragelli. A intenção é influenciar o meio educacional na apropriação de metodologias colaborativas e participativas e dar significado para a aprendizagem matemática no Ensino Médio. A abordagem se pauta na postura do professor enquanto líder influenciador que motiva o aluno a construir seu conhecimento matemático partilhando o que foi significado, possibilitando a formação do pensamento crítico por meio da Matemática. Foram utilizados, como instrumentos mediadores do processo, questionários, os quais foram analisados a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa com análise crítica dos dados coletados. Observa-se a defasagem em conteúdos referentes ao currículo de Matemática do Ensino Fundamental. Para sanalos, foram projetadas atividades concernentes às dificuldades apresentadas, usando metodologias colaborativas, tomando como base a Metodologia 300 de Ricardo Fragelli. Como resultado, os alunos se envolveram no processo de aprendizagem com autonomia, partilhando conhecimento. Professores se apropriaram das metodologias colaborativas enquanto forma de trabalho colhendo resultados positivos com essa abordagem.

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39

Mok, Sog Yee [Verfasser]. "Why Do Turkish-Origin Students Underperform in Germany? : Investigating the Effects of Ethnic Composition in Classrooms and Negative Stereotypes on Performance and Coping Strategies / Sog Yee Mok." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1114886513/34.

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Prades, Pierre. "De la conversion à la guérison : puritanisme, psychothérapies, développement personnel." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100073/document.

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La psychothérapie et le développement personnel promettent à l’individu contemporain de s’accomplir par une expérience de transformation de soi. Un tel idéal d’accomplissement est à la fois une liberté et une injonction, et cette thèse propose de l’interpréter comme un lointain héritage de l’éthique puritaine de la vocation. Elle soutient que c’est le jeu d’une dynamique émotionnelle dans une dimension éthique qui donne à l’expérience thérapeutique et à l’expérience religieuse une efficacité symbolique de même nature, celle d’un acte de foi. En cela, la guérison thérapeutique paraît être en grande partie une sécularisation de la conversion religieuse, offrant la santé en guise de sainteté. Elle tente d’établir que la mobilisation des affects joue un rôle moteur dans l’expérience thérapeutique, comme dans l’expérience religieuse, pour traduire des perceptions cognitives en actes volontaires. Elle propose de voir dans cette dynamique entre sentir, penser et vouloir, un legs du modèle psychologique de la conversion élaboré par les puritains au XVIIème siècle dans le cadre de la « théologie de l’Alliance », qui faisait de l’acte de foi la conclusion d’un syllogisme pratique, à la fois volontariste et optimiste. Pour mettre en évidence ce legs, cette thèse retrace les étapes de l’interaction entre les deux rives de l’Atlantique qui a contribué à produire deux aspects complémentaires du modèle culturel contemporain : d’une part, une éthique de transformation de la personnalité visant un dépassement des limites du moi, d’autre part une valorisation de l’émotion comme critère d’authenticité de l’expérience vécue
To contemporary individuals, psychotherapy and personal development offer a promise of accomplishment through an experience of self-transformation. Such an ideal of accomplishment is both freedom and duty, and this thesis will view it as a distant heritage from the puritan ethic of vocation. It will argue that an emotional dynamic playing out in an ethical dimension is what gives both therapeutic experience and religious experience the same kind of symbolic efficacy, that of an act of faith. Whereby therapeutic healing appears to be in a large part a secularization of religious conversion, providing health in lieu of holiness. It will try and show that the mobilization of affects plays a driving role, in therapeutic experience as well as in religious experience, to convert cognitive perceptions into voluntary acts. It will present such a dynamic among feeling, thinking and willing, as a legacy of the psychological model of conversion built by the XVIIth century Puritans in the framework of Covenant Theology, wherein an act of faith was the conclusion of a practical syllogism, both voluntaristic and optimistic. In order to let appear that legacy, this thesis will trace the interaction between both sides of the Atlantic which resulted in two correlative features of the contemporary cultural model: on one hand, an ethic of transformation of personality toward exceeding the boundaries of the self, on the other hand the valuation of emotion as a criterion for authenticity of experience

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41

Chen, Tingting. "Optimization routes of planning and implementation in large-scale urban development projects : some learning from France for China." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100101.

