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Journal articles on the topic 'Sol gel based optical ammonia sensor'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Lobnik, Aleksandra, and Otto S. Wolfbeis. "Sol-gel based optical sensor for dissolved ammonia." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 51, no. 1-3 (August 1998): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(98)00189-0.

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2

Sung, Ti-Wen, and Yu-Lung Lo. "Ammonia vapor sensor based on CdSe/SiO2 core–shell nanoparticles embedded in sol–gel matrix." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 188 (November 2013): 702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.07.040.

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3

Salim, Musdalilah Ahmad, Halina Misran, S. Z. Othman, N. N. H. Shah, N. A. A. Razak, and Abreeza Manap. "Effect of NH₃ on Structural and Optical Properties of SiO₂-CuO Core-Shell Nanostructure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.813.

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CuO nanoparticles at ca. 20-50 nm were successfully coated on monodispersed silica spheres prepared by modified sol-gel method. A renewable palm oil based decyl-alcohol (C10) was employed as nonsurfactant surface modifier prior to coating with CuO. Various amounts of ammonia (NH3) (0-1 ml) was as catalyst during the modification process to study the effect in homogeneous deposition of CuO on silica surfaces. The homogeneous depositions of CuO on silica were achieved with the addition of 0.9 ml of NH3. The optical absorption peak and energy band gap (Eg) values were at ca. 1.8-2.18 eV suitable for semiconductor and optical sensor materials.

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4

Aspiotis, N., A. El Sachat, L. Athanasekos, M. Vasileiadis, G. Mousdis, N. Vainos, and C. Riziotis. "Diffractive Ammonia Sensors Based on Sol–Gel Nanocomposites Materials." Sensor Letters 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 1415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2013.2945.

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5

Wencel, D., B. D. MacCraith, and C. McDonagh. "High performance optical ratiometric sol–gel-based pH sensor." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 139, no. 1 (May 2009): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.12.066.

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6

Bhola, Bipin, Pavel Nosovitskiy, Hari Mahalingam, and William H. Steier. "Sol-Gel-Based Integrated Optical Microring Resonator Humidity Sensor." IEEE Sensors Journal 9, no. 7 (July 2009): 740–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2009.2020113.

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7

Campbell, A., and D. Uttamchandani. "Optical dissolved oxygen lifetime sensor based on sol-gel immobilisation." IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology 151, no. 4 (July 1, 2004): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-smt:20040421.

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8

Zhang, Jianxin, and Lei Zhou. "Preparation and Optimization of Optical pH Sensor Based on Sol-Gel." Sensors 18, no. 10 (September 21, 2018): 3195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103195.

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Making use of the sol-gel technique, an optical pH sensor was prepared, which was made from an organic carrier with four indictors including congo red, bromophenol blue, cresol red, and chlorophenol red, cross-linked by tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and cellulose acetate. The actual detection range of the optical pH sensor is 2.5–11.0. The optimal ratio of ethyl orthosilicate, absolute ethanol, deionized water, and hydrochloric acid in glue precursor of the sensor-sensitive membrane was explored. The orthogonal experiment was designed to optimize the dosage of cellulose acetate, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), indicator, hydrochloric acid, and precursor glue in preparing the sensor-sensitive membrane. The linearity, measurement accuracy, repeatability, stability, and response time of the prepared pH sensor were tested. The measurement results were analyzed using a support vector machine and linear regression. The experimental results show that the optical pH sensor has a measurement accuracy of up to 0.2 pH and better stability and repeatability than the traditional pH glass electrode.

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9

Korent, Špela Mojca, Aleksandra Lobnik, and Gerhard J. Mohr. "Sol-gel-based optical sensor for the detection of aqueous amines." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 387, no. 8 (February 15, 2007): 2863–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-007-1146-x.

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10

Сакалош, І. І., І. І. Трикур, М. Ю. Січка, and В. М. Різак. "Fiber optic sensor of ammonia based on bacteriorhodopsin film in a sol-gel matrix." Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University.Series Physics 37 (July 1, 2015): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2415-8038.2015.37.83-88.