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L’idée majeure de cette thèse de Doctorat part d’un regard sur les réalités en Chine. L’objectif majeur de cette thèse est celui d’essayer d’offrir des suggestions pour les villes chinoises à partir de l’expérience française en matière d’aménagement et de mise en œuvre de projets de développement urbain à large échelle. Comprendre le contexte, le mécanisme et la politique d’aménagement urbain au sein des pays développés peut être utile pour mieux répondre aux problèmes dans notre pays et, ainsi, à mieux construire les villes en Chine.D’abord, la dissertation fait une définition sur les concepts de base, le contenu et la structure de travail des projets de développement urbain à large échelle.L’origine des problèmes et les difficultés trouvées dans ce type d’opération seront alors débattues. Ancrée sur une étude empirique, la dissertation analyse quelques projets de développement urbain à large échelle en référence.Dans les sociétés modernes, les aménageurs doivent considérer plusieurs indicateurs d’incertitude dans le développement urbain. Ils doivent également être opérationnels en ce qui concerne la régulation de l’espace et coordonner les enjeux d’intérêt propres au développement urbain à large échelle. La thèse repère un cadre théorique de base selon ces trois aspects et travaille sur les moyens que les projets de développement urbain à large échelle en France mènent vis-à-vis de tous ces enjeux. Au travers de trois conduites qui sont la reforme du zoning et les droits du sol, une régulation plus stricte de l’espace urbain et une nette amélioration du cadre de coordination, l’aménagement et la mise en œuvre de ce type d’opération en France ont été optimisés. Au travers de réformes, de quelques modifications et améliorations, plusieurs projets français ont bien réussi à aboutir aux objectifs du plan. Les conséquences sociales, économiques et environnementales ont été également bien cadrées. Les Plans Locaux d’Urbanisme (PLU) ont été étudiés pour la reforme de la politique d’usage des sols. Le cahier des charges et le rôle de l'architecte Coordinateur ont été analysés pour la régulation des espaces urbains. Les ZAC, les SEM (Société d’Economie Mixte) et la participation institutionnelle ont été étudiées en terme de coordination d’institution. En partant d’une étude comparative entre la situation en Chine et l’expérience réussie en France, des suggestions ont été proposées pour optimiser les projets de développement urbain de large échelle en Chine. Les trois conduites d’optimisation sont bien connectées, ce qui signifie qu’ils ont une influence directe sur la construction urbaine. Une conduite isolée ne peut pas résoudre les défis. Ainsi, la dissertation suggère un ensemble de conduites d’optimisation pour les grands projets de développement urbain en Chine. La réforme de l’aménagement urbain et la mise-en-place institutionnelle devraient perfectionner les plans d’usage des sols, la régulation de l’espace urbain et les mécanismes de coordination dans son ensemble. L’aménagement urbain et le système de management devraient être orientés vers un perfectionnement intégré
The main ideas of this thesis come from realities in China. The main objective ofthis thesis is trying to offer some suggestions for cities in China by learning fromFrance, on the topic of planning and implementation of large-scale urbandevelopment projects. Understanding the background, mechanism and policy ofurban planning in developed countries may help to cope with problems in ourcountry and then to better construct Chinese cities. Firstly, the dissertation defines the basic concepts, contents and framework of large-scale urban development projects. The origin of problems and difficulties in large-scale urban development projects is then discussed. Based on empirical study, the dissertation analyzes some typical large-scale urban development projects in France and then evaluates them. In modern society, planners should consider many uncertain indicators in urban development. They should also be effective in regulation of space and coordinate conflict of interests in large-scale urban development. The dissertation raises a basic theoritical framework in those three aspects and explores how French largescale urban development projects cope with these challenges. By three optimizing routes which are reforming of land-use planning, strengthen regulation of urban space and improvement of coordination mechanism, the planning and implementation of large-scale urban development project in France have been optimized. By continuous reforming, adjustment and improvement, many French large-scale urban development projects successfully finished the planning objectives. The social, economic and environment effects have also been well embodied.PLU (Plans Locaux d’Urbanisme) has been studied for the reform of land-use planning. Le "cahier des charges "and the role of the "Architect Coordinateur" have been analyzed for the regulation of urban space. ZAC (Zone d’Aménagement Concerte), SEM (Société d’Ecoonomie Mixte) and public participation institution have been studied in aspect of coordination institution. Based on comparativestudy of situation in China and successful experience in France, suggestionshave been made for optimizing Chinese large-scale urban development projects.The three optimizing routes are connected tightly, which means they influencethe course of urban construction together. Isolated route could not solve theproblems. Therefore, the dissertation suggests an ensemble optimizing route inChinese large-scale urban development projects. The reform of urban planningand implementation institution should improve land-use planning, regulation ofurban space and coordination mechanism all together. The urban planning andmanagement system should be in a direction of integrative improvement

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Cornudet, Camille. "Responsabilité sociale de la marque : stratégies de légitimation des pratiques et perception des consommateurs." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E037.

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Les marques multiplient les engagements environnementaux, sociaux et sociétaux afin de répondre aux attentes fortes des individus pour une consommation plus responsable, opérationnalisant ainsi un transfert de la responsabilité sociale de l’entreprise vers la marque. Ce travail de recherche propose un cadre conceptuel de la Responsabilité Sociale de la Marque (RSM) à partir de la perspective Strategy-As-Practice et de la théorie de la légitimité. Dans un premier temps, sur la base de trois études qualitatives, nous mettons en évidence l’utilisation de trois stratégies de communication persuasive (autorisation, rationalisation, narrativisation) pour légitimer les pratiques de RSM. Dans un second temps, une expérimentation menée auprès de 465 personnes montre que ces trois stratégies de légitimation ont une influence plus forte sur la perception de la marque responsable qu’une simple stratégie de communication informative, mais aussi qu’elles ont un rôle indirect positif sur les différentes dimensions de la relation marque consommateur. Notre étude révèle que la stratégie d’autorisation rend la marque plus humaine, renforce la confiance envers la marque et donne du sens à la consommation des individus. Quant à la stratégie de rationalisation, elle rend également la marque plus humaine et renforce la confiance envers la marque mais n’impacte pas le sens que donne l’individu à la consommation, tandis que la stratégie de narrativisation n’a une influence que sur l’anthropomorphisation de la marque. De plus, ce travail de recherche montre que plus l’individu est altruiste ou empathique, moins il sera réceptif à la stratégie de narrativisation. Enfin, nous mettons en évidence le fait que plus l’individu a une estime de soi élevée, plus la perception de la responsabilité de la marque impacte positivement son attitude et ses comportements vis-à-vis de la marque
Brands develop environmental, social and societal activities to meet the high expectations of individuals for more responsible consumption, thereby operationalizing a transfer of social responsibility from the company to the brand. This research offers a conceptual framework for Brand Social Responsibility (BSR) based on the Strategy-As-Practice model and the theory of legitimacy. First, through three qualitative studies, we highlight the use of three communication strategies (authorization, rationalization, narrativization) to legitimize BSR practices. Then, an experiment involving 465 participants shows that these three legitimation strategies have a stronger influence on the perception of the responsible brand than a simple information communication strategy, as well as a positive indirect role on the different dimensions of the brand-consumer relationship. Our study reveals the positive role of the authorization strategy on brand anthropomorphism, the meaning in consumption and consumer trust. The rationalization strategy only has a positive impact on anthropomorphism and consumer trust, but no impact on the meaning in consumption, while the narrativization strategy only has an influence on brand anthropomorphism. This research shows, moreover, that when a consumer perceives himself as altruistic or empathetic, the impact of the narrativization strategy is diminished. Finally, we highlight the fact that the more an individual has a high self-esteem, the more the perception of the responsibility of the brand has a positive impact on his attitude and behaviors towards the brand

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Priaulet, Isabelle. "Pour une ontologie de l'écologie. Penser les fondements philosophiques de la conversion écologique." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR146.

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Cette thèse entend poser les fondements philosophiques d’une « conversion écologique » en éclairant la dimension ontologique de la crise écologique. Tout en s’inscrivant dans le sillage de l’Encyclique Laudato Si’, où le Pape François lance un vibrant appel à la conversion écologique, l’auteur s’efforce de penser les enjeux proprement philosophiques liés à cette notion. En s’appuyant sur des auteurs tels que Heidegger et Hans Jonas, la première partie de la recherche montre la nécessité d’une véritable « conversion » face au péril métaphysique que représente la technique envisagée ici comme dévoiement de notre « être-au-monde ». Dans un contexte marqué par la résurgence du catastrophisme, l’auteur entend ici souligner la dimension humaniste qui constituait l’horizon de la pensée de ses fondateurs (Günther Anders, Jacques Ellül) tout en confrontant leur vision à celle du « Principe Espérance » porté par Ernst Bloch.La seconde partie de la thèse consiste à poser les fondements éthiques et religieux du concept de conversion. De la metanoia platonicienne aux thérapies de l’âme stoïciennes et épicuriennes, l’auteur explore la place de la connaissance de la nature (physis) dans le « retour à Soi » (epistrophè) de ces sagesses grecques. Peut-on voir en elles la source d’une véritable « conversion écologique » par laquelle il s’agirait autant de convertir notre regard sur la nature que d’être converti par elle ? Si oui, quelles en seraient les modalités ? Dans cette perspective, quels sont les apports de la metanoia chrétienne par rapport à la metanoia platonicienne ? En quoi la « conversion des sens » portée à la fois par la mystique franciscaine et la « prière du cœur » des Pères neptiques dans le monde orthodoxe, constitue-t-elle une étape capitale pour penser la conversion écologique comme conversion du corps et du cœur ? Pour mener à bien cette analyse, l’auteur emprunte la méthode phénoménologique afin de mettre en lumière les liens entre conversion et réduction.La dernière partie, plus spécifiquement consacrée à l’écologie contemporaine, s’appuie sur les modalités de la conversion écologique esquissées avec les penseurs grecs et chrétiens pour penser une transformation profonde de notre « affect du monde ». En s’appuyant sur les notions merleau-pontiennes de « chair du monde » et de « monde brut », l’auteur cherche à penser une « empathie universelle » comme socle d’une nouvelle éthique environnementale. A travers une relecture merleau-pontienne de deux grands courants de l’écologie que sont l’écologie profonde (deep ecology) et la wilderness, l’auteur jette les bases d’une ontologie relationnelle dans deux directions. La première envisage la conversion écologique comme un approfondissement du Soi. Dans le sentiment de la wilderness, c’est autant la nature vierge à l’extérieur de nous que le « monde brut » au plus intime de nous-même, qu’il s’agit de préserver pour ouvrir la voie à une expérience transformante du monde telle que la décrit Henri-David Thoreau dans Walden ou la vie dans les bois. La seconde vise un élargissement du Soi par lequel la réalisation de Soi devient indissociable, par un mouvement d’identification, de celle de notre environnement, jusqu’à faire l’expérience charnelle de ce « Soi écologique » dont nous parle Arne Naess en écho à la « chair du monde » merleau-pontienne et aux théories de la Gestalt dont s’inspirent les deux auteurs. Conscient des limites de la pensée occidentale pour cheminer vers cette non - dualité, clé d’une empathie universelle, l’auteur montre, dans la dernière partie de son analyse, l’influence de la pensée bouddhique sur la deep ecology et explore une spiritualité de la résonance avec le bouddhisme zen japonais incarné dans la figure de Maître Dogen, jusqu’à penser une « échologie de la Joie »
This thesis is an attempt to provide the philosophical foundations for an ecological conversion while revealing the ontological aspects of the ecological crisis. Following the path described in the Laudato Si’ encyclical letter, where Pope François launches a vibrant call for ecological conversion, the author seeks to adress the philosophical issues in relation to this notion. Refering to philosophers such as Heidegger and Hans Jonas, the first part of this research accounts for the necessity of a true ecological conversion to face the metaphysical « peril » represented by the technical way of mind which leads to an unauthentic « being-in-the-world ». As catastrophism rages, the author underlines the humanistic aspect of its founders’ thought (Gûnther Anders, Jacques Ellûl) while confronting their vision to Ernst Bloch’s « Principle of Hope ».The second chapter of the thesis aims at laying down the ethical and religious foundations of the concept of conversion. From Plato’s metanoia to stoïcian and epicurian soul therapies, the author explores the importance of the knowledge of nature (physis) in the process of epistrophè (return to one’s « Inner Self »). Can these therapies be considered as the roots of a true ecological conversion throughout which we could not only modify the way we look at nature but also be transformed by it? If the answer is yes, what would the terms be? From this perspective, what is the specificity of Christian metanoia compared to Plato’s? To what extent can the doctrine of the “spiritual senses” experienced by both the Franciscan mystic and the neptical Fathers’ « Prayer of the heart » - be considered a crucial step to a living experience of ecological conversion that appeals to our body and heart? To carry out this research, the author relies on the phenomenological methodology, evidencing the links between conversion and reduction.The last part, more specifically dedicated to modern ecology, relies on the definitions of ecological conversion outlined with greek and Christian authors to think through a deep change in our « affect for the world ». Refering to Merleau Ponty’s notions of « flesh of the word » and « wild being », the author endeavours to develop the concept of “universal empathy” as the corner stone of environmental ethics. Through a merleau-pontian interpretation of two major ecological schools of thought, wilderness and deep ecology, the thesis provides tools for elaborating a relational ontology based on two concepts. The first one, called deepening of the Self, refers to the wilderness. The author shows that what has to be preserved is not only territories such as natural reserves but the “wild being” in the innermost part of ourselves so as to enable us to be transformed by nature itself through this experience of wilderness described by famous authors such as Henri-David Thoreau in Walden life in the woods… The second one, called “enlargment of the Self” refers to the experience described by Arne Naess as identification to other living beings as a source of self-realization, echoing the merleau-pontian “flesh of the word”.Aware of the limits of western thought to reach this universal empathy based on non-duality, the author points out, in a conclusive paragraph, the influence of the buddhist way of mind on Arne Naess’s deep ecology, explores a spirituality of the resonance with the world through zen buddhism embodied by Master Dogen, and goes as far as thinking an “echology of Joy”

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Sequeira, João Pedro Carvalho. "Modificação de carbonato de cálcio natural com sílica para aplicações em papel." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/30003.