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11

Liu, Dejun, Wei Han, Arun Kumar Mallik, Jinhui Yuan, Chongxiu Yu, Gerald Farrell, Yuliya Semenova, and Qiang Wu. "High sensitivity sol-gel silica coated optical fiber sensor for detection of ammonia in water." Optics Express 24, no. 21 (October 11, 2016): 24179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.24.024179.

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12

Lobnik, Aleksandra, and Merima Čajlaković. "Sol–gel based optical sensor for continuous determination of dissolved hydrogen peroxide." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 74, no. 1-3 (April 2001): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(00)00733-4.

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13

Belhadj Miled, Othman, Hafedh Ben Ouada, and Jacques Livage. "pH sensor based on a detection sol–gel layer onto optical fiber." Materials Science and Engineering: C 21, no. 1-2 (September 2002): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-4931(02)00100-5.

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14

Nedeljko, Polonca, Matejka Turel, and Aleksandra Lobnik. "Hybrid sol-gel based sensor layers for optical determination of biogenic amines." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 246 (July 2017): 1066–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.02.011.

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15

Malins, Chris, Thomas M. Butler, and Brian D. MacCraith. "Influence of the surface polarity of dye-doped sol–gel glass films on optical ammonia sensor response." Thin Solid Films 368, no. 1 (June 2000): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(00)00913-5.

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16

Timbó, Átila Pereira, Paulo Victor Ferreira Pinto, Hilton Andrade Pinho, Lucas Pinheiro de Moura, Jecol Bamutsha Chretien, Flávio Wanderley Viana, Rogério Guerra Diógenes Filho, et al. "pH optical sensor based on thin films of sol–gel with bromocresol purple." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 223 (February 2016): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.09.066.

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17

Ben-David, O., E. Shafir, I. Gilath, Y. Prior, and D. Avnir. "Simple Absorption Optical Fiber pH Sensor Based on Doped Sol−Gel Cladding Material." Chemistry of Materials 9, no. 11 (November 1997): 2255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm9703334.

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18

Kuncov�, G., and M. Fialov�. "Optical oxygen sensor based on metallo-organic compound immobilized by sol-gel technique." Biotechnology Techniques 9, no. 3 (March 1995): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00157074.

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19

Biskupski, Diana, Bettina Herbig, Gerhard Schottner, and Ralf Moos. "Nanosized titania derived from a novel sol–gel process for ammonia gas sensor applications." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 153, no. 2 (April 2011): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.10.029.

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20

Beniwal, Ajay, Vibhu Srivastava, and Sunny. "Sol-gel assisted nano-structured SnO2 sensor for low concentration ammonia detection at room temperature." Materials Research Express 6, no. 4 (January 25, 2019): 046421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aafdd8.

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21

Royon, Maxime, Damien Jamon, Thomas Blanchet, François Royer, Francis Vocanson, Emmanuel Marin, Adriana Morana, et al. "Sol–Gel Waveguide-Based Sensor for Structural Health Monitoring on Large Surfaces in Aerospace Domain." Aerospace 8, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8040109.

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The potential of sol–gel-based optical sensors is investigated for applications in the aerospace domain. To this aim, a low-cost and non-intrusive sol–gel sensor based on waveguides, arranged as a 2D matrix structure, is fabricated by UV photolithography for delamination and damage detection. Two different organic–inorganic sol–gels were selected to fabricate the photonic device: TiO2–SiO2 and ZrO2–SiO2, acting as the waveguide core and the cladding, respectively. A systematic study was performed to determine the manufacturing parameters controlling their properties. The results show that large surfaces can be functionalized via sol–gel methods using the direct laser-writing approach. The structures are characterized in terms of refractive index, and the guiding properties were investigated through simulations and experiments, indicating an excellent behavior regarding the light guidance in a straight waveguide or in the 2D matrix structure grid. Additionally, preliminary tests show that the presence of impact can be easily detected after damage through the induced optical losses on large surfaces. This proof of concept sensor is a promising tool for structural health monitoring. To achieve the ultimate goal, the integration of this photonic sensor will be later performed on aircraft wings.