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Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Química, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra
Esta dissertação de mestrado teve como objectivo modicar partículas de carbonato de cálcio natural (GCC) com sílica, in situ, seguindo a metodologia sol-gel, de modo a melhorar a resistência mecânica da folha de papel. Foram utilizadas três gamas de GCC, testando diferentes tamanhos e brancuras, para efectuar o revestimento de sílica, seguindo a metodologia que Gamelas et al. (2011) aplicou ao carbonato de cálcio precipitado. A reacção sol-gel decorreu em meio alcalino durante 24 horas a uma temperatura de 21°C, utilizando TEOS como percursor. Com o intuito de caracterizar as partículas de carbonato de cálcio, original e modificado, foram utilizadas diversas técnicas analíticas para analisar: a morfologia (microscopia electrónica de varrimento), o tamanho (espectroscopia de difracção laser), a composição química (espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier), a quantidade de sílica presente no GCC (termogravimetria), a brancura (espectrofotometria) e a carga da partícula (medição de potencial zeta). Concluiu-se que houve deposição de sílica nas partículas de GCC, tal como era expectável. Tal como com o PCC modificado, documentado em Lourenço et al. (2013), conseguiu-se obter melhorias nas propriedades mecânicas da folha quando o filler de GCC modificado foi aplicado para um alvo de 20 %(w/w) na folha, independentemente da gama utilizada, concretizando-se um dos objectivos propostos. Esta melhoria deve-se à presença de grupos hidroxilo da sílica, que permitem estabelecer pontes de hidrogénio com as fibras de celulose. O aumento na resistência da folha ocorreu em maior grau no GCC com menor tamanho de partícula, indicativo que a deposição de sílica depende do tamanho das partículas de GCC. Relativamente às propriedades ópticas das folhas, estas foram ligeiramente prejudicadas com a aplicação dos GCC's modificados, sugerindo que a folha está "fechada"devido a uma ligação filler-fibra mais forte, sendo que perdeu-se menos opacidade no GCC com menor tamanho de partícula. Assim, constatou-se que é preferível modificar este carbonato de cálcio. Nos GCC's que se diferenciavam pelo nível de brancura, não houve diferenças a registar entre as folhas formadas por estas duas cargas minerais. Compararam-se os resultados obtidos com GCC modificado com os de PCC, conseguidos por Lourenço et al. (2013), constatando-se que é mais positivo modificar PCC do que GCC. Além da tendência natural que o PCC possui para repercutir boas propriedades ópticas na folha de papel, o revestimento com sílica induziu uma melhoria nas propriedades mecânicas da folha numa magnitude superior às obtidas com GCC, ultrapassando a capacidade intrínseca que este filler contém neste âmbito. Este resultado foi semelhante ao obtido pela aplicação de GCC modificado correspondente a 30 %(w/w) da folha. Também se produziram folhas de papel com uma mistura de cargas minerais, 20%(w/w) GCC modificado e 10 %(w/w) de carbonato de cálcio precipitado, com o objectivo de reduzir a quantidade de carga modificada e para melhorar as propriedades ópticas. Os resultados indicam que é preferível usar esta carga mineral a apenas GCC modificado, se tivermos em conta os custos associados à modificação. Ao utilizar cargas modicadas, comprovou-se que é possível aumentar o conteúdo em cerca de 10 % da carga mineral sem prejudicar as propriedades mecânicas das folhas de papel. Este facto foi confirmado tanto na aplicação de GCC modificado, como na de mistura de cargas, sendo esta mais vantajosa devido à componente económica. Como os objectivos deste estudo estão intimamente ligados a um factor económico, deverão estimar-se os custos económicos da modificação de carbonato de cálcio afim de avaliar devidamente os resultados obtidos. Apesar dos resultados não serem totalmente positivos na aplicação a papéis de impressão e escrita, isto é, em relação ao carbonato de cálcio precipitado, poderão ser úteis em papéis com outro tipo de utilização, onde as propriedades ópticas não são fundamentais.
This master thesis had as its objective to modify particles of ground calcium carbonate with silica, in situ, following the sol-gel method, in order to improve the mechanical strength of the paper. Three GCC ranges were used, with different sizes and brightness, to carry out silica coating, following the Gamelas et al. (2011) methodology applied to precipitated calcium carbonate. The sol-gel reaction took place under alkaline conditions during 24 hours at a temperature of 21°C, using TEOS as a precursor. In order to characterize the original and modified particles of calcium carbonate, multiple analytical techniques were utilized to test: morphology (scanning electron microscopy), the size (laser diffraction spectroscopy), chemical composition (infrared spectroscopy), amount of silica present in the GCC (thermogravimetry), brightness (spectrophotometry) and particle charge (measuring of zeta potential). It was concluded that silica deposition was in GCC particles, as expected. The modified PCC, documented in Lourenço et al. (2013), succeeded in obtaining improvements in the mechanical properties of the sheet when the modified GCCfiller was applied for a goal of 20 %(w/w) in sheet, regardless of the range, one of the objectives was achieved. This improvement is due to the presence of hydroxyl groups of silica, which establish hydrogen bonds with the cellulose fibers. The increase in sheet resistance occurred to a larger degree in the GCC with smallest particle size, indicating that silica deposition depends on GCC particle size. Regarding the optical properties of sheets, these were slightly prejudiced with the application of GCC's modified, suggesting that the sheet is "closed"due to a stronger connection filler-fiber, and a slighter loss of opacity in the GCC with smaller particle size. Thus, it was found that it is preferable to modify calcium carbonate. In GCCs that difiered on the level of brightness, there were no diferences to register between the sheets formed by these two mineral fillers. The results achieved with the modified PCC, which Lourenço et al. (2013) had obtained, have been compared noting that it is better to modify PCC than GCC. Besides the natural tendency that the PCC has to pass good optical properties on the sheet of paper, coating with silica induced a higher improvement in the mechanical properties of a sheet than those obtained with GCC magnitude, overcoming the intrinsic ability that this filler contains in this context. This result was similar to that obtained by applying the sheet corresponding modified GCC 30 %(w/w). Paper sheets were also produced with a mineral filler mixture, 20 %(w/w) modified GCC and 10 %(w/w) of precipitated calcium carbonate, with the aim of reducing the amount of modified load and improving the optical properties. The results indicate that it is preferable to use this filler than just modified GCC, if we take into account the costs associated with the modification. By using modified loads, it was shown that it is possible to increase the content, about 10 %, of mineral filler without damaging the mechanical properties of the paper sheets. This was confirmed both in the use of modfied GCC, as in the filler mixture, the latter having advantage due to the economic component. Since the objectives of this study are closely linked to an economic factor it should be estimated the economic costs of the modification of calcium carbonate in order to properly evaluate the obtained results. Although the results were not entirely positive in applying the uncoated woodfree printing, that is, regarding to precipitated calcium carbonate, it may be useful in papers with other use where the optical properties are not fundamental.