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22

Motaharian, Ali, Mohaddeseh Hajebrahimi, Mohammad Reza Milani Hosseini, and Roya Khosrokhavar. "Molecularly Imprinted Sol‐Gel Sensing Film‐Based Optical Sensor for Determination of Sulfasalazine Antibiotic." ChemistrySelect 5, no. 42 (November 13, 2020): 13191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/slct.202003685.

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23

Chu, Cheng-Shane. "Optical fiber oxygen sensor based on Pd(II) complex embedded in sol–gel matrix." Journal of Luminescence 135 (March 2013): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2012.10.006.

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24

Xu, Xiaofeng, Xiaotao Zu, Dongyi Ao, Jingxia Yu, Xia Xiang, Wanfeng Xie, Yongliang Tang, Sean Li, and Yongqing Fu. "NH3-Sensing Mechanism Using Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor with AlO(OH) Film." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (December 4, 2019): 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121732.

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In this study, AlO(OH) (boehmite) film was deposited onto a surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator using a combined sol-gel and spin-coating technology, and prepared and used as a sensitive layer for a high-performance ammonia sensor. The prepared AlO(OH) film has a mesoporous structure and a good affinity to NH3 (ammonia gas) molecules, and thus can selectively adsorb and react with NH3. When exposed to ammonia gases, the SAW sensor shows an initial positive response of the frequency shift, and then a slight decrease of the frequency responses. The sensing mechanism of the NH3 sensor is based on the competition between mass-loading and elastic-loading effects. The sensor operated at room temperature shows a positive response of 1540 Hz to 10 ppm NH3, with excellent sensitivity, selectivity and stability.

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25

Karasiński, Paweł, Andrzej Kaźmierczak, Magdalena Zięba, Cuma Tyszkiewicz, Katarzyna Wojtasik, and Paweł Kielan. "Highly Sensitive Sensor Structure Based on Sol-Gel Waveguide Films and Grating Couplers." Electronics 10, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121389.

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The technologies of optical planar evanescent wave chemical and biochemical sensors require chemically resistant, high refractive index waveguide films having very good optical transmission properties. In this paper we present such two-compound SiOx:TiOy waveguide films fabricated by using the sol-gel method and the dip-coating technique. These films not only have high optical quality and low propagation losses but also an extremely high refractive index of >1.90 (λ = 632.8 nm). Further we demonstrate efficient and simple sensing structures, designed and fabricated based on these films. For this purpose, grating couplers with a period of Λ = 417 nm were fabricated on the interface between a waveguide film and cover using the single-step nanoimprint method. These sensing structures were tested as planar refractometers. The results of the theoretical analysis on the basis of which the structures were designed as well as results of their experimental characterization are presented in this work. Consequently, the relationship between parameters and the sensitivity of investigated sensing structures is discussed. As a result, the profitable properties of the designed grating coupler sensors are verified and excellent consistency between the results of the theoretical analysis and experimental results is achieved.

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26

Gomes, Bárbara R., Rita B. Figueira, Susana P. G. Costa, M. Manuela M. Raposo, and Carlos J. R. Silva. "Synthesis, Optical and Electrical Characterization of Amino-alcohol Based Sol-gel Hybrid Materials." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): 2671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112671.

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This manuscript describes the synthesis and characterization of five new organic–inorganic hybrid (OIH) sol-gel materials that were obtained from a functionalized siloxane 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) by the reaction with the new Jeffamine®, namely three different diamines, i.e., EDR-148, RFD-270, and THF-170, a secondary diamine, i.e., SD-2001, and a triamine, i.e., T-403. The OIH sol-gel materials were characterized by UV-visible absorption spectrophotometry, steady-state photoluminescence spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The reported OIH sol-gel materials showed that, with the exception of the samples prepared with Jeffamine® SD-2001, the transmittance values ranged between 61% and 79%. Regarding the capacitance data, the values reported changed between 0.008 and 0.013 nF cm−2. Due to their optical and electrical properties these new OIH materials show promising properties for applications as support films in an optical sensor area such as fiber sensor devices. Studies to assess the chemical stability of the OIH materials in contact with cement pastes after 7, 14, and 28 days were also performed. The samples prepared with THF–170 and GPTMS, when compared to the samples prepared with RFD-270 and T-403, exhibited improved behavior in the cement paste (alkaline environment), showing promising properties for application as support film in optical fiber sensors in the civil engineering field.

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27

Beduk, Tutku, Eloise Bihar, Sandeep G. Surya, Aminta N. Castillo, Sahika Inal, and Khaled N. Salama. "A paper-based inkjet-printed PEDOT:PSS/ZnO sol-gel hydrazine sensor." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 306 (March 2020): 127539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.127539.

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28

Mittal, Upendra, Tarikul Islam, Archibald Theodore Nimal, and Manoj Umesh Sharma. "A Novel Sol–Gel $\gamma $ -Al2O3 Thin-Film-Based Rapid SAW Humidity Sensor." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 62, no. 12 (December 2015): 4242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2015.2492139.

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29

Shaposhnik, Alexey V., Dmitry A. Shaposhnik, Sergey Yu Turishchev, Olga A. Chuvenkova, Stanislav V. Ryabtsev, Alexey A. Vasiliev, Xavier Vilanova, Francisco Hernandez-Ramirez, and Joan R. Morante. "Gas sensing properties of individual SnO2 nanowires and SnO2 sol–gel nanocomposites." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (July 8, 2019): 1380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.136.

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This work is an investigation of the properties of semiconductor materials based on metal oxides, their catalytic properties, and their application as gas sensors, which were shown to exhibit high sensitivity, stability, and selectivity to target gases. The aim of this work is the comparison of gas sensing properties of tin dioxide in the form of individual nanowires and nanopowders obtained by sol–gel synthesis. This comparison is necessary because the traditional synthesis procedures of small particle, metal oxide materials seem to be approaching their limit. Because of this, there is increasing interest in the fabrication of functional materials based on nanowires, i.e., quasi-one-dimensional objects. In this work, nanocrystalline tin dioxide samples with different morphology were synthesized. The gas-transport method was used for the fabrication of well-faceted wire-like crystals with diameters ranging between 15–100 nm. The sol–gel method allowed us to obtain fragile gels from powders with grain sizes of about 5 nm. By means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) it was proven that the nanowires contain considerably smaller amounts of hydroxy groups compared to the nanopowders. This leads to a decrease in the parasitic sensitivity of the sensing materials to humidity. In addition, we demonstrated that the nanowires are characterized by a nearly single-crystalline structure, ensuring higher stability of the sensor response due to the unlikelihood of sample recrystallization. The results from the ammonia detection experiments showed that the ratio of the sensor response to the surface area exhibits similar values for both the individual nanowire and nanopowders-based sensor materials.

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30

Taib, Mohd Nasir, Faiz Bukhari Mohd Suah, and Musa Ahmad. "An intelligent optical fibre pH sensor based on sol-gel advanced material and artificial neural network." Scientific Research Journal 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v2i2.9328.

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The application of artificial neural network (ANN) in signal processing of optical fibre pH sensor is presented. The pH sensor is developed based on the use of bromophenol blue indicator immobilized in a sol-gel thin film as a sensing material. A three layer feed-forward network was used and the network training was performed using the back-propagation algorithm. Spectra generated from the pH sensor at several selected wavelengths are used as the input for the ANN. The bromophenol blue indicator, which has a limited dynamic range of 3.00-5.50 pH units, was found to show higher pH dynamic range of 2.00-12.00 and low calibration error after training with ANN. The trained ANN was successfully employed to predict several spectra from unknown buffer solution with an average error of 0.06 pH units.