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Correia, Ana Catarina Pereira. "Characterisation of exudates, growth and performance of brassica rapa lines under controlled environment conditions and the impact of soil microorganisms on the uptake of phosphate by the plant." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/30600.

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O fósforo (P) é um nutriente de elevado interesse e procura pelas indústrias agrícolas e um fator limitante nos solos de produções agrícolas como por exemplo Brassica rapa. Porém a presença de P no solo não significa que se encontra disponível para absorção pelas plantas. Para a resolução deste problema, os profissionais recorrem à adição de P nos solos, acabando por levar a problemas de eutrofização, quando este é perdido no meio. As fosfatases excretadas pelas plantas e microrganismos participam numa das reações envolvidas na absorção de P pelas plantas. No caso da indústria agrícola, se não houver uma evolução nos procedimentos aplicados atualmente, com a demanda atual e/ou futura, a escassez de nutrientes nos solos pode tornar-se uma realidade afetando negativamente o sector agrícola. Uma das soluções para contrariar esta corrente é uso de rizobactérias promotoras do crescimento de plantas (PGPR), como Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida e Flavobacterium johnsoniae. O objetivo deste trabalho laboratorial foi avaliar a excreção enzimática in vitro de ácido e alcalino fosfatases (AcP e AlP) por três diferentes PGPR (P. fluorescens, P. putida e F. johnsoniae) e pela B. rapa subsp. trilocularis line R-o-18 na presença e ausência de P e a diferentes pHs. Para a análise da atividade enzimática dos microrganismos e da planta recorreu-se ao uso da técnica de zimografia. O estudo da atividade enzimática foi realizado ao longo de 21 dias de crescimento da planta, em três solos diferentes, dois com P adicionado, como controlos (+) (John Innes no. 3 e solo arenoso) e um sem adição de P, como controlo (-) (solo de turfa e areia), e em Murashige and Skoog (MS) com P adicionado como controlo (+) e sem P adicionado como controlo (-). Os tempos foram avaliados aos 7, 14 e 21 dias. Os resultados mostraram-se significativamente diferentes aos diferentes pHs, e aos diferentes tempos de crescimento (p < 0.05). Contudo, os três solos com e sem adição de P a pH 6.5 e os meios de MS com e sem P adicionado a pHs 6.5 e 11 apresentam resultados não significativamente diferentes de atividade enzimática. A avaliação feita a B. rapa inoculada com as PGPR crescida nos dois diferentes meios MS, apresentam resultados estatisticamente similares entre si. Em conclusão, pela técnica da zimografia, a análise feita nos primeiros 21 dias de crescimento de B. rapa, a concentrações de P diferentes e com o uso PGPR não afetaram significativamente a secreção enzimática e consequentemente a sua atividade.
Phosphorus (P) is a nutrient of high interest and demand for agricultural industries and is a limiting factor in the soils to produce plants such as Brassica rapa. However, the presence of P in the soil does not mean that it is available for absorption by plants. In order to solve this problem, the farmers add more phosphorus to the crops, which if lost from the field can lead to eutrophication problems. One of the reactions involved in the uptake of P by plants is related to the phosphatases excreted by plants and microorganism present in the environment. In the case of the agricultural industry, if there is no evolution in the current procedures used, current and future demands for food will trigger nutrient scarcity in soils, adversely affecting the agricultural sector. One of the solutions to counteract this chain is the use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), such as Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida and Flavobacterium johnsoniae. The objective of this work was to evaluate the in vitro enzymatic excretion of acid and alkaline phosphatases (AcP and AlP) by three different PGPRs (P. fluorescens, P. putida and F. johnsoniae) and by B. rapa subsp. trilocularis line R-o-18 in the presence and absence of P and at different pHs. For the analysis of the enzymatic activity of microorganisms and plant, zymography technique was used. The study of the enzymatic activity was performed during 21 days of plant growth in three different soils, two with P added, as (+) controls (John Innes no. 3 and sandy soil) and one without P added, as (-) control (peat and sand soil), and Murashige and Skoog (MS) mediums with P added as (+) control and without P added as (-) control. The times were evaluated at 7, 14 and 21 days. The results were significantly different at different pHs, and at different growth times (p <0.05). However, the three soils with and without addition of P at pH 6.5 and the MS medium with and without P added at pHs 6.5 and 11 presented results non-significantly different of enzymatic activity. The evaluation made to B. rapa inoculated with the PGPR grown in the two different MS mediums presents statistically similar results among themselves. In conclusion, the analysis made with zymography technique, in the first 21 days of growth of B. rapa, at different concentrations of P and with the use of PGPR did not significantly affect the enzymatic secretion and consequently its activity.

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Sharma, Anil Kumar. "Class-F Fly Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) Mixtures for Enhanced Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Applications." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/3009.

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Fly ash and blast furnace slag are the two major industrial solid by-products generated in most countries including India. Although their utilization rate has increased in the recent years, still huge quantities of these material remain unused and are stored or disposed of consuming large land area involving huge costs apart from causing environmental problems. Environmentally safe disposal of Fly ash is much more troublesome because of its ever increasing quantity and its nature compared to blast furnace slag. Bulk utilization of these materials which is essentially possible in civil engineering in general and more particular in geotechnical engineering can provide a relief to environmental problems apart from having economic benefit. One of the important aspects of these waste materials is that they improve physical and mechanical properties with time and can be enhanced to a significant level by activating with chemical additives like lime and cement. Class-C Fly ashes which have sufficient lime are well utilized but class-F Fly ashes account for a considerable portion that is disposed of due to their low chemical reactivity. Blast furnace slag in granulated form is used as a replacement for sand to conserve the fast declining natural source. The granulated blast furnace slag (GBS) is further ground to enhance its pozzolanic nature. If GBS is activated by chemical means rather than grinding, it can provide a good economical option and enhance its utilization potential as well. GGBS is latent hydraulic cement and is mostly utilized in cement and concrete industries. Most uses of these materials are due to their pozzolanic reactivity. Though Fly ash and GGBS are pozzolanic materials, there is a considerable difference in their chemical composition. For optimal pozzolanic reactivity, sufficient lime and silica should be available in desired proportions. Generally, Fly ash has higher silica (SiO2) content whereas GGBS is rich in lime (CaO) content. Combining these two industrial wastes in the right proportion may be more beneficial compared to using them individually. The main objective of the thesis has been to evaluate the suitability of the class-F Fly ash/GGBS mixtures with as high Fly ash contents for Geotechnical and Geo-environmental applications. For this purpose, sufficient amount of class-F Fly ash and GGBS were collected and their mixtures were tested in the laboratory for analyzing their mechanical behavior. The experimental program included the evaluation of mechanical properties such as compaction, strength, compressibility of the Fly ash/GGBS mixtures at different proportions with GGBS content varying from 10 to 40 percent. An external agent such as chemical additives like lime or cement is required to accelerate the hydration and pozzolanic reactions in both these materials. Hence, addition of varying percentages of lime is also considered. However, these studies are not extended to chemically activate GBS and only GGBS is used in the present study. Unconfined compressive strength tests have been carried out on various Fly ash/ GGBS mixtures at different proportions at different curing periods. The test results demonstrated rise in strength with increase in GGBS content and with 30 and 40 percent of GGBS addition, the mixture showed higher strength than either of the components i.e. Fly ash or GGBS after sufficient curing periods. Addition of small amount of lime increased the strength tremendously which indicated the occurrence of stronger cementitious reactions in the Fly ash/GGBS mixtures than in samples containing only Fly ash. Improvement of the strength of the Fly ash/GGBS mixtures was explained through micro-structural and mineralogical studies. The microstructure and mineralogical studies of the original and the stabilized samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction techniques respectively. These studies together showed the formation of cementitious compounds such as C-S-H, responsible for imparting strength to the pozzolanic materials, is better in the mixture containing 30 and 40 percent of GGBS content than in individual components. Resilient and permanent deformation behavior on an optimized mix sample of Fly ash and GGBS cured for 7 day curing period has been studied. The Resilient Modulus (Mr) is a measure of subgrade material stiffness and is actually an estimate of its modulus of elasticity (E). The permanent deformation behavior is also important in predicting the performance of the pavements particularly in thin pavements encountered mainly in rural and low volume roads. The higher resilient modulus values indicated its suitability for use as subgrade or sub-base materials in pavement construction. Permanent axial strain was found to increase with the number of load cycles and accumulation of plastic strain in the sample reduced with the increase in confining pressure. Consolidation tests were carried on Fly ash/GGBS mixtures using conventional oedometer to assess their volume stability. However, such materials develop increased strength with time and conventional rate of 24 hour as duration of load increment which requires considerable time to complete the test is not suitable to assess their volume change behavior in initial stages. An attempt was thus made to reduce the duration of load increment so as to reflect the true compressibility characteristics of the material as close as possible. By comparing the compressibility behavior of Fly ash and GGBS between conventional 24 hour and 30 minutes duration of load increment, it was found that 30 minutes was sufficient to assess the compressibility characteristics due to the higher rate of consolidation. The results indicated the compressibility of the Fly ash/GGBS mixtures slightly decreases initially but increase with increase in GGBS content. Addition of lime did not have any significant effect on the compressibility characteristics since the pozzolanic reaction, which is a time dependent process and as such could not influence due to very low duration of loading. Results were also represented in terms of constrained modulus which is a most commonly used parameter for the determination of settlement under one dimensional compression tests. It was found that tangent constrained modulus showed higher values only at higher amounts of GGBS. It was also concluded that settlement analysis can also be done by taking into account the constrained modulus. The low values of compression and recompression indices suggested that settlements on the embankments and fills (and the structures built upon these) will be immediate and minimal when these mixtures are used. In addition to geotechnical applications of Fly ash/GGBS mixture, their use for the removal of heavy metals for contaminated soils was also explored. Batch equilibrium tests at different pH and time intervals were conducted with Fly ash and Fly ash/GGBS mixture at a proportion of 70:30 by weight as adsorbents to adsorb lead ions. It was found that though uptake of lead by Fly ash itself was high, it increased further in the presence of GGBS. Also, the removal of lead ions increased with increase in pH of the solution but decreases at very high pH. The retention of lead ions by sorbents at higher pH was due to its precipitation as hydroxide. Results of the adsorption kinetics showed that the reaction involving removal of lead by both the adsorbents follow second-order kinetics. One of the major problems which geotechnical engineers often face is construction of foundations on expansive soils. Though stabilization of expansive soils with lime or cement is well established, the use of by-product materials such as Fly ash and blast furnace slag to achieve economy and reduce the disposal problem needs to be explored. To stabilize the soil, binder comprising of Fly ash and GGBS in the ratio of 70:30 was used. Different percentages of binder with respect to the soil were incorporated to the expansive soil and changes in the physical and engineering properties of the soil were examined. Small addition of lime was also considered to enhance the pozzolanic reactions by increasing the pH. It was found that liquid limit, plasticity index, swell potential and swell pressure of the expansive soil decreased considerably while the strength increased with the addition of binder. The effect was more pronounced with the addition of lime. Swell potential and swell pressure reduced significantly in the presence of lime. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the expansive soils can be successfully stabilized with the Fly ash-GGBS based binder with small addition of lime. This is also more advantageous in terms of lime requirement which is typically high when Fly ash, class-F in particular, is used alone to stabilize expansive soils. Based on the studies carried out in the present work, it is established that combination of Fly ash and GGBS can be advantageous as compared to using them separately for various geotechnical applications such as for construction of embankments/fills, stabilization of expansive soils etc. with very small amount of lime. Further, these mixtures have better potential for geo-environmental applications such as decontamination of soil. However, it is still a challenge to activate GBS without grinding.