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31

Peng, Li Rong, Xing Hua Yang, Li Bo Yuan, En Ming Zhao, Le Li, and Shen Zi Luo. "Ammonia Detection by Dye Immobilized Microstructured Optical Fiber." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 2131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.2131.

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An optical ammonia probe was fabricated based on Microstructured Polymer Optical Fiber (MPOFs) modified by eosin doped silica gel films.The structure of this probe was based on microstructured polymer optical fibers with microholes and these microholes could be used as the substrate of sensing materials and minor reaction pools. The sensing properties of the optical fiber sensor to gaseous ammonia were investigated at room temperature. The sensing probe showed different fluorescence intensity at 576 nm to different concentrations of trace ammonia in carrier gas of nitrogen. The response range was 20-350 ppm, with short response time within 600 ms.

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32

Grant, Sheila A., and Robert S. Glass. "A sol–gel based fiber optic sensor for local blood pH measurements." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 45, no. 1 (November 1997): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(97)00263-3.

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33

Eisner, Ludmila, Isabel Wilhelm, Günter Flachenecker, Jürgen Hürttlen, and Wolfgang Schade. "Molecularly Imprinted Sol-Gel for TNT Detection with Optical Micro-Ring Resonator Sensor Chips." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 10, 2019): 3909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183909.

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A sensor for trinitrotoluene (TNT) detection was developed by using a combination of optical micro-ring technology and a receptor coating based on molecularly imprinted sol-gel layers. Two techniques for deposition of receptor layers were compared: Airbrush technology and electrospray ionization. A concentration of less than 5 ppb for TNT in the gas-phase, using electrospray deposition of the receptor layer, was detected. The cross-sensitivities to organic substances and further nitro-based explosives were compared. As a result, the sensitivity to TNT is about one order of magnitude higher in comparison to the explosives 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) or 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB) and about four orders of magnitude higher than the organic substances phenol, ethanol, and acetone. The signal response of the sensor is fast, and the compact sensor design enables the deposition of different receptor layers on multiple optical micro-rings on one chip, which allows a more precise analysis and reduction of side effects and false alarms.

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34

Suherman, Suherman, Muh Supwatul Hakim, and Agus Kuncaka. "Optical Chemical Sensor Based on 2,2-Furildioxime in Sol-Gel Matrix for Determination of Ni2+ in Water." Processes 9, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020280.

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A new optical chemical sensor was fabricated based on incorporation of 2,2-furildioxime as a sensitive reagent into the nanopore of a transparent glasslike material through the sol-gel method which was suitable for determination of Ni2+ ions in aqueous solutions. The prepared sensors were composed of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), 2,2-furildioxime, methanol, hydrochloric acid and Triton X-100. The sensors were constructed by dip coating onto glass substrates. The optimum response of the sensor toward Ni2+ ions was reached at pH 8.5 and the contact time for the formation of the complex at 10 min. The linear concentration of the calibration curve was in the range of 1–5 mg L−1 with a detection limit of 0.111 mg L−1, and quantification limit of 0.337 mg L−1. In addition, the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 5% in determination of Ni2+ with ten slide sensor membranes. The developed sensor was tested on Ni2+ determination in real water samples which was confirmed by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer method.

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35

Palmeira, J., L. Lopes, A. J. Silva, P. A. S. Jorge, and A. Oliva. "Optimization of Ormosil Glasses for Luminescence Based Dissolved Oxygen Sensors." Solid State Phenomena 161 (June 2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.161.1.