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47

Malini, R. "Granular Media Supported Microbial Remediation of Nitrate Contaminated Drinking Water." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/3008.

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Increasing nitrate concentration in ground water from improper disposal of sewage and excessive use of fertilizers is deleterious to human health as ingestion of nitrate contaminated water can cause methaemoglobinemia in infants and possibly cancer in adults. The permissible limit for nitrate in potable water is 45 mg/L. Unacceptable levels of nitrate in groundwater is an important environmental issue as nearly 80 % of Indian rural population depends on groundwater as source of drinking water. Though numerous technologies such as reverse osmosis, ion exchange, electro-dialysis, permeable reactive barriers using zero-valent iron exists, nitrate removal from water using affordable, sustainable technology, continues to be a challenging issue as nitrate ion is not amenable to precipitation or removable by mineral adsorbents. Tapping the denitrification potential of soil denitrifiers which are inherently available in the soil matrix is a possible sustainable approach to remove nitrate from contaminated drinking water. Insitu denitrification is a useful process to remove NO3–N from water and wastewater. In biological denitrification, nitrate ions function as terminal electron acceptor instead of oxygen; the carbon source serve as electron donor and the energy generated in the redox process is utilized for microbial cell growth and maintenance. In this process, microorganisms first reduce nitrate to nitrite and then produce nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen gas. The pathway for nitrate reduction can be written as: NO3-→ NO2-→ NO → N2O → N2. (i) Insitu denitrification process occurring in soil environments that utilizes indigenous soil microbes is the chosen technique for nitrate removal from drinking water in this thesis. As presence of clay in soil promotes bacterial activity, bentonite clay was mixed with natural sand and this mix, referred as bentonite enhanced sand (BES) acted as the habitat for the denitrifying bacteria. Nitrate reduction experiments were carried out in batch studies using laboratory prepared nitrate contaminated water spiked with ethanol; the batch studies examined the mechanisms, kinetics and parameters influencing the heterotrophic denitrification process. Optimum conditions for effective nitrate removal by sand and bentonite enhanced sand (BES) were evaluated. Heterotrophic denitrification reactors were constructed with sand and BES as porous media and the efficiency of these reactors in removing nitrate from contaminated water was studied. Batch experiments were performed at 40°C with sand and bentonite enhanced sand specimens that were wetted with nutrient solution containing 22.6 mg of nitrate-nitrogen and ethanol to give C/N ratio of 3. The moist sand and BES specimens were incubated for periods ranging from 0 to 48 h. During nitrate reduction, nitrite ions were formed as intermediate by-product and were converted to gaseous nitrogen. There was little formation of ammonium ions in the soil–water extract during reduction of nitrate ions. Hence it was inferred that nitrate reduction occurred by denitrification than through dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA). The reduction in nitrate concentration with time was fitted into rate equations and was observed to follow first order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.118 h-1 at 40°C. Results of batch studies also showed that the first order rate constant for nitrate reduction decreased to 5.3x10-2 h-1 for sand and 4.3 x10-2 h-1 for bentonite-enhanced sand (BES) at 25°C. Changes in pH, redox potential and dissolved oxygen in the soil-solution extract served as indicators of nitrate reduction process. The nitrate reduction process was associated with increasing pH and decreasing redox potential. The oxygen depletion process followed first order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.26 h-1. From the first order rate equation of oxygen depletion process, the nitrate reduction lag time was computed to be 12.8 h for bentonite enhanced sand specimens. Ethanol added as an electron donor formed acetate ions as an intermediate by-product that converted to bicarbonate ions; one mole of nitrate reduction generated 1.93 moles of bicarbonate ions that increased the pH of the soil-solution extract. The alkaline pH of BES specimen (8.78) rendered it an ideal substrate for soil denitrification process. In addition, the ability of bentonite to stimulate respiration by maintaining adequate levels of pH for sustained bacterial growth and protected bacteria in its microsites against the effect of hypertonic osmotic pressures, promoting the rate of denitrification. Buffering capacity of bentonite was mainly due to high cation exchange capacity of the clay. The presence of small pores in BES specimens increased the water retention capacity that aided in quick onset of anaerobiosis within the soil microsites. The biochemical process of nitrate reduction was affected by physical parameters such as bentonite content, water content, and temperature and chemical parameters such as C/N ratio, initial nitrate concentration and presence of indigenous micro-organisms in contaminated water. The rate of nitrate reduction process progressively increased with bentonite content but the presence of bentonite retarded the conversion of nitrite ions to nitrogen gas, hence there was significant accumulation of nitrite ions with increase in bentonite content. The dependence of nitrate reduction process on water content was controlled by the degree of saturation of the soil specimens. The rate of nitrate reduction process increased with water content until the specimens were saturated. The threshold water content for nitrate reduction process for sand and bentonite enhanced sand specimens was observed to be 50 %. The rate of nitrate reduction linearly increased with C/N ratio till steady state was attained. The optimum C/N ratio was 3 for sand and bentonite enhanced sand specimens. The activation energy (Ea) for this biochemical reaction was 35.72 and 47.12 kJmol-1 for sand and BES specimen respectively. The temperature coefficient (Q10) is a measure of the rate of change of a biological or chemical system as a consequence of increasing the temperature by 10°C. The temperature coefficient of sand and BES specimen was 2.0 and 2.05 respectively in the 15–25°C range; the temperature coefficients of sand and BES specimens were 1.62 and 1.77 respectively in the 25–40°C range. The rate of nitrate reduction linearly decreased with increase in initial nitrate concentration. The biochemical process of nitrate reduction was unaffected by presence of co-ions and nutrients such as phosphorus but was influenced by presence of pathogenic bacteria. Since nitrate leaching from agricultural lands is the main source of nitrate contamination in ground water, batch experiments were performed to examine the role of vadose (unsaturated soil) zone in the nitrate mitigation by employing sand and BES specimens with varying degree of soil saturation and C/N ratio as controlling parameters. Batch studies with sand and BES specimens showed that the incubation period required to reduce nitrate concentrations below 45 mg/L (t45) strongly depends on degree of saturation when there is inadequate carbon source available to support denitrifying bacteria; once optimum C/N ratio is provided, the rate of denitrification becomes independent of degree of soil saturation. The theoretical lag time (lag time refers to the period that is required for denitrification to commence) for nitrate reduction for sand specimens at Sr= 81 and 90%, C/N ratio = 3 and temperature = 40ºC corresponded to 24.4 h and 23.1 h respectively. The lag time for BES specimens at Sr = 84 and 100%, C/N ratio = 3 and temperature = 40ºC corresponded to 13.9 h and 12.8 h respectively. Though the theoretically computed nitrate reduction lag time for BES specimens was nearly half of sand specimens, it was experimentally observed that nitrate reduction proceeds immediately without any lag phase in sand and BES specimens suggesting the simultaneous occurrence of anaerobic microsites in both. Denitrification soil columns (height = 5 cm and diameter = 8.2 cm) were constructed using sand and bentonite-enhanced sand as porous reactor media. The columns were permeated with nitrate spiked solutions (100 mg/L) and the outflow was monitored for various chemical parameters. The sand denitrification column (packing density of 1.3 Mg/m3) showed low nitrate removal efficiency because of low hydraulic residence time (1.32 h) and absence of carbon source. A modified sand denitrification column constructed with higher packing density (1.52 Mg/m3) and ethanol addition to the influent nitrate solution improved the reactor performance such that near complete nitrate removal was achieved after passage of 50 pore volumes. In comparison, the BES denitrification column achieved 87.3% nitrate removal after the passage of 28.9 pore volumes, corresponding to 86 h of operation of the BES reactor. This period represents the maturation period of bentonite enhanced sand bed containing 10 % bentonite content. Though nitrate reduction is favored by sand bed containing 10 % bentonite, the low flow rate (20-25 cm3/h) impedes its use for large scale removal of nitrate from drinking water. Hence new reactor was designed using lower bentonite content of 5 % that required maturation period of 9.6 h. The 5 and 10 % bentonite-enhanced sand reactors bed required shorter maturation period than sand reactor as presence of bentonite contributes to increase in hydraulic retention time of nitrate within the reactor. On continued operation of the BES reactors, reduction in flow rate from blocking of pores by microbial growth on soil particles and accumulation of gas molecules was observed that was resolved by backwashing the reactors.