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In the recent years, sol-gel films have been intensively used in optical sensors configurations. Due to its hydrophobic nature, ormosil films have been reported to be a promising supporting matrix for oxygen sensing dyes for measurements in aqueous media. In this work, the impact of the sol-gel host fabrication parameters in the characteristics of the resulting oxygen sensing membranes is thoroughly evaluated. Different combinations of organic-inorganic precursors, with different aging times, were tested as oxygen sensors. All the solution were doped with ruthenium complex Ru(II)-tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) to introduce oxygen sensitivity. Thin films were produced by dip coating of glass slides. The oxygen sensitive films were tested in aqueous phase in equilibrium with different oxygen gas compositions, using a phase-modulation technique. Sensor performance parameters such as Stern-Volmer constant, quenching efficiency and lifetime response are reported. The data obtained clearly indicates that increased aging times and longer organic groups produce sensors with the highest sensitivity to dissolved oxygen. From all sol-gel films produced, the BTEOS:TEOS (1:1) mixture is the most promising for sensor construction.

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36

Chu, Cheng Shane. "Optical Fiber Oxygen Sensor Based on Ru (II) Complex and Porous Silica Nanoparticles Embedded in Sol-Gel Matrix." Key Engineering Materials 516 (June 2012): 612–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.516.612.

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This paper presents a high-sensitivity oxygen sensor that comprises an optical fibre coated at one end with tris (4, 7-diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) ([Ru (dpp)3]2+) and porous silica nanoparticles embedded in an n-octyltriethoxysilane (Octyl-triEOS)/tetraethylorthosilane (TEOS) composite xerogel. The sensitivity of the optical oxygen sensor is quantified in terms of the ratio IN2/IO2, where IN2 and IO2 represent the detected fluorescence intensities in pure nitrogen and pure oxygen environments, respectively. The experimental results show that the oxygen sensor has a sensitivity of 26. The experimental results show that compared to oxygen sensor based on Ru (II) complex immobilized in the sol-gel matrix, the proposed optical fibre oxygen sensor has higher sensitivity. In addition to the increased surface area per unit mass of the sensing surface, the porous silica nanoparticles increase the sensitivity because a substantial number of aerial oxygen molecules penetrate the porous silica shell. The proposed optical sensor has the advantages of easy fabrication, low cost, fast response and high sensitivity for oxygen monitoring using a cheap LED as a light source.

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37

Ilatovskii, Daniil A., Valentin Milichko, Alexander V. Vinogradov, and Vladimir V. Vinogradov. "Holographic sol–gel monoliths: optical properties and application for humidity sensing." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 5 (May 2018): 172465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172465.

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Sol–gel monoliths based on SiO 2 , TiO 2 and ZrO 2 with holographic colourful diffraction on their surfaces were obtained via a sol–gel synthesis and soft lithography combined method. The production was carried out without any additional equipment at near room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The accurately replicated wavy structure with nanoscale size of material particles yields holographic effect and its visibility strongly depends on refractive index (RI) of materials. Addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in systems increases their RI and lends absorbing properties due to extremely high light absorption constant. Further prospective and intriguing applications based on the most successful samples, MWCNTs-doped titania, were investigated as reversible optical humidity sensor. Owing to such property as reversible resuspension of TiO 2 nanoparticles while interacting with water, it was proved that holographic xerogels can repeatedly act as humidity sensors. Materials which can be applied as humidity sensors in dependence on holographic response were discovered for the first time.

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38

Hashimoto, Noritsugu, Tadanori Hashimoto, Taichi Teranishi, Hiroyuki Nasu, and Kanichi Kamiya. "Cycle performance of sol–gel optical sensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance of silver particles." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 113, no. 1 (January 2006): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2005.03.033.

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39

Mahboubeh Vafi, Gholam Hossein Rounaghi, Zarrin Es’haghi, and Zahra Moradi. "Design and Application of an Optical pH Sensor Based on Thionine Doped Modified Sol–Gel Film." Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A 93, no. 7 (July 2019): 1389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036024419070173.

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40

Samadi-Maybodi, Abdolraouf, Vida Rezaei, and Saadat Rastegarzadeh. "Sol–gel based optical sensor for determination of Fe (II): A novel probe for iron speciation." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 136 (February 2015): 832–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.09.101.

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41

Francioso, L., D. S. Presicce, A. M. Taurino, R. Rella, P. Siciliano, and A. Ficarella. "Automotive application of sol–gel TiO2 thin film-based sensor for lambda measurement." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 95, no. 1-3 (October 2003): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(03)00405-2.