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48

Tudu, Jaynarayan Thakurdas. "Power Issues in SoCs : Power Aware DFT Architecture and Power Estimation." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/3003.

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Test power, data volume, and test time have been long-standing problems for sequential scan based testing of system-on-chip (SoC) design. The modern SoCs fabricated at lower technology nodes are complex in nature, the transistor count is as large as billions of gate for some of the microprocessors. The design complexity is further projected to increase in the coming years in accordance with Moore's law. The larger gate count and integration of multiple functionalities are the causes for higher test power dissipation, test time and data volume. The dynamic power dissipation during scan testing, i.e. during scan shift, launch and response capture, are major concerns for reliable as well as cost effective testing. Excessive average power dissipation leads to a thermal problem which causes burn-out of the chip during testing. Peak power on other hand causes test failure due to power induced additional delay. The test failure has direct impact on yield. The test power problem in modern 3D stacked based IC is even a more serious issue. Estimating the worst case functional power dissipation is yet another great challenge. The worst case functional power estimation is necessary because it gives an upper bound on the functional power dissipation which can further be used to determine the safe power zone for the test. Several solutions in the past have been proposed to address these issues. In this thesis we have three major contributions: 1) Sequential scan chain reordering, and 2) JScan-an alternative Joint-scan DFT architecture to address primarily the test power issues along with test time and data volume, and 3) an integer linear programming methodology to address the power estimation problem. In order to reduce test power during shift, we have proposed a graph theoretic formulation for scan chain reordering and for optimum scan shift operation. For each formulation a set of algorithms is proposed. The experimental results on ISCAS-89 benchmark circuit show a reduction of around 25% and 15% in peak power and scan shift time respectively. In order to have a holistic DFT architecture which could solve test power, test time, and data volume problems, a new DFT architecture called Joint-scan (JScan) have been developed. In JScan we have integrated the serial and random access scan architectures in a systematic way by which the JScan could harness the respective advantages from each of the architectures. The serial scan architecture from test power, test time, and data volume problems. However, the serial scan is simple in terms of its functionality and is cost effective in terms of DFT circuitry. Whereas, the random ac-cess scan architecture is opposite to this; it is power efficient and it takes lesser time and data volume compared to serial scan. However, the random access scan occupies larger DFT area and introduces routing congestion. Therefore, we have proposed a methodology to realize the JScan architecture as an efficient alternative for standard serial and random access scan. Further, the JScan architecture is optimized and it resulted into a 2-Mode 2M-Jscan Joint-scan architecture. The proposed architectures are experimentally verified on larger benchmark circuits and compared with existing state of the art DFT architectures. The results show a reduction of 50% to 80% in test power and 30% to 50% in test time and data volume. The proposed architectures are also evaluated for routing area minimization and we obtained a saving of around 7% to 15% of chip area. Estimating the worst case functional power being a challenging problem, we have proposed a binary integer linear programming (BILP) based methodology. Two different formulations have been proposed considering the different delay models namely zero-delay and unit-delay. The proposed methodology generates a pair or input vectors which could toggle the circuit to dissipate worst power. The BILP problems are solved using CPLEX solver for ISCAS-85 combinational benchmark circuits. For some of the circuits, the proposed methodology provided the worst possible power dissipation i.e. 80 to 100% toggling in nets.

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49

van, Straaten Oliver. "Drought effects on soil carbon dioxide efflux in two ecosystems in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B136-8.

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50

Krüger, Jens-Peter. "Waldkonversion und Bodendegradation im tropischen Tiefland von Ostbolivien." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B32F-A.

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