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42

Deepa, N., and A. Balaji Ganesh. "Sol–gel based portable optical sensor for simultaneous and minimal invasive measurement of pH and dissolved oxygen." Measurement 59 (January 2015): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2014.09.072.

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43

Duong, Hong Dinh, Ok-Jae Sohn, Hung T. Lam, and Jong Il Rhee. "An optical pH sensor with extended detection range based on fluoresceinamine covalently bound to sol–gel support." Microchemical Journal 84, no. 1-2 (September 2006): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2006.04.013.

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von Bültzingslöwen, Christoph, Aisling K. McEvoy, Colette McDonagh, Brian D. MacCraith, Ingo Klimant, Christian Krause, and Otto S. Wolfbeis. "Sol–gel based optical carbon dioxide sensor employing dual luminophore referencing for application in food packaging technology." Analyst 127, no. 11 (2002): 1478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b207438a.

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Hjiri, M. "Highly sensitive NO2 gas sensor based on hematite nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel technique." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 31, no. 6 (February 15, 2020): 5025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03069-4.

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46

Yang, In-Hwan, Joon-Hyung Jin, and Nam Ki Min. "A Micromachined Metal Oxide Composite Dual Gas Sensor System for Principal Component Analysis-Based Multi-Monitoring of Noxious Gas Mixtures." Micromachines 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11010024.

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Microelectronic gas-sensor devices were developed for the detection of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxides (NO2), ammonia (NH3) and formaldehyde (HCHO), and their gas-sensing characteristics in six different binary gas systems were examined using pattern-recognition methods. Four nanosized gas-sensing materials for these target gases, i.e., Pd-SnO2 for CO, In2O3 for NOX, Ru-WO3 for NH3, and SnO2-ZnO for HCHO, were synthesized using a sol-gel method, and sensor devices were fabricated using a microsensor platform. Principal component analysis of the experimental data from the microelectromechanical systems gas-sensor arrays under exposure to single gases and their mixtures indicated that identification of each individual gas in the mixture was successful. Additionally, the gas-sensing behavior toward the mixed gas indicated that the traditional adsorption and desorption mechanism of the n-type metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) governs the sensing mechanism of the mixed gas systems.

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Nur, Yuspian, Eti Rohaeti, and Latifah Kosim Darusman. "Optical Sensor for the Determination of Lead(II) Based On Immobilization of Dithizone onto Chitosan-Silica Membrane." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.23560.

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Abstract:

Optical sensor based on incorporation of dithizone and chitosan-silica for the determination of lead (II) ion has been conducted. The optical sensor was made by composite of chitosan and silica in the ratio 2:1. Sol gel technique was chosen to make the membrane because it has some advantages such as its low temperature and chemical reactivity. The sensor has a good selectivity at pH 5 with response times at ± 180 s. Linearity responses was obtained with concentration range from 0.2 to 1.1 ppm with r2 = 0.9921. Average of %RSD on precision and accuracy (%PK) test were 1.46 and 100.96%, respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.11 ppm and 0.37 ppm, respectively

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Qiu, Fabin, Qifeng Zhu, Xiaotian Yang, Yujun Quan, and Liangyan Sun. "Investigation of CO2 sensor based on NASICON synthesized by a new sol–gel process." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 93, no. 1-3 (August 2003): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(03)00184-9.

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Mahendraprabhu, Kamaraj, Arumugam Selva Sharma, and Perumal Elumalai. "CO sensing performances of YSZ-based sensor attached with sol-gel derived ZnO nanospheres." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 283 (March 2019): 842–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.11.164.

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Chu, Cheng-Shane, and Chih-Yung Chuang. "Ratiometric optical fiber dissolved oxygen sensor based on metalloporphyrin and CdSe quantum dots embedded in sol–gel matrix." Journal of Luminescence 167 (November 2015): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2015.06.019.

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